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    https://berserker.biz/ This compilation of critical works delves into the origins and falsehood of the dogmas of mainstream religion and soundly refutes their lies: 1) Exposing Christianity 2) Exposing Islam 3) Buddhism: Doctrine of Evil 4) Hinduism Refuted 5) Judaism Exposed

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    https://berserker.biz/ This compilation of critical works delves into the origins and falsehood of the dogmas of mainstream religion and soundly refutes their lies: 1) Exposing Christianity 2) Exposing Islam 3) Buddhism: Doctrine of Evil 4) Hinduism Refuted 5) Judaism Exposed

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Flag for inappropriate content
    6 views261 pages

    Contra Religion

    Uploaded by

    otherworks
    https://berserker.biz/ This compilation of critical works delves into the origins and falsehood of the dogmas of mainstream religion and soundly refutes their lies: 1) Exposing Christianity 2) Exposing Islam 3) Buddhism: Doctrine of Evil 4) Hinduism Refuted 5) Judaism Exposed

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Flag for inappropriate content
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    224
    T H E GREAT JEWISH MASQUE
    OR

    THE ASS I N T H E L I O N ’ S S K I N
    “ Go
    Good
    od wo odss bu
    wood
    od burnrn si
    s le
    e nt
    n ly butt th
    ly,, bu t ur ns cr
    urns c ac
    ackl
    kle
    kle lo
    o ud
    udly
    ly,,
    ly
    crying
    cry ing a l th
    ng o u t al e titime
    the me ‘ We are Wo Woodod ! We are wo wood
    od ! ' ”
    ‐ O l d Pe
    Pers
    rsia
    rsia
    an Say
    Saying
    ing..
    ing

    HE Je Jews
    ws,, lilike
    ws ke ot otheherr ch
    he chililildi
    dish
    di sh pe peop ople
    op e, en
    le enjojoy
    jo y pr p etetenendi
    en ding
    di ng,, an
    ng and d whwhen en
    p r et
    pr
    pret eten
    endi
    en ng br
    d ing
    di brinings
    in gs th themem th thee tr trib
    ibut
    ib ute
    ut e dudue e to o th the e chchararac
    ar acte
    ac terr as
    te assusume
    su med.
    me d.
    they
    th ey re vell in itt .
    reve
    ve
    Inn th this
    is wa wayy th theyey ha have ve ob obtatain
    ta ined
    in ed mu much ch cr cred editit wh
    ed whic icch sh
    ich shouould
    ou ld n o t
    have
    ha ve be en gi
    been give
    ven
    ve n to th themem..
    em
    T ey fir
    Th fi st we were re tr t icickeked
    ke d o u t in n bo borr rrow
    rr owed
    ow ed tr trad
    adit
    ad itio
    it ns an
    ions
    io andd su supppplilil ed
    pp
    with
    wi th an en enti tiire
    relyly fafals
    lse
    ls e id dea of th thememse
    em selv
    se lvves ab abououtt 43
    ou 430 0 B.c.
    Then
    Th en co comm mmen
    mm ence
    en ced
    ce d th the e Gr Grea eatt Je
    ea ewiwishsh Ma Masq sque
    sq ue,, a pr
    ue preteten
    et ence
    en ce wh whic icch ha hass
    been
    be e ma
    en main in
    ntatainin
    ned to th the e pr presesen
    es entt da
    en day. y
    y.
    In
    n re rece
    cent
    ce nt ti m s it ha
    time
    me has s nee ve verr la ackcked ed su suppppor
    pp ort.
    or t In
    t. nde deed ed, Jewish pr
    ed pro~ o~
    paga
    pa gand
    ga nda
    nd a ha
    hass be beenen so in nsi sidi
    diou
    di ouss an
    ou and d pe pers rs
    sisste
    tent
    nt th t at vo volu luu nt aryy ai
    ntar
    ar a d, in n
    addi
    ad diti
    di o to ot
    tion
    ti on otheherr ki
    he kind nds,
    nd s, ha
    s, has s al alwaways
    wa ys be beenen av avai a la
    ailablble.
    bl e. At a me
    e. ere
    hint
    hi ntt, tr trou
    oupe
    ou pes
    pe s of hi h ghghly lyy pl p acaced ed ca carprpet
    rp et-b
    et -bag
    -b agge
    ag gers
    ge rs do on as ass’s’ss ea
    s’ ears s, or
    rs
    rs, o a
    o ng no
    lo nosese,, an
    se and d viv e wi with th ea each ch ot othe her,
    he rr,, anand d wi withth th thee ko koshsher
    sh e mu
    er mumm mmer
    mm ers,
    er s,
    s,
    in
    n en ende deav
    de avou
    av ours
    ou rss to le ead the th
    he r o u t .
    The
    Th e Ma Masq sq
    sque
    queue,, na natu tu
    u raralllllly,
    y iss ex
    y, extr t em
    tr emel e y po
    el popu pula
    pu ar wi
    la with th th the e JeJews ws.. Itt
    ws
    appe
    ap peal
    pe a s to th
    al theieirr va
    ei vani n ty an
    ni and d papand nder
    nd ers pl
    ers
    er plea
    easa
    ea sant
    sa ntly
    nt ly to th theieirr se
    ei selflflf-e
    -e
    est
    stee
    eem.
    ee m.
    Spec
    Sp ecia
    ec ia
    al ararra
    rang
    ra ngem
    ng emen
    em ents
    en ts ar are e ma made de fo forr th themem,, an
    em and d ea eachch m a y bl blow ow hi hiss
    o w n tr trum
    umpe
    um pett co
    pe confi
    nfide
    nfi dent
    de nt that th
    hat hi hiss ef effofoortts wi w ill
    ll be su supp ppor
    pp orte
    or ted
    te d by bl blas
    asts
    as ts
    om th
    from
    fr thee mamass ssed
    ss ed sh shof ofer
    of ers
    er s of th the e ma mana nage
    na geme
    ge ment
    me nt,, an
    nt and d ch cheeeers
    ee s fr
    rs f r om th
    from thee
    c aq
    cl aque ue..
    ue
    Ever
    Ev eryt
    er ythi
    yt hing
    hi ng po possssib
    ss ible
    ib le is do done ne to ke keep ep th thee Je ews in n th e Ma
    the Masq sque
    sq ue,,
    ue
    apar
    ap artt fr
    ar om ot
    from o heherr pe peop ople
    op e, su
    le
    le, subm bmis
    bm issi
    is sive
    si ve to th thee wi will ll of th the e in inte
    te
    ern
    rnat atio
    at iona
    io nall
    na
    dire
    di rect
    re ctor
    ct o s, an
    or and d en enththus
    th usia
    us iast
    ia stic
    st iccal
    a lyy wo work rkin
    rk ing
    in g foforr ththe e gr grea
    eate
    ea terr gl
    te oryy of th
    glor
    or the e
    show
    sh owme
    ow men
    me n whwho o us usee th themem..
    em
    The
    Th e Je Jews
    ws ar aree ad addi d ct
    di cteded to pr prop opag
    op agan
    ag anda
    an da.. Fr
    da From om sm smal a l be
    al begi g nn
    gi nninings
    in gs
    thei
    th eirr pr
    ei p op
    opagagan
    ag anda
    an da,, liike th
    da t ei eirr methme eththodods
    od s of su supppply
    pp lyyin
    lyin ng on one e an a oto he
    herr wi with th
    “ nf
    “i nfor orma
    or mati
    ma tion
    ti on,”
    on ,”” ha
    have ve beco be eco
    come me ve very ryy el e ab abor orat
    or ate.
    at e Th
    e. They ey th them
    emse
    em selv
    se lves
    lv es ha have ve
    falllllen vi
    fa vict im to i t ; by it th
    ctim
    ct they ey flaflatt err th
    tter
    tte them
    emse
    em selv
    se lvves
    es,, an and, d, fr from
    om lo ong an and d
    admi
    ad m ri
    mi ng co
    ring cont ntem
    nt empl
    em plat
    pl atio
    at ion
    io n of th them
    emse
    em selv
    se lves
    lv es in fa fancncyy dr
    nc dres
    ess,
    es s th
    s, theyey ha have ve
    beco
    be come
    co me so in nfa
    fatutuat
    tu ated
    at e th
    ed that at th ey ha
    they have ve ma made de a fe feti
    tich
    ti chh of th thee ob objeject
    je ct
    of th
    of eirr ad
    thei
    ei ador orat
    or atio
    at io
    on, an and d ar a e un unabable
    ab le to un unde ders
    de rs
    statandnd wh whyy ma mank nkin
    nk ind
    in d do
    does es
    n o t pa paus use
    us e in n itts pu ursrsui uits
    ui ts an and d jojoin in
    n th them em in n adadul ulat
    ul lat
    atio
    ion.
    io n.

    225
    Thh ey li like ke to te tellllll,, an
    and d be to toldd, of
    ld of ththee “ l o f t y id
    idea
    ealililism
    ea sm,"" of the
    sm th
    he
    “ spspir
    irr it
    irititua
    ualilility
    ua ,” an
    ty,”
    ty andd of th thee “u
    “uni
    niqu
    ni quen
    qu enes
    en ess
    es s " ofo f th
    thee JeJews
    ws,, an
    ws and d to pr
    preteten
    et end
    en d
    that
    th at ththe e ou
    outs tsta
    ts tand
    ta ndin
    nd ing
    in g pepers
    rson
    rsonal
    on a ittie
    al ies
    s of al a l ti
    time
    me,, fr
    me om Ad
    from Adamam an andd NoNoahah
    to CoColu lu bus an
    umbus
    mb andd m a n y of th thee SpSpananis
    an issh Innqu
    quis
    isit
    is itor
    it ors,
    or s we
    werere Je Jews
    ws,, ev
    ws even
    en
    iff th ey di
    they did
    d n o t kn knowow itt , to sa sayy nonoththin
    th n g of th
    in
    ing thee re
    red d ru
    rule
    rule rs of la
    lers a tt
    tter
    e da
    er dayy
    Russ
    Russia
    ssia
    a.
    They
    Th ey fe
    feel
    el gr
    grat
    atifi
    at ifi ed,, to
    fied
    ed o wh
    too,
    o, when
    en th ey re
    they refle ct th
    flect
    fle that
    at by th is titime
    this me nenear
    a rly
    ar ly
    ever
    ev eryb
    er ybod
    yb ody
    od y m u s t be aw awarare
    ar e th
    that
    at ev
    everery
    er y Jeewe
    wessss iss l‘l‘pr
    pret
    pr etty
    et ,"" an
    ty,"
    ty and
    d evever
    eryy
    er
    Jew
    Jew “ a ge geni us,"" th
    nius
    ni us that a l Je
    at al Jewi
    wish
    wi sh ra
    rabbbbis
    bb is a r e “ l e a r n e d ” an
    and d " gr
    grea
    eatt
    ea
    scho
    schola
    ho lars
    lars,”” an
    rs and d thh at Je ws in
    Jews n ge
    gene
    nera
    ne rall ar
    ra aree “c
    “cle verr at
    leve
    le ve at bubusi
    sine
    siness
    ne ss,"" ma
    ss make
    ke
    good
    go od spspou
    o se
    ou s an
    ses,
    s, and d ar aree ki
    kind o an
    n d to
    nd anim
    imal
    im a s.
    als
    Conc
    Concei
    nce ts
    eits,, su ch as th
    such thes
    ese,
    ese, do n o t ca
    callll fo
    forr co
    comm
    mmen
    mm ent,
    en t th
    t, thei
    eirr ac
    ei accu
    cura
    cu racy
    ra cy
    is de
    demo
    mons
    mo nstr
    ns trrat
    ated
    ed dail
    da y in
    a ilily n ththe
    e st
    stre
    reet
    re s, in
    ets,
    ets, n th
    thee Pr
    Pres
    ess,
    esss,, an
    and n th
    d in e la
    the aw
    cour
    co urts
    ur ts..
    ts
    Less
    Le ss ve veninial
    ni al,, ho
    al howe weve
    we ver,
    ve r, arare e th
    thee ot otheherr bo
    he boas ngss of th
    astititing
    as ng the e Je ews
    ws,, mo more re
    espe
    es peci
    pe a ly as itt is u p o n th
    cial
    ci al thes
    ese
    es e th
    that
    at th ey ba
    they basese th theieirr cl
    ei clai
    aims
    ai ms to pr prefefer
    ef eren
    er en
    en
    t ial
    ti a tr
    al t ea
    eatm tmen
    tm entt an
    en and d sp spec
    ecia
    ec iall co
    ia cons
    nsid
    ns id
    der
    erat
    atio
    at ion.
    io n
    n.
    When
    Wh en itt is s prp etetenende
    en ded,
    de d,, fo
    d o r innst
    stanance
    an ce,, th
    ce thatat th thee Je ews ar aree anan un uniq ique
    iq ue
    and
    an d exexceceed
    ce edin
    ed i gl
    in g y an anci c en
    ci entt ra racece,, an
    ce and d th at th
    that they
    ey ar a e th the e or origigin
    ig in
    nat
    atororss an
    or and d
    sole
    so le
    e poposssses
    ss esso
    es sors
    so rss of un uniq ue an
    ique
    iq and d or
    orig igin
    ig inal
    in a tr
    al t ad
    a ititioio
    ions
    onsns,, wr writ ittin
    itinngs
    gs,, cu cust stom
    st oms,
    om s,
    s,
    rite
    ri tes,
    te s, la aws
    ws,, an and d re relililigi
    g ou
    gi ouss te tene ts,, pe
    nets
    ne ts pecuculilil ar to th
    cu thememse
    em selv
    se lves
    lv es al alon
    one,
    on e, an and d
    diff
    di ffer
    ff eren
    er entt fr
    en from
    om an and d su supe peri
    pe or to th
    rior
    ri thosose
    os e of al alll ot othe
    herr pe
    he peopople
    op s in
    les,
    le s, nve
    vest stig
    st ig
    iga
    ga
    t on is in
    ti invivite
    vi ted
    te d an and, d wh
    d, when en un unde
    nde
    dertrtak
    rt aken
    ak en,, at on
    en once cee ex expopose
    po ses
    se s th
    the e ho hollllllow
    ow
    ow
    ness
    ne ss an and d eflefl'r'rron
    o te teryry of o th the e prpret
    eten
    et ence
    en ce..
    ce
    What
    Wh a th
    at thee wo worl rld
    rl d wo
    woul u d be liike
    ul ke,, iff tw wo o orr th threree
    re e ot
    otheherr se
    he ctss be
    sect
    ct beca came
    ca me
    obse
    ob sess
    se ed wi
    ssed
    ss w ithth th theieirr o w n im
    ei mpoportrtan
    rt ance
    an ce,, sp
    ce spir irit
    ir itua
    it ualilility
    ua ty,, an
    ty and d un uniqique
    iq uene
    ue ness
    ne ss,,
    ss
    and
    an d de demamand
    ma nded
    nd ed a p a r t of so s me po popu pula
    pu late
    la ted
    te d co coununtr
    un tryy fr
    tr f omo m wh whic icch to
    ich to
    infli
    in c t th
    flict
    fli ct thei eirr id
    ei eass ab
    idea
    ea abou outt th
    ou them
    emse
    em selv
    se lvves up upon on lo o ng su suffffer
    ff erin
    er ing
    in g huhuma mani
    ma nity
    ni ty,,
    ty
    and,
    an d, mo more reov
    re over
    ov er,, or
    er orgagani
    ga n se
    ni sed d th them
    emse
    em selv
    se lves
    lves in n or ordederr to do th
    de thisis efeffefect
    fe ctua
    ct ualllllly,
    ua y,
    mayy be im
    ma imag agin
    ag ined
    in ed!!
    ed
    The
    Th e JeJewsws ar aree nonot, t , an
    t, and d hahaveve neneve verr be
    ve been en,, a raace
    en ce..
    Iff ththee Je Jewsws we were re ev e a na
    ever
    er nati on wi
    tion
    ti with th a la ang
    ngua uage
    ua ge an and d tr trad
    aditittio
    ad ions
    ns
    of th thei
    e r ow
    ei own, n, th thee pl plac ace
    ac e wh wher ere
    er e ththat na
    that nati on liive
    tion
    ti ved, d in an
    d, anci entt titime
    cien
    ci en mes,
    me s
    s,
    hass ye
    ha yett to be di d sc
    scovover
    ov ered
    er e .
    ed
    Pale
    Pa le
    est
    stin
    ine
    in e w a s ne neve verr in th
    ve the e po
    posssses
    ss essi
    es on of th
    sion
    si thee Je Jews ws;; th
    ws theyey we were r ne
    re neve verr
    ve
    mast
    ma ster
    st ers
    er s of th the e c o u n t r y we west st ofo th he Jo Jordrdan
    rd an,, n o r of th
    an thee se seaa co coas ast.
    as t
    t.
    M a n y Ph P oe oeninici
    ni c an an
    ci a d ot otheherr Ca
    he Cana naan
    na anitititis
    an issh ci c tit es we were re im mpr preg
    egna
    eg nabl
    na b e to
    bl
    Jewish st strarate
    ra tegy
    te gy.. Th
    gy The e Je ews oc occucupi
    cu ed po
    pied
    pi port rtio
    rt ions
    io ns of th the e co coununtr
    un tryy on
    tr o ly ly,,
    and
    an d ev evenen th thesese
    es e ththeyey ha had d to sh sharare
    ar e wi with th th t e Ca Cana naan
    na anitittes
    an es..
    The
    Th e sa
    sanc
    nctu
    nc tu
    uar es of Pa
    arie
    ie Pale
    lest
    lestin
    stine,
    ine su
    e, ch as Be
    such Beth
    thel
    thel,, Be
    el Beer
    ersh
    er sheb
    sheba,
    eba, Ge
    Geze
    zer,r,r
    ze
    G be
    Gi beon
    on,, Gi
    on Giga l, He
    gal,
    ga Hebron,, Je
    b on
    br Jeru
    ru
    usa
    sale
    le
    em,
    m ShShec
    eche
    echem,
    hem et
    m, c , we
    etc.
    c. re n o t Je
    were Jewi
    wish
    wish

    226
    holy
    ho lyy plp ac
    aces es,, bu
    es ut an ancicien
    ci entt sa
    en sancnctu
    nc tuar
    tu a ie
    ar iess of th t e Ca Cana naan
    na es “ ad
    anititites
    an adop opte
    op ted
    te d"
    as su such ch by th thee JeJewsws,, wh
    ws who, o, in
    o, n mo most st cacaseses,
    se s, “ ad
    s, adop opte
    op ted
    te d " al also so th the e “ he hero ro""
    ro
    of th the e plp ac ace. e
    e.
    Amon
    Am ong
    on g th thee “ he hero roes
    ro es " th us “ ad
    thus adop opte
    op ted"
    te d" by th the e JeJews ws we were re:: Te
    re Tera rah,
    ra h,
    the
    th e de deer er-g
    er -g
    -godod;; Ra
    god Ram, m, th the e gogod d of da dark rkkneness ss;; Ab
    ss Abra ram,
    ra m th
    m, the e be bege gett
    ge ttin
    ttinng or or
    fath
    fa ther
    th er-g
    er god of th
    -g thee da darkrk he heigig
    ght hts,s, as asso soci
    so ciat
    ci ated
    at ed wi w th t th thee mo moon on-g
    on-g
    on -god od of
    U r ; Sa Sara ra,, th
    ra thee clclou
    oud-
    ou d-go
    d- godd
    go ddes
    dd ess
    es s of th thee Ca Cauc ucas
    uc asus
    as us,
    us s, wh who o wa was s liike
    kewi w se as
    wi assoso
    so
    c at
    ci ated ed wi with t h th
    th thee mo moon on;; Es
    on Esauau,, th
    au the e gogoat at-g
    at -g od;; Ja
    g od Jaco cob,
    co b, th the e He Herm rmes
    rm es-l
    es -lik
    -l ikke
    ike
    pillllllar
    pi ar-g
    ar -god
    -g od of Be Beth th
    hel e ; La
    Laba ban,
    ba n, th
    n, the e wh whit itte on one, e, lo o rd of br bric icks
    ic ks an and d fo founun
    un
    datitition
    da ons,
    on s, as
    s, asso soci
    so c at
    ci ed wi
    ated with
    th th thee momoon on-g
    on -ggod of Ha Hara ran;
    ra n;; Jo
    n ose seph ph,, th
    ph the e didiviv ini
    vi ning
    ni ng
    or in n te
    terprpre
    rp reti
    re t ng go
    ti god d of th thee ananci cien
    ci entt Ca
    en Cana naan
    na anititites
    an es;; Nu
    es Nun, n th
    n, the e fis fish-
    h-go
    h- god
    go d of
    Nort
    No rtthe
    hern rn Pa Pale lest
    le stin
    st ine;
    in e Da
    e; Dan, n, th the e ju judgdgin
    dg ing
    in g po pole le
    e-s-statarr go
    ta god d of So Sout uthe
    ut hern
    he rn
    A ab
    Ar abia ia,, wh
    ia whos ose
    os e fefemamale
    ma le
    e fo
    form rm wa wass Di Dina nah;
    na h Ga
    h; Gad, d, a fo formm of th
    rm the e bu bulllll -gg od
    od;;
    Issra
    rael el,, the
    el th he Ph Phoeoeni
    oe nici
    ni c an “ Sa
    ci Satu turn
    tu rn,"" to wh
    rn whom om ch chililildr
    dren
    dr en we were ree sa sacr crifi
    cr ifi
    fice
    ced;
    ce d;
    Lot,
    Lo t, th the e co concncea
    nc ealilil ng or
    ea o ve veilililin
    ing
    in g in nce
    cens nse-
    ns e-go
    e- god;
    go d Mo
    d; Moab ab,, th
    ab the e ra ainin-g -g
    godod,,
    fath
    fa ther
    th er of wa wate ters
    te rs;; As
    rs Ashuhur,
    hu r, th
    the e As Assy syri
    sy rian
    ri an ar arch cher
    ch er-g
    er -g o ; Sa
    god Saul u , th
    ul the e Ba Baby by
    by
    looni
    nian an su sun- n--go
    n god,d wh
    d, who o ca me to
    came o Pa Pale lest
    le s in
    st ne,
    e, th the e la and d of th the e so sons ns of
    the
    th e as s to fin
    ass,
    s, find d hihiss fa fath
    th
    her e ’ss asasse ses;
    se s; RaRamm mmah
    mm ah,, th
    ah the e st s or
    orm- m go
    m- god; d an
    d; and d many
    othe
    ot hers
    he rs su such ch as Is shm
    hmae ael,l,l Is
    ae Isaa
    aac,
    aa c Le
    c, Leah ah,, Re
    ah Rebe becc
    be cca,
    cc a, De
    a, Debo bora
    bo rah,
    ra h an
    h, and d SaSams mson
    ms on,,
    on
    as we welllll as co comp mpos
    mp osititite
    os e “ he hero es " su
    roes
    ro such ch as Mo Mose ses,
    se s Da
    s, Davi vid,
    vi d Ba
    d, Bath thsh
    th sheb
    sh eba
    eb a (t (the
    he
    daug
    da ught
    ug er of th
    hter
    ht er thee mo moon on-g
    on -god
    -g od),
    od ) an
    ), and d So Solo lomo
    lo mon,
    mo n, be besi side
    sidess fr
    de fragagme
    ag ment
    me ntar
    nt aryy
    ar
    “ he
    hero roes
    ro es " su suchch as Es Esth ther
    th er,, Mo
    er Mord rdec
    rd ecai
    ec a , Ra
    ai Rafa fael
    fa e , an
    el and d As Asmo mode
    mo deus
    de us,
    uss, et etc.c
    c.
    Havi
    Ha ng “a
    ving
    vi “adodopt
    do pted
    pt ed " wh what at th theyey di d d n o t un unde ders
    de rsta
    rs tand
    ta nd,, th
    nd thee Je Jewsws
    beca
    be came
    ca me mu mudd ddle
    dd le
    ed,d, n o t on onlyly wi w th t h re rega gard
    ga rd to “h “her eroe
    er oes,
    oe s,"" bu
    s, butt al a so in n
    conn
    co nnec
    nn on wi
    ectitition
    ec with
    th cu cust stom
    st oms,
    om s hi
    s, hist
    stor
    st orie
    or ies,
    ie s, be belililief
    efs,
    ef s, an and d si site
    tes.
    te s
    s.
    Th hus th the e Je Jewsws do n o t kn know ow th the e re eala si sitete of Mo Moun u ntt Zi
    un Z onon,, no nor, r
    r,
    appa
    ap pare
    pa rent
    re ntly
    nt whyy th
    lyy, wh they ey ar aree ununab able
    ab le to id denenti fy itt .
    tify
    ti
    S na
    Si naii is s n o t th the e mom un u tatainin of of Je Jeho hova
    ho vah,
    va h, bu
    h, but, t, as itt s na name me im mpl plieie
    es, s
    of th the e Ba Baby bylo
    by lo
    oni
    n sh mo moon on-g
    on -god
    -g od Si S n, n “ Lo Lord rdd of La Law, w,"" an
    w, and, d es
    d, espepeci
    pe cial
    ci a ly
    al ly,,
    “ Lo
    Lord rd of o Ho Host stss " : wh
    st whos ose
    os e te terr rrit
    rr itor
    it ory,
    or y, al also
    so,, is th
    so thee de dese sert
    se rt oro r wi wildlder
    ld erne
    er ness
    ne ss
    of Si S n,n an and d whwhos ose
    os e wo wors rshi
    rs hip
    hi p da date tes
    te s frfromom at le eas astt 32 3200
    00 5 . 0 .
    Jericho iss no t thhe ci city ty of de deliligh
    igh
    ghtf u od
    tful
    tf ul odou ours
    ou rs an and d papalm lm
    m tr tree
    ees,
    ee s bu
    s, butt
    iss th the e yeyelllll ow mo moon on ci ty;; an
    city
    ty and d th the e Jordan is th the e ye yellllllow
    ow mo moon on rrii ve ver. r
    r.
    Jeru
    Je ru
    usa
    sale le
    lem,
    em,m, on th the e otothe heer hahand nd d, ev even en iff in n la ate er tit me
    mess itts wo wome men
    me n di did d
    wear
    we ar “c “cre resc
    re scen
    sc ents
    en ts,”” iss n o t a “ mo
    ts moon o n ci
    on c ityty,"
    ty ,"" it is n o t ol old d en enou o ugh
    ou gh;; no
    gh nor, r
    r,
    as is pr pret eten
    et ende
    en ded,
    de d iss itit th
    d, the e ababod od de of pe peac ace;
    ac e; bu butt it is s, as itts na n ame me
    immpl p ie s tth
    ies,
    s, he ci city
    ty of o " U r u , " th the e pl p agague ue-g
    ue -ggodod,, theth he wa war- r-go
    r- god,
    go d an
    d, and d
    “Sal
    “S alem
    al em,"" th
    em the e su sun- n go
    n- god d (i (inn his hiis ma male levo
    le vole
    vo le
    ent an and d de dest stru
    st ruct
    ru ctiv
    ct ive
    iv e ro ole as
    god
    go d of th he de deada an
    ad and d lo o rdd of He Hellllll).).
    ).
    Abdu
    Ab dull Sh
    du Ship ipa,
    ip a wh
    a, who o wawas s GoGove vern
    ve rnor
    rn or of Jerusalem ab abou outt 1430
    ou 14 430 n. nc c..,
    stat
    st ates
    at es,, in a le
    es lett er to hi
    tter
    tt his s ov
    overerlo
    er lo
    ord Am Amen enop
    en ophi
    op his
    hi s IV V of Eg Egyp ypt,
    yp tt,, th
    thatat Jeru
    sale
    sa le
    em, or “U “Uru rusa
    ru sale
    sa lem,
    le m,”” iss th
    m, t e ci ty of Be
    c ity Beth t Ni
    th N ni p (the go
    nip,
    p, god d of wa war, r
    r,
    whos
    wh ose
    os e naa me th therere
    er e wa was s Salem) an and d of Ur Uras as..
    as

