REVOCATION OF LICENCE IN ACCORDANCE WITH TPA

NAME- SHIVANGI
ROLL NO- 1077
SECTION-B
SEM- V
SUBMITTED TO- Mr. Utkarsh Verma
Assistant Professor, Law

National University of Study and Research in Law ,Ranchi

TABLE OF CONTENTS:
1. INTRODUCTION
• License Under English Law
• License Under Indian Law
2. Distinction between Lease and License
• ESSENTIALS OF LEASE
• Transfer of Interest
• Parties to lease
• Subject matter of lease
• Duration of lease
• LICENSE and it’s kinds
(a) Bare licence
(b) Licence which is coupled with a grant or interest in land
3. Granting of license
4. Revocation of license
5. Case Laws
6. Conclusion
RESEARCH METHODOLOGY:
The researcher has adopted a purely doctrinal method of research.
• Sources of Data:

The following secondary sources of data have been used in the project :
1.Articles
2.Books
3.Internet

RESEARCH QUESTIONS:
1.What is the meaning of licence and how a licence is granted in India?
2.What are it’s types and basic components?
3.When the license will be deemed to be revoked?

AIMS AND OBJECTIVES:

The researcher aims to study about the Revocation of Licence.

HYPOTHESIS:
• The researcher on close examination believes that revocation of licence can be done
on certain criteria mentioned.
• The researcher also believes that license does not confer a interest or property in the
thing.
CHAPTERIZATION:
CHAPTER1. INTRODUCTION:
This chapter will give an introduction to the topic.
CHAPTER 2.Distinction between Lease and License:
This chapter will deal with distinction between lease and license and it includes:
• ESSENTIALS OF LEASE
• Transfer of Interest
• Parties to lease
• Subject matter of lease
• Duration of lease
• LICENSE and it’s kinds

CHAPTER 3.Granting of license:

This chapter will deal with granting of license.
CHAPTER 4. Revocation of license:
This chapter will explain Revocation of licence.
CHAPTER 5. Case Laws :
This chapter will deal with landmark judgements.
1.INTRODUCTION:
1
From an early easement, the term was derived from the Latin word "aisementum," which
meant "comfort or privilege.It grew into "a legal right or privilege to use anything other than
one's own.The permission is granted to easement holder to use the land of another person
through the award of a non-possessory property interest. It refers to a man's right to have a
licence &it's a personal right granted to the individual to do anything on the grantor's
immovable property that doesn't add value to the property itself. This is a permissive right
that is solely the grantor's personal privilege.This imposes no obligations or responsibilities
on the individuals making the grant & it is thus revocable except under the conditions set
forth in the Act. When a licence is given, it has no other consequence than allowing the
licensee freedom to go to land that would otherwise be illegal.
As per s. 52 of the Indian Easement Act, 1882, a license is defined as something that a person
offers to another person or group of people the right to or continue to do something in or on
the property of the grantor. The Indian Easements Act of 1882 incorporated this principle.
The Indian Easements Act, 1882, deals with licensing & their administration from S.52 to 64.
Unlike a lease, the license can be simply referred to as ' right to use the subject land'. The
tenant receives possession of the property to the tenant & it's possession of the premises /
land is given on the basis of a lease.

The 'licensee' has only right to use it according to the conditions of the licence agreement
&for purpose which is the agreed upon. The legal premise is that the courts try to determine
whether the parties intended to form a lease or a licence by inferring their intentions. A lease
& licencing agreement should be carefully structured to convey that the parties only intend to
enter into a licence arrangement, not a lease agreement. The licensee should never be given
absolute possession of the subject property; otherwise agreement may be regarded as a
leasing arrangement.

A.License Under English Law:

2
A licence, according to English law, is only a personal privilege or right that allows the
licensee to do anything on the licensor's land that would otherwise be unlawful. 3It is an
excuse for doing something that would otherwise be illegal due to the licensor's approval. It
is merely permission to do something that allows the licensee to accomplish something
lawfully that he could not do otherwise.

1
garg, R., 2020. Licence under Section 52 of the Indian Easement Act, 1882 - iPleaders. [online] iPleaders.
Available at: <https://blog.ipleaders.in/license-section-52-indian-easement-act/> [Accessed 25 September 2021.
2
Ahlawat, A. K., & goel, A. (2015, April 30). Definition of license and granting of license. Academike.
Retrieved October 16, 2021, from https://www.lawctopus.com/academike/definition-license/.

