SPECIALIZED WARFARE

UNIT – I: Psychological Warfare

Definition and Nature of Psychological Warfare

Types of Propaganda

Brainwashing and Rumour—Nature, Techniques and its Effects

UNIT – II: Biological and Chemical Warfare

Concept and objectives Characteristics

Types of Agents and its effects

UNIT – III: Guerilla Warfare

Concept and objectives

Characteristics of Guerilla Warfare

Elementary knowledge of Insurgency and Counter Insurgency

UNIT – IV: Nuclear Warfare

Concept and Origin of Nuclear Warfare

Development of nuclear weapons

Effects of Nuclear Explosion- Flash, Thermal Radiation, Nuclear Radiation

UNIT – V: Terrorism & International Terrorism

Definition & Causes

Types and Techniques

Nature and Trends

Psychological Warfare: (https://youtu.be/lN2BZBrZyjc )

U.S “Operation wandering soul” by U.S in Vietnam war (1 Nov 1955 to 30 April
1975) - American and ARVN forces in psychological warfare operations against the Viet
Cong and Vietnamese Army in 'Operation Wandering Soul'. Known officially as 'The
Wandering Soul', and also known as 'Ghost Tape', the tape was broadcast by US Army and
ARVN (Army of the Republic of Vietnam composed the ground forces of the South
Vietnamese military) forces loudspeakers installed on boats, helicopters, and crew-carried
units during "Chieu Hoi" and Psychological Warfare missions in use against the Viet Cong
and Vietnamese main army.

China is waging a Psychological war against Taiwan through 'Sand Dredger'. sand
dredging by Chinese vessels has disrupted the local economy, along with damaging marine
life, and undersea communication cables, and intimidated residents and tourists to the islands.

In 2020, the sand dredgers damaged undersea communication cables between Nangan
and Juguang (isle in the Matsu group)-- disrupting the mobile phone and internet services in
the area. Around T$60 million were spent by state-run Chunghwa Telecom to fix
cables. Local fishing boats were also hired to conduct daily patrols to ensure the safety of the
cables.

Examples: (PSYOP- Psychological operation)

An early example of how PSYOP was planned and applied in ancient battles is
contained in the writings of the Chinese strategist Sun Tzu, who stated that the noblest
victory was to subdue his enemy without a fight. Another was the successful exploits of
Genghis Khan (the Mongolian general Temujin), who would soften his enemy's will to
resist by spreading rumors about his own army's strength and fierceness. His planning
was simple and, seemingly, relevant and effective.

During World War I, PSYOP came into its own as a formal activity. Almost all
countries involved in the war used forms of strategic and tactical PSYOP. Many countries
formed military units specializing in propaganda. These units' primary duties included
the distribution of leaflets by balloon and aircraft. The linkage among planning, resource
mobilization, and execution by these agencies appeared to be an uncomplicated matter. How
the PSYOP details were integrated into the shooting war of the day, or how well PSYOP
induced surrenders, was not recorded for history. What is known, however, is that surrenders
occurred with a positive correlation to PSYOP activities. Thus, military analysts began taking
a new look at PSYOP as an ingredient with a surprising impact on the battle.

Psychological operations were a resource because they induced stress on both the
civilian and military forces of the enemy. During World War II, propaganda activities
became known as psychological warfare (psywar). Public broadcast radio, about 20
years old at this point, was called into play. Tank-mounted loudspeakers with a range of
approximately two miles amplified the ability of the human voice to reach opposing
combatants. Besides media programs, military actions were undertaken for their
PSYOP effect.