    227
    U r u wa wass a diise seas ase-
    as e-de
    e- demo
    de mon
    mo n an and d go god d of th the e pe pests ililen
    st ence
    en ce be befofoore he
    beca
    be came
    ca me a go god d of wa war, r, an
    r, and d Sa Sale m, or
    lem,
    le or Sh Shalalem
    al em,, ha
    em hass be been en id idenentitit fie
    en fied d
    w th Se
    wi Set,t,t Is sra
    raelell, Sa
    e Satu turn
    tu rn,, Ad
    rn Adar ar,, Dion
    ar Diion
    onys ysus
    ys us,, et
    us etc. c.
    n an
    In anci cien
    ci entt tit me
    en mes, s, as mi migh ghtt be ex
    gh expe pect
    pe ed frr om th
    cted
    ct the e m a n y ca caveves
    ve s an and d
    cave
    ca vern
    ve rnss fo
    rn foun und
    un d in n th thee vi vicicini
    ci ty,, th
    n ity
    ni ty therere
    er e wa was,s, ini th the e didiststri
    st rict
    ri c wh
    ct wher ere
    er e Jem
    sale
    sa lem
    le m no now w is s, a te temp
    mple
    mp le ofof Ni N ni nip,p th
    p, the e BaBaby bylo
    by loni
    lo n an cr
    ni crea eatitit ng go
    ea god d wh who o
    e t lo
    le oos
    ose e th the e FlFloo
    ood.
    oo d.
    To Ni N ni nip p th thee sw swinine
    in e wawas s sasacr cred
    cr ed,, an
    ed and,d, thther
    eref
    er efor
    ef ore,
    or e, ta
    e, tabu bu to hi hiss wo worr
    ship
    sh ippe
    ip pers
    pe rs.. Ni
    rs N ni p liike Di
    n p, Diononys
    on ysus
    ys us,, wa
    us was s lo o rdd ofof th the e unu de derw rwor
    rw orld
    or d an
    ld and d of
    “ th
    the e sp spir itss of the
    irit
    ir it he ea
    th eart rth,
    rt h " be
    h, befofore
    fo re he be becacame
    ca me a su sun- n-go
    n- god,
    go d, an and d th the e
    ock Sa
    rock
    ro Sakh khra
    kh ra (S Sak
    akhr hra
    hr a wawas s th thee mo moth ther
    th er of
    er o th thee su sun- n-go
    n- god)
    go d)) wi with th th thee ca cave vern
    ve rn
    or “ we wellllll of sp spirritits s " be beneneat
    ne ath
    at h it it,, is to th he Je ews th the e m o s t sa sacrcred
    cr ed p a r t
    of Jerusalem. He Here re th theyey sa say y is th thee “ Ho Hous usse of th
    use thee Lo Lord rd Go God, d,"" he
    d, herere e
    ey pr
    they
    th pret eten
    et end
    en d wa wass th thee Ho Holy lyy of Ho Holiliies of th the e te temp mple
    mp e su
    le supp ppos
    pp osed
    os ed to ha have ve
    been
    be en bu builili ltt by So Solo lo
    omo
    mon, n, an
    n, and d he here re " th the e pepeststilililen
    st ence
    en ce wa was s st stayayed
    ay ed "!
    Pigs
    Pi gs en ente tere
    te ed in
    red
    re intoto the he ri
    th rite
    tes
    te s an and d my myth hs of Ad
    th Adon onis
    on is,, At
    is Atti t iss Ta
    ti Tamm mmtu
    mm tu
    u,
    Set,t, Se
    Se Seme mele
    me le
    e, De Deme mete
    me ter,
    te r, RiRimm
    mm mon on,, Di D ononys ysus
    ys us,, et
    us etc. c.,, as we
    c. wellll as of Ni N ni nip,
    p
    p,
    and
    an d wewere re e of ofteten
    te n ca castst in n to ca cave vern
    ve rnns as a sa sacrcrifi
    cr ififice
    ce.. In
    ce n th the e ca cave rn at
    vern
    ve
    Geze
    Ge zer,
    ze rr,, wh
    whic ich
    ic h is s n o t faa r fr om Je
    from Jerurusa
    ru sale
    sa lem,
    le m m a n y pi
    m, pig-
    g-bo
    g- bone
    bo nes
    ne s ha have ve bebeen en
    foun
    fo und.
    un d.
    By th he Eg Egyp yptititian
    yp ans
    an s pip gs we were re sa sacrcrifi
    cr ifice
    ifi ced
    ce d ononlylyy to “ Ba Bacc cchu
    cc huss " an
    hu and d th the e
    moon
    mo on-g
    on -ggod
    od..
    The
    Th e Ha Hare re e, whwhic ich
    ic h is s taa bu to th thee Je Jews ws an and d th thee Ho Hott tten
    tt ento
    en tots
    to ts,, iss as
    ts asso so
    ciat
    ciated
    at ed wi with th bo bothth h ththee mo moon on‐‐go
    on god d an and d th thee pl plagague
    ag ue-g
    ue -god
    -g od,, an
    od and d so is th the e
    mous
    mo use,
    us e, wh
    e, whic ich
    ic h tth h e JeJews ws usedussed to ea eat, t, as we welllll as sw swin in
    ne’e’ss fle flesh sh,, sa
    sh sacr crifi
    cr ififi
    cial
    ci ally
    al lyy (I ( sasaia iah
    ia h L X V I , 17 17).).
    The
    Th e Je Jews ws pr pret
    eten
    et end
    en d th h at Je Jerurru
    usa
    salelem
    le m da date es fr
    te from om th the e ti me of Da
    time Davi v d,
    vi d
    butt itt ha
    bu hass y e t to be pr provoved
    ov ed th that at ththerere ev
    er
    ere evere wa
    er was s a Je Jewi w sh K i n g Da
    wi Davi vid.
    vi d
    d.
    Jeeru
    rusasale
    sa le
    em po p sssses
    esse
    es sess n o t a si
    se sing
    ng
    ngleglee rerelilil c of ei e thther er Da Davi v d or So
    vi Solo lo
    omo
    mon, n
    n,
    n o r of th the e te empmple le whwhic icch itt is pr pret
    eten
    et ende
    en ded
    de d SoSolo lo
    omo mon, n th
    n, the e wi wise se fisfish-
    h-go
    h- god
    go d
    of th the e As Assy syri
    sy r an
    rians,ss,, bu buililit on th t e “ su sun-n-ro
    n- rock
    ro c " th
    ck ther ere.
    er e
    e.
    The
    Th e so so-c -cal
    -c a le
    al ed “ St S ab
    able es of K i n g So
    le
    les Solo lomo
    lo mon"
    mo n" ar are e va
    vaul ullte
    ulte ted d fo foun
    un
    u nda
    datitit on
    onss
    of Ro Roma ma an ma maso sonr
    so nry,
    nr y an
    y, and d of th thee chchur urch
    ur ch of St St.. Ma Mary ry,, bu
    ry b iltt by Ju Juss
    tini
    ti n an
    ni an,, ab abou outt A . D . 52
    ou 529. 9..
    9
    Je eru
    rusa sale
    sa lem
    le m wa wass n o t bu b ili t by th he Je ews
    ws;; th the e cic ity
    ty an and d itt s na name me
    U ussal
    Ur a em w e r e in n us use e lo ong be befo fo
    fore
    oree theth he Je Jewsws “ ad adopopte
    op ted
    te d ” th hem
    em..
    Sarg
    Sa rgon
    rg on of Ak Akka kad
    ka d in nco
    c rp rporo at
    or ateded Pa Palele
    est
    stin
    ine
    in e in hi hiss Em Empi pire
    pi e ab
    re abou outt
    ou
    2750
    27 50 B.C B.C., . an
    ., and d fr from
    om th thee tw twenenty
    en ty-t
    ty -thi
    -t hii rd ce
    h centntur
    nt ury
    ur y 3 . 0 . to th the e fiffifte
    teen
    te enth
    en th,,
    th
    Pale
    Pa le
    eststinin
    ne wa wass un u de derr Ba Baby bylo
    by n an su
    loni
    lo ni suze zera
    ze rain
    ra inty
    in ty;; it
    ty i wa was s pa payi ying
    yi ng tr trib
    ib
    but
    utee to o
    Baby
    Ba bylo
    by loon ab abou outt 17
    ou 780 3 . 0 . Fr F omo 22 2200
    00 13. 0 to af
    3 0. afte terr 14
    te 140000 13. 13 0. 0 PaPale lest
    le stin
    st in
    ne,
    e
    thus
    th us,, re
    us rema main
    ma ined
    in ed un undederr th
    de the e in nflu
    fl enence ce of Ba Baby bylo
    by lo
    oni n an cu cult lttur
    ure e an and d Ba Baby by
    lo
    oni
    nianan lite lii te
    tera ra a tu
    ture
    re,,
    re

    228
    From
    Fr om th the e fif
    fifte
    teen
    te en c e n t u r y 5 . 0 . to ththee te
    tent nth
    nt h Pa
    Palelest
    le stin
    stine
    in e wa
    was s a prp ov
    ovin
    ince
    in ce
    of Eg Egypypt;
    yp t ; an
    t; nd af afte
    terr th
    te t e te tent
    ntth ce
    nth centntur
    nt ury
    ur y n. c.. Pa
    n.c.
    c Pale le
    est
    s in
    inee wa
    was s a va vass
    ssal
    ss al
    o As
    of Assy r a, un
    syri
    sy ri untitill 60
    ti 6088 5.0.
    Egyp
    Eg ypti
    yp tian
    ti an bobowmwmen
    wm en wewereree st stat
    atio
    at ione
    io ned
    ne d in Je eru
    rusa
    sale
    sa lem
    le m in th the e rereig
    ign
    ig n of
    Amen
    Am enop
    en ophi
    op his
    hi s I I I , anandd de
    despspat
    sp atch
    atches
    ch es,, da
    es dati
    ting
    ti ng fr om ab
    from abou outt 14
    ou 143030 n. n.c.
    c.,, fr
    c. from
    om
    the
    th e GoGove vern
    ve rn
    rnor
    nor o Je
    orss of Jeru
    ru
    rusa
    usa
    sale
    le
    lem
    em too th eirr su
    thei
    ei suze zera
    ze rain
    ra in AmAmen enop
    en ophi
    op his
    hi s I V , hahaveve
    en fo
    been
    be oun
    und. d
    d.
    The
    Th e ru u le of Ra Rams es III ex
    mses
    ms extetend
    tended
    nd ed foforr mo morere ththan
    an 10 1000 mi
    m le less be
    beyo
    yond
    yo nd
    Je
    eru
    rusa
    sale
    sa lem,
    lem, an and d RaRams
    mses
    ms es I I I re reco
    cord
    co rdss th
    rd hatat,, ab outt 12
    abou
    ou 1275 75 B. c . , he pu
    B c., purs
    rsue
    rs ue
    ued
    ed
    his
    hi s en
    enememie
    em iess as fa
    ie farr as AlA epeppo po anand d Ca
    Carc rche
    rchemi
    he mish
    mi sh.. He do
    sh es n o t me
    does ment ntio
    nt ion
    ion
    anyy su
    an ch pe
    such peop
    ople
    op e as th
    le thee Je ews
    ws,, whwho o ststilili l ha ve to ex
    have explplai
    pl a n wh
    ai whenen an andd
    wher
    wh ere
    ere ththeieirr al
    ei a leege
    gedd exexod
    odus
    od us to ok pl
    took p ac
    ace.e.
    In
    n 929255 3 . 0 . ShShas asha
    ashanq
    ha nq I of Eg yptt marc
    g yp ma arc
    rche hed
    he d on Pa Pale lest
    lestin
    st ine
    ine an and d sa
    sackcked
    ck ed
    Jerusalem.
    In
    n th he me mean antititime
    an me As Assy syri
    sy ria
    ri a ha had d be beco co me a gr
    come greaeatt po
    ea powe wer,
    we r an
    r, and d by
    877
    87 7 13. 0 As
    3.0.
    0. Ashuhurn
    hu rnaz
    rn azir
    az irrpa
    irpa
    pal, l, wh
    who o ha ad ma made de hih s na name me a te terrr or
    rr wass hu
    o r,, wa huntntt
    ing
    in g liion ons s an and d ot otheherr an
    he a im malalss in n th the e Le eba
    bano non.
    no n.. In
    n n 84 842 2 B.GB.G.. hi hiss so
    son n
    Shal
    Sh a ma
    al mane nese
    ne serr III wa
    se was s rerececeiv
    ce ivvinng tr trib
    ibut
    ib ute
    ut e fr om Palestine, wh
    from whic ich
    ich wawas s tw
    twicicce
    over
    ov erru
    er run
    ru n by hi hiss trr oo oops ps..
    ps
    In
    n 79 795 5 n. n.c.c . Ad
    c. Adad ad-n
    ad - ir
    -n irar
    arii I I I sw
    ar swep eptt th
    ep thro
    roug
    ro ugh
    ug h PaPale le
    est
    stin
    in
    ne an a d im mpo posesed
    se d
    ta
    taxe
    axe
    xes s an a d trrib ibutute
    ut e u p o n it itss pe peop ople
    op le..
    le
    Acco
    Ac cord
    co rdin
    rd ing
    in g to o th the e Je Jewsws’’ ow
    ws own n st stor
    orie
    or ie
    es, th thee alalle lege
    leged
    ge d kiking
    ngdo
    ng dom
    do m of Da Davi vid
    vi d
    brok
    br oke
    ok e up imme im
    mme medi d at
    di atel e y af
    el afte er th
    te thee de deat ath
    at h of hi hiss so son n SoSolo lomo
    lo mon
    mo n (d (des
    espi
    es p te
    pi
    th
    the
    he pr prom omis
    om ise
    is e of th hei
    e r go god d Je eho
    hovavah
    va h th that at itt wo woul uld
    ul d co cont
    ntin
    nt in
    nue fo forr ev evere ).
    er ).
    and
    an d th thee Je Jewiwish
    wi sh pe peop ople
    op e sp
    le spliliit in n to t w o fa fact
    ctio
    ct ions
    io ns..
    ns
    Ther
    Th ere
    er e we were re ne neve ver,
    ve r of co
    r, cour se,, at a n y ti
    urse
    ur se time
    me re real lly “ tw
    ally twe elve tr
    el trib
    ibb es
    es""
    of Je Jews ws;; th
    ws thee ph phra rase
    ra se “ t h e tw twelelve
    el ve tr trib bes of Is
    ib sra
    raele " ha hass th the e sa same
    me
    sign
    si gnifi
    gn ififica
    ificacancnce
    nc e as th the e ph phra rase
    ra se “ t h e tw wele ve la abo
    bour u s of He
    ur ercrcul
    u es
    ul es.”” Th The e
    only
    on lyy su sub-b di
    b- d vi
    visi
    s on
    si ons, s of th
    s, he Je Jews
    ws,, wh
    ws whic ich
    ic h hahave ve be beenen tr trac
    aced
    ac ed wi with th
    h an anyy
    degr
    de ee of ce
    gree
    gr cert rtai
    rt a nt
    ai ntyy ar a e a gr g ou
    oup p ca calllled
    lllled “ t h e so sonsns ofo th thee ja ack
    ck-a -ass
    -a ss””
    ss
    (Ham
    (H am mor or),
    ) an
    ), and d a “ po post st-e
    st -exi
    -e x ililil c"" cl
    xi c an ca led Be
    calllllled Bene ne PaParo rosh
    ro sh,, “ t h e so
    sh ns of
    sons
    the
    th e fleflea. a"
    a.
    Neve
    Ne vert
    ve rtthe
    rtheheleless
    le ss,, accco
    ss cord rdin
    rd ing
    in g to th the e JeJews ws’’ o w n st
    ws stororie
    or iess th
    ie ther
    e e we
    er were ree " tw twelelve
    elve
    el
    bes of Is
    t ib
    tr sra aelel,"" an and, d af
    d, afteterr th
    te the e de deat ath
    at h ofo th thei e r ki
    ei kingng So Solo lo
    omo
    mon, n th
    n, thes
    ese
    es e
    divi
    di vide
    vi ded
    de d in to t w o fa
    into factctio
    ct ions
    io ns;; a la
    ns a rg
    rgere kn
    er know own
    ow n as “I “ srsraeael,
    ae l,"" wh
    l, whic ich
    ic h cocon n
    sist
    si sted
    st ed,, itt is sa
    ed said id,, of
    id of “ te ten n tr trib
    ib
    bes " wh who o ococcu cupi
    cu pied
    pi ed th he co coununtr
    un try
    tr y ab abououtt
    ou
    Shec
    Sh eche
    ec hem,
    he m, an
    m, a d wo wors rshi
    rs hipp
    hi pped
    pp ed a go gold den ca
    ld calf lf at Da Dan n an and d at Be Beth thel
    th ell;
    e
    and
    an d a sm smal lerr kn
    a le
    al know own
    ow n as "J "Jud
    udah
    ud ah,"
    ah ,"" wh whic ich,
    ic h, itt iss sa
    h, saidid,, co
    id cons
    nsis
    ns isste
    ted d of
    “ t w o trrib ibeses,"
    es ,"" whwho o oc occu cupi
    cu p ed th
    pi thee co coun untr
    un try
    tr y ab abououtt Je
    ou Jerurusa
    ru sale
    sa le
    lem,
    em,
    m wh wher ee
    er
    ey wo
    they
    th wors rs shi
    hipp
    pped
    pp ed a br brazazen
    az en se serp rpen
    rp ent.
    en tt..
    Thes
    Th ese
    es e fa fact
    ctio
    ct io
    ons
    ns,, al alth
    thou
    th ough
    ou gh ea eachch wa was s didist
    stra
    st ract
    ra ed wi
    cted
    ct withthh in nte
    ternrnal
    rn al didiss
    sens
    se nsio
    ns ions
    io ns,, we
    ns were re co cont ntin
    nt in
    nua
    uallllly bi bick cker
    ck e in
    er ing g an and d ququar arre
    ar re i g wi
    elllin w th h ea
    each ch ot o he
    herr
    and
    an d wi with
    t th
    th thei
    eirr ne
    ei neig ighb
    ig hbou
    hb ours
    ou
    ours rs,, so th thatat Ti Tigl g at
    gl athphpilililes
    hp eserer I I I fo founund
    un d itt ne ece
    ces s

    229
    ry to de
    sary
    sa a wi
    deal
    al th bo
    with both
    th.. In
    th n 738 3 . 0 . he le
    738 evi
    vied
    ed tr
    t ib
    ibut
    ute
    ut e on th
    thee la
    arg
    rger
    er
    fact
    factio
    ction,
    ion, an
    andd in
    n 73
    732
    2 3.0. he re
    rece
    ceiv
    ceivved ho
    homage an
    mage
    ma and
    d tr
    trib
    ib
    ibut
    but
    ute
    e fr om th
    from the
    e
    smal
    sm a le
    al er.
    Bein
    Be ing
    in g ut utteterl
    te r y un
    rl unrerelililiab
    re able
    ab le anand d un untr
    trus
    tr ustw
    us twor
    tw orth
    or y th
    thy,
    th y, thes
    ese
    es e pepeop
    ople
    op le
    e wewere re
    e
    cons
    co nsta
    ns tant
    ta lyy gi
    ntly
    nt givi ng tr
    ving
    vi trou
    oubl
    ou ble,
    bl e an
    e, and d ab outt 72
    abou
    ou 7266 3 . 0 . Sh
    Shal a ma
    al manenese
    ne serr IV
    se V ha had d
    to tatakeke pupuni niti
    ni tive
    ti ve me
    measasur
    as urres ag agai nstt th
    ains
    ai ns thee laa rg e gr
    rger
    er grou
    oup,
    ou p ag agaia n.
    ai n ThThe e Jeews
    avoi
    av oide
    oi ded
    de d pu puni nish
    ni shme
    sh ment
    me nt by ofl ofl'e
    'eri
    'er ng
    rings s of mo mone ney
    ne y anandd fafairir pr
    promomis
    om ises
    is es,, bu
    es butt
    itt be
    beca came
    ca me ev evidid entt th
    den that
    at th t ey we werere alalll th
    the e ti
    time
    me intr
    inn tr
    trig
    ig
    g ui
    uing
    ng wiwith h hi
    th hiss
    enem
    en emie
    em ies,
    ies, anand d Sh Shal
    a ma
    almane nese
    ne V ag
    serr IV
    se agai n in
    ain
    ai nva
    vade
    ded
    de d th
    thee c o u n t r y,
    y , an
    andd ca
    carrrrie
    rrieed
    away
    aw ay th e “ k i n g " in
    the to ca
    into captptiv
    pt ivit
    iv ity.
    it y Hi
    y. H s trtroo ps re
    oops
    oo rema
    main
    ma e in
    ined
    in ed n PaPalele
    lest
    est
    stin
    ine
    in e
    unti
    un til,
    ti l in
    l, n 72 721 1 B . c . , hi
    hiss su succ
    cces
    cc sorr Sa
    esso
    es so Sarg gon III ca
    rg carr
    rrie
    rr
    rrie
    iedd aw away ay bo
    bothth ththe e
    gold
    go den ca
    ld calv lvves an and d th
    the e “ te tenn tr trib
    ibes
    ib es,"" an
    es and d totoge
    geth
    ge ther
    th er th
    er theyey vavani
    nish
    ni shed
    sh ed
    from
    fr om th thee papage ge of hi hist
    stor
    st ory.
    or y.
    Thou
    Th ough
    ou gh no noth thin
    th inn g momore re is ev er he
    ever hear ard
    ard of o f th the
    e " t e n tr bes ” ca
    trib
    ib callllled
    “ Issra aelelitittes " (s (sin in
    nce th they ey we wereree di
    dist
    stri
    st r bu
    ri bute
    ted
    te d amamon ong
    on g ot
    othe
    herr pe
    he peop
    ople
    op es an
    le and d
    enti
    en t re
    ti rely lyy asassi
    s mi
    si milililiat
    a ed
    at ), th
    ed),
    ), thee “ t w o tr trib
    ibes
    ib es,"" ca
    es ed “J
    calllllled “Jew
    ews,
    ew s ” co
    s, cont
    ntin
    ntinue
    in ued
    ue d to
    g ve tr
    gi trou
    oubl
    ou ble
    bl e to th theie r As
    ei Assysyri
    sy an ov
    rian
    ri overe lo
    er lord
    rds.
    rd s. No pr
    s. prom
    omis
    om isse or oa
    ise oathth wawas s
    b ind
    bi ndin
    nd ing
    in g to th themem,, an
    em and d in n 71712 2 3 . 0 . ththey
    ey we were re agagai
    ain
    ai n inintr
    t ig
    tr g ui ng wi
    uing w th th
    the
    th e en enem emie
    em iess of As
    ie Assysyri
    sy ria,
    ria, an andd in n ththe
    e fo folllll ow
    owin in
    n g yeyear
    a Sa
    ar Sarg on III ov
    rgon
    rg over e 
    er
    r a n th heie r te terr
    rrit
    rr oryy an
    itt or and d in
    infli
    flict
    fli cted
    ct ed a he heavavyy fin
    av fine. e Ab
    e. Abououtt 70
    ou 7000 n. c.,, fo
    n.c.
    c. forr
    prec
    pr ecis
    ec issel
    e y si simi
    mila
    mi ar re
    la eas
    asonons,
    on s, hi
    s, hiss sosonn Se
    Senn nnac
    nn ache
    ac heri
    he r b ra
    ri rava
    vage
    va ged
    ge d Pa
    Palele
    est
    stin
    in
    ine
    ne anand d
    exac
    ex acte
    ac ted
    te d co cost lyy trib
    stly
    st trr ib
    ibut
    utt e
    e..
    By 67 675
    5 n. c.,, ho
    n.c.
    c. howeweve
    we ver,
    ve r th
    r, e Je
    the Jews
    ws se em to ha
    seem have
    ve foforg
    rgot
    rg otte
    ot ten
    te n th
    thisis papain
    in
    nfu
    full
    expe
    ex peri
    pe r en
    rience
    ce,, an
    ce and d Es
    Esararha
    ar hadd
    ha ddon
    dd on fooun
    undd it neece cess aryy to in
    ssar
    ssar inva
    vade
    va de th
    thee co coun
    untr
    un try
    tr y
    agai
    ag n. He ha
    ain.
    ai hadd no so soon
    oner
    on e be
    er en mo
    been molllllifi
    ified
    ed by spspececio
    ec ious
    io us prprom
    omis
    om isses tht an
    an,,
    fo
    o r th
    the e cu
    cust
    stom
    st omar
    om ary
    ar y re
    reas
    ason
    as ons,
    on s, he e wa
    wass fo
    forcrced
    rc ed to ree tuturn
    rnn . He ca carr
    rrie
    rr ied
    ie d aw
    awayay
    the
    th e “ k i n g ” in ch chai
    a ns
    ains,, anand d ca st hi
    cast him m in n to pr
    pris on fo
    ison
    is forr a ti me as a
    time
    le
    ess
    sson
    on,, an
    on andd se
    settt le
    tt ed st
    s ra
    rang
    a ng
    ngerers
    er s in
    n th
    thee c o u n t r y ab
    abou outt Je
    ou eru
    rusa
    sale
    salem.
    le m
    m.
    He wa was, s, ho
    s, howe weve
    we ver,
    ver un
    r, u aba lee to st op th
    stop thee plplototti
    ot ng of th
    t ing
    ti thee Jewish
    “pri
    “p r es
    ri ts,"" wh
    ests
    ts who o ha ave alalwa
    ways
    wa ys be
    been
    en th
    en he br brin
    innge rss of mi
    gers m sf sfor
    ortu
    or tune
    tu ne e up
    upon on
    th eirr fo
    thei
    ei folllll ow
    owerers,
    erss,, an
    andd duduri ng th
    ring
    ri the
    e en
    ensu
    suin
    su ing
    in g hahalf
    lf-c
    lf -c
    -cen
    cen
    entutury
    tu ry ththe
    e te terr
    rrit
    rr itor
    it ory
    or y
    occu
    oc c pi
    cu ed by wh
    pied what at wa
    was s le f of th
    e ft the
    e “ t w o tr trib
    ibes
    ibes " fe fellll in
    into
    to ititss ac
    accucus
    cu s
    tome
    tomed
    me d ststat ate
    at e of
    o di diso
    sord
    so rder
    rd er;; hu
    er h ma an sa
    sacr
    crifi
    crifi
    fifice
    cess we
    ce were e of
    re o fe
    fere re
    ed an and d bi
    bitttter
    tt er
    relililigi
    re ouss fe
    giou
    gi ou feud s pr
    uds
    ud pros
    osec
    osecut
    ec uted
    uted..
    ed
    Acco
    Ac cord
    co rdin
    rd ing
    in g to
    o th e Je
    the Jews
    ws’’ ow
    ws ownn st
    stor
    orie
    ories,
    ies, iti wa s du
    was duri ng th
    ring
    ri this
    is pe
    peri
    riod
    riod
    at th
    that
    th the
    e mu
    m ch be bepr
    p ai
    praised Josiah iss su
    sed
    se supp
    ppos
    pposed
    os ed to
    o ha
    have
    ve “r“ ei
    e gn e " at
    gned
    ed
    Jerusalem.
    Rear
    Re ared
    ared by th thee Je
    Jewi
    wish
    wish pr
    prie
    iest
    ies s,
    sts wh who o ha
    had d mu
    murd
    rder
    rd e ed
    ered hi h s pr pred
    edec
    ed eces
    ecesso
    es sor'r'r's
    so s
    son,
    so n, he de
    n, deve
    velo
    ve lo
    ope
    ped n to a fa
    d in fana
    natititica
    na call bi
    ca bigo
    got.
    go t. Th e fla
    The flatt
    tter
    tt e y ev
    er evok ed by hi
    oked
    ok hiss
    re
    eliligi ouss ex
    g ou
    gi expl
    ploi
    pl oits
    oits
    s ap
    appa
    pare
    pa enttly tu
    re turn ed hi
    rned
    rn hiss he
    head
    ad,, fo
    ad forr in n 60 608
    8 13. 0 he
    3.0.
    obst
    ob s ru
    st ruct ed th
    cted
    ct thee ma
    marcrc
    rch
    ch of th
    thee Eg
    Egyp y ti
    yp t an a r m y an
    and d wa
    was s kikilllllled
    ed.. Fo
    ed Forr hiis