3
Head v. Hartley, 42 Ch. D. 461
A licence is simply permission to do anything that would otherwise be considered trespassing
if done without it. 4A dispensation or licence does not create an interest in anything, nor does
it change or transfer property in anything; it just makes an action legal that would have been
unlawful without it.5

A licence is simply permission to do something on immovable property, such as occupation

it, enjoy its fruits, or use it for another purpose.
A licence is an official permit or permission to carry on a business or perform an act that
would be illegal without it, and the terms licence and permit are sometimes used
interchangeably.6 Permission and licence are interchangeable terms.Permission or licence is
provided by the granter to the grantee for the use of an immovable property for a specific
purpose that is necessary for the grantee to retain dominant right of possession over the
immovable property with the granter.

B.License Under Indian Law:

According to s. 52, if any person gives / proceeds to do in or on grantor's ' immovable
property' something that could be unlawful or rights are not easement or interest in the land,
to another person or a no.of certain persons , in the absence of such a right it is called license.

Licensing means three things:

1.Authorization to do so,
2.Certificate or document incorporating the relevant authorization, e
3.License fee which is the price granted for the privilege.

In case Associated Hotels of India ltd. vs. R.N. Kapoor7 it was held by hon'ble court that ,
licence is a document that allows a licensee to use a property under specified terms &
circumstances while the property remains in the ownership of the true owner. As a result, the
legal possession of the property remains with the owner,& licensee is only granted a licence
to use the owner's property for a certain purpose. In case of absence of such a licence,
however, the licensee's actions on the property would be illegal.

Errington vs Errington 8The hon'ble Court held that the son and daughter-in-law had no
express responsibility to pay the instalments and that the terms could not be inferred from
their actions.The father's commitment was described as a 'unilateral contract'; the

4
Clifford v. Neil, (1896) 12 App. Div. 17
5
Thomas v. Sorrell, (1673) Vaughan 33
6
Parsons v. People, (1904) 32 Colo. 221
7
AIR 1959 SC 1262
8
[1952] 1 K.B. 290
performative act that pays the mortgage & it will be revocable only if the couple fails to pay
. Once success has begun, the offer can't be cancelled by offeror. If the mortgage was paid,
the father's implicit goal was to keep the house in his family's hands. The pair was on a lease,
not a tenancy, but a legal or at least equal right to dwell that would evolve into a good equal
title after the mortgage was being paid.

2.DISTINCTION BETWEEN LEASE AND LICENCE:

They both sound like the same but lease &license both of them are two separate legal
concepts & offers different rights and duties.There are certain criterias on the basis of which
both can be differentiated:

According to Section 52 9of the Indian Easement Act of 1882, a licence is something that a
person provides another person, or a number of people, the right to do or continue to do
something in or on the grantor's immovable property.

A lease is defined in Section 10510 as "a transfer of immovable property for a specific time
period for a consideration in which the transferee has accepted the parameters surrounding
the agreement."

11George Chandi and Others v. Beena and Others:A permission to hold or possess the
property without a right of ownership as a matter of right would be considered just a licence.
If exclusive possession was given up as a matter of right at the time of the relationship's
formation and the answer is affirmative, the relationship is a lease. Transfer of exclusive
possession of the premises under an arrangement is not determinative of the existence of a
lease, but it is a strong positive factor constituting the existence of a lease arrangement, and it
can be safely acted upon when other factors support the existence of a lease arrangement.The
most important question to evaluate is what the parties intended when they entered into the
relationship, if exclusive possession was given to the other party, and whether the terms and
conditions provided would be sufficient to create a lease rather than a licence.12

To find out whether a document creates a licence or a lease:

1.the substance of the document must take precedence over its form;

9
Section 52 of the Indian Easement Act of 1882
10
Section 105 of Transfer of property Act,1882
11
License under the Indian easements act. LawPage. (2021, April 9). Retrieved October 17, 2021, from
https://lawpage.in/property_law/easement/license#fn__18.

12
2018 KHC 5252
2.the real test is whether the parties intended to create a lease or a licence;

3.if the document creates an interest in the property, it is a lease; but if it only permits another
to make use of the property, the legal possession remains with the owner, it is a licence; and

4.if a party obtains exclusive possession of the property under the document, he is prima
facie, a tenant.However, situations may arise that negate the intention to create a lease.

