ENGINEERING MECHANICS AND THEORY OF MACHINES

(ME 1703)
Kinetics of Particles: newton’s second law

Md. Osman Ali

Assistant Professor
Department of Mechanical Engineering
DHAKA UNIVERSITY OF ENGINEERING & TECHNOLOGY, GAZIPUR-1707 1
 Kinetics of Particles

12 ELEVENTH
EDITION
Kinetics of Particles
Newton’s Second Law

We must analyze all of the forces acting High swing velocities can result in
on the wheelchair in order to design a large forces on a swing chain or rope,
good ramp causing it to break.

2
 Introduction

In statics, we used Newton’s first and third laws of motion extensively to study
bodies at rest and the forces acting upon them. We also use these two laws in
dynamics; in fact, they are sufficient for analyzing the motion of bodies that have no
acceleration. However, when a body is accelerated––that is, when the magnitude or
the direction of its velocity changes––it is necessary to use Newton’s second law of
motion to relate the motion of the body to the forces acting on it.

• Newton’s Second Law of Motion

We can state Newton’s second law as follows:

If the resultant force acting on a particle is not zero, the particle has an
acceleration proportional to the magnitude of the resultant and in the
direction of this resultant force.
F  ma 3
 Introduction

• If the resultant force acting on a particle is not

zero, the particle will have an acceleration
proportional to the magnitude of resultant and in
the direction of the resultant.

• Must be expressed with respect to a Newtonian (or

inertial) frame of reference, i.e., one that is not
accelerating or rotating.
• This form of the equation is for a constant mass
System.

4
 Linear Momentum of a Particle

• Replacing the acceleration by the derivative of the velocity

yields 
 dv
F  m
dt

d  dL
 m v  
dt dt

L  linear momentum of the particle
It follows from Eq. that the rate of change
of the linear momentum mv is zero when
ƩF = 0.
• Linear Momentum Conservation Principle:
If the resultant force on a particle is zero, the linear momentum of the particle
remains constant in both magnitude and direction.
5
 Equations of Motion
 
• Newton’s second law  F  ma
Consider a particle of mass m acted upon by several forces. Recall
that we can express Newton’s second law by the equation ƩF = ma

 Two of the most important tools you

will use in solving dynamics
problems, particularly those involving
Newton’s second law, are the
freebody diagram and the kinetic
diagram.

 These diagrams will help you to

model dynamic systems and apply
appropriate equations of motion. The
free-body diagram shown on the left
side of Fig.

6
 Equations of Motion
 
• Newton’s second law  F  ma
• Can use scalar component equations, e.g., for
rectangular components,

 
   
   
Fx i  Fy j  Fz k  m a x i  a y j  a z k
 Fx  ma x  Fy  ma y  Fz  ma z
 Fx  mx  Fy  my  Fz  mz

7
Dynamic Equilibrium

• Alternate expression of Newton’s second law,

 
 F  m a 0

 ma  inertial vector
• With the inclusion of the inertial vector, the system
of forces acting on the particle is equivalent to
zero. The particle is in dynamic equilibrium.
• Methods developed for particles in static
equilibrium may be applied, e.g., coplanar forces
may be represented with a closed vector polygon.
• Inertia vectors are often called inertial forces as
they measure the resistance that particles offer to
changes in motion, i.e., changes in speed or
direction.
• Inertial forces may be conceptually useful but are
not like the contact and gravitational forces found
in statics.
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 Free Body Diagrams and Kinetic Diagrams
Draw the FBD and KD for block A (note that the massless, frictionless
pulleys are attached to block A and should be included in the system).

9
 Free Body Diagrams and Kinetic Diagrams
1. Isolate body
2. Axes
3. Applied forces
4. Replace supports with forces
5. Dimensions (already drawn)
6. Kinetic diagram

y
T T NB
T
T may = 0
x

T
mg
Ff-B
= max

N1 Ff-1
10
Free Body Diagrams and Kinetic Diagrams

Draw the FBD and KD for the collar B. Assume

there is friction acting between the rod and collar,
motion is in the vertical plane, and q is increasing

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Free Body Diagrams and Kinetic Diagrams
1. Isolate body
2. Axes
3. Applied forces
4. Replace supports with forces
5. Dimensions
6. Kinetic diagram

eq maq
er
mar

q
q
=
Ff
mg
N
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 Sample Problem 12.1

An 80-kg block rests on a horizontal plane.

Find the magnitude of the force P required to
give the block an acceleration of 2.5 m/s2 to
the right. The coefficient of kinetic friction
between the block and plane is mk  0.25.

SOLUTION:
• Resolve the equation of motion for the block into two rectangular component equations.

• Unknowns consist of the applied force P and the normal reaction N from the plane. The
two equations may be solved for these unknowns.

