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3. Electromagnetic tensor
c
v
x
U =γ
vy
vz
v , current density: ~j = ρ~
If the charges are moving with ~ v
!
ρc
J= ~j
v , current density: ~j = ρ~
If the charges are moving with ~ v
! ! !
ρc ρ∗ c ∗ c
J= =γ = γρ = ρ∗ U
~j ρ∗~v ~
v
∂µ J µ =
∂ρc
∂µ J µ = ∂0 j 0 + ∂i j i = c∂t
+ Σi ∂i j i
∂ρ ~ ~j
= ∂t
+ ∇.
~ and B
E ~ are different facets of the same coin.
~ = ρ ~ =0
~ E
∇. ~ B
∇.
0
~ ~
∇ ~ = − ∂B
~ ×E ~ = µ0~j + µ0 0 ∂ E
~ ×B
∇
∂t ∂t
~ = ρ ~ =0
~ E
∇. ~ B
∇.
0
~ ~
∇ ~ = − ∂B
~ ×E ~ = µ0~j + µ0 0 ∂ E
~ ×B
∇
∂t ∂t
~ ~
∇ ~ +
~ ×E ∂B
= 0 becomes ∇ ~ +
~ × E ∂A
=0
∂t ∂t
~ = −∇.φ
~ ~
∂A
=⇒ E − ∂t
~ = ρ ~ =0
~ E
∇. ~ B
∇.
0
~ ~
∇ ~ = − ∂B
~ ×E ~ = µ0~j + µ0 0 ∂ E
~ ×B
∇
∂t ∂t
~ ~
∇ ~ +
~ ×E ∂B
= 0 becomes ∇ ~ +
~ × E ∂A
=0
∂t ∂t
~ = −∇.φ
~ ~
∂A
=⇒ E − ∂t
~
Scalar (electric) potential φ, vector (magnetic) potential A
E. Maurice Introduction to Subatomic Physics
4-vector potential 8 | 23
φ
Aµ = ~
,A
c
Combination of the electric and magnetic potentials into a single
object such as A0µ = Λµν Aν under Lorentz transformations
1 ∂φ ~ A~ =0
Lorenz gauge ∂µ Aµ = c 2 ∂t
+ ∇.
→ Often employed in solving Maxwell’s equations
→ Simplify the equations (electromagnetic eq., wave propagation)
F µν = ∂ µ Aν − ∂ ν Aµ
F µν is antisymmetric: F µν = −F νµ
F µν = ∂ µ Aν − ∂ ν Aµ
F µν is antisymmetric: F µν = −F νµ
Gauge transformation: Aµ =⇒ Aµ + ∂ µ χ
~ and B
How F µν is related to E ~ ?
~ = −∇.φ
~ ~
∂A ~ =∇ ~
~ ×A
Using E − ∂t
and B
{F µν } =
~ and B
How F µν is related to E ~ ?
~ = −∇.φ
~ ~
∂A ~ =∇ ~
~ ×A
Using E − ∂t
and B
−E x /c −E y /c −E z /c
0
E x /c 0 −B z By
{F µν } = y
E /c Bz 0 −B x
E z /c −B y Bx 0
Maxwell equations
~ E
∇. ~ = ρ ~ B
∇. ~ =0
0
~ ~
∇~ ×E ~ = − ∂B ~ = µ0~j + µ0 0 ∂ E
~ ×B
∇
∂t ∂t
become
Maxwell equations
~ E
∇. ~ = ρ ~ B
∇. ~ =0
0
~ ~
∇~ ×E ~ = − ∂B ~ = µ0~j + µ0 0 ∂ E
~ ×B
∇
∂t ∂t
become
∂µ F µν = µ0 j ν and ∂ µ F νρ + ∂ ν F ρµ + ∂ ρ F µν = 0
F 032 = Λ3 α Λ2 β F αβ = Λ3 3 Λ2 2 F 32 = F 32 = B x
~0 = B
In conclusion: B ~ k and B
~ 0 = γ(B
~⊥ − ~ ~ ⊥ /c 2 )
v ×E
k ⊥
~0 = E
E ~ k and B
~0 = B
~k
k k
E ~⊥ + ~
~ 0 = γ(E ~ ⊥)
v ×B
⊥
~ 0 = γ(B
B ~⊥ − ~ ~ ⊥ /c 2 )
v ×E
⊥
E z /c −B y Bx 0
E z /c −B y Bx 0
∗ 1
Fµν = εµνρσ F ρσ = εµνρσ ∂ ρ Aσ
2
+1 if (µ, ν, ρ, σ) is an even permutation of (0, 1, 2, 3)
εµνρσ = −1 if (µ, ν, ρ, σ) is an odd permutation of (0, 1, 2, 3)
0 otherwise
+1 if (µ, ν, ρ, σ) is an even permutation of (0, 1, 2, 3)
εµνρσ = −1 if (µ, ν, ρ, σ) is an odd permutation of (0, 1, 2, 3)
0 otherwise
−B x −B y −B z
0
B x 0 −E /c E y /c
z
It leads to ∗ Fµν = y
B z
E /c 0 −E x /c
Bz −E y /c E x /c 0
1 ~2 ~
~2 − E
F µν Fµν = B
1
F µν ∗ Fµν =
E ~
.B
2 c2 4 c
1 ~2 ~
~2 − E
F µν Fµν = B
1
F µν ∗ Fµν =
E ~
.B
2 c2 4 c
~ .B
• If E ~ =0→E
~ 0 .B
~ 0 = 0 whatever the frame of reference
~ .B
• If E ~ 6= 0 → it exists a frame R0 where E
~0 kB
~0
~ 0 (B
→ The charge is at rest : only E ~ 0 = ~0)
~0 = q ~r 0
Coulomb law : E 4π0 r 03
~ 0 (B
→ The charge is at rest : only E ~ 0 = ~0)
~0 = q ~r 0
Coulomb law : E 4π0 r 03
−γβ
ct γ 0 0 γct
0 −γβ γ 0 0 −γβct
In R, x µ = ; Λµν = → x 0µ =
b 0 0 1 0 b
0 0 0 0 1 0
Thus
−q γvt q γb
Ex = , E y = γE 0y = , Ez = 0
4π0 (b 2 + γ 2 v 2 t 2 )3/2 4π0 (b 2 + γ 2 v 2 t 2 )3/2
q γβb
B x = 0, B y = 0, B z = γβE 0y /c =
4π0 c (b 2 + γ 2 v 2 t 2 )3/2
E. Maurice Introduction to Subatomic Physics
Conclusions 22 | 23
~ = −∇φ
~ − ~
∂A ~ =∇ ~
~ ×A
• Aµ : 4-potential such as E ∂t
and B
~0 = E
• Under a Lorentz transformation: E ~k, B
~0 = B
~k
k k
~ 0 = γ(E
E ~⊥ + ~ ~ ⊥ ); B
v ×B ~ 0 = γ(B
~⊥ − ~ ~ ⊥ /c 2 )
v ×E
⊥ ⊥
• Lorentz invariant: 1 µν
F Fµν ~ 2 − E~ 22 and 1 F µν ∗ Fµν =
=B
~ ~
E
.B
2 c 4 c