13ESSENTIALS OF LEASE:

1.Parties must be competent to enter into a contract: The parties to a lease agreement
must be capable of entering into a contract.Lesser should be entitled to a property and have
complete control over it.

2.Right of possession: In a lease, only the possession of the property is transferred and
ownership rights are not transferred.

3.Rent or premium: Rent or premium can be used as a kind of consideration for a lease.

4.Acceptance: The lessee must accept the lease agreement, as well as the time duration and
terms and conditions imposed on the transfer, in order to obtain an interest in the property
following the lease.

5.Time Period: A lease is always for a specific amount of time, which is indicated in the
lease agreement. It can be relaxed at the lessor's discretion.

6. Consideration: In a lease, the lessor transfers the right of possession in exchange for the
lessee paying rent or a premium as a lease consideration.

13
Pandey, R. S.(2019, May 25). Understanding lease under transfer of Property Act, 1882. iPleaders. Retrieved
October 9, 2021, from https://blog.ipleaders.in/lease-under-tpa-1882/.
Transfer of Interest:

A lease is a contract that creates a right to use immovable property for a set period of time
and for a particular amount of money under certain conditions. The lessee receives the right
to possess and enjoy the property when the lease is transferred. After establishing such an
interest, a tenant or subtenant has the right to remain in possession of the property until the
lease is properly ended and eviction is carried out in accordance with the law. Only after the
transfer of an interest in immovable property pursuant to a contract and the creation of a right
in rem can a landlord and tenant relationship be established. Furthermore, if the lessee
himself gives the lessor the option to continue the leasehold, it is a personal covenant that
does not generate an interest in the land."

14Parties to lease:

There must be two parties involved in a valid lease: the lesser (the transferor) and the lessee (
transferee ). A lease is an agreement between the owner of a property and the person who
offers to lease it for a set period of time in exchange for a payment of consideration.The
person transferring the right of enjoyment of the property is known as the lesser, and the
person to whom the right is transferred is known as the lessee.

Subject matter of lease:

This provision specifies that the subject matter of the lease must be immovable property.
Immovable property is defined in Section 3 of the Transfer of Property Act, and it includes
not just land, buildings, and minerals, but also the benefits that derive from land.

Duration of a lease:

The lease deed must always specify the duration the lessee will have the right of possession.

14
Udaipuria, S. (2021, June 24). Concept of lease under transfer of Property Act, 1882. Law column. Retrieved
October 9, 2021, from https://www.lawcolumn.in/concept-of-lease-under-transfer-of-property-act-1882/.
15LICENSE:

A licence is a right to do or continue to do something in or upon the grantor's immovable

property that would be illegal if the grantor did not have such a right, and such a right does
not imply an easement or an interest in the property. Furthermore, it is the power to perform a
certain act or sequence of acts on another's property without owning any interest in it.

The major difference between a lease and licence is that a, lease is a transfer of a right in a
specific immovable property, but a licence is merely a permission and a licencee is not
entitled to notice to vacate before evidence.

kinds of License:

161.Bare licence, which is merely a question of personal privilege, and 2.licence

accompanied by a grant or interest in the land.A bare licence is a personal permission or
consent to enter, cross over, or be present on another person's land. A bare licence is a licence
that is given freely and is not accompanied by the giving of an interest in the land, such as the
licence that one must give to one's guests. And This kind of license can be revoked any time.

A bare licence is a defence to what would otherwise amount to be tort of trespassing.17 When
a licensee goes outside the scope of the licence, he becomes a trespasser18. If a person is
permitted to enter the land for one purpose but enters for another19, or begins to pursue a
different goal than that for which he is authorised while on the land, he is considered a
trespasser,where it is known or understood that the occupant would not have consented.20

It is a case of bare licence if a person is allowed to undertake an act on the land without
interfering with the nature of the property or taking any profits from it. Bare licences can be
created either explicitly or implicitly, and there are no formalities required — a bare licence
can be derived from circumstances or conduct.21

15
verma, pallavi. (n.d.). Difference between lease and licence. Difference between lease and Licence. Retrieved
October 10, 2021, from http://www.legalservicesindia.com/article/1765/Difference-between-lease-and-
licence.html.

16
Ahlawat, A. K., & goel, A. (2015, April 30). Definition of license and granting of license. Academike.
Retrieved October 12, 2021, from https://www.lawctopus.com/academike/definition-license/#_ednref24.