The Doolittle (The Doolittle Raid was a U.S. air raid during World War II that
targeted major cities in Japan. It occurred on April 18, 1942. The attack aimed to lift Allied
spirits and incite fear in the Japanese population in retribution for the recent Japanese attack
on the U.S. naval base at Pearl Harbor, Hawaii. During the operation, which Lieutenant
Colonel James Doolittle planned and led, 16 aircraft launched from the carrier
USS Hornet and bombed targets in Japan, and 13 of the aircrews reached safety in China
afterward) raid against Japan was considered an important PSYOP event for two
reasons. The carefully planned raid

 demonstrated credibly to the Japanese that the US could reach and bomb their
homeland, prompting them to take unnecessary steps for home defence. More
important perhaps, news of the success back home caused morale to soar in an
American population desperate for a victory. Planning, mobilization, and execution all
worked in this one instance. However, it must be noted that during this war, aircrews
frequently expressed reluctance to risk themselves on leaflet-dropping missions
because they lacked confidence in that methodology as a means of bringing victory
nearer.

In more recent conflicts, PSYOP has been integrated with combat operations. In the
Falklands, Afghanistan, Africa, South and Central America, Grenada, Panama, and the
Persian Gulf, PSYOP was included by all parties. PSYOP even became a critical part of the
terrorist mode of operations during the seventies and was part of the Iraqi PSYOP plan when
they threatened terrorist activities.

PAKISTAN-CHINA CONUNDRUM
 Pakistan engaging in a 3W strategy which comprises Psychological, Legal, and
Media Warfare in a bid to fuel its expansionist ideology containing tools and techniques
that are not open-minded, but designed to control, weaken or strike components of a
nation’s extensive national power the Chinese are known to use it where they aim to win
a war without actually engaging since the days of Sun Tzu. In the wake of tensions along
the LAC and Galwan Valley, their 3W machinery had up their ante which was evident
by their state-owned media houses like CGTV, Global Times and others released video
footages of drills and weapon exercises undertaken by the People’s Liberation Army;
the end goal being fear-mongering and destroying the enemy (in this case India) from within.

China’s psychological warfare operations have been characterized by coercion, which takes
the form of intimidation achieved through demonstrations and shows of force.

Pakistani indoctrination methods to create unrest in Jammu & Kashmir are not
unheard of, lacking strength in the conventional military the Pakistani Military it’s
propaganda arm, the DGISPR, its various think tanks with unlimited funding from China
and its agents posing as scholars in renowned universities of the world; their only mission- to
discredit and disrepute India whilst seeking legitimacy for their insurgencies in Kashmir,
in the name of freeing it. Their narrative is given more wind by the precautionary measures
undertaken by the stoppage of internet and cellular service in the region and it is a shame that
the opposition parties create hurdles for the government thus supporting Pakistani
propaganda which comes in the wake of the abrogation of Article 370 from the state.

The book repeatedly stressed China as a trustworthy strategic ally. Chinese

President Xi Jinping’s quote in one of their essays “all weather friend-No matter how
things change in the world and the region, China will firmly support Pakistan in
defending its sovereignty, freedom, and territorial integrity and dignity” was
highlighted. It is high time to come to terms with the fact and develop a concrete strategy to
counter the well-oiled Psychological Warfare machinery of Pakistan and China who are
tightening their noose around the sensitive regions and deploying their narratives in full
swing.
 UNIT – 5

TERRORISM

Terrorism is a “by-product” of fundamentalism on which fundamentalism leads to

extremism, extremism guides to terrorism.

-Superman

Definition:

Terrorism will be defined as a synthesis of war and theatre, a dramatization of the

most proscribed kind of violence-that which is perpetrated on innocent victims
played before an audience in the hope of creating a mood of fear for political
purpose. terrorism will be defined as a synthesis of war and theatre, a dramatization of the
most proscribed kind of violence-that which is perpetrated on innocent victims
played before an audience in the hope of creating a mood of fear for political
purpose:

Components of Terrorism:

Terrorism contains three important elements:

 The creation of fear,

 Random use of violence; and
 Attacks on the innocent.

Firstly, terrorism always has a political nature. Terrorism involves the commission of
outrageous acts in order to precipitate political change.