    230
    in
    nte
    terf
    rfer
    rferen
    eren
    erence
    ce th
    the
    e Ki ng of Eg
    King Egyp t u p o n hi
    ypt,
    yp t, hiss re
    retu rn fr
    turn
    tu from
    om AsAssy
    syr a, lo
    syri
    ri oot
    oted
    ed
    Je
    eru
    rusa
    sale
    salem,
    lem, wh
    whic
    ich
    ic h re
    rema
    main
    ma in
    ned
    ed his va
    his vass a un
    ssal
    ss al untitill 60
    ti 6055 3 . 0 . when it be
    when beca
    came
    came
    trib
    tr ibut
    ib utar
    ut aryy to Ba
    ar Babybylo
    by lon
    lo n on
    oncece momore re..
    re
    The
    Th e JeJews
    ws co cont
    ntin
    nt inue
    in ued
    ue d th eirr us
    thei
    ei usuauall ta
    ua tact
    ctic
    ctics,
    ic s an
    s, and d inn 595977 13. 3 0. Ne
    13 Nebubuch
    bu cha
    ch a
    drez
    dr ezza
    ez zarr ca
    za came
    me e do
    down wn to Je Jeru
    rusa
    ru sale
    sa lem
    le m an and d ca carrrrie
    rried
    ied aw awayay itts we weal a th
    althie
    ie
    er
    inha
    in habi
    ha bita
    bi tant
    ta ntss to Ba
    nt Baby bylo
    by n bu
    lon;
    lo n; butt wiwith thin
    th in a fe feww ye a s th
    year
    ar thee Je
    Jews ws wewere e ag
    re agai
    ain
    ai n
    p ot
    pl ttii ng wi
    otti w ith
    th th
    thee enenem emie
    em es of th
    ie
    ies eirr su
    thei
    ei suzezera
    ze rain
    ra in
    n, an
    and d inn 535377 5 . 0 . Ne Nebubuch
    bu cha
    ch a
    drez
    dr ezza
    ez zar,r,r, loossiing pa
    za patititien ce,, ma
    ence
    en ce marc rche
    rc hed
    he d on Je eruusa
    sale
    lem,
    le m, an and d bu burn
    rned
    rn ed an and d
    raze
    ra zed
    ze d it it.. He to took
    ok aw ay th
    away he ki ng in
    king n ch
    chaiains
    ai ns,, an
    ns and a so a gr
    d al eatt ma
    grea
    ea manyny
    more
    mo re of it its
    s pe
    peop
    ople
    op le as ca captptiv
    pt es.. In
    ivves n 58 582 2 13 3 0. th
    13. thee au
    auththor
    th oritititie
    or iess in Ba
    ie Baby bylo
    by lon
    lo n
    foun
    fo un
    nd itt nece ne
    ece
    cess
    ssar
    ss ary
    ar y to de depoport
    po rtt a th h ir
    irdd babatc tch
    tch of th thee “ Je Jewsws.”
    ws .”
    Thes
    Th ese
    es e th
    thre
    ree
    re e gr eatt he
    g rea
    ea herd rds
    rd s of ca captptiv
    pt es fr
    ives
    iv om Jerusalem re
    f rom rema
    main
    ma ed in
    ined
    in
    Baby
    Ba bylo
    by loni
    lo n a, to
    ni toge
    geth
    ge er wi
    ther
    th with
    th ththou
    ousa
    ou sand
    sa ndss of ot
    nd otheherr pr
    he pris
    ison
    isoner
    on erss fr
    er om al
    from alll paa rt
    rtss
    of the Ne
    the Near
    ar
    ar East
    Ea st,, fo
    st forr ha half lff a ce cent ntur
    nt ury.
    ur y.
    y.
    This
    Th iss “ ex exilili e " wa wass pr profi
    ofita
    ofi tabl
    ta b e to th
    bl the e Je Jews ws,, an
    ws and d th theyey fo founund
    un d iti so
    adva
    ad vant
    va ntag
    nt ageo
    ag eous
    eo us th that
    at,, wh
    at when en th they ey re rece ceiv
    ce ivved pe
    ived perm rmis
    rm issi
    is sion
    si on to le eavave e BaBaby bylo
    by lo
    on,n,
    le
    ess th han 43 43,0 ,000
    ,0 00 el elececte
    ec d to r e t u r n to Je
    ted
    te eru
    rusasale
    sa lem;
    le m; an and d 80 ye year arss
    ar
    e ap
    el apse
    sed
    se d bebefo fore
    fo re a se secocond
    co nd an and d mum ch sm smal alle
    al lerr gr
    le g ou
    oup p co coul u d be pe
    ul pers
    rsua
    rs uade
    ua de ed
    to leeav ave e Ba Baby bylo
    by lon
    lo n fo forr Je Jeru
    rusa
    ru sale
    sa le
    em.
    Notw
    No twit
    tw iths
    it hsta
    hs tand
    ta ndin
    nd ng th
    in thisis,, th
    is the e Je ews ar are e un unde derr gr
    de g av
    ave e su suspspic
    sp iccioon of ha havv
    in
    n g in n trr ig
    igueued
    ue d wi withth th the e Pe Pers rsia
    rs ians
    ia ns to ac accocomp
    co mplilliish th
    mp the e do down wnfa
    wn falllll of
    fa
    Baby
    Ba bylo
    by lon.
    lo n. Ma Many ny pe peop ople
    op le bebelililiev
    eve
    ev e th thatat th the e fafavo vour
    vo u sh
    ur show own
    ow n to th he Je Jews ws,,
    ws
    by Cy Cyru russ in
    ru n 53 538 8 n. n c.c , wa was s bo boug ught
    ug ht by th thei eirr se
    ei serv rvic
    rv ices
    ic es,, in
    es n sp spreread
    re adin
    ad ing
    in g
    sedi
    se dititition
    di on,, et
    on etc.
    c., ., wi
    withthin
    th in th thee ci cityty wh whilille th thee Pe Pers rsia
    rs ia
    an tr troo
    oops
    oo ps we werere st stilililll
    outs
    ou tsid
    tside.
    id e. Iff th this is is so so,, an and d th the e au auth thor
    th orit
    or itties
    iees are a r e co
    ar corr ectt wh
    r ec
    rr who o ho holdld th thata
    at
    the
    th e didisa safl'
    sa fl'cc
    fl'cctitition
    cc on of th the e co comm mmon
    mm on pe peop ople
    op le in n Ba Baby bylo
    by lo
    lon
    on wa was s du due e la arg
    rgel ey
    el
    to tht e mo mono noth
    no th
    hei
    eist
    stic
    st icc tetendnden
    nd enci
    en cies
    ci es of th he Co Cour urr t an
    urt and d th the e ar aris
    issto
    isto tocrcrac
    cr acy,
    ac y, th
    y, the e
    Je
    ews mu must st ha have ve be been en ei e th
    ther er op oppo pose
    po sed
    se d to mo mono noth
    no t ei
    th eism
    sm,, at th
    sm at ti
    that timeme,,
    me
    or guguilillty of do d ubublele tr trea
    each
    ea c er
    ch ery. y
    y.
    Thos
    Th ose
    os e Je Jewsws wh who o di d d r e t u r n to Jerusalem fo foun und
    un d th thee co coununtr
    un trys
    trysid
    ys ide
    id e
    occu
    oc cupi
    cu ed by th
    pied
    pi thee un unfo fort
    foortrtun
    unat
    un ate
    at e pe peop ople
    op le
    e pl plan ante
    an ted
    te d th t erere e by Es Esar a ha
    ar haddddon
    dd on..
    on
    n or
    In orde derr to
    de o ob obta ta
    ain n sh shel terr an
    elte
    el te and d re readady-
    ad y-ma
    y- made
    ma de ho home mes,
    me s, mamany ny of th the e
    Jews
    Je ws in nte
    ter- r-ma
    r- marr
    ma rrie
    rr ied
    ie d wi w th th thesese
    es e un u su susp spec
    sp ectititing
    ec ng pe peop ople
    op e, wh
    le who o rece
    re
    ececeiv ived
    iv ed
    the
    th e Je ews ki kindndly
    nd ly anand d eveven e n of
    en offefere
    fe red
    re d to as assi sist
    sist themth
    hem
    e in re rebu d ng Jeru
    buililildi
    bu di
    sale
    sa le
    em.
    m Th h e Je ws,, ho
    Jews
    ws howe weve
    we ver,
    ve r, ha havi v ing
    vi ng g es esta ta
    abl b isshe
    hed d th thememse
    em selv
    se lvves in
    lves n th the e
    c o u n t r y, y, rerepu pudi
    pu d at
    di ated
    ed th thes
    ese
    es e of o fe
    fersrs of o he help p wi
    llp w th sc scor orn
    or n an and d co contntum
    nt umel
    um e y;
    el
    and,
    an d la
    d, ate
    ter, r, inn 4- 4-58
    58 B. B C.C , ce cele le
    eb a ed th
    brrat the e ar arri r va
    ri vall of th he se seco cond
    co d ho
    nd hord rde
    rd e
    of " Zi Ziononis
    on issts ” frr om m Ba Baby bylo
    by loon by dr d ivv in ing g o u t of th the e di d st
    s rir ct c alalll nonon n
    Jewi
    Je wish
    wi sh wi wive ves
    ve s an and d th theie r ch
    ei chililildr
    dren
    dr en..
    en
    Mean
    Me anwh
    an e Je
    whililile
    wh eru
    r sa
    sale le
    em wa wass st stilililll l inn ru uin ins,s an
    s, and d ththe e as a
    re
    etu
    turn rned
    rn ed Je ews "
    refu
    re fuse
    fu sed
    se d to lilive ve in n i t ; no now, w, ho
    w, howe weve
    we ver,
    ve r th
    r, they ey we were ree fo forcrced
    rc ed to do so by
    thei
    th eirr pr
    ei prieie
    iest
    est s wh
    sts,
    s, who o pl placaced
    ac ed gu guar ards
    ar ds at th the e ga gate es an
    te and d lock
    lo
    ockcked ed in n th the e
    unwi
    un w lll in
    wi n g ci c tit ze
    zensns at nigh nii gh
    ght. t
    t.

    231
    La
    Late
    a te
    terr th
    thes
    ese
    es e fir st " Zi
    first Z ononisists
    ists " we were e re
    re requ
    quir
    qu ired
    ir ed too co c -o o pe
    pera
    ra
    a te in n ce
    cert rtai
    rt an
    ai
    crud
    cr ude
    ud e rerest
    stor
    st orat
    or atio
    at ions
    io ns anand d ro o ug
    ugh h bu
    builili di ng.. Mo
    ding
    ng Mostst of th thei e r cl
    ei clum
    umsy
    um sy efeffo fort
    fo rtss
    rt
    w e r e so
    soonon sw
    swep eptt aw
    ep away butt by 4-
    ay,, bu
    ay 4-30
    30 11. 1 0. th
    thee Ma
    Masq sque
    sq ue ha had d be en st
    been stararte
    ar ted,
    te d,
    a d th
    an thee “ adadop opti
    op t on " of ho
    ti holylyy pl
    plac
    aces
    ac es,, he
    es hero
    roes
    roes,, tr
    es trad
    aditittio
    ad ions
    ns,, an
    ns and d re eliligi
    g ou
    gi ouss
    tene
    te nets
    ne ts prproc
    ocee
    oc eede
    ee ded
    de d apac
    appac
    ace.e Th
    e. The e immmi m grgran ts ha
    ants
    an hadd br brou
    ough
    ou ghtt wi
    gh withth ththem em a
    mudd
    mu ddle
    dd le
    led
    ed id dea of th thee Ba Baby bylo
    by lo
    oni an ca
    nian cale
    lend
    lendar
    nd ar,, th
    ar the e Ba Babybylo
    by loni
    lo n an sy
    ni syst stem
    st em
    of nunumemera
    me ratitition
    ra on,, we
    on weigig
    ght
    hts,s, memeasasur
    as es,, an
    ures
    ur es andd mo
    mone y, an
    ney,
    ne and d alalso
    so susuchch sc scrara
    raps
    aps
    of mymyth thol
    th o log
    ol ogy,
    og y, rir tu
    tual
    a , sa
    al sacrcred
    cre wr
    ed writitin
    it ings
    in gs anandd phphilillos
    osopophy
    op hy,, et
    hy c.,, as th
    etc.
    c. they
    ey
    had
    ha d be beenen abable e to ab
    le abso
    sorb
    so rb or ob obtatain
    ta in;; “ hi
    in hist
    stor
    st ory
    or y " be begagan
    ga n to be fa fabr brii
    br
    cate
    ca ted
    te d an and d sa sacr ed wr
    cred
    cr w itin ngs to be ad
    ittings
    in adapapte
    ap d an
    ted;
    te d; and d th thee reresu
    sultlt of th
    su thesese
    es e
    equi
    eq uiivo
    vocacall la
    ca abo bour urs
    ur s ha ave co comeme do down wn to th thee pr
    p es
    esen entt da
    en day.y.
    y.
    O f th
    Of thee hi
    hist
    stor
    st o th
    oryy of
    or e Jews
    the Je
    ews du rii ng th
    duri thee 60
    600
    0 ye arss fo
    year
    ar follllow
    lll ow
    owin
    ing
    in g th thee
    falllll of Ba
    fa Baby
    bylo
    by lon
    lo n an
    andd th
    thei
    e r co
    ei m ng un
    comi
    mi undederr Pe
    de Pers
    rsia
    rs n ru
    ian
    ia rule
    le,, lii tt
    le ttlele re
    relililiab
    able
    ab le
    in
    nfo
    form rm
    mat on iss av
    atio
    io avaiaila
    aila
    abl
    b e.
    Thei
    Th e r o w n hi
    ei high ghly
    gh ly co cololo
    our
    u ed st stor
    o ies
    or es . . . of th
    ie theie r sp
    ei spir irit
    ir itua
    it ualilility
    ua ty,, lo
    ty o ftt y
    idea
    id ealiliism
    ea sm,, pa patr t io
    tr ioti sm,, en
    t sm
    ti endu dura
    du ranc
    ra e, fe
    nce,
    nc feararle
    ar less
    less va valolour
    lo u , fe
    ur feat atss of ar
    at armsms,, he
    ms heroro
    ro
    ism,
    is m, an and d no nobi lii ty of ch
    b lity
    bi char arac
    ar acte
    ac ter,
    ter et
    r, c.,, . . . pl
    etc.
    c. p en
    enti fulllll y in
    tifu
    ti fu nteters
    rspe
    rs pers
    pe rsed
    rs ed wi
    withth
    m ra
    mi acl
    cleses,, are
    es arr e un unsu supp
    su ppor
    pp orte
    or d No
    ted.
    te d. Nonene of o th thei
    eirr co
    ei contntem
    nt empo
    em pora
    po rari
    ra riies se em to
    seem
    have
    ha ve be beenen aw awar are
    ar e of th thee prprododig
    od igy
    ig y in n th eirr mi
    thei
    ei midsdst,
    ds t n o r ev
    t, even en to ha haveve
    lii ke
    kedd or or re esp
    spec ecte
    ec ted
    te d ththee Je Jews
    ws;; on th
    ws the e cocont ntra
    nt rary
    ra ry,, by th
    ry the e AsAssy syri
    sy anss an
    rian
    ri an and d
    the
    th e MeMede des
    de s “ t h e Je ews we were e de
    re deem
    emed
    em ed th thee viv leest of
    lest o al a l pe peop ople
    op les " an
    es, and d
    amon
    am ong
    on g ththe e Gr Gree eeks
    ee ks anand d ththe e RoRomamans
    ma ns th ey ar
    they arou
    ouse
    ou sed
    se d did slslikikke an and d cocon n
    t e m p t ; MaMarc rccus Au Aure re
    reli
    eliius sa saidid he wa was s “ si s ck of th the e fil fi th
    thy,y, no
    y, noisissy Je ews
    ws.""
    No ot othe
    herr hi
    he h st storory
    or y cocorrr ob
    rr obororat
    or es th
    ates
    at the e JeJewi
    wish
    wi sh ta taleles,
    le s, whwhic icch ar
    ich are e su
    susp
    spii
    sp
    ciou
    ci ousl
    ou slyy li
    sl like
    ke,, an
    ke and d apappepear
    pe ar to ha have
    ve bebeen en fo form
    rmed
    rm ed in n th the
    he sa sameme un unsc scru
    sc rupu
    ru pu
    pu
    lo
    ous ma mann nner
    nn e as th
    er thos
    ose
    os e in n ththe e Bo
    Bookokss of Jo
    ok Josh
    shua
    sh ua,, Es
    ua Esth th
    her
    er, JuJudi dith
    di th,, Da
    th Daniniel
    ni e,
    el
    etc.
    et c , wh
    c. whic ich,
    ic h, lilikekewi
    ke w se
    wi se,, we were e p u t to
    re toge geth
    ge ther
    th e du
    er duri ring
    ri ngg th iss pe
    this peri riod
    ri od..
    od
    The
    Th e " wo wond nder
    nd e ta
    er talees " of th
    le thee rerene nega
    ne gade
    ga de Je Jew,w Jo
    w, Jose seph
    se phus
    ph us,, wh
    us who o liive
    ved d
    at eaease se amamon ong
    on g th e Ro
    the Roma mans
    ma ns anand d wrot
    w r ot
    wr ote e inn Gr Greeeek,
    ee k, ar are e ununtr trus
    tr ustw
    us twor
    tw orth
    or thy.
    th y.
    It se seem
    ems,
    em s, ho
    s, howe weve
    we ver,
    ve r th
    r, thatat by ab abououtt 35
    ou 3500 3 . 0 . th
    the e Je Jews ws ha had d so an angegere
    ge reed
    th e r we
    thei
    ei wellllll-d
    disispo
    pose
    po sed
    se d Pe Pers rsia
    rs ia
    an ma mast ster
    st ers
    er s ththatat th thee la att tter
    e pl
    er p ununde dere
    de re
    ed papart rt
    of PaPale le
    est
    s in ne an and d cacarrrrie
    rr ied
    ie d of
    offf mamanyny Je Jewsws as ca captptiv
    pt ives
    iv es..
    es
    n 33
    In 3322 5 . 0 . th thee JeJewsws ca cameme un unde derr Gr
    de Greeeekk ru
    ee rule le,, an
    le and d in 32 320 0 no.
    Ptol
    Pt olem
    ol emyy to
    em ok Je
    took Jeru
    rusa
    ru sale
    sa lem
    lem an and d cacarr rrie
    rr ie
    ed aw away ay a nu numb mber
    mb er of Je ews to
    Egyp
    Eg t. Pa
    ypt.
    yp Pale
    le
    est
    s in
    i e re rema
    main
    ma ined
    in ed unu dederr th
    the
    e Pt
    Ptol
    o em
    ol ys fo
    emys or ne a lyy a c e n t u r y,
    near
    ar y
    butt by 24
    bu 246
    6 13. 0 . th
    3.0.
    3. the
    e c o u n t r y ha
    hadd re
    reve
    vert
    ve e to itts ac
    rted
    rt ed accu
    cust
    cu stom
    stomed
    om ed ststatate
    at e
    of an
    anararch
    archyy an
    ch and d di
    diso
    sord
    so rder
    rd er..
    er
    In
    n 19 98 3 . 0 . the Je
    the Jews
    ws ma made de su
    subm
    bmis
    bm isssi
    sion to An
    on to Antitit oc
    ochu
    hu
    us I I ] , bu
    b t ow owinin
    ng
    chie
    ch fly to th
    iefly
    ie he je eal
    alou
    ousi
    ou es of th
    sies
    si e Je
    the Jewiwish
    wi sh pprriest
    ie
    est s, an
    sts, and
    d ththei
    eirr re
    ei relililigi
    igi
    giou
    ouss
    ou
    feud
    feuds,
    ud s, th
    s, the
    e st
    stat
    ate
    at e of PaPalele
    est
    stin
    in
    ne di d n o t im
    did mprprov
    ove.
    ov e.. Fr
    e F om 17 1755 to 17 70 B . c .
    Jerusalem es espepeci
    pe cial
    cially
    al ly se e s to ha
    seem
    em ave sus ff
    ffered th
    ered
    er thro ro
    oug
    ughh th
    thee grgree
    eed
    ee d an andd

    232
    b rut
    br utal
    ut itt y of t w o Je
    a lit
    al Jews ws,, wh
    ws who o ad adop opte
    op ted
    te d th thee Gr Greeeekk na
    ee name mes
    me s of Ja Jasoson
    so n an and d
    Mene
    Me nela
    ne laus
    la us an and d ma made de th thee ci cityty a bo bone nee of co cont nten
    nt entitition
    en on,, un
    on t l it wa
    unti
    ti wass
    sack
    sa cked
    ck ed by An Antititioc
    ochu
    oc hus
    hu s IV V in n 16 69 13. 3.00.
    Inn 16 68 13. 0 . An
    3 0. Anti ttiioc
    ochu
    huss IV
    hu V tr trie
    ied
    ie d to es estatabl
    ta blis
    bl issh a un
    ish unif i or
    if orm
    m re reli
    e lii gi
    g ion
    on
    thro
    th roug
    ro uggho
    hout hiss do
    ut hi doma main
    ma in,, bu
    in butt th the e RoRoma mans
    ma ns we were re an anta tago
    ta goni
    go n st
    ni ic to hi
    stic him m
    and
    an d e enncocour
    urag
    ur aged
    ag ed ev ever e yt
    er h ng th
    y hi thatat wo woul u ld
    ul d em emba barr
    ba rras
    rrass
    as s Sy Syri a, an
    ria,
    ri and d th this
    is
    enab
    en able
    ab led
    le d ththee Je
    Jews ws to revo ree vo
    voltltt in n 16 67 3 . 0 . Wi With th th thee in nflu
    flfluen
    ence
    en ce of Ro Rome me
    agai
    ag nstt he
    a ns
    ai herr an
    and d pr pre e‐ococcucupi
    cu pied
    pi ed wi w th ot o heherr tr t ou
    oubl b es
    bl es,, Sy Syri ria
    ri a wawas s ununab able
    ab le
    e
    to de dealal ef
    al effe
    fect
    fe c ua
    ct uallllly wi w th th the e Je Jewiwsh
    wi sh insu in
    nsu
    surr rrec
    rrectitit on
    ec o , wh whic ich
    ic h cocontntin
    nt inue
    in ued
    ue d
    with
    wi th va vary ry
    yin
    ingg su succ
    cces
    cc esss unti
    es un n ti
    till ab abou outt 14
    ou 46 15. 15.0
    15 0.
    The
    Th e Je Jews
    ws,, ho
    ws howe weve
    we ver,
    ve r, enenti tire
    ti rely
    re lyy lalack
    cked
    ck ed th thee ab abilili itt y to go govevern
    ve r tth
    rn hem
    selv
    se lvves
    es,, anand d je
    jeal
    alou
    al ousi
    ou s es
    si es,, didiss
    ssen
    ss ensi
    en sion
    si ons,
    on s, brbrig igan
    ig anda
    an dage
    da ge an a d ci civi vill w a r sp
    vi speeeedi
    ee d lyy
    di
    b ou
    br ough ghtt Pa
    gh Pale
    le
    est
    stin ne to su
    in
    ine suchch di disosord
    so rder
    rd e th
    er that at it be beca came
    ca me ne nece cess
    ce ssar
    ss ary
    ar y foforr th thee
    Roma
    Ro mans
    ma ns to in inte
    terf
    te rffer
    rfer
    ere. e In
    e. n 63 e c. Po
    e..c. Pomp mpey
    mp ey to tookok Jerusalem by as assa saul
    sa ultt
    ul
    and
    an d la a id d th e Je
    the Jews
    ws un undederr trib
    de t r ibut
    tr ib
    b ut
    ute e tot Ro Rome me.
    me
    Like
    Li ke th e Gr
    the Gree eeks
    ee ks,, th
    ks e Ro
    the Roma mans
    ma nss sosoon o n di
    on disc
    scov
    sc over
    ov ered
    er ed th that at th the e Je
    Jewsws we were re
    titire
    reso
    re some
    so me su subjbjec
    bj ects
    ec ts;; th
    ts they
    ey cr creaeate
    ea ted
    te d a co comm mmun
    mm unit
    un itt y wi with thin
    th in a co commmmun
    mm unit
    un ity,
    it y
    y,
    liive
    ved d in a st s at
    ate e of ce eas
    asel
    eles
    el ess
    es s fr fric
    icc ti
    tion
    onn wi withth th heie r non-Jewish ne neig igh
    ig h
    bour
    bo urs,
    ur s, an and d wewere re co cons nsta
    ns n lyy la
    tant
    ta nt ash
    shining
    in g th them
    emse
    em selv
    se lvves in intoto a frren enzyzy ovv er e
    barb
    ba rbar
    rb arou
    ar ous
    ou s cu
    c u st
    custstomoms
    om s an and d id dea
    eas s wh whic ich
    ic h ap appe pear
    pe ared
    ar ed ri ridi
    dicu
    di culo
    cu lous
    lo us to o ththee pr p ac
    tica
    ti
    ica
    call Ro Roma man
    ma n mim ndnd..
    Neve
    Ne vert
    ve rtthe
    hele ss th
    less
    le thee Ro Roma mans
    ma ns gr granante
    an ted
    te d to th thee Je Jews ws m a n y pr privivililileg
    iv eges
    eg es
    and
    an d im immumuni
    mu n tities
    ni es,, al
    es a l of wh whic ich
    ic h th the e Je Jewsws ab abus used
    us ed;; an
    ed and d fr om 63 B . c .
    from
    u ti
    un till th
    they
    ey we were re fin
    final ly qu
    ally
    al quel elle
    el ed by Ha
    le Hadr d ia
    dr a n in n A D . 13 35 (e (exc
    xcep
    xc eptt du
    ep durr
    ing
    in g th thee re eig
    ign n of He Hero
    ero
    rod)d),, th
    d) the e hi hists t or
    st ory y of th thee Je Jewsws iss ma main n lyy a re
    in reco cord
    co rd
    of re ebe
    belllllio
    ionsns ag agai
    ains
    ai nstt Ro
    ns Roma man
    ma n ru r u le
    rule e.
    Hero
    He rod,
    ro d, wh whos ose
    os e fa ath
    there ha
    er had d be been en po
    en pois ison
    is oned
    on ed by th the e Je Jewsws,, wa
    ws was s ap
    appopoin
    po inte
    in ted
    te d
    King
    Ki ng by th t e Ro Roma mans
    ma nss, an and d ca capt ptur
    pt ured
    ur ed Je eru
    rusa
    sale
    sa lem
    le m in i 37 B . C . He di diss
    pers
    pe rsed
    rs ed th the e ba bandndss of ro
    nd robbbber
    bb ers
    er s an and d br brigig
    gan ds wh
    ands whic ich
    ic h in
    i fefeststed
    st ed Pa Palele est
    stinin
    ne
    and
    an d in nau
    augu gura
    gu rate
    ra ted
    te d an er era a ofo co comp mpar
    mp arat
    ar ativ
    at ivve pe peacace
    ac e an and d or orde der.
    de r. Be
    Betw twee
    tw een
    ee n
    199 an and d 9 5 . 0 . He Hero o d bu
    ro buil i t fo
    il forr th thee Je Jews ws theth
    he on only ly ad admi mira
    mi rabl
    rable
    bl e pl plac
    ace
    ac e
    of wowors rshi
    rs hip
    hi p th ey ha
    they haveve ev ever er po
    er poss sses
    ss esse
    es sed.
    se d
    d.
    Sinc
    Si nce
    nc e th the e JeJews
    ws ha had d no ar archchitittec
    ch ectuture
    tu ree of th heieirr ow own, n,, He
    n Hero d’ss te
    rod’
    ro d’ temp mple
    mp le
    was
    wa s bu buil iltt in th
    il thee Gr Gree eekk st
    ee stylyle,
    yl e, bu
    e, butt no ex expe
    pens
    pe nse
    ns e or pain paaininss we were e sp
    re spar ared
    ar ed
    by He Hero rod
    ro d to en s re th
    ensu
    su h at it
    that itss co cons nstr
    ns truc
    tr uctitition
    uc on shshouould
    ou d be ca
    ld carr rrrieed o u t wi w th th
    metititicu
    me culo
    cu lo
    ouss re ega
    gardrd fo forr th the e re eliligi
    giou
    gi ouss su
    ou susc scep
    sc epti
    ep tibi
    ti tiies of th
    bilililiti
    bi the e fa
    fananati
    na t ca
    ti call
    Jeews an and d fo forr th he trrad adititio
    it ons wh
    io whic ich
    ic h th theyey pr preteten
    et ende
    en ded
    de d we
    were ree th thei
    eirs
    irs
    rs,, ev even en
    to th thee pl plac acin
    ac ng of
    in
    ing o a gr g reaeatt vi
    ea v ne be bear arin
    ar inng clclus
    uste
    us ters
    te rs of gr grapapes
    ap es un unde derr a
    de
    gold
    go lden
    ld en he heav aven
    av en (t(thehe sy symb
    mbol
    mb o of Di
    ol Dion
    onys
    on ysus
    ys us)) ov
    us over er th the e en entrt an
    tr ance ce..
    ce
    Itt is ch char arac
    ar acte
    ac teri
    te rist
    ri icc of th
    stic
    st the e Je ews th thatat,, wh
    at whilill e th h ey ha have ve ne verr tire
    neve
    ve tiire
    red d
    of bo boas ng of th
    astititing
    as thee ma magn gnifi
    gn ifice
    ificenc
    ce nce
    nc e of th thee ststru
    ruct
    ru ctur
    ct ure,
    ur e, they
    e, th
    hey wo woulu ld
    ul d not
    allo
    allo
    ow it itss bu builillde
    er to o en ente terr th
    te the e mo more re sa sacr
    cred
    cr ed paa rt s of th
    rts he bubuililildi d ng
    di ng..
    They
    Th ey ha have ve ne neveverr ev
    ve evinince
    in ced
    ce d ththe e sl slig
    ight
    ig htes
    ht estt fe
    es feel
    elin
    el ngs of gr
    in grat
    atit
    at itud
    it ude
    ud e to He Hero rod,
    ro d,
    d,

