CASES AND MATERIALS

ON CRIMINAL LAW
SECOND EDITION

compiled by

JONATHAN BURCHELL
BA LLB (Natal) LLM Dip in Comparative Legal Studies (Cantab)
PhD (Wits)
Professor of Law in the School of Law,
University of Natal, Pietermaritzburg
Fellow of the University of Natal

and

JOHN MILTON
BA LLM PhD (Natal)
Professor of Law in the School of Law,
University of Natal, Pietermaritzburg
Fellow of the University of Natal

Juta&Co, Ltd
 Contents

Page
Preface to the First Edition iii
Preface to the Second Edition v
Table of Cases xix
Legislation xxvii
Commissions of Enquiry xxvii
PART ONE
Introduction

CONSTITUTIONAL DIMENSIONS
[I] The Bill of Rights 1

THE PRINCIPLE OF LEGALITY

[2] SvFrancis 1994(1)SACR350(C) 12

PUNISHMENT
Capital Punishment
[3] SvMakwanyanel995(2)SACRl(CC) 14
Corporal Punishment
[4] Sv Williams 1995 (3) SACR 632 (CO 42

PART TWO
General Principles of Criminal Liability

UNLAWFUL CONDUCT
Voluntary Conduct
[5] SvJOHNSON1969(l)SA201(A) 55
[6] S v CHRETIEN 1981 (1)SA 1097 (A) 56
[7] RvDHLAMINI 1955 (1)SA 120 (T) 56
[8] RvMKEE1959(2)SA260(N) 58
[9] RvSCHOONWINKEL1953(3)SA136(C) 62
[10] SvSTELLMACHER1982(2)SA181(SWA) 63
[II] SvVANRENSBURG 1987(3)SA35(T) 63
[12] RvVICTOR 1943TPD77 64
Omissions
[13] MINISTER VAN POLISIE v EWELS 1975 (3) SA 590 (A) 65
[14] S v FERNANDEZ 1966 (2) SA 259 (A) 67
[15] MINISTER OF POLICE v SKOSANA1977 (1) SA 31 (A) 68
[16] RvCHENJERE 1960(1)SA473(FC) 68
VU1 Contents

[17] S v VAN AS 1967 (4) SA 594 (A) 69

[18] SvGABA1981(3)SA745(O) 69
[19] S vRUSSELL 1967 (3) SA739 (N) 70
[20] COMMENT ON MINISTER OF LAW AND ORDER v KADIR 72
State of Affairs
[21] R v VAN ACHTERDAM 1911 EDL 336 78
[22] SvBRICK1973(2)SA571(A) 78
Causation
[23] MINISTER OF POLICE v SKOSANA 1977 (1)SA 31 (A) 81
[24] SvHAARMEYER1971(3)SA43(A) 87
[25] S vMBAMBO 1965 (2) SA845 (A) 87
[26] SvDANIELS 1983(3)SA275(A) 89
[27] SvMOKGETHI1990(l)SA32(A) 100
[28] INTERNATIONAL SHIPPING CO (PTY) LTD v BENTLEY1990 (1) SA 680
(A) 112
[29] SvMAZIBUKO 1988(3)SA 190(A) 114
[30] SvMADIKANE 1990(1) SACR 377 (N) 115
[31] SvVANAS1967(4)SA594(A) 116
[32] S v WILLIAMS 1986 (4) SA 1188 (A) 118
[33] EX PARTE DIE MINISTER VAN JUSTISIE: IN RE S v GROTJOHN 1970
(2) SA355 (A) 12 1

[34] SvKHOZA1982(3)SA1019(A) 124

DEFENCES EXCLUDING UNLAWFULNESS

Introduction
[35] SvCHRETIEN 1981 (1)SA 1097(A) 125
[36] S v GABA 1981 (3) SA 745 (O) 125
[37] CLARKE v HURST NO 1992 (4) SA 630 (D) 125
[38] SOUTH AFRICAN LAW COMMISSION WORKING PAPER 53
PROJECT 86 'EUTHANASIA AND THE ARTIFICIAL PRESERVATION
OF LIFE' (1994) 134

Private Defence
[39] SvMOGOHLWANE1982(2)SA587(T) 135
[40] SvKAMFFER 1965(3)SA96(T) 136