17
Goldsack v. Shore, (1950) 1 KB 708
18
Hillen and Pettigrew v. ICI (Alkali) Ltd, (1936) AC 65
19
R v. Pratt, (1855) 119 ER 3198
20
R v. London CC, (1918) 1 KB 68
21
R (Beresford) v. Sunderland CC, (2004) 1 AC 889
Bare licences are usually not assignable (transferable) and can be revoked by the property
owner at any time. When the licensee, acting on the licence, completes a permanent work and
incurs expense, the bare licence becomes irrevocable.

2. Licence which is coupled with a grant or interest in land-

A licence is combined with a grant or interest in land, When a permission to enter another's
land for the purpose of removing something from that land (such as timber)22. This licence
combines the grant of an interest (such as a profit a prendre) with authorization to enter the
land in order to realise or exploit that interest.

A licence with an interest is arises, .The granting of an interest (such as a profit a prendre) is
combined with permission to enter the land in order to realise or exploit that interest.

When a person acquires the right to take possession of property located on someone else's
land, a licence with an interest is created, such as when a lender obtains the right to repossess
an automobile located on private property after a borrower defaults on a loan.

When standing timber is sold on the condition that the purchaser sever the timber, the sale of
the timber on these terms implies the grant to the purchaser of a permission to access the land
in order to collect the timber. Unless otherwise agreed, such a licence is irrevocable for the
duration of the interest to which it is annexed and can be assigned.

In general, licences with an interest are both 'assignable and irrevocable'.At least until the
holder of the licence has had a reasonable time to retrieve the property that gave rise to the
licence. When such operative facts confer a privilege incidental to and in assistance of the
exercise of a power or other legal interest vested in the licensee otherwise.

23Primary distinctions between Lease and Licence:

1.A lease is the transfer of an interest in a specific immovable property, whereas licence is
only a permission that doesn't transmit an interest.

22
Muskett v. Hill (1839) 5 Bing (NC) 694
23
India, legal S. (n.d.). Difference between lease and Licence. Legal service India. Retrieved October 17, 2021,
from http://www.legalservicesindia.com/article/1765/Difference-between-lease-and-
licence.html#:~:text=A%20lease%20is%20a%20transfer,any%20transfer%20of%20an%20interest.&text=A%2
0lease%20creates%20an%20interest,not%20create%20such%20an%20interest.
2. A lease generates a security interest in the property in favour of the lessee, whereas a
licence does not.

3. A lease is transferable and heritable both, 'a subtenancy can be made by the tenant and the
tenancy can be inherited by the tenant's legal heirs upon the tenant's death', however a licence
is neither transferable nor heritable.

4. Because it is a personal contract, a licence expires when either the grantor or the
guarantee dies, whereas a lease does not expire when either the grantor or the grantee dies.

5. A licence can be revoked at the grantor's discretion at any time, while the lease can only be
terminated in accordance with the terms and conditions set forth in the tenancy agreement.

6. The transfer of the property by sale to a third party has no bearing on the lease. It
continues, and the purchaser must wait until the tenancy period has expired before obtaining
possession, unlike in the case of a licence, if the property is sold to a third party, the tenancy
comes to an end immediately.

7. A lessee has the legal right to defend the possession. A licensee, on the other hand, cannot
defend his possession in his own name because he does not own the property.

8. A lessee in possession of the property has the right to any modifications or additions made
to it, whereas a licensee does not.
3.GRANTING OF LICENCE:

24
The provisions for granting licences are the same as for easements. Sections 53 and 54 of
the Indian Easements Act, 1882, regulate the granting of licences in India.When entering into
a Lease and Licence arrangement, are two preliminary questions arise: who can grand and
how a licence is granted.

The first issue is addressed by Section 53 of the Indian Easements Act of 1882, which
provides that anyone may give a licence on the terms and to the extent that he may transfer
his interests in the land affected by the licence.To put it another way, a licence cannot be
granted or received if the licensor does not have a sufficient lawful interest in the property.

The second question is addressed in S. 54 of the Indian Easements Act, 1882, which states
that a grant of a licence may be express or implicit from the grantor's conduct, and that an
agreement that purports to create an easement but is ineffectual for that purpose may be
construed as a licence.This is an important definition. Property owners should be aware that
their actions may constitute a licence, even if there is no formal licence agreement.

• Power To Grant License:

The power to grant a licence is outlined in Section 53. As per S.53 , Anyone may give a
licence in the conditions and to the extent that he may transfer his interests in the property
affected by the licence, according to S.53.