    233
    and
    an d ha
    have
    ve neneve
    verr ev
    ve en me
    even mentntio
    ntio
    ione
    one
    ned
    d hihiss na me iff th
    name iss co
    this coul
    uld
    ul d be av
    avoi
    oide
    oided.
    ded.
    The
    Th e pr
    prin
    in
    n ci
    c pa
    pall re
    eas forr th
    on fo
    ason
    on is at
    this atti
    titu
    ti tude
    tu de seemss to be . . . He
    seem
    em Hero
    rod
    ro d wa
    wass
    not a Jew.
    Hero
    He rod
    ro d di ed in
    died n 4- 4 e. e.c.
    c.,, an
    c. and d im mme medi d at
    di atel elyy th
    el the e Je Jewsws re rebebelllled
    be llled
    ed ag agai ain.
    ai n..
    n
    Band
    Ba ndss of robb
    nd ro
    obbbber ers
    er s anand d mamara raaud
    uder ers,
    er s, le
    s, e d by sl sav
    aves
    av es an and d prp et eten
    ende
    en ders
    de rs
    s, spspra rang
    ra ng
    up in di diff
    ffer
    ff eren
    er entt pa
    en part rts
    rt s an and d pl p un
    unge ged
    ge d PaPale le
    est
    stinin
    ne in nto th the e tu turmrmoi
    rm o l to
    oi
    whic
    wh ich
    ic h itit wa wass ac accucust
    cu stom
    st omed
    om ed.. Or
    ed Orde derr wa
    de wass re reststor
    st ored
    or ed by th the e Ro Roma mans
    ma ns, bu
    ns butt
    in A.D.A . D . 6 th
    A. the e Je Jewsws re rebebellllled ag
    be agai ain,
    ai n, apappapare
    pa rent
    re ntly
    nt ly bebeca caus
    ca usse th ey ob
    they obje ject
    je cted
    ct ed
    to th the e Ro Roma man
    ma n memeth thod
    th od of ta takiking
    ki ng a ce cens
    nssuss.
    The
    Th e pr prac
    actititica
    ac call co
    ca comm mmon
    mm on n se sens nse
    ns e an and d ea easy sy-g
    sy -goi
    -g oing
    oi ng to tolelera
    le ranc
    ra nce
    nc e of th the e
    Roma
    Ro mans
    ma ns wa wass ha hate full to th
    tefu
    te fu the e Je Jews ws,, wh
    ws whilili e, to th the e Ro Roma mans
    ma ns, th
    ns the e Je Jews ws
    seem
    se emed
    em ed a ra ace of bi bigo gote
    go ted
    te d fa fana natititics
    na cs,, wh
    cs whosose
    os e di d re an and d cr cred
    edul
    ed u ou
    ul ous s su supe perr
    pe
    stit
    st ittio
    ion n re rend
    nder
    nd ered
    er ed th them
    em th the e im mpl plac
    acab
    ac able
    ab le en
    enem emie
    em ies
    ie s nonott on o ly of th the e RoRoma man
    ma n
    Gove
    Go vern
    ve rn
    rnme
    nmement nt bu butt of al alll ma mank nkin
    nk in
    nd d..
    An un unch chan
    ch angi
    an g ng ch
    gi char arac
    ar acte
    ac teri
    te r st
    ri sticicc ofo th the e Je Jewsws,, to
    ws too,o , ha
    o, as be beenen th thei eirr
    ei
    unfa
    un failililin
    fa inn g suc
    succeSceSss in
    ceS n ea earn rnin
    rn ng th
    in the e di disl
    slik
    sl ike
    ik e of th the e pepeep eple
    ep less am
    le amon ong
    on g wh whom om
    th ey ha
    they have ve se sett ttle
    ttleed;d so soononer
    on er or la terr al
    ate alll th thesese
    es e pe peop ople
    op le
    es ha have ve co come me to
    re
    rega
    ega
    gard r th
    rd the e Je
    Jews ws wi with th ex extrtrem
    tr eme
    em e di disf sfav
    sf avou
    av our.
    ou r So
    r. S itt wa wass wi with th ththee As Assy syri
    sy rriian
    ans, s,
    s,
    the
    th e Me Mede des,
    de s, anand d th thee Gr Gree eeks
    ee ks,, an
    ks and d so itt wa was s wiwith th th the e Ro Romamans
    ma ns.
    ns
    By A D . 19 9 th the e nu n mb mber er of Je
    er Jews ws in n RoRome me ha had d be beco come
    co me ve very ryy la arge,
    rg ge,
    and,
    an d, as th ey in
    they nsis nu
    nuat ated
    at ed th them emse
    em selv
    se lvves am amon ong
    on g alalll clclas
    asse
    as ses,
    se s, es
    s, espe
    peci
    pe cial
    ci a lyy am
    al amon ong
    on g
    the
    th e wo wome men,
    me n ex
    n, expl ploi
    pl o ti
    oi t ng fr frai
    ailtltltie
    ai ies,
    ie s, cr
    s, cred
    edul
    ed ullit
    ityy an and d vi vice
    ce,, th
    ce ey be
    they beca came
    ca me
    unpo
    un popu
    po pula
    pu la r an
    lar;
    ar; and, d, wh
    d, when en th theieirr di
    ei dish
    shon
    sh estt an
    ones
    on es and d di disr srep
    sr eput
    ep utab
    ut able
    ab le ac actitit viv tit es
    came
    ca me unde unndederr th thee no notitiice of th the e Em Empe pero
    pe r r,
    ro r he en enlilist
    liist
    steded 4, 4 00
    000 0 Je Jewsws an and d
    sent
    se nt th them em to ga garr r is
    rr ison
    on Sa Sard rdin
    rd inia
    in ia.. Ab
    ia Abou outt A.D
    ou A.D.. 39 th thei e r ge
    ei geni us fo
    nius
    ni forr ex exci citt
    ci
    ing
    in g d diislisl
    slik
    ike
    ik e le ed,d in n Al Alexexan
    ex andr
    an dria
    dr ia wh wherere
    er e th theyey we were re ve very ry nu numemero
    me rous
    ro us,, to
    us
    bloo
    bl oods
    oo dshe
    ds heed.
    d
    Amon
    Am ong
    on g th the e pr privivililileg
    iv eges
    eg es gr granante
    an ted
    te d to o ththe e Je Jews ws by th thee Ro Roma mans
    ma ns wa was s
    perm
    pe rmis
    rm issi
    is sion
    si on to mee et to toge
    geth
    ge ther
    th er,, a lii be
    er bertrtyy fr
    rt freq
    eque
    eq uent
    ue ntly
    nt lyy dedeni nied
    ni ed,, af
    ed afteterr th
    te thee
    esta
    es tabl
    ta blis
    bl ishm
    is hmen
    hm entt of th
    en the e em empi pire
    pi re,, to th
    re thee Ro Roma mans
    ma ns th thememse
    em selv
    se es.. Th
    lvves This is
    im
    mme ensnse e co concnces
    nc essi
    es son
    si on wa was s ab abus used
    us ed by th the e Je Jews ws,, as wa
    ws wass th he la latitititu
    tude
    tu de
    allo
    al lo
    owewed d th theie r te
    ei teacache
    ac hers
    he rs
    s of re relilil gi
    g onon..
    The
    Th e Je ewi
    wishsh te teacache
    ac hers
    he rs of re relililigi
    gion
    gi on ususeded the thhe fr f ee
    eedo dom
    do m al a lowe
    lo
    owe wed d th them em
    to t u r n the th
    he sy synanago
    na gogu
    go gues
    gu es in into to sc scho
    hool
    ho o s of
    ol o se sedi diti
    di t on.
    ti on n. Fr Fromom ch chililldh
    dhoo ood
    oo d
    th
    he ig gno oraant an and d fa fana nati
    na call Je
    t ca
    ti Jewsws we werere tr t ai
    ainened
    ne d by th themem to ha hate te th thee
    adhe
    ad here
    he rent
    re nts
    nt s of al a lll ot
    othe herr se
    he sect s; wh
    cts;
    ct whiliille vivisi
    s on
    si ons s of wo worl r d do
    rl domim na
    mi t on an
    ati and d
    worl
    wo rlld-
    d-wi w de em
    wi empi pire
    pi re we were re ke kept pt co consnsta
    ns tant
    ta ntly
    nt ly be befo fore
    fo re e th themem,, an
    em and d a we welllll
    orga
    or gani
    ga nise
    ni sed
    se d sysyst em of se
    stem
    st secrcret
    cr et in nte ter- r-co
    r- comm
    co mmun
    mm unic
    un iccat
    atioio
    on wa was s ma main in
    nta
    tain in
    ned
    ed..
    At th the e ve very ry ti time
    me th that at th the e Ar Aryayans
    ya ns we were ree re refin finin
    fin ing
    in g an and d pu puri r ify
    ri fyin
    fy in
    ng
    thei
    th e r ow
    ei own n re eliligi
    gion
    gi on,, an
    on and d pr p eaeach chin
    ch in
    ng go goodod wi willlll to al alll memen, n, th thee ra rabb bbis
    bb is
    were
    we re in n cu
    culclcc at
    atining
    in g am amon ongs
    on gstt th
    gs the e Je ews a mo more re in nte tensnse
    ns e hahatr tred
    tr ed of th thee
    Gent
    Ge ntiliilles an
    nt and d al a lll th
    thei eirr wo
    ei work rkks.
    s Itt wa was s an ac actt of di diso
    sobe
    so bedi
    be d en
    di ence ce to th thee

    10

    234
    Jewi
    Jewish
    wi sh la
    aww,, th
    they
    ey ta
    taug ht,, to ho
    ught
    ug ht hold
    ld
    d an y in
    any nte
    terc
    rcou
    rcours
    oursse wh
    what
    atev
    atever
    ever wi
    w th
    non-
    no n Je
    n- ews
    ws.. A l l Ge
    Gent es,, sa
    n ili es
    nt said
    id the ra
    the rabb
    bbis
    bbis,, we
    is w re babase
    se-b
    se-bor
    -born,
    orn an
    n, d al
    and al
    non-Jewish wome
    wo men
    me n we
    weree un
    re u cl
    c ea
    ean. n To m a r r y a non-Jewish wo
    n. woma
    man
    ma n
    was
    wa s a he
    hein
    inouss of
    nou offe
    fenc
    fence;
    nce; th e ch
    the chililildr
    dren
    dr en bo rn of su
    born ch an al
    such a lilian
    ance
    ance we
    were
    re
    bast
    ba star
    sta ds
    ar ds,, an
    andd co
    coul
    u d ha
    ul ve no in
    have nhe
    heri
    rita
    ri tanc
    ta nce.
    nc e Itt de
    e. defil ed a Je
    fifiled
    fil ew, th thee
    rabb
    rabbis
    bb iss sa
    said d, to si
    id s t at tab e wi
    tabl
    bl h no
    w th non-n Je
    n- Jews
    ws,, or
    ws o to enente terr a Ge
    te Gent
    ntilili e’
    nt e’s
    s
    hous
    ho use,
    us e, wh
    e, whic ich
    ic h wa
    wass to be re
    rega ded as a fo
    gard
    gard fold
    ld forr ca
    d fo catt tttle iss re
    rega
    gard
    garded
    rd ed..
    ed
    Jews
    Je ws we w re fo forbrbid
    rb idde
    id den
    de n to co coun unse
    un sell or
    se or to o be befr f ie
    fr end a no non- n-Je
    n- Jew,
    Je w, an and d any
    bene
    be nefit
    ne fits
    fit s coconf nfer
    nf e re
    er red d up p on a Je ew by a non-Jew we were re,, itt wa
    re was s ta taugught
    ug ht,,
    ht
    no be bett er th
    tter
    tt than an se serprpen
    rp ent’t’t’s
    en s po pois ison
    is on.. Th
    on The e Ge Gent ntilililes
    nt es ar a e n o t hu u ma man n be beinin
    ngs
    gs,,
    asse
    as sert
    se rted
    rt ed th the e ra rabbbbis
    bb is,, no
    is non- n Je
    n- Jews ws ar a e me mere rely
    re ly be beasasts
    as ts,, th
    ts they ey ar are e Go God’ ds
    d’
    enem
    en emie
    em ies
    ie s an and d wh when en th they ey ma make ke in nqu
    quir iess of a Je
    irie
    ir ie ew re resp spec
    sp ec tiing hi
    ectiting hs
    relilii gi
    re gionon,, itt is
    on s ththe e JeJew’ w’ss du
    w’ duty ty to an answswer
    sw e wi
    er w th a su supp ppre
    pp ress
    re ssed
    ss ed cu cursrse,
    rs e, an and d
    to gi giveve a fa fals
    lsse ex expl p an
    pl anat atio
    at ioon. Itt iss wr writ itte
    it ten,
    te n, th thee ra rabbbbis
    bb iss po poin inte
    in ted
    te d ou out,t
    t,
    “ E v e r y go goy y wh who o st stud
    udie
    ud ies
    ie s Ta Talm lmud
    lm ud,, an
    ud and d ev ever eryy Je
    er Jew w wh who o he help lps
    lp s hi himm in n
    it ou ough ghtt to di
    gh die,e ” an
    e, and d “T T ho hose se wh who o do n o t o w n To Tora rah
    ra h an and d ththee
    prop
    pr ophe
    op hets
    he ts m u s t al alll be ki ed ” . . . op
    killlllled open enly
    en ly wh wher ere
    er e no ri risk
    sk iss in incucurr
    cu rred
    rr ed,,
    ed
    and
    an d wh wher e e th
    er therere
    er e is s, by ar artitit fic
    ficeses..
    es
    This
    Th iss dedepr prav
    pr aved
    av ed st stata e of th
    at the e Je ewi
    wishsh mi m nd wa was s kekept pt hi
    pt h dd dden en,, as fa
    en farr
    as po poss ssib
    ss ib
    blele,, frfromom th the e Ro Roma mans
    ma ns;; an
    ns and d in nfla
    flamemed
    me d by th the e te teacachi
    ac ngss of th
    h ng
    hi thee
    syna
    sy nago
    na gogu
    go gue,
    gu e, an and d gr gree
    eedy
    ee dy fo forr wo worl r d do
    rl domi mina
    mi natitition
    na on,, th
    on the e Je ews br brokoke
    ok e out
    inn to on o e in insusurr
    su rrec
    rr ecti
    ec t on af
    ti afte terr an
    te anot othe
    ot her,
    he rr,, ususua uallllllyy si
    ua simu
    multltltan
    mu aneo
    an eous
    eo usly
    us ly in n di diff 
    fe
    fere
    ere
    rent nt pa part rtt s of th thee Em Empi pire
    pi re e on ea eachch oc occa casi
    ca sion
    si o .
    on
    Thus
    Th us ab abou outt A D . 65 th
    ou the e Je ews re bellllled ag
    rebe
    be agai ain,
    ai n an
    n, and d ha havi v ing
    vi ng ov over erru
    er ru
    un
    the
    th e illl- l pr
    prot otec
    ot ecte
    ec ted
    te d rura
    ruu ral
    raa l di dist stri
    st r ct
    ri cts s of Pa Pale leest
    s inne,e, th ey di
    they d re rect cted
    ct ed th theie r ef
    ei effo
    fort
    fo rtss
    rt
    agai
    ag a ns
    ai nstt th the e sm smal a l Ro
    al Roma man
    ma n ga garr rris
    rrison
    is on.. Th
    on The e Ro Roma mans
    ma ns we were re so fe feww in
    numb
    nu mber
    mb er th that at th theyey ag agre reed
    re ed to su surr rren
    rrende derr on co
    de condnditititio
    nd io
    on th that at th they ey be
    a lo
    al owewed d to wi withthdr
    th draw
    dr aw fr from om Pa Pale lest
    le stin
    st ine.
    in e. The
    e. Th h e Je ews ag agre reed
    re ed to th thesese
    es e
    term
    te rms,
    rm s, an
    s, and d ra ratitifie
    ti fied
    fie d ththeieirr ag
    ei agre reem
    re emen
    em entt by so
    en solelemn
    le mn oa oath th,, bu
    th but, tt,, im mme medi diat
    di atel
    at ey
    el
    the
    th e Ro Roma mans
    ma ns la a id do down wn th thei eirr ar
    ei armsms,, th
    ms theyey we were re babase sely
    se ly ma mass ssac
    ss acre
    ac red
    red by
    the
    th e Je Jews ws.. Ac
    ws Acco cord
    co rdin
    rd ing
    in g to th the e Je Jews ws’’ ow
    ws own n st stor
    orie
    or ie
    es,
    s, th he Ro Roma mans
    ma ns di died
    ed
    with
    wi thou
    th outt as
    ou aski ng fo
    king
    ki forr me merc rcyy bu
    rc butt de deri ridi
    ri ding
    di ng th thee sa sancnctitit ty of Jewish oa
    nc oaththhs;
    whililile,
    wh e itt iss sa
    e, said id
    id,
    d, pu pung ngen
    ng ency
    en cy wa was s ad addeded
    de d to th theieirr re
    ei rema mark
    ma rkss by th
    rk the e fafact
    ct
    that
    th at th thee ma mass ssac
    ss acre
    ac ree totookok pl plac
    placace e on th the e Je Jewiwish
    wi sh Sa Sabb bbat
    bb ath.
    at h..
    h
    Pale
    Pa le
    est
    s ine
    inne m u s t be r i d of of no non-n Jews
    n- Jeews
    ws,, sa said id d th the e Je ews
    ws,, an and d wh wher erev
    er ever
    ev er
    ey ou
    they
    th out-t--nu
    numb mber
    mb ered
    er ed the he Ge
    th Gent nttililes
    ntil es th theyey pe perp rpet
    rp etra
    et ra
    ate
    ted d re revovolt
    vo ltin
    lt inng ma mass ssac
    ss acre
    ac res;
    re s
    s;
    as a re esus ltlt,, frf r om ab
    from abou outt A D . 66 to ab
    ou abou outt 69
    ou 69,, a st stat ate
    at e of an anararch
    ar chy
    ch y anand d
    bloo
    bl oods
    oo dshe
    ds hed,
    he d, ex extrtrao
    tr aord
    ao rdin
    rd in
    nararyy ev even e fo
    en forr Pa Pale lest
    le stin
    st ine,
    in e pr
    e, prev
    evai
    ev aile
    ai leed d.. In n A D . 70
    Titu
    Ti t s bu
    tu burn rned
    rn ed Jerusalem an and d ra azezed d itt .
    By th thee firr st ce centntur
    nt uryy 3 . 0 . th
    ur the e Ma Masq sque
    sq ue wa was s alalre
    read
    re adyy we
    ad wellll or orga
    gani
    ga n se
    ni sed,d,
    and
    an d it it cocont ntin
    nt in
    nueued d to di d sp spla layy g r e a t ac
    la acti tivi
    ti v ty fo
    vi forr ne near arly
    ar lyy 20200 0 ye year ars.
    ar s. Th The e
    la
    ateterr st stag
    ages
    ag es of th this
    his ac acti t vi
    ti ty sh
    vity showowed
    ow ed re remamark
    ma rkab
    rk able
    ab e si
    le simi
    m la
    mi lari rititit es to th
    ri thos
    ose
    os e
    of th the e MaMasq sque
    sq ue as itt ex exis ists
    is ts to toda
    day.
    da y. Itt di diff
    ffer
    ff ered
    er ed,, of co
    ed cour urse
    ur se,, in
    se n de deta tailil
    ta

    11

    235
    whic
    wh icch th
    the
    e SiSiby byll co
    by comm
    mmun
    mm unic
    un a ed co
    icat
    icat coun
    unse
    un sell an
    se andd wa warnrnin
    rn n g to m e n re
    in renn
    dere
    de re
    red
    ed he herr an ad admi
    m ra
    mi rable in
    ble
    bl nststru
    ru
    ume
    ment nt in n th the
    e ha handndss of th
    nd e Jewish
    the
    prop
    pr opag
    op agan
    ag andi
    an d st
    dists; s; by th them
    em shshee wawass tr
    tran
    ansf
    an sfor
    sforme
    or med
    me d innto a pr prop
    ophe
    op hete
    he tess
    tess of
    Jehovah: te terr rrrib
    ble wa
    wars s an
    rs andd drdrea
    eadf
    ea u ca
    dful
    df ul cala
    la
    lami
    ami
    mititities
    es weweree fo
    re fore
    reto
    re told
    to d, af
    ld afte
    terr
    te
    whic
    wh ich,
    ic h, it wa
    h, wass sa said
    id,, th
    id e Je
    the Jews
    ws wo woulu d as
    ul assu me th
    sume
    su the
    e susupr
    prem
    pr acyy an
    emac
    em ac andd
    ead th
    le the
    e na onss in
    natitition
    on n to a blbles
    esse
    es sed
    se d er a of un
    era univiver
    iversa
    er sall pe
    sa peac
    ace,
    ac e et
    e, etc.
    c.
    c.