[41] RvZKALALA1953(2)SA568(A) 137

[42] R v K 1956 (3) SA 353 (A) 138
[43] RvPATEL 1959(3)SA 121 (A) 13 g
[44] S v T1986 (2) SA 112 (O) 140
[45] RvJACKBOB 1929SWA32 145
[46] RvSTEPHEN 1928WLD 170 145
Contents ix
[47] RvSCHULTZ1942OPD56 147

[48] SvMOGOHLWANE1982(2)SA587(T) 14 g

[49] EX PARTE MINISTER VAN JUSTISIE: IN RE S v VAN WYK 1967 (1) SA

488 (A) 151
[50] SvNGOMANE1979(3)SA859(A) 162

Necessity
[51] S v BAILEY 1982 (3) SA 772 (A) 163

[52] RvCANESTRA1951(2)SA317(A) 165

[53] SvPRETORIUS 1975(2)SA85(SWA) 166
[54] S v ADAMS; S v WERNER 1981 (l)SA 187 (A) 168
[55] R v MAHOMED 1938 AD 30 170
[56] SvPETERSON 1980(USA938(A) 171
[57] THE QUEEN v DUDLEY and STEPHENS (1884) 14 QBD 273 i73
[58] R v WERNER 1947 (2) SA 828 (A) 176
[59] SvBRADBURY 1967(1)SA387(A) 177

[60] S v GOLIATH 1972 (3) SA 1 (A) 180

Impossibility
[61] RvCANESTRA1951(2)SA317(A) ig5
[62] SvMAFU1966(2)SA240(E) 195
Superior Orders
[63] R v SMITH (1900) 17 SC 561 196
[64] S v ANDREAS 1989 (2) PHH38 (SWA) 198
[65] SvBANDA1990(3)SA466(B) 199
Disciplinary Chastisement
[66] S v WILLIAMS 1995 (3) SA 632 (CO 216
[67] EX PARTE ATTORNEY-GENERAL IN NAMIBIA: IN RE CORPORAL
PUNISHMENT BY ORGANS OF STATE 1991 (3) SA 76 (NmSc) 218
[68] SvCOLLETT1978(3)SA206(RA) 227
Public Authority
[69] SvSWANEPOEL1985(l)SA567(A) 230
[70] SvMAKWANYANE1995(3)SA391(CC) 237
[71] S v WILLIAMS 1995 (3) SA 632 (CC) 237
Consent
[72] SvCOLLETT1978(3)SA206(RA) 237
[73] RvPEVERETT1940AD213 238
[74] SvHARTMANN1975(3)SA532(C) 238
[75] CLARKE v HURST NO 1992 (4) SA 630 (D) 239
[76] SOUTH AFRICAN LAW COMMISSION WORKING PAPER 53
PROJECT 86 'EUTHANASIA AND THE ARTIFICIAL PRESERVATION
OFUFE'(1994) 239
[77] RvMcCOY1953(2)SA4(SR) 239
X Contents

[78] SvVOLSCHENK1968(2)PHH283(D) 239

[79] ESTERHUIZEN v ADMINISTRATOR, TRANSVAAL 1957 (3) SA 710
(T) 240
[80] CASTELLvGREEF1993(2)SA501(0 243
[81] RvNJIKELANA 1925EDL204 244
[82] SvSKUNYANA1961(3)SA549(E) 245
[83] R v WILLIAMS 1931 (1) PH H38 (E) 247
[84] R v C 1952(4)SA 117(O) 247
[85] THE QUEEN v CLARENCE (1888) 22 QBD 231 247
[86] s 39 (4) CHILD CARE ACT 74 of 1983 254
De Minimis Non Curat Lex
[87] SvKGOGONG1980(3)SA600(A) 255