Secondly, terrorism is distinguished by its non-state character-even when

terrorists receive military, political, economic, and other means of support from
states. States Obviously use force for political ends: when state force is used
internationally it is considered as an act of war; when it is used domestically, it is
called various things, including law enforcement, state terror, oppression, or civil
war.
 Thirdly, terrorism deliberately and specifically targets the innocent, and that also
distinguishes it from state uses of force that inadvertently kill innocent by standards.

CAUSES OF TERRORISM ON MILITARY PERSPECTIVE:

The causes of terrorism appear to be varied. There does not appear to be one lone
factor that leads people to engage in acts of terror. There are 4 motivations for terrorism to
include psychological, ideological, and strategic.

PSYCHOLOGICAL PERSPECTIVE:

Those who engage in terrorism may do so for purely personal reasons, based on their
own psychological state of mind. Their motivation may be nothing more than hate or the
desire for power.

For example, in 1893 Auguste Vaillant bombed the French Chamber of Deputies.
Prior to his conviction and subsequent execution, Vaillant explained his motivation in terms
of hate for the middle classes. Vaillant wanted to spoil the sense of economic and social
success, by tainting it with his violence. In many respects, this terrorist is interested in
getting attention from others for his or her act, rather than some grand ideological or
strategic goal.

IDEOLOGICAL PERSPECTIVE:

Ideology is defined as the beliefs, values, and/or principles by which a group

identifies its particular aims and goals. Ideology may encompass religion or political
philosophies and programs.

Examples of terrorist groups motivated by ideology include

 The Irish Republican Army (IRA)- The IRA is motivated by a political program to
oust the United Kingdom from Ireland and unite Ireland under one flag.
 In Sri Lanka the Liberation Tigers of Tamal Eelam (LTTE)- the LTTE seek to
establish a separate state for their people, the Tamals in Sri Lanka.
 The Bader Meinhoff in Germany-the Bader Meinhoff was a terrorist group made up
of middle-class adults who opposed capitalism and sought to destroy capitalist
infrastructure in Germany.
STRATEGIC PERSPECTIVE:

Terrorism is sometimes seen as a logical extension of the failure of politics. When

people seek redress of their grievances through the government but fail to win the
government’s attention to their plight, they may resort to violence. From this viewpoint,
terrorism is the result of a logical analysis of the goals and objectives of a group, and their
estimate of the likelihood of gaining victory. If victory seems unlikely using more traditional
means of opposition, then one might calculate that terrorism is a better option.

For example,

 In South Africa the African National Congress only turned to the use of terrorism
after political avenues were explored and failed.
 States use terrorists in the pursuit of their own strategic interests.
 States may sponsor terrorist groups, especially when the objectives of the state and the
terrorist group are similar.

For example,

Libya used terrorists to explode a bomb aboard Pan Am 103 flying from London to
New York in 1988, allegedly in response to the U.S. and British bombing of Libya.

GENERAL CAUSES OF TERRORISM

 Lack of political legitimacy and continuity, as well as a lack of integration for the
political fringes, encourages ideological terrorism.
 Perceptions of deprivation and inequality, especially amongst culturally defined
groups. This can lead to civil violence, of which terrorism may be a part.
 Terrorist tactics are used not out of a random desire to fire rockets at civilians but
to leverage violence to gain specific concessions.
 Socio-economic explanations of terrorism suggest that various forms of
deprivation drive people to terrorism, or that they are more susceptible to
recruitment by organisations using terrorist tactics. Poverty, lack of education or
lack of political freedom are a few examples.
 Extreme ideologies may sometime result in hatred towards other sections of
society and may lead to terrorism.
Types of Terrorism:
Ethno-Nationalist Terrorism

Ethnic terrorism is defined as "deliberate violence by a subnational ethnic group to advance

its cause." The goal of such violence is frequently to establish a breakaway state or to elevate
the status of one ethnic group over others.

Example: Tamil Nationalist organisations in Sri Lanka and insurgent groups in North East
India. Religious Terrorism

Terrorist acts today are mostly driven by religious imperatives all around the world. Terrorists
who are motivated in part or entirely by a religious imperative.