    In
    n spspititte of al
    a l th
    t is me end
    ndac
    acit
    ac itty an
    andd ar
    artf u lyy di
    tful
    tf ul disg
    sgui
    sg u se
    uisedd prprop
    opag
    op agan
    ag anda
    an da,,
    da
    and
    an d of th the e ba
    bare
    reefa
    face
    ced
    ce d at
    atte
    te
    e mp
    mptss of Ph
    ts Philillo anand d th
    thee al
    alle
    le
    ego
    gori call sc
    rica
    ri ca scho
    hool
    ho o
    ol
    to fo istt Jewish ta
    ois tale
    less up
    le on th
    upon e Gr
    the Gree
    eeks
    eeks,, th
    ks thee Je ews co contntin
    ntin
    inue
    nue
    ued d to be
    rega
    re gard
    ga ed wi
    rded
    rd with
    th co
    cont
    ntem
    nt empt
    em pt by th
    thee GrGree
    eeks
    eeks an
    and d th
    the e Ro
    Romamans
    ma ns,, wh
    ns who o laaug
    ughe
    hed
    he d
    at ththei
    eirr va
    ei n gl
    vain
    in glor
    orio
    or us pr
    ious
    io pret
    eten
    etensi
    en sion
    si ons
    on s an
    and
    d fla flatl
    tlyy re
    tl refu
    fu
    use
    sedd to ta take
    ke p a r t
    in
    n th
    thee MaMasq sque
    sque..
    ue
    The
    Th e pr
    p eteten
    ensi
    en sion
    sionss of th
    on thee Je ws to an ho
    Jews hono
    nour
    no urab
    ur able
    ab le
    e anand d reremo
    mote
    mo te an anti ti
    ti
    quit
    qu forr ex
    y, fo
    ity,
    it y, exam
    ampl
    am p e,
    pl e wewere re rir di
    dicu
    cule
    cu le
    ed. d Fo Forr th he Je ws to pr
    Jews p eteten
    end
    en d th thatat
    the
    the gi ftss of ci
    gift
    ft c vi
    v lilisa
    satitition
    sa on we werere mamade de th thro
    roug
    ro ugh
    ug h th theieirr in
    ei n st
    stru
    rume
    ru ment
    me ntal
    nt all it
    ityy
    s, sa
    was,
    wa saidid ththee GrG ee
    eeks ks an and d thhe RoRoma mans
    ma ns, pr
    ns prep
    epos
    ep oste
    os tero
    te ro
    rousus;; wh
    o us what at,, itt wa
    at was s
    aske
    as ked,
    ke d, hahad d th e Je
    the ews do d ne fo f r ar
    art, t , liite
    teraraatu
    ture
    re or sc scie
    ie
    encce? InstInnst
    stea
    ead
    ea d of
    bein
    be ing
    in g th
    the e teteac
    ache
    ac rs of Pl
    hers
    he Plat
    ato
    at o an
    and d ththe e Gr Greeeekk ph
    ee philili os
    osopophe
    op hers
    he rs,, as th
    rs thee Je Jewsws
    impu
    im pude
    pu dent
    de lyy pr
    ntly
    nt pret
    eten
    et ende
    en ded
    de d they hey ha
    th hadd be een
    en,, itit wa was s po poininte
    in ed o u t th
    te thatat th the e
    Je
    ews we were re babarb
    rbar
    rb a ia
    arians ns wh when en GrGree
    eekk cu
    ee cult ltur
    lt ure
    ur e ha
    had d ar aris
    isen
    is en,, an
    en and d ththat
    at of o al a lll
    the
    the ho hordrde
    rd e of sm smala l pe
    al peop ople
    op s, sh
    les,
    les, shif
    ifti
    if t ng
    ti g fr from
    om sl slav
    aver
    av eryy in
    er n onone e co
    counu tr
    un t ryy to
    serv
    se rvvittud
    ude e in an anotothe
    ot he
    er,, th thee Je ews we were re e th the
    e le astt pr
    eas prododuc
    od tiive an
    ucti
    uc and d th the e
    poor
    po estt in
    ores
    or es n ci
    civi
    vilililisa
    vi satitition
    sa on..
    on
    The
    Th e Je
    Jews
    ws,, th
    ws e Gr
    the Gree
    eeks
    eeks an
    and
    d the Ro
    the Roma ns in
    mans
    ma nsi
    sist
    sted
    st ed,, we
    ed re th
    were the
    e deesc
    scen
    end
    en d
    a ts of th
    an the
    e dr egss of th
    dreg
    eg the
    e Eg
    Egyp
    ypti
    yp tian
    ti an po
    popu
    pula
    pula ce,, a de
    lace
    ace desp
    spic
    sp icab
    ic able ra
    able rabb
    bble
    bb le
    e,
    sufl'
    su fl'er
    fl'erin
    er ng fr
    in f om le epr
    prososyy an
    os and d “ a pe pest
    stilililen
    st entititial
    en a didise
    seas
    se ase
    as e whwhic ich
    ich di d sfi
    sfigu
    gure
    gu re
    red
    ed
    the
    the bo body dy,”
    dy ,” un
    unclc ea
    clean n an
    and d didise
    seas
    se ased
    as ed mo
    mora y as we
    ralllllly
    ra wellll as phphys ysic
    ys iccal ly.. Jeru
    ally
    ly
    sale
    sa le
    em,
    m, th ey po
    they poininte
    inted
    te d ou
    o ut,
    t, wa was s a refu
    re
    efu ge fo
    fuge forr “ th thee sc
    scum um anand d refu
    reefu
    fuse
    se””
    se
    of ala l th thee adadjojo
    oin
    inining
    in g na
    natitit on
    ons.s Th
    s. Thee JeJews ws,, th
    ws theyey sasaid
    id
    d, of offe
    fere
    fe red
    re d huhumaman
    ma n
    sacr
    sa crifi
    cr ifice
    ificess (l
    ce ( ik
    ikee th
    thee wo wors
    rshi
    rs hipp
    hi pper
    pp e s of Is
    er sra
    rael e an and d SaSatu
    turn
    tu rn,, wh
    rn whosose
    os e “day”
    the
    the Je ews ke keptp ho
    pt holylyy) an
    ly) andd wewere re “ a pepeop
    ople
    op le
    e of un unbrbrid
    br id ed lu
    dle ust
    st,” ,”” “ tatain
    in
    nte
    ted
    d
    w th
    wi h ex exececra
    ecrabl
    ra b e kn
    bl knav aver
    av ery.
    er y.””
    y.
    Mean
    Me anwh
    an whilile
    wh le th
    thee Je ews d diissssim
    imul
    im u at
    ulated
    ed,, an
    ed and d se secrcret
    cr ly de
    etly
    et deteterm
    te rmin
    rm ined
    in ed to ma makeke
    anot
    an othe
    ot herr at
    he atte mptt to ex
    temp
    te mp exte
    term
    te rm mininat
    ate
    ate th e r non-J
    thei
    ei Jewish fe fellllllow
    ow-c
    ow -citittiz
    -c izen
    ens.
    en s.
    s.
    When
    Wh en ththe
    e exexig
    ig
    gen
    enci c es of th
    ci e Pa
    the Part
    rthi
    rt h an w a r ha
    hi had d de
    depl
    p et
    pl ed th
    eted e Ea
    the Eastster
    st ern
    er n
    prov
    pr ovin
    ov in
    nce
    ces s of Ro Romaman
    ma n tr troo
    oops
    oo ps n A . D . 11
    ps,, in 16,
    6 a su sudd en pr
    dden
    dd pre-e-co
    e-co
    e- conc
    ncer
    ncerte
    er ted
    te d
    upri
    up s ng of th
    r si
    ri e Je
    the Jews ws to ok pl
    took p ac e ch
    ace,
    e, chararac
    aracte
    ac teri
    te riise
    sed d by re
    revo
    volt
    vo i g at
    ltin
    lt in atro
    ro
    oci
    c tit es
    es..
    Huma
    Hu mani
    ma n ty is
    ni s sh
    shoc
    ocke
    oc ked
    ke d at th e ho
    the horr
    r id
    rr d cr
    crue
    ueeltie
    ltties
    ie
    es whwhic
    ich
    ic h th
    the e Je ews co com m
    mitt
    mi ed in
    tted
    tt n ththe e ci es of Eg
    cititities Egyp
    yptt an
    yp andd CyCypr
    p us an
    pr andd in
    n CyCyre re ne,, wh
    rene
    ne wher ee
    er
    ey dw
    they
    th weleltt in tr trea
    each
    ea cher
    ch erou
    erouss fr
    ou frie
    ie
    iend
    end
    ndsh ip wi
    ship
    sh with
    th ththe
    e un unsususp
    su spec
    spectititing
    ec ng
    in
    nha
    habi bita
    bi tant
    tants.
    nt s.

    13

    237
    In
    n Cy Cyre ne,, the
    rene
    re ne th
    he Je Jewsws ma mass ssac
    ss acre
    ac d 22
    red
    re 220, 0,00
    0, 000
    00 0 Gr Greeeekk an
    ee and d Ro Roma man
    ma n ci c tit
    zens
    ze ns;; in
    ns n Cy Cypr us 24
    prus
    pr 240,0 00
    0, 000; 0; an and d in n Eg Egyp yptt a ve
    yp veryry gr grea eatt mu
    ea mult lttittud
    ltit ude. e.
    Wher
    Wh e ev
    er ever er th he Je ews ou out- t-nu
    t- nu umb
    mber e ed th
    er thee re st of th
    rest the e po popupula
    pu la
    lati
    ati tion
    on an and d
    thei
    th eirr up
    ei upri r si
    ri s ng wa wass su succ cces
    cc essf
    es sful
    sf ul,, th
    ul the e Je
    Jews ws be beha have
    ha ved
    ve d in th thee m o s t re revovolt
    vo lttin
    ing g
    mann
    ma nner
    nn e ; ma
    er many ny of th theie r Ge
    ei Gent ntililile
    nt e ne neig ighb
    ig hbou
    hb ours
    ou rs th theyey sa sawe
    wed
    we d as asun unde
    un der,
    de r, in n
    emul
    em ulat
    ul atio
    at ion
    io n of th thei eirr my
    ei myth thic
    th a l Ki
    icc al King ng Da Davi vid,
    vi d an
    d, and d ththey ey liick ckeded up an and d
    smea
    sm eare
    ea red
    re d th them
    emse
    em selv
    se lvves wi w th th thee b blloo ood, d an
    d, and d dedevo vour
    vo ured
    ur ed th the e fle
    flesh
    sh of o th thei er
    ei
    vict
    vi ctim
    ct ims,
    im s, an and d twtwis iste
    is d th
    ted
    te the e en entr trai
    tr ails
    ai lss of
    o the he no
    th non-n-Je
    n- Jews
    Je ws ab abououtt th
    ou theie r bo
    ei bodi d es
    di es..
    Afte
    Af terr th
    te thisiss exexhi h bi
    hi t on of th
    biti
    ti theieirr “ sp
    ei spir irr it ualilii ty " th
    itua
    ua the e Je ews we were re fo forr
    bidd
    bi dden
    dd en to se oot on th
    sett foot
    fo the e issla land nd of Cy Cypr us,, an
    prus
    pr us and d Cy Cyre ne ha
    rene
    re had d to be
    re-c
    re -ccol
    olononis
    on ised
    is ed..
    ed
    This
    Th iss ou outb tbre
    tb reak
    re ak wa was s su suppppre
    pp ress
    re ssed
    ss e by Ro
    ed Roma man
    ma n re rein info
    in forc
    fo rcem
    rc emen
    em ents
    en ts un unde derr
    de
    Turb
    Tu rbo,
    rb o, de desp spat
    sp atch
    at ched
    ch ed byy Tr Traj ajan
    aj an,, an
    an and d th the e Je ews le ear
    arne
    ned
    ne d on once ce ag agai an
    ai
    th
    that
    hatat,, ho howe weve
    we verr su
    ve succ cces
    cc essf
    es sful
    sf ul th
    ul theie r se
    ei secr cret
    cr e ma
    et mach chin
    ch inat
    in atio
    ations
    io nss mi m gh ghtt be be,, th the e
    fren
    frenzi
    en z ed on
    zi onru sh of Or
    rush
    ru O ient ie
    entntala fa
    al fana natititici
    na cism
    ci sm wa wass un unav
    avai
    av aililil ng ag
    ai agai nstt th
    a ns
    ai he
    cool
    co o br
    ol bravaver
    av eryy of di
    er disc
    scip
    sc ipliline
    ip liine
    ned d RoRoma man
    ma n tr troo
    oops
    oo ps..
    ps
    Traj
    Tr ajan
    aj an di dieded in n A . D . 11 117 7 an and d wa wass su succccee
    cc eede
    ee ded
    de d by hi h s re ela ati ve Ha
    tive Hadr d ia
    dr an,
    n
    and
    an d on once ce mo more re th thee Jewish ag agitititat ator
    at ors
    or s bebeca came
    ca me ac actitit ve
    ve.. Re Rebe belllll iO
    be On wa wass
    enco
    en cour
    co urag
    ur aged
    ag ed by th the e ststat
    atem
    at emen
    em entt th
    en hat
    a itt wa was s ununla lawf
    la wful
    wf ul to pa payy ta taxexess to
    xe t
    a Ge Gent ntililile
    nt e mamast er,, fla
    ster
    st er flatttter
    tt erin
    er i g pr
    in prom omis
    om isses we
    ises were re ma made de th that
    at a co conq nque
    nq ueri
    ue r ng
    ri
    Mess
    Me ssia
    ss iah
    ia h wo woul u d so
    ul soon
    on ap appe pear
    pe a and
    ar an nd in nvevestst th
    st the e fa avo
    vour uritittes of Je
    ur Jeho ho
    hova
    ovavah h
    with
    wi th th the e Em Empi p re of th
    pi the e Ea Eart rtt h an and d do domi m na
    mi ati
    tion
    on ov overer al a l th the e non
    Jewi
    Je wsh
    wi sh pe peopople
    op le
    ess..
    This
    Th iss pr propopag
    op agan
    ag anda
    an da pr prod oduc
    od uced
    uc ed an ex extr t ao
    tr aord rdin
    rd innar ary y fe
    ferm rm
    rmen
    men entt am amon ong
    on g th the e
    cred
    cr edul
    ed ulou
    ul ouss Je
    ou Jews ws,, wh
    ws who,o, it iss sa said id,, ha
    id had d th eirr fa
    thei
    ei fananatititici
    na cism
    cism st stilill l fu
    furt rthe
    rt herr
    he
    stir
    st irrre
    red d up by a ra rabb bbii ca
    bb ed Ak
    calllllled Akib ba. Th
    ib Thus us,, ac
    us acco cord
    co rdin
    rd ng to th
    in the e JeJews ws’’ o w n
    ws
    stor
    st orie
    or ies,
    ie s af
    s, afteterr th
    te the e Je Jews
    ws ha had d be been en th thro own in
    rown
    ro n to an anot othe
    ot herr pa
    he paro roxy
    ro xysm
    xy sm by
    fana
    fa nati
    na call frren
    tica
    ti ca enzy zy by th the e fa fact ct th that at HaHadr dria
    dr iaan ha had d isssu sued
    ed ed edicicts
    ic ts ag agai ains
    ai nstt
    ns
    muti
    mu tila
    ti lati
    la tion
    ti on an and d ci circ
    rcum
    rc umci
    um cisi
    ci s on
    si on,, an and, d ab
    d, abou outt A . D . 13
    ou 30,
    0 ha had d or
    ordedere
    de re ed Jeru
    sale
    sa lem
    le m to be re rebubuilillt in
    bu n Ro Roma man
    ma n st styl e, it wa
    yle,
    yl e, was s by an annonoun
    no unci
    un cing
    cing hi himsmsel
    ms elff
    el
    as th t ei eirr lo o ng ex expe pect
    pe ed Me
    cted
    ct Mess ssia
    ss iah
    ia h th at a m a n ca
    that calllll ed
    ed,, ap appapare
    pa rent
    re ntly
    nt ly,, Si
    ly Simo m n,
    mo n
    attr
    at t ac
    tracte ted
    ted fo
    folllllow
    ower e s.
    er
    Hiss na
    Hi me do
    name does
    es n o t ap appe
    pear
    pe a in
    ar n RoRomaman
    ma n rereco
    cord
    co rds,
    rds an
    s, and d itt is s n o t knknow own
    ow n
    whet
    wh herr he wa
    ethe
    et he wass a fa fana
    nati
    na ticc or an
    ti a im impo post
    po or,, bu
    stor
    st or butt he wa was s im
    immemedi
    me diat
    di atel
    at ey
    el
    accl
    ac c ai
    claimemed
    me d as th the e loo ng exexpepect
    pe ed Me
    cted
    ct Mess ssia
    ss ia
    ani
    nicc K i n g by th t e ra rabbbbii Ak
    bb Akib iba,
    ib
    ba,
    a
    who
    wh o bebeca me hi
    came
    ca hiss ar
    a mo
    mour ur-b
    ur -b
    -bea
    bea
    earerer.
    re r
    r.
    Thh e Ro Roma
    man
    ma n fo
    forc
    rcces in n PaPalele
    lest
    est
    stinine
    in e we
    were re,, as usua
    re ussua
    ual,l, sm
    smal all,l,, an
    al and d a “ ho holylyy
    w a r ” ag agai
    a ns
    ainstt th the e RoRomamans
    ma ns be bein ing
    in g pr
    prococla
    oc la
    aimmeded,, ne
    near arly
    ar lyy al a l th e Je
    the Jewiwish
    wi sh
    town
    to wns
    wn s wh whic
    ich
    ic h ha had d no Ro Romaman
    ma n ga garr
    rris
    rr on jo
    ison
    is join ed th
    ined
    in the e “M “Mul ulla
    ul la
    a h,
    h,”” wh whoo
    wass th
    wa thusus enenab able
    ab led
    le d to pe pers
    rsec
    rs ecut
    ec ute
    ut e crcrue y th
    uelllllly
    ue the
    e Ch Chri rist
    ri stia
    st ans wh
    ia
    ians who o rerefu fuse
    fused
    se d
    to fofolllllow hihim, m, to ki k llll m a n y Je Jews
    ws su susp spec
    sp ecte
    ec ted
    ted of of de desi siri
    si ring
    ri ng to liveliive at
    peac
    pe ace
    ac e wi th Ro
    with Rome me,, an
    me and d to ra rais
    isse a fo form
    rmid
    rm idab
    id able
    ab le reevo volt lt..
    lt

    14

    238
    To hi h s adadhe
    here
    he reentntss ththis iss re bell Me
    rebe
    be Mess ssia
    ss ia
    ah seseem
    ems
    em s to ha haveve bebeenen kn knowown
    ow n as
    Baar Co Coch cheb
    ch eba,
    eb a “ t h e so
    a, son n of o th thee st starar,”” bu
    ar butt by th he ra rabb
    bbis
    bb is he wa was s ca
    calllllled
    ed
    Barr Co
    Ba Cozi ziba
    ziba,, “ t h e so
    ba son n of de dece
    ceititit.”
    ce .””
    Seve
    Se veru
    ve rus,
    rus, re
    s, reca callllled fr
    ca fromom Br Brit
    itai
    it ain
    ai n by Ha Hadrd ia
    dr an,
    n, qu quel ed th
    e le
    el iss re
    this ebebellllllio
    io
    on,
    n
    and
    an d ththe e Je
    Jews
    ws we were e fo
    re forb rbid
    rb idde
    id den
    de n to se sett fo ot in Je
    foot Jerurusa
    ru sale
    sa le
    em, wh whic ich
    ic h be
    becacame
    ca me
    a Ro
    Roma man
    ma n totown
    wn..
    wn
    Unde
    Un derr su
    de succ
    ccee
    cc eedi
    ee ding
    ding em empe pero
    pe rors
    ro rss, th thee Je Jews
    ws,, ta
    ws taki
    k ng ad
    ki adva
    vant
    va ntag
    nt age
    ag e ofo th he
    faci
    fa t es af
    c liiti
    ci affo
    ford
    fo rded
    rd ed by th the e ca vess an
    cave
    ve and d cacave
    vern
    ve rns
    rn s of Pa Pale
    lest
    le stin
    st ine
    in e foforr leead
    adin ing
    in g
    a laawlwlesess
    es fe,, so
    s lii fe some metititime
    me mess ca
    me caus sed di
    used
    us d st
    stur
    urba
    urbanc
    ba nces
    nc es,, bu
    es butt th thes
    ese,
    es e, al alth
    thou
    th ough
    ou gh
    prof
    pr ofes
    ofesse
    es dlyy pa
    sedl
    se dl patr t io
    tr iotitic,
    ti c, we
    c, were ree ma
    main n ly ou
    in outbtbre
    tb reak
    reakss of br
    ak brig igan
    ig
    gan
    anda
    dage
    da ge,, an
    ge and d ne
    neve verr
    ve
    assu
    as sume
    su med
    me d a se seririrou
    ouss as
    ou aspepect
    pe ct..
    ct
    Some
    So me pe peopople
    op le e im magagin ine
    in e th thatat ababou outt A . D . 13
    ou 35 th
    the e Je ews we werere sc scat
    atte
    at tere
    te re
    ed
    abro
    ab road
    ro ad by so me my
    some myst ster
    st erio
    er ious
    io us agagen ency
    en cy,, wh
    cy whicich,
    ic h, si
    sinc
    nce
    nc e th then
    en,, ha
    en hass prprev
    even
    ev ente
    en ted
    te d
    thei
    th eirr re
    ei retu
    turn
    tu rnn to Pa Pale lest
    lestin
    st ine
    in e.. Th Thisis ab absusurd
    su r su
    rd supepers
    pe rstititititit on iss en
    rs enco
    cour
    co urag
    ur ed by
    aged
    ag
    the
    the Ma Masq sque
    sq ue anand d by th the e mi m sl
    sleaeadi
    ea d ng ph
    di phra se “ th
    rase
    ra the e did sp
    sperersi
    er sion
    si on of th thee
    Je
    ews
    ws.””
    Many
    Ma ny Je Jewsws we were re ca carrrrie
    rr ie
    ed of offf by th thei
    e r co
    ei conqnque
    nq uero
    ue rors
    ro s, of co
    rs
    rs, cour urse
    ur se,, to
    se
    such
    su ch pl plac
    aces
    ac es as Ba Babybylo
    by lo
    oni a Gree
    nia,
    a, Gree
    Gr eece ce,, Al
    ce Alexexan
    ex andr
    an dria
    dr ia anand d RoRome me, bu
    me butt a f ar ar
    la
    arg er nu
    rger numbmber
    mb er of o Je ews le e ftt Pa
    Pale le
    eststin
    in
    ne of th thei
    eirr o w n ac
    ei accocord
    co rd an and d fo forr
    thei
    th e r ow
    ei own n ga gain in
    n.
    This
    Th iss wa wass so so,, es espepeci
    pe c al
    ci ally
    lyy, du duri ring
    ri ng g th
    the e la ateterr ststag
    ages
    ag es of Pe Pers rsia
    rs ia
    ian
    an ru rule le
    le,
    e,
    and
    an d la ateter,r, wh
    when en th
    en thee GrGree
    eeks
    ee ks of offefere
    fe red
    re d spspececia
    ec al in
    ia
    ial ndu
    duce ceme
    ce ment
    me ntss to oc
    nt occu cupi
    cu pier
    pi errs
    e
    of ne new w cocololo
    oni
    nies es;; an
    es and d am amon ong
    on g ththe e ve very ry la argege nu
    rg numb mber
    mb e s of Je
    er Jews ws wh who o
    emig
    em igra
    ig raate
    tedd fo forr th theieiir ow
    e own n be bene nefit
    ne fit mu must s be in
    st incl
    clud
    cl uded
    ud ed al alll th thos
    ose
    os e JeJews ws
    who
    wh o le e ft Pa
    left Pale lest
    le stin
    st in
    ne be becacaus
    ca use
    us e of th the e seseem emin
    em ingl
    in g y en
    gl endl d es
    dless s didisosord
    so rdder an
    rder and d
    anar
    an chyy ma
    arch
    ar ch main in ntatainin
    ned th e e by th
    ther
    er the e fe feww wh who o pr
    prefefer
    ef erre
    er red
    re d to re remamain
    ma in
    n.
    Sinc
    Si nce
    nc e th thee fir st c e n t u r y A . D . th
    first the e “Jews of th the e Di Dias
    aspo
    as pora
    po raa,”” th a is
    that
    at s
    the
    th e Je ews wh who o pr pref er to liive ou
    efer
    ef outs tsid
    ts idde Pa Pale le
    lest
    est
    stinin
    ne,
    e hahaveve al alwa
    ways
    wa ys be been en mu much ch
    ch
    more
    mo re nu numemero
    me ous th
    ro
    rous than
    an th thos
    ose
    os e wh w o ha ave ha ad to lilive ve in n Pa Pale le
    eststinin
    ne;
    e bu butt
    the
    th e Je Jewsws ou outs tsid
    ts ide
    id e cocoululd
    ul d hahave ve “r “retetur
    et urr ne
    ned” d” to Pa Pale le
    est
    stin
    in
    ne iff th they ey ha had d
    desi
    de sire
    si re
    ed to do so so..
    The
    Th e pr p ohohib ib
    ibit
    b it o n by Ha
    itio
    io Hadr dria
    dr ian
    ia n ag agai nstt th
    ains
    ai ns theie r pr
    ei presesen
    es ence
    en ce ini Je Jeru rusa
    ru sale
    sa le em
    soon
    so on laps
    la
    aps
    psed ed,, an
    ed and d alalth
    thou
    th ough
    ou gh itt wa was s re
    reviv ve
    vi ved d by bo both tthh Co
    Cons nsta
    ns tant
    ta ntin
    nt ne an
    in and d
    Omar
    Om ar,, it ne
    ar neve verr ap
    ve applplie
    pl ed to th
    ie thee ot otheherr part
    he pa rtss of Pa
    a rt Pale le
    est
    stin
    in
    ine.
    nee..
    The
    Th e tr trut
    uth
    ut h is s th hat Pa Palele
    eststin
    ine
    in e fefelllll a vi victctim
    ct im to o Je ewi
    wishsh luust fo forr wo worl rld
    rl
    powe
    po wer,
    we r, to
    r, o rerelililigi
    giou
    gi o sl
    ou s y fofost e ed ha
    ster
    st er hatr tred
    tr ed,, an
    ed and d to to seselfi
    lfish
    lfish gr greeeed;
    ee d af
    d; afteteer ruin
    ruu in n
    ing
    in g heher, r, th
    thee Je Jews ws ab aban ando
    an done
    do ned
    ne d PaPale lest
    le s in
    st ne.e
    The
    Th e Ma Masq sque
    sq ue,, ho
    ue howeweve
    we ver,
    ve r th
    r, the e Je Jews ws di d d n o t ab aban ando
    an don;
    do n; itts ac actitit vi
    vititities
    es
    m a y be tr trac
    aced
    ac ed in n m a n y co coun untr
    un iess at m a n y pe
    trie
    trie peririod
    riods
    od s of hi hist
    stor
    st ory;
    or y;; pa
    y part rtic
    rt icc u 
    la
    a rl
    rlyy nonote tewo
    te wort
    wo rthy
    rt hy ar aree itts ph phas ases
    as es of fe feve
    veri
    ve rish
    rish ac actit vi
    ti vity
    ty to towa
    ward
    wa ds the
    rd thhe en e d
    of th thee ei e gh
    ghteteen
    te enth
    en th ana d ni n nenete teen
    te enth
    en th cecent ntur
    nturie
    ur ie
    es,
    s an a d in n th the e fir first
    fi st fe few w
    deca
    de cade
    ca dess of th
    de the e nin nenete
    teen
    te enth
    en th an and d twtwen enti
    en tiet
    ti eth
    et h ce centntur
    nt urie
    ur iess A . D .
    ie