The power to give a licence is mutually exclusive with the ability to transfer. Man can
give a licence to the extent that he can transfer his interest in the affected property under
certain conditions.A valid licence is given by a mortgagee or co-tenant who is lawfully in
sole possession and enjoyment of the property to do something that he could do himself.25
A licence can be granted by anyone who has the power to transfer property, even if he is
not the owner. Such a person can also revoke the licence.26

24
Ahlawat, A. K., & goel, A. (2015, April 30). Definition of license and granting of license. Academike.
Retrieved October 17, 2021, from https://www.lawctopus.com/academike/definition-license/.
25
Illustration (c) to Section 8 of Indian Easements Act
26
Municipal Committee Ambala v. Lal Chand 1969 Cur. LJ 580 (Punj.)
 A grant of the right is granted by the grantor under Section 52. No licence may be created
without a grant in the broadest sense27. Only as long as the licensor retains a right, title,
and interest in the premises can a licence agreement continue to survive to be effective.
The agreement for licence comes to an end when the right to the title expires. If the
licensor is a tenant, his licence agreement expires when the tenancy ends, and the licensee
ceases to exist.28

• Form of Licence – Express or Implied:

As per section 54. A licence may be granted "expressly or impliedly" as a result of the
grantor's actions, and an agreement that purports to provide an easement but is
ineffectual for that purpose may function to generate a licence.

When a person is granted the right to use the premises without becoming entitled to
exclusive possession of them, or when the circumstances and conduct of the parties
show that all that was intended was to grant the grantee a personal privilege with no
legal interest, a licence is notionally created.When a licence is combined with a
compulsorily registrable grant of immovable property or an interest in immovable
property, it must be in written or registered.29

• Express License:

An express licence is one that in direct terms allows the conduct of a certain act, such
as a public authority-issued licence to keep a tavern. Express licences apply to more
specific scenarios in which permission has been given to a specific person. An
example is when the owner invites guests to his home for dinner or to stay in one of
his rooms. Any re-entry after that period without further permission would be
considered trespass.
• Implied License:

A licence may be implied by the licensor's actions, such as allowing something to be

done on his land by someone who believes the land is his own.30A plea of implied
licence, which can be founded on the right of equity to intervene, must be based on
either a contract or the presence of some reality that the legal owner cannot deny. 31A
shopkeeper's invite to customers to enter his premises to conduct business is an
example of implied licence of everyday life.

27
Aggrawal and Modi Enterprises v. NDMC, 123 (2005) DLT 154
28
Ludhichem Industries v. Ahmed R. V. Peer Mohammad, AIR 1981 SC 1998
29
Section 54, 69, 107 and 123 of Transfer of Property Act and Section 17 of the Indian Registration Act
30
Ramsden v. Dyson, 1 HL 129
31
Canadian Pacific Railway Co. v. King, AIR 1932 PC 108
4.REVOCATION OF LICENCE:

Revocation generally means as 'termination of the Licence.' A licence is revocable at the

discretion of the licensor or generator, however it cannot be withdrawn under the following
two circumstances. A grantor can always revoke a bare licence. A licence, unlike a contract,
generates no mutual obligation or rights between parties, and it can be cancelled under this
provision unless it falls under one of the exceptions listed. The power of the section to revoke
a bare licence granted to the licensor is unaffected by the fact that the licence was granted for
a valuable consideration.

When a licence is just a bare licence, the fact that it was acquired for a specified period of
time has no bearing on the licensor's right to revoke it at any moment. The licensor has the
power to withdraw a licence at any time, and this power is not conditional on the licensor
providing reasonable notice or sufficient time to the licensee. The right of a licensee to
receive reasonable notice before revocation and the right of the licensor to revoke a licence
are not intertwined in the sense that the licensor cannot use his right without first issuing such
notice.