Ideology Oriented Terrorism

Any ideology can be used to justify the use of terror and violence. Terrorism
motivated by ideology is usually divided into two categories:

LEFT-WING TERRORISM:

 Violence by the peasant class, mostly inspired by so-called leftist beliefs, has been
perpetrated against the ruling elite on several occasions throughout history.
 Communists such as Lenin and Mao Tse-tung backed this notion in their writings and
speeches (Mao Zedong).
  All existing social interactions and political structures in a capitalist society, according
to leftist ideology, are exploitative in nature, and a revolutionary change through
violent means is required.
 For Example, the Red Army Faction or Baader Meinhof Gang in former West
Germany, The Maoist groups in India and Nepal are the most easily identifiable
groups closer home

RIGHT-WING TERRORISM:

 Right-wing organisations typically aim to retain the status quo or revert to a previous
condition that they believe should have been preserved.
 Right-wing ideas can sometimes take on ethnic/racist overtones as well. They could
compel the government to acquire land or interfere in a neighbouring country to
preserve the rights of a "oppressed" minority (i.e. the Nazi Party in Germany).
 Terrorist violence against migrant populations is also included in this category. It's
worth noting that religion can be a source of support for right-wing violence.
 Examples of these are Nazism in Germany, Fascists in Italy, etc.

TACKLING TERRORISM – LAWS IN INDIA

Unlawful Activities (Prevention) Act, 1967

The UAPA was designed to deal with associations and activities that questioned the
territorial integrity of India. The ambit of the Act was strictly limited to meeting the challenge
to the territorial integrity of India. The Act was a self-contained code of provisions for
declaring secessionist associations as unlawful, adjudication by a tribunal, control of funds
and places of work of unlawful associations, penalties for their members, etc. The Act has all
along been worked holistically as such and is completely within the purview of the central list
in the 7th Schedule of the Constitution.

Terrorist and Disruptive Activities (Prevention) Act, 1987 (TADA)

The second major act that came into force on 3 September 1987 was The Terrorist &
Disruptive Activities (Prevention) Act 1987 this act had much more stringent provisions than
the UAPA and it was specifically designed to deal with terrorist activities in India. When
TADA was enacted, it came to be challenged before the Apex Court of the country as being
unconstitutional. The Supreme Court of India upheld its constitutional validity on the
assumption that those entrusted with such draconic statutory powers would act in good faith
and for the public good in the case of Kartar Singh vs the State of Punjab (1994) 3 SCC 569.
However, there were many instances of misuse of power for collateral purposes. The rigorous
provisions contained in the statute came to be abused in the hands of law enforcement
officials. TADA lapsed in 1995.

The Maharashtra Control of Organised Crime Act, 1999 (MCOCA)

Another major Anti-terrorist law in India is The Maharashtra Control of Organised

Crime Act, 1999 which was enforced on 24th April 1999. This law was specifically made to
deal with rising organized crime in Maharashtra and especially in Mumbai due to the
underworld. For instance, the definition of a terrorist act is far more stretchable in MCOCA
than under POTA. MCOCA mentions organized crime and what is more, includes `promotion
of insurgency’ as a terrorist act. Under the Maharashtra law, a person is presumed guilty
unless he is able to prove his innocence. MCOCA does not stipulate prosecution of police
officers found guilty of its misuse.

Prevention of Terrorism Act, 2002

With the intensification of cross-border terrorism and the continued offensive agenda
of Pak ISI targeted at destabilizing India and the post-11th September developments, it
became necessary to put in place a special law to deal with terrorist acts. Accordingly, the
Prevention of Terrorism Act, 2002 (POTA, 2002) was enacted. The POTA, 2002 clearly
defines the terrorist act and the terrorist in Section 3 and grants special powers to the
investigating authorities under the Act.

