08 Lecture Outline

Goals for Chapter 8
• To learn the meaning of the momentum of a particle

and how an impulse causes it to change
Chapter 8
• To learn how to use the conservation of momentum
Momentum, Impulse, • To learn how to solve problems involving collisions
and Collisions • To learn the definition of the center of mass of a

system and what determines how it moves
• To analyze situations, such as rocket propulsion, in
PowerPoint® Lectures for
University Physics, Thirteenth Edition which the mass of a moving body changes
– Hugh D. Young and Roger A. Freedman
Lectures by Wayne Anderson

Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education Inc. Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education Inc.
Introduction Momentum and Newton’s second law

• In many situations, such as a bullet hitting a carrot, we • The momentum of a
cannot use Newton’s second law to solve problems because particle is the product
we know very little about the complicated forces involved. of its mass
and its
velocity: p = mv .
• In this chapter, we shall introduce momentum and impulse,
and the conservation of momentum, to solve such problems. • Newton’s second law
can be written in
termsof momentum

as  F  d p.
dt
HUST-CTTT-PH1016 - Lecturer V.N.T 1

Impulse and momentum Compare momentum and kinetic energy
• The impulse of a force is the • Changes in momentum
product of the force and the
time interval during which it depend on the time
acts. over which the net
force acts, but changes
• On a graph of Fx versus time,
the impulse is equal to the area in kinetic energy
under the curve, as shown in depend on the distance
Figure 8.3 to the right. over which the net
• Impulse-momentum theorem: force acts. (See Figure
The change in momentum of a 8.4 to the right.)
particle during a time interval
is equal to the impulse of the • Follow Conceptual
net force acting on the particle
during that interval. Example 8.1.
A ball hits a wall Kicking a soccer ball
• In Example 8.2, a ball rebounds from a wall. • In Example 8.3, a kick changes the direction of a soccer ball.
• Follow Example 8.3 using Figure 8.7 below.
• Follow Example 8.2 using Figure 8.5 below.

An isolated system Conservation of momentum
• The total momentum of a system of particles is the vector sum • External forces (the normal
of the momenta of the individual particles. force and gravity) act on the
skaters shown in Figure 8.9
• No external forces act on the isolated system consisting of the at the right, but their vector
two astronauts shown below, so the total momentum of this sum is zero. Therefore the
system is conserved. total momentum of the
skaters is conserved.
• Conservation of momentum:
If the vector sum of the
external forces on a system
is zero, the total momentum
of the system is constant.
Remember that momentum is a vector! Recoil of a rifle

• When applying conservation • In Example 8.4, a rifle fires a bullet, causing the rifle to
of momentum, remember recoil.
that momentum is a vector
quantity! • Follow Example 8.4, using Problem-Solving Strategy
• Use vector addition to add
8.1 and Figure 8.11 shown below.
momenta, as shown in
Figure 8.10 at the right.

Objects colliding along a straight line A two-dimensional collision
• Two gliders collide on an air track in Example 8.5. • Two robots collide
and go off at
• Follow Example 8.5 using Figure 8.12 as shown below. different angles.
• Follow Example
8.6 using Figure
8.13 at the right.
Elastic collisions Inelastic collisions

•In an elastic collision, the
• In an inelastic collision, the
total kinetic energy of the
total kinetic energy after the
system is the same after the collision is less than before the
collision as before. collision.
•Figure 8.14 at the left • A collision in which the bodies
illustrates an elastic collision stick together is called a
between air track gliders. completely inelastic collision
(see Figure 8.15 at the right).
• In any collision in which the
external forces can be
neglected, the total momentum
is conserved.

Some inelastic collisions The ballistic pendulum
• Ballistic pendulums are
• Cars are intended to have
used to measure bullet
inelastic collisions so the car
speeds.
absorbs as much energy as
possible. • Follow Example 8.8 and
Figure 8.18 at right.
• Follow Example 8.7, which

illustrates a completely
inelastic collision, and use
Figure 8.17 at the right.
An automobile collision Elastic collisions

• Follow Example 8.9, in which two cars traveling at right • As Figures 8.22 and
angles collide. See Figure 8.19 below. 8.23 show, the behavior
of the colliding objects
is greatly affected by
their relative masses.

An elastic straight-line collision Neutron collisions in a nuclear reactor
• Follow Example 8.10, referring to Figure 8.24 below. • Follow Example 8.11 using Figure 8.25 below.
A two-dimensional elastic collision Center of mass of a water molecule

• Follow Example 8.12 using Figure 8.26 below. • Follow Example 8.13 which investigates a water molecule.

Center of mass of symmetrical objects Motion of the center of mass
• The total momentum of a system

• It is easy to find the center
is equal to the total mass times
of mass of a homogeneous
the velocity of the center of mass.
symmetric object, as shown
in Figure 8.28 at the left.
• The center of mass of the wrench
in Figure 8.29 at the right moves
as though all the mass were
concentrated there.
Tug-of-war on the ice External forces and center-of-mass motion

• Follow Example 8.14, in which a tug-of-war occurs on • When a body or collection of particles is acted upon by
frictionless ice. external forces, the center of mass moves as though all the
mass were concentrated there (see Figure 8.31 below).

Rocket propulsion
• As a rocket burns fuel, its mass decreases, as shown
in Figure 8.32 below.
• Follow Example 8.15 (Acceleration of a rocket).
• Follow Example 8.16 (Speed of a rocket).
Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education Inc.

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Goals for Chapter 8

• To learn the meaning of the momentum of a particle

Momentum, Impulse, • To learn how to solve problems involving collisions

and Collisions • To learn the definition of the center of mass of a

Lectures by Wayne Anderson

Introduction Momentum and Newton’s second law

HUST-CTTT-PH1016 - Lecturer V.N.T 1

A ball hits a wall Kicking a soccer ball

HUST-CTTT-PH1016 - Lecturer V.N.T 2

Remember that momentum is a vector! Recoil of a rifle

HUST-CTTT-PH1016 - Lecturer V.N.T 3

Elastic collisions Inelastic collisions

HUST-CTTT-PH1016 - Lecturer V.N.T 4

• Follow Example 8.7, which

An automobile collision Elastic collisions

HUST-CTTT-PH1016 - Lecturer V.N.T 5

A two-dimensional elastic collision Center of mass of a water molecule

HUST-CTTT-PH1016 - Lecturer V.N.T 6

• The total momentum of a system

Tug-of-war on the ice External forces and center-of-mass motion

HUST-CTTT-PH1016 - Lecturer V.N.T 7

Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education Inc.

HUST-CTTT-PH1016 - Lecturer V.N.T 8

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