3262. License when deemed revoked

A license is deemed to be revoked-

(a) where the grantor loses all interest in the property affected by the licence due to a
circumstance that occurred before the licence was granted;

(b) when the licensee releases it to the grantor or his representative, either expressly or
impliedly;

(c) when it has been given for a limited period of time or acquired on the condition that it
would become void if a particular act is performed or not , and the period has expired or the
conditions have been met;

(d) where the property affected by the licence is destroyed or permanently transformed by
superior force, rendering the licensee unable to exercise his right;

32
The Indian Easement Act 1882, section 62
(e) where the Licensee acquires complete ownership of the property affected by the licence;

(f) where the licence is provided for a specific purpose that is accomplished, abandoned, or
rendered impracticable;

(g) where the license is issued as holding a specific office, occupation, or character, and that
office, occupation, or character ceases to exist;

(h) if the licence is not used as such for a continuous period of twenty years and the cessation
is not in accordance with a contract between the grantor and the licensee;

(I) in the case of an accessory licence, when the interest or right to which it is attached
expires.
5.CASE LAWS:

The Court held in Associated Hotels of India Ltd. v. R.N. Kapoor 33that a licence is a
document that allows a licensee to use a property under specified terms and conditions while
the property remains in the ownership of the true owner. As a result, the legal possession of
the property remains with the owner, and the licensee is only granted a licence to use the
owner's property for a certain purpose. In the lack of such a licence, however, the licensee's
actions on the property would be illegal.

Mrs. M.N. Clubwala v. Fida Hussain Saheb34Whether an agreement establishes a landlord-

tenant relationship or solely a licensor-licensee one, the parties' intention is the most
important factor to consider. This intention must be determined by examining all of the
agreement's relevant sections.

Delta International Limited vs. Shyam Sundar Ganeriwalla & Another, 35The essential
test for determining whether a document provides a lease or a licence is to determine the
parties' intention; keep in mind that in circumstances when exclusive possession is provided,
the boundary between lease and licence is very thin.
Rajbir Kaur and Anr. vs. S. Chokesiri and Co. 36The operative intention of the parties
determines whether a transaction is a lease or a licence, and there is no single, clear litmus
test to differentiate one from the other. The giving of simply the right to use the premises
without the right to exclusive possession of the premises operates as a licence. 'Exclusive
possession 'is itself not decisive in favour of a lease and against a mere licence,Even the
grant of exclusive possession may turn out to be a licence rather than a lease if the grantor
does not have the power to grant the lease.

33
AIR 1959 SC 1262
34
[1964] 6 SCR 642 (Supreme Court, 1964)

35
AIR 1999 SC 2607
36
AIR 1988 SC 1845
6. CONCLUSION:
The conclusion that the term licence implies nothing does not preclude the existence of a
licence law. There is licence law, but it must be explained in terms of specific situations. The
licensee's privileges can be terminated at any time if the licensor gives no reason to expect
otherwise. When a licensor manifests a intention for the privilege to last longer, the
repercussions are determined by other circumstances. The licence may create a real easement
if it does not violate any legal policy. If it violates the rule requiring a sealed instrument, it
will very certainly result in an easement, but the licensee may only seek relief through
equitable means.
If enforcing the licence will impose relatively insignificant restrictions on the land, neither
the parties' expectations, formalities, or expenditures will give the interest the characteristics
of an easement.Laymen, who rarely consider it in terms of legal relationships, frequently use
licence to signify a transaction. It's frequently compared to the terms lease and easement,
which both refer to certain types of transactions.
BIBLIOGRAPHY:
BOOKS:
1. Dr.G.P TRIPATHI "THE TRANSFER OF PROPERTY ACT, 1882"
2. UNIVERSAL'S NEW DELHI-INDIA “THE TRANSFER OF
PROPERTYACT,1882 WITH SHORT NOTES”.
3. PROF. G.C. VENKATA SUBBARAO "LECTURES AND COMMENARIES ON
THE TRANSFER OF PROPERTY ACT", SIXTH EDITION.
4.MD. ALAMIN AND MD. ABDUS SALAM “LAW OF TRANSFER OF
PROPERTY”, CHAPTER 4, 1ST EDITION, (2012).
5.DR.AVTAR SINGH"TEXTBOOK ON THE TRANSFER OF PROPERTY ACT”,
2ND EDITION, REPRINT (2012).

WEBLINKS :
1. https://www.britannica.com/topic/license
2.https://lawcorner.in/license-meaning-essential-types-advantage-and-disadvantage-under-tp-
act-1882/
3.https://www.lawcolumn.in/concept-of-lease-under-transfer-of-property-act-1882/
4.https://blog.ipleaders.in/lease-under-tpa-1882/
5.https://blog.ipleaders.in/license-section-52-indian-easement-act/
6.https://www.lawctopus.com/academike/definition-license/#_ednref24

DATA BASES:
• SCC ONLINE
• MANUPATRA.JSTOR