India recently hosted a special meeting of the United Nations Security Council’s
Counter-Terrorism Committee (CTC), with the theme of ‘Countering the use of new and
emerging technologies for terrorist purposes’ and No Money For Terror.

 The Indian Parliament passed amendments to the National Investigation Agency

(NIA) Act of 2008 (after Mumbai Taj Attack) to give NIA the ability to investigate
terrorism cases overseas.
 The National Security Guard (NSG) (22 September 1986- after ‘Operation Blue
Star’) retains the mandate for a nationwide response as the sole federal contingency
force.

Causes of Terrorism in India:

  Politics of communalism and criminalisation
 Fanatic religious movements and irresponsible statements by political and religious
leaders
 Human rights excesses
 Marginalized minority communities
 High levels of youth unemployment
 Poverty
 Illiteracy
 Poor governance
 Prolonged delays in criminal justice
India has experienced almost all forms of terrorist attacks:
 Hijacking and blowing up of aircraft
 Sabotaging railway tracks
 Kidnapping hostages for meeting political demands
 Suicide attacks
 The assassination of two of its Prime Ministers
 Attacks on places of worship, transportation systems, security forces, and financial
hubs
 Communal riots followed by extreme violence
 Attacks both by religious and non-religious terrorist groups.
List of major terrorist attacks in India:

Date Attack Name Place

26 Nov- 29
Mumbai Taj Attack NIA was Started to Investigate Terrorism
Nov

Uri, Jammu & Kashmir (surgical strike

operation conducted on 29th September)
(Surgical Strike is a military cross-border attack
by India against Pakistan-based terrorists that is
18 September
2016 Uri attack carried out to damage military targets, with
2016
minimal collateral damage to the surrounding
and the general public infrastructure. The aim is
to eliminate the target without causing collateral
damage to nearby areas and civilians)

Awantipora, Jammu & Kashmir (Indian Air

14 February Force's Balakot airstrikes in retaliation to the
2019 Pulwama attack
2019 Pulwama attack took place on February 26,
2019, under the name of 'Operation Bandar')

3 April 2021 2021 Sukma–Bijapur Sukma district, Chhattisgarh, India

 attack

2023 Poonch-Rajouri
Terrorist Attack
20 April 2023 Poonch, Rajouri, Jammu, and Kashmir
(attack on a military
vehicle)

International incidents:

Israeli Iron Dome missile defence system, left, intercepts rockets, right, fired by
Hamas militants toward southern Israel from Beit Lahia in the northern Gaza Strip on
May 14, 2021. Hamas militant group (world dangerous terrorist group that exists in
Palestine-Gaza Strip)

“Operation Neptune Spear” or ‘Operation Geronimo’, 2 May 2011 operation that

resulted in the death of Osama bin Laden in Abbottabad, Pakistan.

On 3 January 2020, Qasem Soleimani, an Iranian major general, was targeted and
killed by a U.S. attack drone near the Baghdad International Airport in Iraq, because he
was the powerful commander who led the powerful Quds Force of the Islamic
Revolutionary Guards Corps.

Cyber terrorism:

Stuxnet-prepared by the intelligence agencies of the United States and Israel against
iran nuclear program.

Pegasus spyware - prepared by Israel.

Top methods of cyber-attacks:

 Ransomware, Trojans, Spyware, Viruses, Worms, Keyloggers, Bots, crypto-jacking.

BWC:

TOTAL: 15 Articles

The core obligations of Parties under the Convention are:

 Article I Never under any circumstances to develop, produce, stockpile, acquire or

retain biological weapons.

 Article II To destroy or divert to peaceful purposes biological agents, toxins,

weapons, equipment and means of delivery prior to joining.

 Article III Not to transfer, or in any way assist, encourage or induce anyone else to
acquire or retain biological weapons.

 Article IV To take any national measures necessary to implement the provisions of

the BWC domestically.

 Article V To consult bilaterally and multilaterally and cooperate in solving any

problems with the implementation of the BWC.