CAPACITY
Introduction
[88] REPORT OF THE COMMISSION OF ENQUIRY INTO THE RESPON-
SIBILITY OF MENTALLY DERANGED PERSONS (1967) 258
Youth
[89] R v K 1956 (3) SA 353 (A) 262
[90] SvDYK 1969 (1)SA 601 (C) 266
[91 ] WEBER v SANTAM VERSEKERINGSMAATSKAPPY 1983 (1) SA 381
(A) 266
[92] S v T1986 (2) SA 112 (O) 267
[93] S v F 1989(1)SA460(ZH) 269
Insanity
[94] REPORT OF THE COMMISSION OF ENQUIRY INTO THE RESPON-
SIBILITY OF MENTALLY DERANGED PERSONS (1967) 270
[95] SvMAHLINZA1967(l)SA408(A) 271
[96] SvKAVIN1978(2)SA731(W) 275
[97] SvSTELLMACHER 1983(2)SA 181 (SWA) 277
[98] SvMcBRIDE1979(4)SA313(W) 278
[99] SvMNYANDA1976(2)SA751(A) 280
[100] RvVONZELL 1953(3)SA303(A) 281
[101] SOUTH AFRICAN LAW COMMISSION WORKING PAPER 55
PROJECT89 (1995) 283
Intoxication
[102] RvBOURKE 1916 TPD 303 284
[103] RvINNESGRANT 1949(1)SA753(A) 285
[104] SvJOHNSON 1969 (1) SA201 (A) 286
[105] S v CHRETIEN 1981 (1)SA 1097 (A) 286
[106] SvLANGE 1990(1) SACR 199 (W) 292
[107] SvMBELE 1991 (1)SA307(W) 294
Contents xi
[108] S v SEPTEMBER 1996(1) SACR 325 (A) 296
Provocation and other Forms of Non-pathological Incapacity
[109] SvMOKONTO1971(2)SA319(A) 298
[110] SvVANVUUREN1983(l)SA12(A) 300

[111] SvARNOLD 1985 (3) SA256 (C) 30i

[112] SvCAMPHER1987(l)SA940(A) 3 05

[113] SvLAUBSCHER1988(l)SA163(A) 314

[114] SvWHD 1990(1) SACR 561 (A) 3 22

[115] SvPOTGIETER 1994(1) SACR 61 (A) 3 29

[116] SvNURSINGH1995(2)SACR331(D) 333

[117] PREVENTION OF FAMILY VIOLENCE ACT 133 of 1993 340

FAULT (MENSREA)
Intention
[118] RvKEWELRAM1922AD213 342
[119] RvJOLLY1923AD176 344
[120] SvNHLAPO 1981 (2)SA744(A) 344
[121] RvPEVERETT1940AD213 346
[122] SvHARTMANN1975(3)SA532(C) 346
[123] SvDEBRUYN1968(4)SA498(A) 350
[124] SvNGUBANE1985(3)SA677(A) 351
[125] SvGOOSEN1989(4)SA1013(A) 355
[126] SvBEUKES1988(l)SA511(A) 362
Knowledge of Unlawfulness
[127] SvDEBLOM1977(3)SA513(A) 364
Intention a s an Element in Statutory Offences
[128] SvNGWENYA1979(2)SA96(A) 370
[129] SvARENSTEIN1964(l)SA361(A) 370
[130] S v NEL 1989 (4) SA845 (A) 371
[131] MINISTER OF LAW AND ORDER v PAVLICEVIC 1989 (3) SA 679
(A) 374
Abberatio Ictus — Going Astray of the Blow
[132] RvKUZWAYO1949(3)SA761(A) 376
[133] RvKOZA1949(4)SA555(A) 377
[134] SvNKOMBANI1963(4)SA877(A) 377
[135] SvTISSEN1979(4)SA293(T) 382
[136] SvRAISA1979(4)SA541(O) 384
[137] SvMAVHUNGU 1981 (1)SA56(A) 386
Negligence
[138] RvMBOMBELA1933AD269 388
[139] KRUGERvCOETZEE1966(2)SA428(A) 390
Xll Contents

[140] SvVANDERMESCHT1962(l)SA521(A) 390

[141] SvBERNARDUS 1965(3)SA287(A) 392
[142] S v BURGER 1975 (4) SA 87 (A) 392
[143] SvVANAS1976(2)SA921(A) 394
[144] SvNGUBANE 1985(3)SA677(A) 396
[145] RvHEDLEY 1958(DSA362(N) 396
[146] ATTORNEY-GENERAL, NATAL v NDLOVU 1988 (1) SA 905 (A) 396
[147] S vMELK 1988 (4) SA561 (A) 398
[148] S v LONGDISTANCE (NATAL) (PTY) LTD 1990 (2) SA 277 (A) 400
[149] SvDUT0IT1981(2)SA33(0 401
No Liability without Fault
[150] RvWALLENDORF1920AD383 406
[151] RvMATSEPE1931AD150 407
[152] SvVANDERMESCHT1962(l)SA521(A) 407
[153] SvBERNARDUS 1965(3) SA287 (A) 407
[154] AMALGAMATED BEVERAGE INDUSTRIES, NATAL v CITY
COUNCIL of DURBAN 1994 (3) SA 170 (A) 408