    15

    239
    Itt is n o t kn
    know
    own
    ow n wh
    what at la
    ang
    ngua
    uage
    ua ge wawass sp
    spok
    oken
    ok en by th the
    e Jews
    Je n an
    ews in ancicien
    cientt
    en
    titime
    mes.
    me s. Th
    Thee JeJews
    ws lii ke to pr pret
    eten
    et end
    en d ththat
    at ththe
    e ororig
    ig
    gin a sp
    inal
    al spee
    eech
    eech of
    of m a n 
    kind
    ki ndd wawass He
    Hebrb ew
    br ew,, an
    and d th at th
    that ey or
    they orig
    igin
    ig inat
    in ed i t ; bu
    ated
    at butt He
    Hebr
    brew
    brew iss no
    nott
    even
    ev en as ol
    oldd as
    asAr
    Arab
    Arabic
    ab ic,, an
    ic nd itt is n o t Je
    ewi
    wish
    sh;; ev
    sh en th
    even he wo rd “ He
    word Hebr ew ”
    brew
    br
    is no t Je
    ewi
    wish
    sh..
    sh
    He b ew is a pa
    ebr pato is of th
    tois
    to the e de
    despspis
    sp ed Ca
    ised
    is Cana naan
    na anititites
    an es;; it iss a mi
    es mixtxtur
    xt ure
    ur e of
    frag
    fr agme
    ag ment
    me ntss bo
    nt borrrrow
    rrowed
    ow ed fr om al
    from alll th
    thee la anggua
    uagegess sp
    ge spok en by th
    oken
    ok thee pepeop
    ople
    op le
    with
    wi th wh whomom th thee Ca Cananaan
    na anititites
    an es cacameme in n cocont
    ntac
    nt t ex
    act,
    ac t, expr pres
    presse
    es sed
    se d in an al alph
    pha
    pha
    bett bo
    be borr
    rrrow
    rrow
    owed ed fr f rom
    om th the e Ph Phoeoeni
    oe nici
    ni cian
    cians,
    an s, ab outt 80
    abou
    ou 800 0 3 . 0 . Th This
    is al alph
    phab
    ph abet
    ab et
    and
    an d th the
    e He Hebr brew
    br ew vo vocacabu
    ca bula
    bu la
    ary ar aree im impe
    perf
    pe rfec
    rf ect.
    ec t An
    t. Anci c en
    ci entt HeHebr ew ha
    brew
    br hadd
    neit
    ne herr vo
    ithe
    it he vowe wels
    we ls no norr pu puncnctu
    nc t at
    tu atioon ma
    io mark s n o r a n y di
    rks,
    rk s, divi
    visi
    vision
    si on be betwtwee
    tw een
    ee n
    word
    wo rdss or be
    rd betwtwee
    tw een
    ee n se
    sent nten
    ntence
    en s; wh
    ces;
    ce whililile
    e so me of
    some o it i s coconsnson
    ns onan
    on ants
    an ts araree so
    liike ot othe
    hers
    he rs th thatat mi mist
    stak
    st es in
    akes
    ak n re read
    adin
    ad ing
    in g oc
    occucurr re
    cu repe peat
    pe ated
    at ly.. In
    edly
    ed ly ndedeeded, itt
    ed
    is auauththor
    th orit
    or ittat
    ativ
    ivel
    iv e y st
    el stat
    ated
    at ed th that
    at so me 80
    some 800,0,00
    0,000
    00 0 va variririou
    ou
    us reread
    adin
    ad gs of th
    ings
    in thee
    cons
    co nson
    ns onan
    on ants
    an ts in n su surv
    rviv
    rv ivin
    iv ing
    in g ma manunusc
    nu scri
    sc ript
    ripts
    pt s (w
    (whihich
    hi ch ar are e n o t veveryry ol d)) ha
    old) have
    ve
    been
    be en co coununte
    un ted.
    ted. Co Copip es v a r y so mu
    pi much ch ththatat itt is im mpo
    possssib
    ss ible
    ib le to sa sayy
    whic
    wh icch is th the e c o r r e c t veversrsio
    rs ion.
    ion..
    n
    Apar
    Ap artt fr
    ar from
    om th this
    is didiffi
    fficu
    ffi ltty wi
    cult
    cu w tht h ththe
    e cocons
    nson
    ns onan
    on an ts,, th
    ants
    ts thee vavalu e of an
    lue
    lu anyy
    essa
    essayy
    sa on scscie
    ient
    ie ntifi
    nt ifi
    fic,
    c le
    c, ega
    gal, l, hi
    h st
    stor
    oric
    or iccal
    icala , or re reliliigi ouss su
    giou
    ou subj
    bjec
    bjects
    ec ts wr
    writ
    ittte
    tenn in
    n
    anci
    ancien
    ci entt He
    en Hebrbrew
    brew m a y be de demo mons
    mo nstr
    ns trat
    trated
    at ed by se sett ttin
    tt ing
    in g o u t in liike ma mann nner
    nn e
    er
    (wit
    (w itho
    it ut vo
    hout
    ho vowe
    wels
    we ls,, an
    ls andd wi
    w th outt pu
    thou
    ou punc
    nctu
    nc tuat
    tu atio
    at on ma
    io mark rks,
    rk s, or
    s, or didivi
    visi
    vi onss be
    sion
    sion betw twee
    tw een
    ee n
    word
    wo rdss or
    rd o sesent
    nten
    nt
    ten
    enceces)
    ce s) a fe
    few w pa para
    ra
    agr
    grap hs fr
    aphs
    ap from
    om an anyy momodedern
    de rn bo
    book
    ok..
    ok
    He ebr
    brew
    ew ha hass be en t ‘a
    been a dedead
    ad laang
    ngua
    uage
    ua ge ” si sinc
    nce
    nc e th
    thee fo
    foururth
    ur th cecent
    n ur
    nt uryy
    n.c.
    n. c., so th that
    at,, on ac
    at acco untt of th
    coun
    co un the
    e im mpe
    perfrffec
    ecti onss of itts wr
    tion
    ti on writ itte
    it ten
    te n foorm
    rm,,
    no on one e no
    now w knknowowss ho
    ow how w it sh
    shou
    ould
    ou ld
    d be pr pron
    onou
    on ounc
    ou nced
    nc ed.. Si
    ed Sinc
    nce,
    nc e, hohoweweve
    we ver,
    ve r,
    hass be
    itt ha beenen reresususc
    su scitititat
    sc ed an
    ated
    at andd be
    beco
    come
    co me p a r t of th the
    e Ma
    Masqsque
    sq ue
    ue,e, ththee Jeews
    are
    ar e ti
    t nk
    nkerer i g at i t , an
    erin
    in and d no dodoub n titime
    ubtt in
    ub me,, wh
    me when en vo
    vowe
    wels
    we ls ana d a su s flii
    cien
    ci cy of
    ency
    en o ar arti
    t fic
    ti ficia
    ia
    al wo word s ha
    rds
    rd have
    ve be en ad
    been addeded,
    de d itt m a y be
    d, becocome
    co me al a mo
    mostst
    as ususef u as th
    eful
    eful the e pi
    pidg
    dgin
    dg in Ge
    Germ
    rman
    rm an,, kn
    an know
    own
    ow n as YiYiddddis
    dd ish,
    ish wh
    h, whicicch is s sp
    spok
    oken
    ok en
    by mo mosts t Je
    st Jews
    ws to toda
    day.
    da y
    y.
    Nowa
    No wada
    wa ys,, Yi
    days
    da ys Yidd
    dddissh is
    ddis s co
    comm
    mmon
    mm lyy wr
    only
    on writ itte
    it ten
    te n in HeHebr
    brew
    br ew ch char
    arac
    aracte
    ac ters
    ters..
    rs
    This
    Th iss seserves se
    rves
    rv sevevera
    ve rall pu
    ra purp
    rpos
    rp es;; th
    oses
    os es thos
    osse wh w o kn know
    ow HeHebr b ew bu
    br b utt n o t
    Yidd
    Yi ddis
    dd iss h c a n n o t re ad i t ; an
    read and d ththOse wh
    Ose
    Os who o kn know
    ow YiY dd issh bu
    d ish butt n o t th
    the
    e
    Hebr
    He brew
    br ew ch char
    a ac
    ar acteters
    ters cacann ot re
    nnot
    nn ad i t ; itit lo
    read ook s liike He
    oks Hebr brew
    br ew,, an
    ew and d so
    pea
    please
    ea sess th
    se the
    e le ss ed
    less e uccat ed Je
    ated Jews
    ws an andd fla
    flatt e s th
    tter
    tt er thei
    e r va
    ei vani
    n ty
    ni ty..
    Forr ce
    Fo centntur
    ntu ie
    ur es th e Je
    the Jews
    ws of Pa Palele
    est
    stin
    ine
    ine spspok e Ar
    oke
    ok Aramamai
    am aic,
    aic, an
    c, andd bo th th
    both the
    e
    Jeru
    Je rusa
    ru sale
    sa lem
    lem an andd th
    thee Ba
    Baby bylo
    by lo
    oni
    nian
    an TaTalmlm
    m ud
    udss ar aree wr
    writitte
    it ten
    te n inn a mimixtxtur
    xt ure
    ur e of
    Aram
    Ar amai
    am a c an
    ai andd HeHebrbrew
    br ew.. Ma
    ew Manyny Je ews
    ws,, ap appapare
    pa rent
    re ntly
    nt ly,, we
    ly re un
    were unab le to
    able
    ab
    unde
    un ders
    de rsta
    rs tand
    ta nd ev en th
    even iss mi
    this mixt
    xtur
    xt ure,
    ur e, an
    and d so trran ansl
    slat
    slatio
    at ions
    io ns an andd ex
    explplan
    planat
    an atio
    ations
    io ns,,
    ns
    ed Ta
    calllllled
    ca Targrgum
    rg ums,
    um s, we
    werere ma
    madede foforr th
    thee mo o re iggnonorarant
    ra nt Je
    Jews
    ws,, wh
    ws who o seseem
    em
    a wa
    al ways ys too ha
    haveve fo
    foun
    und
    un d la
    ang
    ngua ge di
    uage
    ua d ffi
    fficu
    cult
    cu ltt .

    16

    240
    Notw
    No twit
    tw itths
    hsta tand
    ta ndin
    nd ng th
    in this is di d ffi
    fficu
    cult
    cu lty
    lt y of la angnguauage
    ua ge,, itt iss pr
    ge preteten
    et ende
    en ded
    de d th that at
    the
    th e Je ews ar are e th the e or orig igin
    ig innatator
    orss an
    or and d po poss sses
    ss esso
    es sors
    so rs of an a un uniqique
    iq ue liitetera ratu
    ra t re
    tu
    of in ines
    estititima
    es mabl
    ma ble
    ble an anti t qu
    ti quit y; a lite
    ity;
    it liite
    tera ra
    atu ture e wh
    re whic ich
    ic h is a va vast st st s oreh
    oreh
    or ehou ouse
    ou se
    of kn know owle
    ow le
    edg
    dge, e sc
    e, scie ie
    encnce,e, la
    e, aw, p o e t r y, y, hi hist stor
    st ory,
    or y an
    y, and d re relilil gi
    gion
    on,, an
    on and d wh whic icch
    is wi withthou
    th outt an eq
    ou equa uall am
    ua amon ong
    on g ththe e lite
    liite
    tera ratu
    ra ture
    tu ress of th
    re the e wo worl r d.
    rl d
    Upon
    Up on ex exam amin
    am in
    natatioion,
    io n, ho howe weve
    we ver,
    ve r,, th
    thes ese
    es e cl c aiaims
    ms ar are e fofoun und
    un d to be ex exag ag
    ag
    gera
    ge rate
    ra ted.
    te d. Th The e Je Jewi wish
    wi sh wr writitin
    it ings
    in gs ar are e no t un uniq ique
    iq ue,, ex
    ue exce cept
    ce pt in th t iss th that at
    they
    th ey do n o t pr pres
    esen
    es entt a si
    en singngle
    ng lee or
    o rig
    igin
    ig in
    n ala fe feat atur
    at ure.
    ur e Th
    e. The e lang
    la
    angngua uage
    ua ge emempl p oy
    pl oyed ed,,
    ed
    the
    th e ststyl yle,
    yl e, th thou ough
    ou ght,
    gh t mo
    t, mode de of pr pres esen
    es enta
    en tatitit on
    ta on,, th the e memetr trr e, ththe e mamann n er
    nn e in n
    whic
    wh ich
    ic h wh what at is s wr w itt teten n iss se sett o u t (f (for
    or ex exam ampl
    am e, th
    ple,
    pl the e sy syst em of pl
    stem
    st p acacin inng
    the
    th e tit tl
    tlee an and d th
    the e fir st wo
    first word rds)
    rd s),, ma
    s) many ny of th the e ph phra rase
    ra ses,
    se s si
    s, simi
    m le
    mi les,
    s, sesent nten
    nt ence
    en ces,
    ce s,
    and
    an d ev even en wh whol ole
    ol e po port r io
    rt ionsns of wo
    ns work rks,
    rk s, ma may y be sh show own
    ow n to ha haveve be been en
    “ ad adopopte
    op ted
    te d ” fr om th
    from the e wr writ itin
    it gs of th
    ings
    in the e Ba Baby bylo
    by lo
    oninian
    anss an
    an and d otothe
    he
    her
    er pe peop ople
    op le
    es.
    s.
    Forr inst
    Fo in
    nststanance
    an ce,, ju
    ce justst as th the e 23 23rd rd Ps Psal a m ma
    al may y be sh show own
    ow n to ha have ve or origigii 
    ig
    nate
    na ted
    te d in n Ba Baby bylo
    by lo
    oni
    nia, a so m a n y ve
    a, versrses
    rs es of th the e 10 104t 4th
    4t h Ps Psala m ar
    al are e al almomost
    mo st
    word
    wo rd fo forr wo word rdd thethhe sa same me as a s thos
    th
    hos ose e of on one e of th the e hy hymnmns
    mn s wrwrit itte
    it ten
    te n by
    Akhn
    Ak hnat
    hn aton
    at on,, wh
    on who o re reig ig
    gnened d ov overer Eg Egyp yptt fr
    yp from
    om 13 138585 to 13 375 5 . 0 .
    “ Ha
    Hall lll el
    eluj ujah
    uj ah”” iss pl
    ah p acaced ed at th the e bebegi ginn
    gi nnin
    nn in
    ng an and d en end d of ma many ny Ps Psal alms
    al ms,,
    ms
    in
    n ex exac actl
    ac t y th
    tl the e sa same me wa way y as th thee an anci entt Gr
    cien
    ci en Greeeeks
    ee ks us used e to pl
    ed p ac
    ace e “ El E ele eu
    I e ” at th the e be begi ginn
    gi nnin
    nn ing
    in g an and d enend d of th the e mu much ch ol olde
    derr hy
    de hymn
    mns
    mn s to Ap Apol ollo
    ol lo..
    lo
    Norr ar
    No a e th he Je Jewi wish
    wi sh wr w ittin gs ol
    ings old.d Th
    d. The e Je ews
    ws,, iff th ther
    ere
    er e we were re e any
    then
    th en,, di
    en did d n o t po poss sses
    ss esss th
    es he a r t of wr writ itin
    it ing
    in g be befo fore
    fo re,, at th
    re thee ea earl r ie
    rl iestst,,
    st
    900
    90 0 15.15 0.0. He Henc nce
    nc e no Jewish “ do docu cume
    cu ment
    me ntt ” ca
    n can n be mu much ch ol derr th
    olde
    de than an
    800
    80 0 5 . 0 . Th h at is s to sa say, y mo
    y, more ree th than an fo fourur th hou
    ousa sand
    sa nd d yeyear a s af
    ar afteterr th
    te the e
    deep
    de eply
    ep lyy re reli
    eliigigiou
    ouss Ps
    ou Psal ms of th
    alms
    al thee ea earl ierr Ak
    r ie
    rl Akka kadi
    ka dian
    di anss ha
    an had d be beenen wr writ itt te
    ten n
    . . . th the e Je Jews ws we were re le e ar
    arni ning
    ni ng to wr writ ite!
    it e!
    Inn th the e Br Brit itis
    it ish
    is h Mu Muse seum
    se um ar aree pr pres eser
    es erve
    er ved
    ve d in nsc
    scri ript
    ri ptio
    pt ions
    io ns re recocord
    co rdin
    rd ing
    in g th thee
    expe
    ex pedi
    pe d ti
    di tion
    ons
    on s of Sa Sarg rgon
    rg on I of o Ak Akka kad
    ka d an and d hi hiss so sonn Na Nara ram
    ra m Si Sin n to o Si Sina naii
    na
    a d to Pa
    an Pale lest
    le stin
    st ine,
    in e wh
    e, whic icch Sa Sarg rgon
    rg on I in ncocorp rppororatated
    at ed in n hi hiss Em Empi pire
    pi re. Th
    re Thes ese
    es e
    in nsc
    scriript
    ri ptio
    pt ioons we were re ma made de ab abou outt 28
    ou 2800 00 B. B c, c , th t e sa same me pe perir od as th
    ri that at in n
    whic
    wh ich
    ic h Na Nara raam Si S n la aid a pa paveveme
    ve ment
    me nt in n th the e so soututh-
    ut h-ea
    h- east
    ea ster
    st ern
    ern temp
    te
    emp
    m le e court
    att N ip
    a ippu pur.
    pu r
    r.
    At Ni N ipp ppur
    pp u ha
    ur have ve be been en fo founun nd moo ree th than an 30 30,0 ,000
    ,0 00 co contntra
    nt ra ctss an
    a ct and d
    acco
    ac coun
    co unts
    un ts,, so
    ts some me of wh whic icch liike kewi wise
    wi se da date te fr from th thee fo urrth mi
    four m llen
    lllen
    eniu iuum
    G .,, in
    B.. G.
    B n ad addi diti
    di tion to so
    tion
    ti some me 3, 3,00
    000
    00 0 lii te e ra
    rary ry te text s, m a n y of wh
    xts,
    xt s, whic icch da date te
    o m th
    frr om the e Su Sume meri
    me r an pe
    ri peri riod
    riod.. He
    od Here re no le ess th than
    a tw
    an twen enty
    en ty-o
    ty -oo ne di
    -one diff ffer
    ff eren
    er entt
    en
    stra
    st rata
    ra ta,, re
    ta repr pres
    pr res
    esenentititing
    en ng di diff ffer
    ff eren
    er entt pe
    en peri odss of oc
    riiod occu cupa
    cu on,, ha
    patitition
    pa on have
    ve be beene no
    en note ted,
    te d,,
    d
    and
    an d th thee pa pave veme
    ve ment
    me nt la a id by Na Nara ram
    ra m Si Sin n ha has s be been en un unco
    cove
    co vere
    ve red.
    re d. Th The e
    me wh
    titime whic ich
    ic h el e ap apsesed
    se d be betw twee
    tw een
    ee n th the e la layi y ng of
    yi o th thisiss pa paveveme
    ve ment
    me n t , ab
    nt,
    nt abou outt
    ou
    2 80
    2, 800 0 B.C B.C., .,, an
    and d ea earl rlyy Ar
    rl Arab ab tit memes, ss,, iss re epr
    pres esen
    es ente
    en te
    ed by th thir
    irty
    ir ty-s
    ty -six
    -s ixx fe feetet
    of su supe peri
    pe rimp
    rimpos
    mp osed
    os ed de debr bris
    br is,, bu
    is butt it liies th thirirty
    ir ty fe feet et ab abov
    ove
    ov e th thee vi virgrg g in
    n
    soili!
    so

    17

    241
    The
    Th e Je ews
    ws’’ ow own n sts or
    orie
    ie
    es, to too, o, pr prov
    ovid
    ov ide
    id e a si side ghtt on th
    deliliigh
    de the e “high
    anti
    an t qu
    ti quit itt y ” of th thei e r sc
    ei scri
    ript
    ri ptur
    ptures
    ur es.. Th
    es hus th the e Je ews as asse rt th
    sert
    se that at pr prec
    ecis
    ec isel
    is elyy
    el
    1000 ye year arss af
    ar terr th
    afte
    te the
    e “ t e n tr trib ib e " ha
    b es had d bebeen
    en ca carr rrie
    rr ie
    ied
    ed aw away ay,, th
    ay ther
    ere
    er e
    occu
    oc curr
    cu r ed th
    rr the e ouo ts tsta
    tand
    ta ndin
    nd in
    ng ev evenentt wh
    en whic icch ma
    ich madede gl g ororio
    ious
    io us th he re reig
    ign
    ig n of
    the
    th e pr p ieiest st-r
    st -rrid
    -rididde
    den
    de n Jo Josi
    siah
    si ah.. Inn 62
    ah 622 2 5 . 0 . hi his s pr
    prie
    ie
    est
    stss su sudddden
    dd enly
    en lyy “ fo founund
    un d”
    the
    th e “B “Boo ookk of th
    oo the e L a w ” ! Ap Appa pare
    pa rent
    re ntly
    nt lyy, in sp spititte of itts pr p et
    eten
    ende
    en ded
    de d
    age,
    ag e no di
    e, diffifficu
    ffi cult
    cu ltt y wawass ex expe
    peri
    peeri
    rien
    ence
    en ced
    ce d in n re ead
    adining
    in g itit,, foro r th
    fo the e ki ng,, th
    king
    ng thee
    high
    hi gh pr prie ie
    iest
    est
    st,, anand d th thee pepeopople
    op le
    e we
    were re alalll al ikke as
    alik asto
    toni
    to nish
    ni shed
    sh ed at it itss co
    contnten
    nt ents
    en ts..
    ts
    In
    n or ordederr to
    de o be qu quitite
    it e su
    s ure
    ree ththat at ththee bo book ok “ fo oun nd ” wa was s re real lyy th
    ally
    al thee
    word
    wo rd of th thei e r go
    ei god, d Je
    d, eho
    hovavah,
    va h, th ey as
    they aske ked
    ke d a wo woma man
    ma n cacalllll ed Hu Huld ldah
    ld ah,,
    ah
    “ t h e we weas asel
    as e ,”” an
    el and d sh
    shee sasaid d itt wa
    id s an
    was,
    s, and d th h at enendeded
    de d ththe e m a t t e r.
    Henc
    He nce
    nc e it is ev evid iden
    id entt th
    en at th
    that the e “ t e n tr tribes ” n e v e r he
    ibes
    ib hear a d of
    ar o th this
    iss
    “ B o o k of o th the e La a w,
    w,”” anand d that
    th
    h at le ess th thanan 40 ye arss be
    year
    ar befofore
    fo re th thos
    ose
    os e th that
    at
    were
    we re le e ft of th the e “ tw twoo tr t ibbeses”” we were e th
    re them
    emse
    em selv
    se es ca
    lves
    lv carrrrie
    rrie
    ed aw away ay to
    Baby
    Ba bylo
    by lon,
    lo n, th
    n, the e la a tttter
    er wewere e st
    re stilill l iggno
    nora rant
    ra nt of itt s ex exisisste
    tenc
    nce
    nc e an and d of itt s
    cont
    co nten
    nt ents
    en ts
    s.
    The
    Th e Je Jewsws po poss
    oss esss no or
    sses
    es origigin
    ig in
    n al a do docu cume
    cu ment
    me nts
    nt s of an anyy ki k nd wh what atso
    at soev
    so ever
    ev er..
    er
    The
    Th e se seek eker
    ek er af afte
    terr th
    te t es
    ese e is s pa pati tien
    ti e tl
    en tlyy re remi
    mind
    mi nded
    nd ed th at th
    that the e or origig
    g ininalas
    al
    in
    incl
    n cl
    c ududin iin
    n g th t e De Deca calo
    ca lo
    ogugue e an and d th
    the e TargTa
    a rgrgumumss of On
    um Onke kelo
    ke loss an
    lo and d Johnathon
    ‐ a l l of wh whic icch we were re tr tracaced
    ac ed by th thee fin gerr of the
    finge
    ge th he go godd of th thee Je ewsws,,
    w e r e al a lll de dest stro
    st roye
    ro yed
    ye d wh when en Jerusalem wa was s sa sack
    cked
    ck ed.. Itt is
    ed s ex explplai
    pl aine
    ai ned,
    ne d,
    d,
    howe
    ho weve
    we ver,
    ve r th
    r, thatat th is ma
    this make kess no di
    ke d ff ffer
    e en
    er ence ce wowort rth
    rt h me
    ment ntio
    nt io
    o ni ng,, si
    n ng sinc
    nce
    nc e th theyey
    were
    we re al a lll co comp mple
    mp le
    lete
    ete
    tely lyy “ re rest o ed ” ab
    stor
    st or abou outt 14-9
    ou 14
    4-9 ye year arss af
    ar afte
    terw
    te rw
    rwar
    warards
    ds by a
    ds
    prie
    pr iest
    ie st ca calllll ed Es Esrara or Es Esdr dras
    dr as,, ab
    as abou outt 44
    ou 444-
    4- 15.0
    15.
    5.0.
    Thus
    Th us wh what at m u s t be re rega gard
    ga ed as th
    rded
    rd the e seseco
    cond
    co nd ed editititio
    ions
    io ns of th the e go
    god- d gi
    d- giveven n
    o ig
    or gininala s sh
    al shou ould
    ou ld
    d dadate te fr o m ab
    f rom
    om abou outt 44
    ou 44-4 -4 B.C
    B.C., . , bu
    butt ev en th
    even thisis iss n o t so so..
    M sf
    Mi sforortu
    or tune
    tu nes
    ne s be befefellllll th
    fe thes
    ese
    es e al also
    so,, an
    so and d “c “cha
    hang
    ha nges
    ng es an and d adaddi diti
    di t ion
    ti ons”
    on s” co con n
    t nu
    ti nued ed to to be ma made de in n th them em un
    em unti t l A.D
    A D.D . 28287,7, wh
    7, whenen so someme of th thee la atetest
    s
    st
    edit
    ed itio
    it io
    ons we were e tr
    re tran
    ansl
    an s at
    sl ed in
    ated n to Gr Gree eek,
    ee k, an
    k, and d so as assu sume
    su med
    me d a fix fixeded fo formrm..
    rm
    Othe
    Ot herr ve
    he vers rsio
    rs ions
    io ns di didd n o t be beco come
    co me fix ed un
    fixed unti till th
    ti they
    hey w e r e tr tran
    ansl
    an s at
    sl ed in
    ated intoto
    L a t i n ab abou outt A.
    ou D 40
    A D. 401. 1
    1.
    The
    Th e su succcces
    cc esso
    es sors
    so s of Ez
    rs Ezra ra co colllll ec
    ecte ted
    te d to toge
    geth
    ge ther
    th er susuch chh woworkrks
    rk s on hi h st storoy
    or
    and
    an d re relililigi
    gion
    gi on an and d su such ch so song nggs anand d sa sayi ying
    yi ngss as th
    ng ey co
    they coululd
    ul d ob obtatain
    ta in,, an
    in and, d,
    “ ad
    adap apti
    ap n " th
    t ng
    ti thes
    ese
    es e to o susuit itt th
    theieirr o w n pu
    ei purp rpos
    rp oses
    os es,, ad
    es adde ded
    de d ththee “m “mod odifi
    od ifi
    ified
    fi ed ”
    vers
    ve rssioons to th t e “ w o r k s ” of Ez Ezra ra a. In n co cour
    urse
    ur se of ttiime me,, ththe e Je Jews
    ws ca came me
    to re regagard
    ga rd so someme of th hes
    ese e bo bookoks
    ok s as sa sacr cred
    cr ed,, bu
    ed butt th
    they ey wewere re n o t ag agre reed
    re ed
    as to wh whic ich
    ic h we werere sa sacr
    cred
    cr ed an and d wh whic icch we were re n o t . Th The e Al A exexanandr
    an dria
    dr ian
    ia n
    Je
    ews ad adop opte
    op ted
    te d bo bookoks
    ok s in n to th the e sa sacrc ed gr
    cr g ou
    oup p wh whic
    icch th thee Je ews of Jeru
    sale
    sa lem
    le m di d d not.
    This
    Th is di d ffffer
    eren
    er ence
    en cee of o op opin in
    nio
    ionn la ast ed un
    sted u ti till ththee se seco
    cond
    co nd ce cent ntur
    nt ury
    ur y A A..D.
    D.,,
    when
    wh en al a lll ththe e bo bookokss wh
    ok whic ich
    ic h arare e cocomp mpri
    mp rise
    rised
    se d in th the e “ O l d Te Teststam
    st amen
    am entt "
    en
    acqu
    ac quir
    qu irred " di diviv ne au
    vi u th
    thororit
    or y ” Itt iss n o t kn
    ity.
    it y. know own,
    ow n, ho howeweve
    we ver,
    ve r ex
    r, exacactl
    ac t y ho
    tl how w
    or wh when en th the e ca canonoon of th the e “ Ol O d Te Test stam
    st amen
    am entt ” wa
    en was s fo
    form
    rm
    rmed
    med ed..