 Article VI To request the UN Security Council to investigate alleged breaches of the

BWC and to comply with its subsequent decisions.

 Article VII To assist States which have been exposed to danger as a result of a
violation of the BWC.

 ARTICLE VIII: Prohibition of the Use in War of Asphyxiating, Poisonous or Other

Gases, and of Bacteriological Methods of Warfare, signed at Geneva on 17 June 1925.

 ARTICLE IX Each State Party to this Convention affirms the recognized objective of
effective prohibition of chemical weapons and, to this end, undertakes to continue
negotiations in good faith.

 Article X To facilitate the fullest possible exchange of equipment, materials, and

information for peaceful purposes.
CWC AGENTS:
 From a military point of view, chemical warfare agents have been developed with
three quite different tactical functions in mind :

(1) "lethal agents ",used either to kill an enemy or to injure him so severely as to
necessitate his evacuation and medical treatment ;

(2) "incapacitating agents ", used to put an enemy completely out of action for several
hours or days, but with a disablement from which recovery is possible without medical aid ;
and

(3) " harassing agents ", used to disable an enemy for as long as he remains exposed.

Lung irritants:

 The lung irritants, sometimes also referred to as asphyxiants or choking gases, are
substances that cause physical injury to the tissues of the respiratory tract.
 The former group includes the lung irritants (asphyxiants) and the vesicants (blister
agents) ; the latter includes the blood gases and the nerve gases.

1. Phosgene (carbonyl chloride, COC12)

Blood gases

1. Hydrogen cyanide (hydrocyanic acid, HCN)

2. Cyanogen chloride (ClCN)

Vesicants

1. Mustard gas (Yperite, Lost: bis(2-chloroethyl) sulfide)- skin burns

The nerve gases

G-agents- consisting of alkyl esters of methylphosphonofiuoridic acid or of

dialkylphosphoramidocyanidic acids.

V-agents-consisting of alkyl esters of S-dialkylaminoethylmethylphosphonothiolic

acids.

1. Sarin, GB: (isopropyl methylphosphonojluoridate)

2. Agent VX

Other lethal chemical warfare agents

 Botulinal toxins-FOOD POISON

The staphylococcal enterotoxins

BWC-AGENTS:

Category A

 can be easily disseminated or transmitted from person to person;

 result in high mortality rates and have the potential for major public health impact;
 might cause public panic and social disruption; and
 require special action for public health preparedness.

Agents/Diseases

 Anthrax (Bacillus anthracis)

 Botulism (Clostridium botulinum toxin)
 Plague (Yersinia pestis)
 Smallpox (variola major)
 Tularemia (Francisella tularensis)
 Viral hemorrhagic fevers, including
 Filoviruses (Ebola, Marburg)
 Arenaviruses (Lassa, Machupo)

Category B

 are moderately easy to disseminate;

 result in moderate morbidity rates and low mortality rates; and
 require specific enhancements of CDC’s diagnostic capacity and enhanced disease
surveillance.

Agents/Diseases

 Brucellosis (Brucella species)

 Epsilon toxin of Clostridium perfringens
 Food safety threats (Salmonella species, Escherichia coli O157:H7, Shigella)
 Glanders (Burkholderia mallei)
 Melioidosis (Burkholderia pseudomallei)
 Psittacosis (Chlamydia psittaci)
  Q fever (Coxiella burnetii)
 Ricin toxin from Ricinus communis (castor beans)
 Staphylococcal enterotoxin B
 Typhus fever (Rickettsia prowazekii)
 Viral encephalitis (alphaviruses, such as eastern equine encephalitis, Venezuelan
equine encephalitis, and western equine encephalitis])
 Water safety threats (Vibrio cholerae, Cryptosporidium parvum)

Category C

 availability;
 ease of production and dissemination; and
 potential for high morbidity and mortality rates and major health impact.

Agents

 Emerging infectious diseases such as Nipah virus and hantavirus