THE CONTEMPOFfANEITY RULE

[155] SvMASILELA1968(2)SA558(A) 412
[156] SvGOOSEN1989(4)SA1013(A) 417

CRIMINAL LIABILITY O F CORPORATIONS

[157] s 332 CRIMINAL PROCEDURE ACT 51 of 1977 418
[158] SvKLOPPPERl975(4)SA773(A) 419

PARTICIPATION IN CRIME
Participation before the Completion of the Crime
[159] S v WILLIAMS 1980 (1)SA 60 (A) 420
Common Purpose
[160] SvSAFATSA1988(l)SA868(A) 424
[161] SvMGEDEZI1989(l)SA687(A) 434
[162] SvNZO1990(3)SAl(A) 436
[163] SvNKWENJA1985(2)SA560(A) 442
[164] SvNDEBU1986(2)SA133(ZSC) 445
Joining-in
[165] SvKHOZA1982(3)SA1019(A) 448
[166] SvMOTAUNGl990(4)SA485(A) 457
Traps
[167] SvOHLENSCHLAGER 1992(1) SACR 695 (T) 465
Contents xiii
[168] SOUTH AFRICAN LAW COMMISSION PROJECT 84 REPORT ON
THE APPLICATION OF THE TRAPPING SYSTEM 1994 473
Participation after the Completion of the Crime
[169] RvNKAUMAJARA[1954]AC235(PC) 475
[170] RvJONGANI1937AD40 475
[171] SvMORGAN 1993(2)SACR 134(A) 477
[172] RvGANI1957(2)SA212(A) 479
[173] S v JONATHAN 1987 (1) SA633 (A) 482

INCOMPLETE CRIMES
Attempts
[174] s 18(1) RIOTOUS ASSEMBLIES ACT 17 of 1956 497
[175] RvSCHOOMBIE1945AD545 497
[176] RvNHLOVO1921AD48 499
[177] S v LAURENCE 1975 (4) SA 825 (A) 502
[178] R vKATZ 1959 (3) SA 408(C) 504
[179] RvHLATWAYO 1933 TPD 441 509
[180] RvSHARPE 1903 TS 868 510
[181] SvNANGO1990(2)SACR450(A) 513
[182] RvDAVIES 1956(3)SA52(A) 513
Incitement
[183] S 18(2) (b) RIOTOUS ASSEMBLIES ACT 17 of 1956 520
[184] SvNKOSIYANA1966(4)SA655(A) 520
[185] RvZEEUE1952(l)SA400(A) 522
[186] RvMILNEandERLEIGH(7)1951U)SA791(A) 525
Conspiracy
[187] s 18(2) (a) RIOTOUS ASSEMBLIES ACT 17 of 1956 526
[188] RvHARRIS(1927)48NLR330 526
[189] S v ALEXANDER (2) 1965 (2) SA 818 (C) 527

PART THREE
Specific Crimes

CRIMES AGAINST HUMAN LIFE

Abortion
[190] TERMINATION OF PREGNANCY ACT 1996 531
Homicide
[191] SvHARTMANN1975(3)SA532(C) 533
[192] SvROBINSON 1968(1)SA666(A) 534
[193] CLARKE v HURST 1992 (2) SACR 676 (N) 535
XIV Contents