    18

    242
    The
    Th e Je
    Jews
    ws liike to prpret
    eten
    et d ab
    end,
    en d, abououtt th
    ou hes
    ese
    e wr writ
    itin
    it ings
    in gs,, th
    gs at Mo
    that Mose
    sess wr
    se wrot
    ote
    ot e
    a l th
    al thee laaws
    ws,, Da
    Davi d al
    v id
    vi a l th
    thee Ps
    Psalalms
    alms,, So
    ms Solo
    lo
    omo
    mon n al alll th
    the
    e Pr
    Prov
    over
    ov erbs
    er bs,, et
    bs etc.
    c.,
    butt th
    bu thee bobook
    o s th
    ok them
    emse
    em selv
    selvves fa ill to su
    fail supp o t th
    ppor
    pp or thisis id ea.. In
    dea n evever
    eryy ca
    er ase
    they
    th ey prp ov
    ove e to be th thee wo rk of
    work o ma manyny wr
    w iti er
    ers,
    s, an and,
    d mo
    d, morereov
    re er,, pr
    over
    ov er proo
    ooff
    oo
    iss re
    requ
    equ
    quir
    ired
    ir ed th
    that
    at th
    thee rerepu
    pute
    pu ted
    te d auauth
    thor
    thorss ev
    or evere liive
    er vedd amamon g th
    o ng
    on thee JeJews
    ws,,
    ws
    sinc
    since
    nce ne a lyy al
    near
    ar a lll of
    o th
    them
    em ar
    aree “ co
    comp
    mpos
    mp e he
    osititite
    os hero
    roes
    roes,”” ma
    es made
    de,, ap
    de appa
    pare
    pa rent
    re ntly
    nt lyy,
    by th e Je
    the Jews
    ws whwho o ma
    made
    de th
    thee bo
    book
    oks.
    oks.
    In
    n ad addi
    dititition
    di on,, th
    on e bo
    the book
    oks
    ok s ofof th e To
    the Tora
    rah,
    ra h an
    h, andd th e ot
    the othe
    hers
    he rs
    s, sh show
    ow
    nume
    nu mero
    me us co
    rous
    ro cont n ra
    nt radi
    dict
    di ctio
    ct io
    ons
    ns,, an
    andd cocont
    ntai
    nt a n di
    ai diff
    ffer
    ff entt st
    eren
    er en stor
    orie
    or ie
    es rerela
    lati
    la ng to
    ting
    ti
    the
    the sa me th
    same thin ings
    in gs,, bu
    gs b t di disa
    sagr
    sa gree
    greein
    ee ng wi
    in
    ing w ith
    th ea
    eachch ot othe
    her;
    he r; fo
    forr exexam
    ampl
    am p e, in
    pl n
    Geni
    Ge niisi
    nisi
    s s XX a ta talee is
    le s to ld of Ab
    told Abraram
    ra m wh
    whicicch in n Ge
    Gene siss X X V I is
    nesi
    ne si s to
    told
    ld
    of Issaaaac,
    c an
    c, and d no less le
    ess ththan
    an sis x ac ts at
    acts attr
    trib
    tr ibut
    ib ed to Mo
    uted
    ut Mose sess a r e la
    se late
    terr
    te
    ascr
    as c ib
    cr ed to Josh
    ibed Joosh
    shuaua,, wh
    ua who,o of co
    o, cour
    urse
    urse,, is a “m
    se m yt
    yth-
    h du
    h- dupl
    plic
    pl icat
    ic ate”
    at e” of
    Mose
    Moses.
    ses.
    Deut
    De uter
    ut eron
    er onom
    on omyy wa
    om was s n o t wr writitte
    it e n un
    te unti
    t ill ne
    ti neararly
    ar ly a ththou o sa
    ou sand
    nd ye arss af
    year
    ar afte terr
    te
    Mose
    Mo ses
    se s is su supp
    ppos
    pp osed
    os ed to ha have ve liive ved,d an
    d, and d laa rg
    rge e po
    port rttio ns of Ge
    ions Gene nesi
    ne s s,
    si s
    Exod
    Ex odus
    od us,, Nu
    us Numbmber
    mb ers
    ers an andd Le
    Levi viti
    vi ticu
    ti cuss we
    cu werere n o t co compmpilili ed un
    mp untit ill af
    ti terr th
    afte
    te thee
    “ t w o trtrib
    ib
    bes " ha had d be
    been
    en dedepo port
    po rted
    rt ed to Ba Baby bylo
    by lo
    onn.. ThThe e Ps Psala ms ar
    al e am
    are amon ong
    on g
    the
    th e most
    moo st re ece
    cent lyy co
    ntly
    nt comp ed bo
    mpilililed
    mp bookoks
    ok s of th e “ O l d Te
    the Teststam
    st amen
    am ent”
    en t”;; n o t
    t”
    one
    on e Ps Psalalm
    al m wawas s co
    compmpos
    mp ed by Da
    osed
    os Davi vid,
    vi d, so
    d, some
    me ar a e of th thee GrG eeeek k pe
    peri riod
    ri od..
    od
    Prov
    Pr over
    ov erbs
    er bs,, th
    bs the
    e So Song ng of SoSolo lo
    omo
    mon, n, an
    n, andd th thee WiWisd om of So
    sdom
    sd Solo loomo
    mon n owowe e
    noth
    no thin
    th ing
    in g to SoSololo
    omo
    mon, n, wh
    who,
    o iff he
    o, e lii ve
    vedd am
    amon ong
    on g th e Je
    the Jews ws bebefo re 90
    fore
    fo 9000 B.B .c.c .,
    .,
    woul
    wo u d no
    ul nott ha
    haveve be been
    en ab
    ablele to re ad or wr
    read writ
    ite.
    it e . Th
    e. Thes
    ese
    es e bobook
    oks
    ok s wewerere p u t
    toge
    togeth
    ge ther
    th e mo
    er more e th
    re thanan 505000 ye yeara rs
    ar s afafteer So
    te Solo
    lomo
    lo mon
    mo n iss su supp
    ppos
    pp ed to ha
    osed
    os have ve
    re
    eig
    gnened.d
    d.
    The
    Th e bo ok of Jo
    book Josh
    shua
    sh uaa iss an ex
    examampl
    am ple
    pl e of ho w th
    how e Je
    the ws ma
    Jews manu nufa
    nu fa
    act
    ctur
    ured
    ured
    fals
    false
    lse hi
    hist
    stor
    st ory,
    or y, o u t of
    y, o th e po
    the popupula
    pu la
    ar my
    myththss of ot
    th othe
    herr pe
    he peop ess,, to in
    ople
    ople ncr
    crea
    ease
    ea se
    thei
    th e r ow
    ei ownn pr
    pres ge.. Itt iss th
    estitit ge
    es the
    e wo
    workrk of se
    seve n or
    ven
    ve or ei ghtt wr
    eigh
    gh writ
    iter
    it ers.
    er s.
    s.
    The
    Th e bo
    book
    okss of Issai
    ok a ah an d Ju
    and udg
    dges a e ea
    es ar each
    ch the wo
    the workrk of so me ha
    some halflff
    a do
    dozen wr
    zen
    ze w ititer
    ers;
    ers; an
    and
    d th e bo
    the ok of Da
    book Dani e is
    niel
    ni s an ex
    exam
    ampl
    am e of th
    ple
    pl the
    e ma
    mann
    nner
    nn er
    in wh
    in whic ich
    ic h th
    thee Je ws co
    Jews confnfus
    nfused
    us ed an
    and d fa fals
    lssifi
    ified
    ed hi h st
    stor
    ory
    or y to fufurtrt herr th
    rthe
    he t ei
    eirr ow own n
    ends
    en ds.. It wa
    ds was s wr
    writitt te
    tenn foforr th
    thee pu purp rp
    rpos
    pososes e off pr
    es prop opag
    op agan
    ag anda
    an da,, to
    da o st s irr up
    re
    rebe
    ebe
    bellllllio
    ion
    io n an
    and d ga
    gain
    in ad adhehere
    he rent
    re nt forr th
    ntss fo thee re revo vo lt of 16
    volt 1677 13.
    13.0.0 agagai nsst Gr
    ains
    ai Gree eekk
    ee
    ru e . Th
    u le Thatat is to sa say, y, it wa
    wass wrwrit itt te
    ten n ab abou outt 35
    ou 350 0 ye a rss af
    year
    ar he ti
    terr the
    afte
    te th time
    me
    in
    n whwhic ich
    ic h itt pr
    pret
    eten
    etends
    en ds to ha haveve bebeen en wr writ ittte
    ten,
    n, an
    and d loo ng af afteterr th
    te the e eveven ents
    en ts
    “pro
    “p roph
    ro phes
    ph esie
    es ied”
    ie d” inn itt ha had d ta ake
    ken n pl p acace. e. In n sp spititte of th this he wr
    iss, the
    th writitter
    e ’ss
    know
    kn owle
    ow ledg
    ledge
    dg e of hi hist
    stor
    st oryy wa
    or wass re ema
    mark rkab
    rk ably
    ab lyy in nac
    accucura
    cu ra
    ate te.. Al
    Alththhou
    ough gh itt is pr pre
    e
    tend
    te nded
    nd ed th that
    at ththee bo
    book ok wawass wrwrititt te
    itteten n at a ti time
    me wh whenen th thee Gr Gree
    eeks
    ee ks we wereree
    yett kn
    n o t ye knowown,
    ow n itt co
    n, contntai
    nt ns a nu
    ains
    ai numb mber
    mb e of Ma
    er Mace cedo
    ce doni
    do n an wo
    ni word rd
    ds,s an and d
    refe
    re rs to ev
    fers
    fe even ts wh
    ents
    en whic ich
    ic h ococcu
    curr
    cu rrred in
    rred n th the e pepeririod
    ri od of Gr Gree eekk ru
    ee rulele
    e ov over
    er
    the
    th e Je
    Jews ws..
    ws

    19

    243
    The
    Th e hi hist oryy co
    stor
    st or contntai
    nt aine
    ained
    ne d in n Je ewi
    wish
    sh bo book
    oks,
    ok s su
    s, ch as Es
    such Esthther
    th er,, Ju
    er Judi d th
    di th,,
    c , is
    etc.
    et c. s un unsusupp
    su ppor
    pp orte
    or d Th
    ted.
    te d. h e wr writ
    iter
    it e of
    er o Judith kn ew li
    knew litt
    ttle
    tt le ge geog
    ogra
    og raph
    ra phy
    ph y
    and
    an d leess hi hist
    stor
    st y Th
    ory.
    or y. The e an ancic en
    cientt tr
    trad
    adit
    ad itio
    it io
    ions
    ons wewere re sysyst
    stem
    stemat
    em atic
    at a lyy al
    ical
    ical a tetere
    red
    re d
    by th thee Je ews an and d ap
    applplie
    pl ied
    ie d to th them
    emse
    em selv
    se lves
    lves.. Th
    es The e st stor y of Jo
    o ry
    or Job b is n o t
    Je
    Jewi
    ewi
    wishsh,, itt wa
    sh wass “ ad adopopte
    op ted”
    te d” fr f om a Ba Baby bylo
    by lo
    loni
    oni
    n an or orig
    igin
    ig inal
    in al.. Ps
    al Psal m af
    alm
    al afte
    terr
    te
    Psal
    Ps alm
    al m m a y be sh show
    own
    ow n to ha have
    ve be been en cocopi ed fr
    pied
    pi from
    om a Ba Babybylo
    by lo
    oninian
    an
    o ig
    or g in
    n al
    a.
    Whilili e th
    Wh thee JeJews
    ws we were re en enga
    gage
    ga ged
    ge d in pu putt
    ttin
    tt ing
    in g totoge
    geth
    ge ther
    th e qu
    er ques estitition
    es onab
    on able
    ab le
    e
    book
    bo okss lilike
    ok ke Ju Judi
    dith
    di t , Ma
    th Macc ccab
    cc abee
    ab ees,
    ee s, ththee Wi Wisd
    sdom
    sd om of So Solo lo
    omo
    mon n an and d th the e
    Psal
    Ps a ms of So
    al Solo
    lo
    omo
    mon n ababououtt 10
    ou 00 B. C , wr
    B C. erss liike Vi
    writititer
    er V rgrgili , Ho
    il Hora race
    ra ce,,
    ce
    Cice
    Ci cero
    ce ro,, Ov
    ro Ovid id,, Lu
    id Lucrcret
    cr etiu
    et ius,
    iu s, an andd ot othe
    hers
    he rs,, ha
    rs had d apappe a ed in Ro
    pear
    pe ar Rome me,, to
    me
    sayy no
    sa noth thin
    th ing
    in g of th thee wrwrit
    iter
    it ers
    er s of th thee Gr
    Greeeeks
    ee ks an
    and d th
    thee ArAryayans
    ya ns;; wh
    ns whililile e ththe e
    work
    wo rkss ca
    rk catatalo
    ta logu
    lo ed un
    gued
    gu undederr th
    de thee na
    name me “Z Zor
    oroa
    oast
    oa ster
    st er,”” in
    er n th thee lilibr
    b ar
    br ary y at
    Alex
    Alexan
    ex andr
    an dria
    dr ia,, co
    ia cont
    ntai
    ntaine
    ained
    ne d t w o mi milllllio
    ionn liline
    nes!
    ne s!
    The
    Th e oollde s Je
    dest
    st ewi
    wshs ma
    sh manu nusc
    nu scri
    script
    ri pts
    pt s bebelo ng to
    long
    lo o th
    the
    e tetentnth
    nt h cecent
    ntur
    nt ury
    ur y A.
    A .D.
    D.,,
    D.
    and
    an d araree neneititithe
    herr or
    he orig
    igin
    ig inal
    in norr au
    a l no
    al auth then
    th enti
    en c. Ea
    tic.
    tic. Each
    ch iss ththee woworkrk of ma manyny
    writiter
    wr itter
    ers
    s an
    and d ha hass be
    been
    en ededititted an
    and d re
    re-e-edi
    -e d te
    ditedd m a n y tit me
    mes.s
    s.
    Th
    Theh e ta
    tale s an
    les
    le andd leege
    gend
    nds
    nd s of ththe e JeJews
    ws ar aree n o t th
    thei
    eirr ow
    ei own n ; in
    n nenear
    arly
    ar ly
    ever
    ev eryy ca
    er casese th he Je ews ha have ve “ ad adopopte
    op ted
    te d ” th thes
    ese
    es e fr om th
    from thei
    eirr ma
    ei mast e s or
    ster
    st er o
    thei
    th eirr ne
    ei neigighb
    ig hbou
    hb ours
    ou rs..
    rs
    Thus
    Th us ththe e fir
    firstst ei
    e ghghtt ch chapapte
    ap ters
    te rs of Ge Gene nesi
    ne sis
    sis wewere re ma made de fr from om fr frag
    agme
    ag ment
    me ntss
    nt
    adap
    ad apte
    ap ted
    te d fr o th
    f om thee wrwrit itin
    it ngs of Ba
    in
    ings Baby bylo
    by lo
    oni a Th
    nia.
    a. The e st stororie
    or ie
    ies
    es of o th thee Cr Creaeatitition
    ea on,,
    on
    the
    th e Ga Gard rden
    rd en of Ed Eden en,, Li
    en Lilil th
    li th,, Ad Adamam an and d Ev Eve, e, th
    e, the e Trree of Li Life
    fe,, th
    fe the e
    Serp
    Se rpen
    rp ent,
    en t, ththe e Te Tempmpta
    mp tati
    ta on,, th
    tion
    ti on the e FaFalll, th the e Ch Cher erub
    er ubim
    ub im,, th
    im the e t e n An Ante te
    te
    d lu
    di luvi v an
    vi an pa patrtrria
    tria
    iarcrchs
    rc hs,, th
    hs the e ToTowewerr of Ba
    we Babebel,l,l No
    be Noah ah,, th
    ah the e Fl F ooood, d, th
    d, thee ArA k,
    the
    th e Do Dove ve,, th
    ve the e Ol O liv
    ive
    iv e br brananch
    an ch,, th
    ch thee RaRave ven,
    ve n No
    n, Noah ah’s
    ah ’s sa sacr crifi
    cr ifice
    ifi ce,, th
    ce thee RaRain i 
    in
    bow,
    bo w, th
    w, thee Co Cove vena
    ve nant
    na nt,, et
    nt etc.c.,, we
    c. werere al alll “ ad adop opte
    op ted
    te d ” fr om th
    from thee Ba Baby bylo
    by loni
    lo n an
    nia s. s.
    A l l th esse st
    thes stororie
    or ie
    ies
    es ha had d be beenen ca cast st in n to po poet et icc fo
    etic o rm an and d w wrr itt te
    t e n dodown wn
    in Ba Baby bylo
    by loni
    lo nia
    ni a th thou
    ousa
    ou sand
    sa ndss of ye
    nd year ars
    ar s be befofore
    fo re th the e Je Jews ws ap appe pear
    pe ared
    ar ed..
    ed
    Th h e st stor
    orie
    or es of Ab
    ie Abra am’’s sa
    ra
    ram’ sacrcrifi
    cr ce,, Ja
    ifice
    ifice acocob’
    bs
    b’ s wr wres ng, Ja
    estltlt in
    es Jaco cob’
    co b’s
    b’s so so
    calllll ed “ l a d d e r ” (w
    ca (whi h ch wa
    hi wass a Ba Babybylo
    by n an “Z
    loni
    lo ni Z iggu
    ig
    g gu
    gura rat”
    ra t”” ),
    ) , Jo ose
    seph ph
    n th
    in the p t, Po
    e pi Potititiph
    phar
    ph ar’s
    ar ’s wi wifefe,, th
    fe the e in nfa
    fanc ncy
    nc y of Mo Mose ses,
    se s hi
    s, hiss wo wond nder
    nd er-w
    er -wor
    -w orki
    or k ng
    ki
    ro
    rod,
    od,
    d th thee cocontntes
    nt estt of the
    es thhe Ma Magi gici
    gi cian
    ci ans,
    an s th
    s, he Pl P agagueuess o
    ue off Eg Egyp ypt,
    yp t, th he di d vi
    v idi
    d ing
    di ng
    of th thee wawate ters
    te rss, ththe e pi p lll ar of fir e an
    fire and d pi ar of sm
    p llllar smok oke
    ok e or cl c ououd,d th
    d, the e
    stri
    st riki
    ri ng of th
    king
    ki the e rorockck,, th
    ck thee mo moun unta
    un tain
    ta in
    n of the th
    he go god d en enve velo
    ve lo ope
    ped d in n mim st
    and
    an d ememit ittti ng th
    ting thun
    unde
    un derr an
    de a d ligh liigh
    ghtntnin
    tn ing,
    in g th
    g, the e ta blles of th
    tabl thee la aw,w Mo Mose ses'
    se s
    shin
    sh inin
    in n g fa
    in facece,, hi
    ce hiss hohorn
    ornr s, s, h hiis le ead
    adin ng a gr
    in greaeatt mu
    ea mult lttittud
    ude, e, hi
    e, s na
    his name me, hi
    me hs
    braz
    br azen
    az en se serprpen
    rp entt (a br
    en brazazen
    az en co cobr bra
    br a wawas s di d sc
    scovover
    ov e ed re
    er rececent
    ce n lyy at
    nt at Ge Geze zer)
    ze r),,
    r)
    c.,, Aa
    etc.
    et c. Aaro ron’
    ro n s br
    n’ brea
    east
    ea stpl
    st plat
    pl ate,
    at e, th the e gogold den ca
    ld calflflf,
    f, th the e se sedi dititition
    di on of o Ko Kora ra,,
    ra
    maki
    ma king
    ki ng th thee su sun n an and d mo moon o st
    on a d st
    stan
    an stililill,
    l, ththe e sl slayayin
    ay ing
    in g of th the e dr d ag
    agon on
    by Je eho
    hovavah
    va h (I ( sa
    saia ah 11
    ia 1, 9, an and d PsPsal a ms L X X I V,
    al V 13 3, et etc. ), Sa
    c.),
    c. Samsmson
    ms on’s
    on ’s
    lo
    ock
    cks, s, SaSams mson
    ms on an and d th the e lilion
    on,, th
    on thee wi witctch
    tc h of En Endo dor,
    do r Da
    r, Davi v id
    vi d an and d Ba
    Bath th
    th
    sheb
    sh eba,
    eb a, th
    the e wiwisdsdom
    sd om of So Sololomo
    lo mon,
    mo n, th
    n, thee ju j dg
    dgme ment
    me of So
    ntt of Solo loomo
    mon, n hi
    n, hiss haharerem,
    re m,
    m,

    20

    244
    h s pa
    hi pala
    la
    ace s, hi
    ces, h s te emp
    mplele
    e an
    and d go
    gorg
    rgeo
    rg us co
    eous
    eo cour
    urt,
    ur tt,, et e , or
    ete.
    e. orde
    deal
    de a by dr
    al d in
    inki
    k ing
    ki ng
    holy
    ho lyy wa
    wateter,
    te r et
    r, etc.
    cc.., ca
    cann aall l be sh
    show
    own
    ow n to hahave
    ve be been
    en de
    deririived fr
    ved om th
    from thee
    folk
    fo lkkloore of pe eop
    oplele
    es ve ry mu
    very m ch ol
    o de
    derr th
    than
    an th thee Je
    Jews
    ws..
    ws
    An exexam
    ampl
    am e of th
    ple
    pl the
    e waway y in n whwhic icch the
    ich he Je
    th Jews
    ws be
    beca me mu
    came
    ca muddddle
    dd led,
    le d,
    d,
    th hrooug h “ ad
    ugh adop opti
    op ng”” ta
    t ing
    ti ng tale
    le
    les,
    es,
    s, et
    etc.
    c , th
    c. they ey dididd n o t un
    unde
    ders
    dersta
    rs tand
    ta nd,, iss th
    nd he
    Jewish st o ryy of th
    stor
    or thee ba by Un
    baby Unic
    iccor
    ornn whwhic icch sp
    spla
    la
    ash
    shed
    ed al
    alon
    ong
    on g inn ththee wa
    wake
    ke
    of th he ar
    ark,
    k, to wh
    k, whic ich
    ic wass tiied by itt s ho
    h itt wa horn
    rnn. In
    n th
    the
    e or
    origigin
    ig in
    nal
    a st
    stor
    ory,
    or y,
    whic
    wh ich
    ich wa
    wass ol o d bebefofore
    fo re th
    ther
    ere
    er e we
    were
    ree a n y Je Jews
    ws,, th
    ws the
    e ar
    ark wass to
    k wa towe
    wed
    we d to
    safe
    sa ty by a “ gr
    fety
    fe eatt fis
    grea
    ea sh ” (e (evi
    vide
    vi dent
    de lyy a ki
    ntly
    nt kind
    nd of NaNarw
    rwha
    rw l)) by a ca
    hal)
    ha cabl
    ble
    ble
    titied
    ed to itts gr eatt tu
    g rea
    ea sk or fin
    tusk fin..
    Mose
    Mo ses,
    se s Da
    s, Daviv d an
    vi andd So
    Solo
    lomo
    lomon
    mo n wewerere ne verr le
    neve
    ve ead e s of th
    ader
    er e Je
    the Jews
    ws;; th
    ws thes
    ese
    es e
    are
    ar a lll “ co
    e al comp
    mpos
    mp osititite
    os e " or “ pa
    patc
    tchw
    tc orkk ” fig
    hwor
    hw or figur es,, ma
    u es
    ur madede of
    o “f
    “ ra
    ragm
    gmen
    gm ents
    en ts ”
    whic
    wh ich
    ich we were forr th
    re,, fo
    re the
    e mo
    most
    st pa
    partrt,, ol
    rt oldd be befo
    fore
    fo re th
    thee Je
    Jews
    ws,, in or
    ws derr to gi
    orde
    de give
    ve
    grea
    gr terr ve
    eate
    ea te veri
    risi
    risimi
    simililil tu
    mi de to th
    tude hei
    eirr bo
    boas
    astitit ng
    as ngss ab outt th
    abou
    ou thei
    e r “w
    ei “won
    onde
    on derf
    de rf ul an
    rful andd
    age-
    age-ol
    e- d pa
    old
    ol past
    st,”” " ad
    st adop
    opte
    op d ” th
    ted
    te them
    em..
    em
    Thus
    Th us,, “ Mo
    us Mosesess ” wa
    se was s ma
    made de by he Je
    y th ews fr fromom BaBabybylo
    by loni
    lo n an or
    ni orig ig
    gin
    inal
    a s,
    al s,
    to whwhic ich
    ich ththeyey ad adde
    ded
    de d ta
    tale
    less fr
    le from
    om EgEgypyptt an
    yp and d ArArab
    abia
    ab ia.. Wh
    ia Whet ethe
    et herr or n o t
    he
    the
    th e BaBaby bylo
    by loni
    lo an or
    nian
    ni orig igin
    ig in
    inal
    nal
    a s ar are e to be id den
    entit fie
    ti fiedd wi
    withth DiDion
    on nys
    ysusus, fe
    us feww
    unpr
    un prej
    pr ejud
    ej udic
    ud iced
    ic ed ininve
    vest
    ve stig
    st ig
    gat orss wi
    ator
    or willll deny th
    deny at th
    that thee ac ts of “M
    acts “Mos oses
    os es”” ar
    es are e
    mere
    me elyy a la
    re terr ve
    ate vers rs
    sio
    ionn of th he ac ts of Di
    acts Dion onys
    on ysus
    ys us.. In
    us n vi viewew of th thee
    id
    den
    entitit fic
    ficat
    atio
    at ion
    io n of “M “Mos oses
    os es”” wi
    es withth Di
    Dion
    onys
    onysus
    ys us,, itt is in
    us ntetere
    rest
    re stin
    st ng to no
    in notete
    that
    th at th thee Gr Gree
    eeeks an and d thehe Ro
    th Romamans
    ma ns asasse
    sert
    se ed th
    rted
    rt at wh
    that whene An
    en Antitit oc
    ochu
    huus
    ente
    en tere
    tered
    re d ththe e innnenerm
    rm
    mos ostt sh
    shri ne of th
    rine
    ri he gogodd of th thee Je
    Jews
    ws,, at Je
    ws Jeru
    rusa
    ru sale
    le
    em,
    m
    he fofoun und
    un d th ther
    erei
    er e n “ a st
    ei ston
    one
    on e imimag
    age
    ag of a m a n wi
    e of with
    th a th thic
    ick
    ic k be bear
    ard
    ar d sisitt
    ting
    ti ng up uponon an as s, an
    ass, and d hohold
    ldd in
    ingg a bo
    book
    ok in n hiis ha hand nds”
    nd s”:: th
    s” this
    is im mag
    age,e,,
    e
    ey as
    they
    th assesert
    se rted
    rt ed,, re
    ed repr
    pres
    pr esen
    es ente
    en ted
    te d “M“Mos es.”” Th
    oses
    os es Thee st o y of th
    stor
    or thee in infa
    fanc
    fa ncyy of
    nc o
    “Mos
    “M oses
    os es ” wa wass cu curr entt ab
    r r en
    rr
    rren abououtt 2,
    ou 2,80
    800
    800 5.0.
    “ D a v i d " wa
    was ade by th
    s made
    ma the
    e Je Jews
    ws of
    o “f
    “ ra
    a gm
    gmenents
    en o th
    ts ” of the
    e St
    Stor
    orm
    or m
    god an
    god andd of o th the
    e Pi
    Pig-
    g go
    g- d, wi
    god, witht h so
    th me hi
    some hist
    stor
    st ory
    or y ad
    addeded
    de d ‐ th
    thee hi
    hist
    stor
    st ory,
    or y,
    howe
    howeve
    we ver,
    ve r be
    r, belo
    lo
    ong ed to As
    nged Assy
    syri
    sy a n o t to Judah.
    ria,
    ria,
    “ SoSololomo
    lo mon
    mo n “ wa wass mamade de by th the e Je
    Jewsws of “ff ra ragm gmen
    gm ents
    en ts " of th thee wiwise
    se
    fish
    fis h SuSun- n go
    n-god d of As Assysyri
    sy riia, mim xexedd wi with
    th so me hi
    some h st
    stor oric
    or ical
    ic al ta less co
    tale
    le conc
    ncer
    nc erni
    er n ng
    ni
    two
    tw o oror momore e Ki
    re Kingngs
    ng s of As Assy syri
    sy a Th
    r a.
    ri The e de desc
    scri
    sc r pt
    riptio
    ions
    io ns of “ Ki Kingng So
    Sololo
    omo
    mon’n’s
    n’ s
    worl
    wo r d‐fa
    rl famomous
    mo us Co Cour urt,
    ur t,”” th
    t, he gogorgrgeo
    rg us ce
    eous
    eo cere
    remo
    remoni
    mo nial
    ni a , th
    al he haharerem,
    re m, th
    the e two
    gh pr
    high
    hi prie
    iest
    ie s s,
    sts th thee elelev
    even
    ev en gr eatt fe
    grea
    ea feududal
    ud al va
    al vass
    ssal
    ss als,
    al s, th thee sy
    syst em of wo
    stem
    st wors rshi
    rship,
    hi p,
    p,
    etc.
    et c.,, we
    c. werere “e “extxtra
    xt ra
    a ct
    cted
    ed”” en
    ed n blbloc oc by th e Je
    the ewi w sh faakekersrs of hi hist
    stor
    st oy
    or
    f om de
    fr descscri
    sc ript
    riptio
    pt ns of th
    ions
    io t e Co Coururtt of th
    ur the e “ K i n g of th thee Fo
    Fourur Quarters of
    the
    th e Wo Worl rld,
    rl d,”” du
    d, duri ng th
    ring
    ri thososse pepeririiod
    riod
    odss of ma magn gnifi
    gn ifififice
    cenc
    ce nce
    nc e inn As Assy
    syri
    sy ria
    ri a an
    and d
    Baby
    Ba bylo
    by n a wh
    loni
    lo ni whic icch da dazzzzle
    zz le
    ed th thee wo worlrld
    rl d at a ti t me wh w en th e Je
    the ewi
    wshsh
    " ki ngss ” we
    king
    ng werere ra aid
    idin
    in
    ing
    ng on one e ana ot
    otheher'
    he r''s wa
    wate
    terh
    te rhol
    rh oles
    ol es anandd dadanc ng na
    ncin
    ncin ake
    kedd
    befo
    be fore
    fo re ththei
    e r go
    ei godsds..
    ds