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 Sample Problem 12.1
SOLUTION:
• Resolve the equation of motion for the block
into two rectangular component equations.
 Fx  ma :
y (
P cos30° - 0.25N = (80 kg) 0.25 m/s2 )
= 200 N
2.5
O
x  Fy  0 :
N - P sin30° - 785 N = 0
m = 80 kg
• Unknowns consist of the applied force P and
F = mk N the normal reaction N from the plane. The two
= 0.25 N equations may be solved for these unknowns.
N = P sin 30° + 785 N
P cos30° - 0.25 (P sin 30° + 785 N ) = 200 N
P = 535 N
Practice Problem: Exercise-12.CQ3
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 Sample Problem 12.3
The two blocks shown start from rest. The horizontal plane and the pulley are
frictionless, and the pulley is assumed to be of negligible mass. Determine the
acceleration of each block and the tension in the cord.

SOLUTION:
• Write the kinematic relationships for the dependent motions and
accelerations of the blocks.

• Write the equations of motion for the blocks and pulley.

• Combine the kinematic relationships with the equations of motion

to solve for the accelerations and cord tension.

15
 Sample Problem 12.3

SOLUTION:
• Write the kinematic relationships for the dependent
O motions and accelerations of the blocks.
x
y B  12 x A a B  12 a A
y
• Write equations of motion for blocks and pulley.
 Fx  m A a A :
T1  100 kg a A
 Fy  m B a B :
mB g  T2  mB a B
300 kg 9.81 m s 2  T2  300 kg a B
T2  2940 N - 300 kg a B
 Fy  mC aC  0 :
T2  2T1  0
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 Sample Problem 12.3

• Combine kinematic relationships with equations of

motion to solve for accelerations and cord tension.
O
x y B  12 x A a B  12 a A

y T1  100 kg a A
T2  2940 N - 300 kg a B

 2940 N - 300 kg  12 a A 
T2  2T1  0
2940 N  150 kg a A  2100 kg a A  0

a A  8.40 m s 2
a B  12 a A  4.20 m s 2
T1  100 kg a A  840 N
T2  2T1  1680 N
Practice Problem: Exercise-12.13 to 12.17, 12.28, 12.71, 12.72 17
 Group Problem Solving

The two blocks shown are originally at rest.

Neglecting the masses of the pulleys and the effect of
friction in the pulleys and between block A and the
horizontal surface, determine (a) the acceleration of
each block, (b) the tension in the cable.
SOLUTION:
• Write the kinematic relationships for the dependent
motions and accelerations of the blocks.

• Draw the FBD and KD for each block

• Write the equations of motion for the blocks and pulley.

• Combine the kinematic relationships with the equations of motion to solve for the
accelerations and cord tension.
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 Group Problem Solving

SOLUTION:
xA • Write the kinematic relationships for the
dependent motions and accelerations of
the blocks.
This is the same problem worked last
yB
chapter- write the constraint equation

x A  3 yB  constants  L
Differentiate this twice to get the
acceleration relationship.
v A  3vB  0
a A  3aB  0
a A  3aB (1)

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 Group Problem Solving
• Draw the FBD and KD for each block
2T T mAg A
B +y
maAx
T
= =
maBy +x
mBg NA
• Write the equation of motion for each block
Fx  mA a A :
Fy  mB aB T  m A aB
WB  3T  mB aB (2) From Eq (1) T  3m A aB (3)
• Solve the three equations, 3 unknowns
(3) (2) mB g  3(3m A aB )  mB aB T  3  30 kg  0.83136 m/s2
g 9.81 m/s2 T  74.8 N
aB    0.83136 m/s 2
m 30 kg
1 9 A 1 9 a A  2.49  2.49 m/s 2
mB 25 kg
Practice Problem: Exercise 12.31 to 12.34 20
 Kinetics: Normal and Tangential Components

Aircraft and roller coasters can both experience large normal forces during turns.

Equations of Motion

• Newton’s second law  F  ma
• For tangential and normal components,
F t  mat F n  man
dv v2
F t m
dt F n m
 21
 Sample Problem 12.6

The bob of a 2-m pendulum describes an arc of

a circle in a vertical plane. If the tension in the
cord is 2.5 times the weight of the bob for the
position shown, find the velocity and
acceleration of the bob in that position.

SOLUTION:
• Resolve the equation of motion for the bob into tangential and normal components.

• Solve the component equations for the normal and tangential accelerations.

• Solve for the velocity in terms of the normal acceleration.

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 Sample Problem 12.6
SOLUTION:
• Resolve the equation of motion for the bob into
tangential and normal components.
• Solve the component equations for the normal and
tangential accelerations.
 Ft  mat : mg sin 30  mat
at  g sin 30
at  4.9 m s 2
 Fn  man : 2.5mg  mg cos 30  man
an  g 2.5  cos 30
an  16.03 m s 2
• Solve for velocity in terms of normal acceleration.

an 
v2
v  an  2 m 16.03 m s 2 

v  5.66 m s
Practice Problem: Example-12.7 23
 Sample Problem 12.8

Two wires AC and BC are tied at C to a sphere that

revolves at the constant speed v in the horizontal circle
shown. Knowing that the wires will break if their tension
exceeds 15 lb, determine the range of values of v for
which both wires remain taut and the wires do not break.