[ 194] EX PARTE THE MINISTER OF JUSTICE: IN RE S v GROTJOHN 1970

(2) SA355 (A) 539

CRIMES AGAINST THE PERSON

Assault
[195] RvJOLLY 1923AD 176 542
[196] S v MARX 1962 (l)SA 848 (N) 543
[197] SvCOLLETT1978(3)SA206(RA) 545
[198] RvSIBANYONE1940JS40(T) 545
[199] SvMIYA1966(4)SA274(N) 546
Rape
[200] SOUTH AFRICAN LAW COMMISSION REPORT ON WOMEN AND
SEXUAL OFFENCES IN SOUTH AFRICA 548
[201] PREVENTION OF FAMILY VIOLENCE ACT 133 OF 1993 550
[202] SvBROBECK76ALR4thll37 55O
[203] RvRYPERDBOESMAN 1942 (DPHH63 (SWA) 552
[204] R v Z 1959(1)SA739(A) 552
[205] R v K 1958(3)SA420(A) 553
[206] R v C 1952(4)SA 117(O) 557
[207] RvSWIGGELAAR1950(l)PHH61(A) 558
[208] SvVOLSCHENK1968(2)PHH283(D) 559
[209] S v S 1971 (2) SA591 (A) 560
[210] THE QUEEN v FLATTERY (1877) 2 QBD 63 561
[211] R v WILLIAMS 1931 (1)PHH38(E) 562
[212] PAPADMrTROPOULOSvR[1958]ALR21 563
[213] RvHANDCOCK 1925OPD 147 555
[214] RvKAITAMAKI[1980]lNZLR59 565
[215] S v D 1992(1)SACR 143(Nm) 568
Indecent Assault
[216] R v ABRAHAMS 1918 CPD 590 572
[217] S v F 1982(2)SA580(T) 574
Crimen injuria
[218] RvHOLUDAY 1927CPD395 579
[219] SvBUGWANDEEN 1987(1)SA787(N) 581
[220] CUJZA v MINISTER OF POLICE 1976 (4) SA 243 (N) 583
[221] S v A 1971 (2) SA293(T) 584
[222] DELANGEvCOSTA1989(2)SA857(A) 587
[223] RvCfflPO1953(4)SA573(A) 588
[224] RvFULEZA1951(l)SA519(A) 58g
Kidnapping
[225] THE QUEEN vMOTATI (1896) 13 SC 173 58g
Contents xv
[226] SvMELLORS 1990(1) SACR 347 (W) 5 g0

CRIMES AGAINST FAMILY LIFE

Abduction
[227] R v SITA 1954 (4) SA20 (E) 592
[228] SvTOBIE(1899) 16 Cape Low Journal 45 593
[229] RvHANNA 1937 TPD 236 595
[230] S v SASHI1976 (2) SA446 (N) 599
Incest
[231] S v S 1995 (1) SACR 267 (A) 600

CRIMES AGAINST PROPERTY

Theft
[232] EX PARTE MINISTER OF JUSTICE: IN RE R v GESA; R v DE JONGH
1959 (1) SA234 (A) 604
[233] SvKGOGONG1980(3)SA600(A) 605
[234] S v M 1982 (1) SA309 (O) 606
[235] SvDLAMNI1984(3)SA196(N) 607
[236] RvNHLEKO 1920TPD231 611
[237] RvMAKONIE 1942OPD 164 611
[238] RvSTRYDOM1952(2)SA397(T) 615
[239] SvMINTOOR 1996 [1] SACR 514 (C) 616
[240] SvHARPER 1981 (2)SA638(D) 618
[241] SvGRAHAM 1975(3)SA569(A) 620
[242] SvCELE1993(2)SACR52(N) 621
[243] RvMAFOHLA1958(2)SA373(SR) 623
[244] RvJANOO1959(3)SA107(A) 624
[245] SvGRAHAM 1975(3)SA569(A) 626
[246] RvSBIYA1955(4)SA247(A) 627
[247] RvKINSELLA1961(3)SA519(C) 630
[248] RvHERHOLDT1957(3)SA236(A) 631
Special Forms of Theft
[249] R v MANUEL 1953 (4) SA 523 (A) 632
[250] SvGRAHAM 1975(4)SA569(A) 633
[251] RvGATHERCOLE 1964(1)SA21 (A) 634
[252] NATIVE TERRITORIES PENAL CODE 1886 635
[253] RvGOLDING(1896)13SC210 636
[254] S v VISAGE 1991 (1) SACR 177 (A) 636
[255] RvSCOUIJDES1956(2)SA388(A) 638
[256] SvGRAHAM 1975(4)SA569(A) 639
[257] SvMATLARE1965(3)SA326(C) 639
XVI Contents

[258] RvALBERTYN 1931 OPD 178 640

[259] R v MILNE &ERLEIGH 1951 (1)SA 791 (A) 642
[260] EX PARTE MINSnER OF JUSTICE IN RE RvMASEROW 1942
AD 164 643
[261] RvSIBIYA(4)SA247(A) 645
[262] S v SCHWARTZ 1980 (4) SA 588 (T) 647
Robbery
[263] SvDLAMINI1975(2)SA524(N) 648
[264] EX PARTE MINISTER VAN JUSTISIE: IN RE S v SEEKOEI1984 (4) SA
690 (A) 650
[265] SvGQALOWE1992(2)SACR172(E) 654
[266] EX PARTE MINISTER OF JUSTICE: IN RE S v GESA; R v DE JONGH
1959 (1) SA234 (A) 656
[267] SvPACHAI1962(4)SA246(T) 658
[268] SvTLADI1978(2)SA477(O) 659
[269] SvMOGALA1978(2)SA412(A) 660
[270] SvSITHOLE 1981 (l)SAl 186 (N) 661
[271] SvYOLELO1981(l)SA1002(A) 663
Extortion
[272] R v N 1955(2)SA647(T) 665
[273] S v J1980 (4) SA 113 (E) 670
Fraud
[274] RvBRANDFORD(1889)7SC169 673
[275] RvMOOLCHUND(1902)23NLR76 674
[276] RvPERSOTAM 1938AD92 675
[277] SvMYEZA1985(4)SA30(T) 676
[278] RvDEETLEFS1953(l)SA418(A) 678
[279] RvSEABE1927AD28 679
[280] RvTHABETA1948(3)SA218(T) 682
[281] R v FRANKFORT MOTORS (PTY) LTD 1946 OPD 255 682
Forgery and Uttering
[282] RvHYMANS1927AD356 684
[283] SvREDEUNGHUYS 1990(1) SACR 440 (W) 686
Malicious Injury to Property
[284] RvBOWDEN1957(3)SA148(T) 688
[285] RvMALAMUNKATLAPAAN 1918 TPD 424 689
Arson
[286] S v VAN ZYL 1987 (1)SA 497(0) 692
[287] R v SCHOOMBIE 1945 AD 545 695
[288] RvMAVROS1921AD19 696
Contents xvii

Housebreaking
[289] RvMOSOSA 1931 CPD348 6 97
[290] SvMADYO 1990(1)SACR292(E) 698
[291] SvTEMMERS 1994(1) SACR 357 (C) 701

CRIMES AGAINST COMMUNITY INTERESTS

Public Violence
[292] SvMLOTSHWA 1989(4)SA787(W) 704

Offence to Public Decency

[293] RvMARAIS(1889)6SC236 .• 706
[294] S v K 1983 (1) SA65 (C) 707

CRIMES AGAINST SEXUAL MORALITY

Fornication
[295] THE SEXUAL OFFENCES ACT 23 of 1957 711
[296] MICHAEL M v SONOMA COUNTY SUPERIOR COURT 460 United
States Supreme Court 464 (1981) 711
[297] R v HESS; R v NGUYEN [1990] 59 Canadian CC (3d) 161 715
[298] S v C 1992(1)SACR 174(W) 718
Homosexuality
[299] S v H 1993(2)SACR545(C) 720
[300] R LOUW 'SEXUAL ORIENTATION AND THE AGE OF CONSENT'
(1994) 7 SACJ132 726
Unnatural Sexual Behaviour
[301] S v C 1988 (2) SA398 (Z) 729

CRIMES AGAINST THE COLLECTIVE WELFARE

Corruption
[302] S v DEAL ENTERPRISES (PTY) LTD 1978 (3) SA 302 (T) 731

CRIMES AGAINST THE GOVERNMENT O F THE STATE

Treason
[303] SvBANDA1990(3)SA466(BGD) 734
[304] SvZWANE(3) 1989(3)SA253(W) 738
Sedition
[305] SvTWALA1979(3)SA864(T) 741
[306] S v ZWANE (1)1987 (4) SA 369 (W) 743
[307] SvZWANE(3)1989(3)SA253(W) 745

CRIMES AGAINST THE ADMINISTRATION O F JUSTICE

Defeating or Obstructing the Course of Justice
[308] S v BURGER 1975 (2) SA 601(C) 747
xviii Contents
[309] SvCASSIMJEE1989(3)SA729(N) 752
[310] SvBINTA1993(2)SACR553(C) 753
[311] SvMENE1988(3)SA641(A) 756
[312] SvGABA1981(3)SA745(O) 760
[313] S vMDAKANI 1964 (3) SA311 (T) 762
[314] SvBAZZARD 1992(1) SACR 302 (NO 764
Contempt of Court
[315] SvHARBER1988(3)SA396(A) 766
[316] SvVANNIEKERK1972(3)SA711(A) 771
[317] SvNEL 1991 (l)SA730(A) 774
Perjury
[318] RvMALIANGA 1962(3)SA940(SR) 777
[319] RvBEUKMAN 1950(4)SA261 (O) 778
[320] SvRAMDAS1994(2)SACR37(A) 780
Compounding
[321] R v THOMAS (1882) 1 Buchanan Appeal Cases 205 782
[322] DU PLOOY NO v NATIONAL INDUSTRIAL CREDIT CORPORATION
LTD 1961 (3) SA741 (W) 733