24
 Sample Problem 12.8

Practice Problem: Exercise-12.36, 12.37, 12.39, 12.42 to 12.46, 12.123 25

 Angular Momentum of a Particle
Satellite orbits are analyzed using conservation of angular momentum.
• Consider particle at r and q, in polar coordinates,

 r
F  ma r  m 
r  rq
 2

 Fq  maq  mrq  2rq 

• This result may also be derived from conservation

of angular momentum,
H O  mr 2q

ϕ r  Fq 
d
dt

mr 2q 

 m r 2q  2rrq 
 Fq  mrq  2rq 
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Angular Momentum of a Particle
  
• H O  r  mV  moment of momentum or the angular
momentum of the particle about O.
  
• H O is perpendicular to plane containing r and mV
  
H O  rmV sin  i j k

 rm vq HO  x y z
 mr 2q mv x mv y mv z

• Derivative of angular momentum with respect to time,

        
H O  r  mV  r  mV  V  mV  r  ma

 rF  
[ As V  V  0]

  MO
• It follows from Newton’s second law that the sum of
the moments about O of the forces acting on the
particle is equal to the rate of change of the angular
momentum of the particle about O.
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Conservation of Angular Momentum

• When only force acting on particle is directed toward

or away from a fixed point O, the particle is said to be
moving under a central force.
• Since the line of action of the central force passes d ( H )  0


through O,  M O  H O  0 and
O
dt


   d (H )  0
r  mV  H O  constant
O


• Position vector and motion
 of particle are in a  d (HO )  0
plane perpendicular to H O . 
H O  Const.

• Magnitude of angular momentum,

H O  rm V sin   constant  r0 m V0 sin 0

or H O  mr 2q  constant
HO angular momentum
 r 2q  h 
m unit mass
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Conservation of Angular Momentum

• Radius vector OP sweeps infinitesimal area

dA  12 r 2 dq =Area of a Triangle

dA 1 2 dq 1 2 
• Define  r  r q  areal velocity
dt 2 dt 2

• Recall, for a body moving under a central force,

h  r 2q  constant

dA 1 2 . 1 h
 r q  h   Const
dt 2 2 2
• When a particle moves under a central force, its
areal velocity is constant.

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Newton’s Law of Gravitation

• Gravitational force exerted by the sun on a planet or by

the earth on a satellite is an important example of
gravitational force.
• Newton’s law of universal gravitation - two particles of
mass M and m attract each other with equal and opposite
force directed along the line connecting the particles,
Mm
F G 2
r
G  constant of gravitatio n
12 m3 9 ft 4
 66.73  10  34.4  10
kg  s 2
lb  s 4
• For particle of mass m on the earth’s surface,
MG m ft
W  m 2  mg g  9.81 2  32.2 2
R s s

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 Sample Problem 12.12

A satellite is launched in a direction parallel to the surface of

the earth with a velocity of 30,000 km/h from an altitude of
400 km. Determine the velocity of the satellite as it reaches it
maximum altitude of 4000 km. The radius of the earth is
6370 km.
SOLUTION:
• Since the satellite is moving under a central force, its angular momentum is constant.
Equate the angular momentum at A and B and solve for the velocity at B.
rm v sin j = HO = constant
rA m v A = rB m vB
rA
vB = v A
rB

= (30,000 km h)
(6370 + 400 ) km
(6370 + 4000) km
vB = 19,590 km h 31
Practice Problem: Example-12.13, Exercise-12.82, 12. 86 to 12.89
 APPLICATIONS OF CENTRAL-FORCE MOTION

The most important examples of a particle moving under the action of a central force occur in
space mechanics, where gravity is the central force.
Trajectory of a Particle Under a Central Force

32
Application to Space Mechanics

33
Application to Space Mechanics

34
Application to Space Mechanics

35
Application to Space Mechanics

36
Application to Space Mechanics

𝑑𝐴 ℎ
=
𝑑𝑡 2
2
dt=‫ ׬‬ℎ 𝑑𝐴

37
Application to Space Mechanics

38
 SAMPLE PROBLEM 12.14

A satellite is launched in a
direction parallel to the surface
of the earth with a velocity of 36
900 km/h from an altitude of 500
km. Determine (a) the maximum
altitude reached by the satellite,
(b) the periodic time of the
satellite.

STRATEGY: After the satellite is launched, it is subjected to the earth’s

gravitational attraction only and undergoes central-force motion. Knowing
this, you can determine the satellite’s trajectory, maximum altitude, and
periodic time.

39
SAMPLE PROBLEM 12.14

40
SAMPLE PROBLEM 12.14

41
 SAMPLE PROBLEM 12.14

Practice Problem: Exercise-12.98 to 12.102, 12.104, 12.110 to 12.112, 12.118, 12.119, 12.131
42
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