    21

    245
    Itt iss ch
    char
    arac
    ar acte
    ac teri
    terist
    ris ic th
    st at wh
    that whilille pr
    pret
    eten
    et endi
    en ng to de
    ding
    di desp
    spis
    sp e ut
    ise
    is utte
    terl
    te rlyy th
    rl the
    e
    b ililde
    bu ders
    de s of
    rs of th
    thes
    ese
    es e gr eatt em
    grea
    ea empi es, th
    pire
    pire e Je
    the ews
    ws,, ne
    neve
    vert
    ve rthe
    rthele
    he less
    less,, ap
    ss apprprop
    pr opri
    op riat
    riated
    at ed
    w th
    wi thou
    outt sc
    ou scru
    ru
    upl e th
    ple thee le
    ege ndss an
    gend
    nd and d he
    herooes an
    ro
    roes and
    d ev
    evenen th e hi
    the h st
    storory
    or y anandd
    re
    eliligi
    giou
    gi ouss id
    ou idea
    eas
    ea s of ththes
    ese
    es e gr eatt pe
    grea
    ea peopople
    oples
    les whwhomom th ey so bi
    they bitt
    tter
    tt erly
    er lyy ha
    hate ted.
    te d.
    A fr freq
    eque
    eq uent
    ue n lyy re
    nt reitititer
    erat
    erated
    at ed bo astt of th
    boas
    as e Je
    the ews is th at th
    that ey ha
    they have
    ve su surr 
    vive
    vived
    ve d gr eatt st
    g ea a es su
    stat
    at such ch as As
    Assysyri
    sy ria,
    ria, Ba
    a, Baby
    bylo
    by n an
    lon,
    lo n, and d Ro
    Romeme.. Wh
    me What at me
    meri ritt
    ri
    accr
    ac es fr
    c ues
    cr ue om th
    from this
    is fe eat iss n o t cl
    clea
    ear;
    ear; m a n y se
    sect n In
    ctss in
    ct n di
    diaa ar
    are
    e very
    much
    mu ch ol olde
    derr th
    de an th
    than the e Jeews
    ws;; an
    and d it is at leas
    le astt do
    eas doububtf
    ub ul wh
    tful
    tf whet ethe
    ether,
    he r sa
    r, say,y,
    Sarg
    Sa gon 11
    rg 11,, iff gi
    give
    ven
    ve n th e ch
    the choi
    oice
    oice,, wo
    ce u d ha
    woul
    ul have
    ve exexch
    chan
    ch ange
    an ged
    ge d ththee 16 ye yeararss
    ar
    of hi
    hiss re g n fo
    reig
    ig
    ign o r th
    thee 1,,606000 ye
    year s of Jewish hi
    a rs
    ar hist
    stor
    st ory
    or y wh
    whic ich
    ic h be
    bega
    gan
    ga n wiwith
    th
    hiss ac
    hi accecess
    ce ssio
    ss ion.
    io n.
    n.
    The
    Th e ho hollllllowowne
    ow ness
    ne ss of th thee JeJewi wish
    wi sh pr pret
    e en
    et ensis on
    si onss ha haveve fo orc
    rced ed su supp ppor
    pp o r te
    orte
    or tersrs
    of th thee Ma Masq sque
    sq ue to ad adop optt va
    op vari riou
    ri ouss su
    ou subt bter
    bt erfu
    er fuge
    fu ges
    ge s in n or ordederr to hi
    de hidede th the e
    sord
    so rdid
    rd d tr
    id trut uth.
    ut h. Th This is iss ev ever
    eryw
    er ywhe
    yw here
    he re
    e ap appa pare
    pa rent
    re nt.. Th
    nt Thus us a we welllll-k
    -knonown
    no wn
    popu
    po pula
    pu la
    ar “ Hi Hist o y of th
    stor
    st or thee Jews” de devo
    vote
    vo tes
    te s a wh whol o e ch
    ol chap apte
    ap terr to th
    te the e mamag g
    nific
    ni ficen
    fic ence
    en ce of As Assy syri
    sy ria,
    ria, an and d di divivide
    vi des
    de s th the e ree sts of itts co contnten
    nt ents
    en ts eq equa uallllllyy
    ua
    betw
    be twee
    tw een
    ee n an anec ecdo
    ec dote
    do tes
    te s co concncer
    nc e ni
    er ningng in indi
    divi
    di vidu
    vi dual
    du al Je ews (i ( nc
    nclu luudi
    ding
    ng g so some me
    obsc
    ob scur
    sc ure
    ur e im immi migr
    mi gran
    gr ants
    an ts in n Am Amer eric
    er ica)
    ic a) anand d un unsusupp
    su ppor
    pp orte
    orted
    te d ta taleless fr
    le om th
    from the e
    Jewish sc scri r pt
    ri ptururres an
    u and d ththee wrwrit n gs of Jo
    itt ings
    in Joseseph
    se phus
    ph us;; wh
    us whilili e an ar artiticl
    ti cle
    cl e on
    “Jewish ar art, t,”” in
    t, n a we wellllll-k
    -k
    -kno
    kno
    nown wn en encycycl
    cy clop
    cl oped
    op edia
    ed ia,, co
    ia cons issts of a de
    nsis
    ns desc scri
    sc r pt
    riptio io
    on
    of “ K i n g So
    of Solo lomo
    lomon’
    mo n s Te
    n’ Temp mple
    mp e " (i
    le (in
    n st stylyle
    yl e of Jo ose
    sephphus
    ph us)) an
    us and d no noth thin
    th in
    ng
    e se
    el se!!
    The
    Th e tr trututh
    ut h is s th
    thatat ex exca cava
    ca on in Pa
    vatitition
    va Pale le
    est
    stin
    in
    nee,, alalth
    thou
    th ough
    ou gh lo o ng co cont ntin
    nt inue
    in ued,
    ue d,
    d,
    ha as fafailililed
    ed to un unea eart
    ea rtt h a n y re e lil c of ei e thther
    er Da Davi v d or So
    vi Solo lomo
    lo mon
    mo n or of
    thei
    th eirr al
    ei alle leegeged d wo work rk
    ks; an and d n o t a si sing
    ngle
    ng le
    e ex examampl
    am p e of Je
    pl Jewiwish
    wi sh wo work rk th t hatat
    migh
    mi ghtt be re
    gh rega gard
    ga rded
    rd ed as “ a r t ” ha hass bebeen en fo foun und.
    un d In
    d. nde
    deed ed, so ca
    ed care refu
    re full
    fu
    an in nvevest s ig
    st igat ator
    at or as M r. r . Os
    Osgo good
    go od ha has s sa saidid:: “T
    id “The here
    he re ar are e fe few w mo more re
    abso
    ab solu
    so lute
    lu tely
    te lyy cr crudude
    ud e an and d hi hide
    deou
    de ous
    ou s hu humaman
    ma n cr crea
    eatitition
    ea onss th
    on an th
    than thee cl clumumsi
    um sily
    si lyy
    daaub bed po pott tter
    tt ery
    er y of Ju Jude dea,
    de a th
    a, the e al almo
    most
    mo st so sole
    le re liics of itts ar
    relilics artitist
    ti ic (i
    stic
    st (i’)
    ’))
    ende
    en deav
    de avou
    av ours
    ou rs.. ‘Jewish a r t ’ is
    rs s as ne near ly a co
    arly
    ar cont ntra
    nt radi
    ra d ct
    di ctio io
    on of t e r m s
    as ca can n be fo founund.
    un d. Th
    d. The e ar arti
    tist
    ti stic
    st ic ho h ri
    rizo
    zon
    zo n of the he an
    th anci entt He
    c en
    ci Hebr brew
    br ew wa wass
    made
    ma de up of co convnven
    nv entitition
    en o al
    on a flo
    flowe wers
    we rs,, my
    rs myth icc be
    thic
    th beas asts
    as s . . . an
    ts and d th
    the e ba bald ld
    desestt
    of ar archchit
    ch ittec
    ectu t ra
    tu al liine
    nes. s.””
    s.
    “ K i n g So Solo lo
    omo
    mon’ n’s
    n’ s Te Temp mple
    mp le,”
    le ,”” co compmple
    mp le
    ete e in n ev evereryy de
    er deta ta
    ail of ar archchitititec
    ch ec
    ec
    ture
    tu e , fu
    re u rn rnit itt ur
    u e an and d ri ritu
    tual
    tu a , wa
    al wass “t “ ak
    aken en ov over er ” fr f om Ba Baby bylo
    by lo
    loni
    oni
    nia a by
    the
    th e JeJewsws.. Th
    ws The e gr eatt br
    grea
    ea b az
    azen en “ se sea”a su
    a” suppppor
    pp o te
    or ted d on tw twel elve
    elve br brazazen
    az en
    oxen
    ox en,, fo
    en forr ex exam ampl
    am p e, ha
    pl hass no o me
    mean anin
    an in forr th
    n g fo thee Je ews
    ws,, bu butt itt is s an es esse sen
    se n
    tial
    ti al fefeat
    atur
    at u e of
    ur o th thee Te emp
    mple le
    es of Ba Baby bylo
    by lo
    oni
    na a;; itt se seem
    emed
    em ed im mpoport rtan
    rt antt so
    an
    the
    th e JeJewsws “ ad adop opte
    op ted
    te d " itt .
    The
    Th e ofloflic ice
    ic e of Hi High g Pr
    gh Prieiest
    ie st,, wi
    st w th ha hatt an and d dr dres
    ess
    es s cocompmple
    mp le te,, th
    ete the e hi hier er
    er
    a ch
    ar chy,y, th he id dea th thatat th he pa pala ce of th
    lace
    la the e ki ng sh
    k ing shou ould
    ou ld
    d ad adjo jo
    join
    o inn th the e
    temp
    te mple
    mp e in
    le n wh whic ich
    ic h ththe e ki ng co
    king coul uld
    ul d of
    offe
    ferr sa
    fe sacrc ififice
    cr fice
    ce,, th thee ouo ute terr co
    te cour u tt,, th
    ur the e

    22

    246
    inne
    in nerr co
    ne coururt,
    ur t, th thee grgrea eatt ga
    ea gate es, an
    te and d eveven
    en so me of
    some o f ththeieirr na
    ei name
    mes,
    me s, th the e
    cham
    ch ambe
    am bers
    be rs foforr th thee pr prieie
    iest
    eststs,
    s th
    s, the e cocolu lu
    umn
    mns s at th thee en entrtran
    trance
    an ce,, th
    ce the e two
    alta
    al tars
    ta rs,, th
    rs thee cacave rnss unde
    vern
    ve rn un nde
    dern r ea
    rn eath h th
    th the e tetemp
    mple
    mp le
    e, ththee brbrazazen
    az en se serp
    rpen
    rp ent,
    en t th
    t, the e
    sacr
    sa c ed tr
    cr ee,, th
    tree
    ee thee veveilili , th thee ev ever er-b
    er -b
    -bur
    bururni
    ning
    ni ng la mp,, th
    a mp the e HoHoly lyy of Ho Holililies
    es,,
    es
    the
    th e arark, k, th
    thee me rcyy se
    e rc seat at,, th
    at the e chchererub
    er ubim
    ub im
    m, th the
    e sasacr
    cred
    credne
    ed ness
    ne ss of th the
    e nunumb mber
    mb er
    seve
    se ven,
    ve n, th thee in nco comm
    mmun
    mm unic
    un icab
    ic able
    ab le
    e na name me of o th thee go d th
    god,
    d, the e se seveven-
    ve n br
    n- bran
    anch
    an ched
    ch ed
    cand
    ca ndle
    nd le
    est
    stic
    ick,
    ic k, th thee ta tabl
    ble
    bl e of sh shew
    ewbr
    ew brea
    br ead,
    ea d th
    d, thee inince
    cens
    ce nse,
    ns e,, th
    e the e me meth odss of
    thod
    th od
    sacr
    sa crifi
    cr ififice
    ce,, th
    ce he qu quala ifica
    al ifi
    fica
    cati onss re
    t on
    ti requ
    quir
    qu irred
    ed of o vi vict
    ctim
    ct ims,
    im s, th
    the e bubuyiying
    yi ng anand d se sellllll
    ing
    in g in n ththee tetemp mple
    mp le,, th
    le the e sm sme eari
    eari
    ea ng of bl
    ring b oo
    ood d on th he do dooror-p
    or -pos
    -posts
    os ts,, th
    ts the e
    seer
    se s, th
    ers,
    er he pr prop
    ophe
    op hets
    he ts,, pr
    ts propophe
    op hete
    he tess
    te es,, the
    sses
    ss es th
    he cacant or,, th
    n tor
    nt or e si
    the sing
    nger
    ng ers,
    er s, the he mu
    th musi s ca
    si cal
    inst
    in stru
    st ru
    ume ment nts,
    nt s, ththe e sa
    sacr cred
    cr ed ve vess
    ssel
    ss els,
    els, th
    the e tr
    trea
    easu
    ea ry at
    sury
    su atta
    tach
    ta ched
    ch ed to th
    ed thee tetempmple
    mp le
    e,
    the
    th e TaTabe bern
    be rnac
    rn acle
    ac le ofof ththe e Co Cong ngre
    ng gre
    rega
    gati
    ga on,, Sh
    t on
    ti Sheoeoll co
    eo comp
    mple
    mp le
    lete
    ete in n ev evereryy de
    er deta taililil,,
    ta
    the
    th e pe peni n te
    ni tent
    ntia
    nt iall ps
    ia psala ms
    al ms,, “p “psasalm
    sa lms
    lm s of as ascecent
    ce nt,”” th
    nt thee veveryry tetermrms:
    rm s: CoCohe hen,
    he n,
    Sabb
    Sa bbat
    bb h To
    ath,
    ath, Torarah,
    ra h, Ki
    Kippppur
    pp ur,, Qo
    ur Qorb rban
    rb an,, et
    an etc.
    c., we
    were e ea
    re eachch anand d alalll “ ad adopopte
    op ted”
    te d””
    from
    fr om Ba Babybylo
    by loni
    lo n a by th
    ni the e JeJews ws..
    ws
    The
    Th e en e ri
    entititire
    re r itu
    t u al
    tu
    tuala of th thee Je ews is s, ththusus,, noo t th
    us thei
    eirr ow
    ei own; n; n o t a si s ngle
    nggle
    feat
    fe atur
    aturre has as be
    ha beenen ev evol o ve
    olvedd am amon ong
    on g th thee Je Jews
    ws;; th
    ws e rs is a ri
    thei
    ei r tu
    tuala l ma
    made de,,
    de
    even
    ev en to th the e sm
    smal est de
    a le
    al deta
    taililils,
    ta s, of ititem
    s, emss “ ad
    em adop
    opte
    op d” fr
    ted”
    te from
    om th the
    e BaBaby by
    by
    lo
    oni
    n an
    ans.s In
    s. n Ba Baby bylo
    by oniia th
    lo thee un uncicivi
    ci s d Je
    vililiise
    vi Jews
    ws fofoun
    und
    un d re
    reliliigi
    giou
    ouss id
    ou eass an
    dea and d
    ritu
    ri tual
    tu alis
    al isti
    is ticc pr
    ti prac
    actititice
    ac ces,
    ce s wh
    s, whic ich
    ic h ha had d n o t on only ly be
    been
    en evevol
    olve
    ol ved
    ve d bu butt wh whic
    ich
    ic h ha
    had d
    also
    al so be been en ca carrrrried
    ieed al alll ov e th
    over
    er e wo
    the worl r d, ag
    rl es be
    ages befo ore th
    fo the e JeJews
    ws be beca
    came
    ca me
    acqu
    ac quai
    qu aint
    ainted
    nt ed wi withth th them em.. Th
    em This iss iss th
    the e rereas on wh
    ason
    as why y prp rim
    im
    m it itiv
    ive
    iv e pepeop
    ople
    op less in
    le n
    such
    su ch wi widedely
    de lyy sesepa para
    pa rate
    ra d pl
    ted
    te plac
    aces
    ac es as So Soututh,
    ut h, Ce
    h, Cent rall an
    ntra
    nt ra and d No Nortrtt h Am
    Amer eric
    er ica
    ica
    and
    an d In n dida a,, Au Aust stra
    st raalilia
    a anand d Af Afri
    rica
    ri ca ar a e fo foun
    und
    un d in n po poss
    sses
    ss essi
    es on of ri
    sion
    si rite
    tes,
    te s,
    s,
    cust
    cu stom
    st oms,
    om ss,, wo
    word rdss an
    rd and d ob obje ctss wh
    ject
    je ct whicich
    ic h th thee MaMasq ue ha
    sque
    sq hass al
    a wa waysys pr pret
    eten
    et ende
    en ded
    de d
    are
    ar e ththe
    e un uniq ue an
    ique
    iq and d pe pecuculililiar
    cu ar prp rop
    oper
    op erty
    er ty of th e Je
    the Jews
    ws..
    ws
    The
    Th e ig
    igno
    nora
    no nt Je
    rant
    ra Jews
    ws co coul
    u d n o t un
    ul unde
    ders
    de rsta
    rstand
    ta nd nonorr ap
    appr
    prrec
    eciaate as ot
    ia othe
    herr
    he
    natitition
    na onss di
    on d d th the
    e wo
    wond nder
    nd er full sc
    erfu
    fu scie
    ie
    enc
    ncee of th the e Ba
    Baby
    bylo
    by lo
    o ni
    n an as astrtron
    tr onom
    on omer
    om ers,
    er s
    s,
    and
    an d lo ook
    okeded upuponon ala l l th
    theie r el
    ei elab
    ab
    abor
    bor
    orat
    ate
    ate ststud udie
    ud es fo
    ie forr da te ke
    date keepepin
    ep ng as
    in
    mere
    me e ne
    re necrcrom
    cr oman
    om cy.. Ev
    ancy
    an cy ven af terr a re
    afte
    te resi
    side
    sidenc
    de nce
    nc e of fif
    fifty
    ty ye arss in
    year
    ar n BaBaby
    bylo
    by lon
    lo n
    the
    the Je ws kn
    Jews knew
    ew hohow w to fix th the
    e da te of ne
    date neww mo
    moon on ononlylyy by di dire
    re
    ect
    obse
    ob serv
    se rvat
    rv on, an
    atio
    atio andd we
    werere ununabable
    ab le
    e to gig ve nonotititice
    ce of ththee da te be
    date befo fore
    foreha
    re hand
    ha nd..
    nd
    A l th
    Al thee da
    date s in th
    tes
    te thee bobook
    ok of Ma Maccccab
    cc abee
    abeess ar
    ee are e “ G r e e k ” da
    date tes.
    te s.
    s.
    The
    Th e momone ney,
    ne y m o n e t a r y sy
    y, syst em,, na
    stem
    st em name
    mes
    me s o f “ co coinins,
    ins,’’ 7 th
    s, he weweigig
    ght
    htss
    and
    an d me
    measasur
    as ures
    ur es,, na
    es name
    mes
    me s of “ we weig
    ight
    ig hts,
    ht s,”” et
    s, c , th
    etc.
    c. thee ca
    cale
    lend
    le ndar
    nd ar,, an
    ar andd (s
    (soo fa
    farr
    as th e Je
    the ews co coululd
    ul follllllow th
    d fo thes
    ese,
    es e wh
    e, whicich
    ic h wa
    was s n o t ve ry fa
    very far)
    r) th e me
    the meththod
    th odss
    od
    of me
    measasur
    as ng ti
    u in
    ur time
    me,, th
    me he na name
    mes
    me s of th thee daays of th e we
    the week
    ek,, th
    ek e id
    the dea of
    a we ek of se
    week seve
    ven
    ve n da ys,, th
    days
    ys thee sasabb
    bbat
    bb ath,
    at h, th
    h, thee sasabb
    bbat
    bb atic
    atical
    ic al ye
    year ar,, th
    ar thee na
    name
    mes
    me s
    of th e mo
    the mont nths
    nt hs,, feas
    hs fe
    eas
    asts
    ts an andd fafast
    sts,
    sts, an
    and he ti
    d the
    th t me of th thee ye yearar at whwhic icc h
    thes
    these
    es e we
    werere heheldld
    d, ob
    obseserv
    se rvan
    rv ce of th
    ance
    an the e n e w mo moonon,, et
    on c., us
    etc.
    c. usede by th
    ed the e
    Jews
    Je ws ar e n o t th
    are thei
    e r ow
    ei own,n, bu butt we
    wereree ea
    each
    ch an andd al
    a l “ ad adop opte
    op ted
    ted ” fufull llyy
    ll
    evol
    ev o ve
    olvedd frr om th thee Ba
    Baby bylo
    by loni
    lo anss by th
    n an
    ni e Je
    the Jewsws..
    ws

    23

    247
    The
    Th e nu nume meri
    me rica
    ri call sy
    ca syst em,, “ Ge
    stem
    st em Gema matr
    ma tria
    tr ia,”
    ia , an
    ,” and d th the e asassisign
    si gnin
    gn ing
    in g of nu numbmber
    mb erss
    er
    to naname mes,
    me s an
    s, and d ththee “d dat
    ateses,”” et
    es etc.c.,, us
    c. useded by th thee Je ews we w re “ ad adop opte
    op ted”
    te d”
    from
    fr om th the e Ba Baby bylo
    by lo
    loni
    oni
    n ananss an and d th the e Gr G ee eeks ks.. Fr
    ks From om Ba Baby bylo
    by on th
    lo the e Je Jewsws
    “ ad
    adap apte
    ap ted,
    te d ” to
    d, too,o, th
    the e id dea th that
    at th thee ca capi p ta tall is s ththe e cecentntt re of th
    ntre the e woworl rld;
    rl d;
    he Je
    th
    the ews
    ws,, ev evid id
    den
    entl y, di
    tly,
    tl y, didd n o t kn know ow th the e ag age- e-ol
    e- o d re
    ol reas
    ason
    as on fo forr th this
    is,, bu
    is butt
    as th the e id idea
    ea se seem
    emed
    em ed lilike kely
    ke lyy to ad add d to th thei e r ow
    ei own n im mpo port r an
    rtance ce,, th
    ce theyey
    “ ad
    adop opte
    op ted
    te d ” itt an and d ap applplie
    pl ed itt to Je
    ie Jeru rusa
    ru sale
    sa le
    em.
    The
    Th e cu custstom
    st oms
    om s inn vo vogugue
    gu e am amon ong
    on g th the e Je Jews ws ar are e n o t th theieirr ow
    ei own; n no
    n; norr
    are
    ar e thes
    thhes
    ese e cucuststom
    st oms
    om s “ un uniq ique
    iq ue”” ex
    ue excecept
    ce pt in n th thisis,, th
    is hat th the e pe peop ople
    op le
    es am amon ong
    on g
    whom
    wh om th theyey ar aros
    ose
    os e ha haveve,, al
    ve almomost
    mo st wi with thou
    th outt ex
    ou exce cept
    ce ptio
    ptioon,
    n o u t g r o w n th themem..
    em
    The
    Th e Je ews “a “ado dopt
    do pted
    pt e ” wh
    ed what at th ey di
    they did d n o t un undeders
    de rssta
    tand n an
    nd and d of ofteten
    te n
    beca
    be came
    ca me mu mudd ddle
    dd le
    ed,
    d bu butt th theyey cl clinn g te
    in tena naci
    na ciou
    ci o sl
    ou s y to wh what at th theyey ha have ve
    “bor
    “b orro
    or roowewed d ” ‐ m o s t l y be becacaus
    ca use
    us e th they ey ar are e co cont ntin
    nt inuo
    in uous
    uo usly
    us lyy su subjbjec
    bj ecte
    ec ted
    te d to
    an in intetens
    te nsiv
    ns ive
    iv e prropopag agan
    ag anda
    an da de desi s gn
    signeded by th theieirr ex
    ei expl ploi
    pl oite
    oi ters
    te rs to ke keep ep th themem
    “sep
    “s epar
    ep arat
    ar ate"
    at e" fr om ot
    from othe
    herr pe
    he peop ople
    op e. Fo
    le Forr so some me re reasason
    as on th they ey ha have ve be been e
    en
    perm
    pe rmit
    rm itte
    it ted
    te d to di disc
    scar
    sc ard
    ar d ththee “ ca cast st m a r k ” wh whic ich
    ic h th ey “a
    they “ado dopt
    do pted
    pt e d ” un
    ed ndederr
    Pers
    Pe rsia
    rs ian
    ia n ru rule
    le,, bu
    le butt th thee ot o he
    herr cu custstom
    st oms
    om s wh whic icch th hey ha have ve “a “ado dopt
    do pted
    pt ed””
    ed
    they
    th ey ar are e cocompmpel
    mp elle
    el le
    ed by st stro rong
    ro ng pr pres essu
    es sure
    su re to co contntin
    nt inue
    in ue,, ju
    ue justst as th theyey
    are
    ar e co comp mpel
    mp elle
    elle
    el ed to o su subsbscr
    bs crib
    cr ib
    be to o m a n y “f “ un unds ds."
    ds .""
    C rc
    Ci cumumci cisi
    ci s on iss n o t pe
    si pecu culililiar
    cu a to th
    ar the e Je Jews ws,, no
    ws norr di didd th the e JeJews ws or orig ig
    gi
    nate
    na te i t . Ci C rccumumci cisi
    ci on,, in
    sion
    si on ndedeed ed,, wa
    ed was s m a n y th thouo sa
    ou sandn s of ye
    nd year arss ol
    ar oldd
    and
    an d ha had d bebeene ca
    en carr rrie
    rr ied
    ie d al a l ov over er ththe e wo worl r d, to
    rl o Au Auststra
    st ralililia,
    ra a, Ce Cent n ra
    nt a l anand d
    Sout
    So uth
    ut h Am Amer e icca, an
    er and d to m a n y Pa aci
    cificfic Is sla
    land nds,
    nd s, be befo fore
    fo re th the e Je Jewsws
    “ado
    “a dopt
    do pted
    pt ed”” itt . Th
    ed The e Eg Egyp ypti
    yp anss pr
    tian
    ti an prac actitit se
    ac sed d ci c rc cum
    umci cisi
    ci sion
    si on at le astt as
    eas
    earl
    ea rly
    rl y as th thee titime
    me of th the e Fo
    Four urth
    ur th DyDyna nast
    na sty
    st y (a (abo
    bout
    bo ut 37 66 to 35
    3766 3566 66 nn..c. c.)).
    ).
    Neit
    Ne it herr Gr
    ithe
    he G eeeek k no norr Ro Roma man
    ma n cu cult lttur
    ltur
    ure e wa wass su suffiffici
    ffi c en
    ci entltlyy po
    tl pote tent
    te nt to su sup p
    esss th
    pres
    pr es thisis babarbrbar
    rb arou
    ar ouss pr
    ou prac
    acti
    ac ce,, al
    tice
    ti ce alththou
    th ough
    ou gh un unde derr th
    de the e in nflu fluenence
    en ce of th thee
    beau
    be auty
    au ty-l
    ty - ovving
    -l ng Gr
    in Gree
    eeks
    ee ks m a n y Je Jews ws be beca came
    ca me as asha hame
    ha med
    me d of so rriidi dicuculo
    cu lous
    lo us a
    muti
    mu tila
    ti lati
    la tion
    ti on,, an
    on and d sosome me ev even en un unde derw
    de rwen
    rw entt a se
    en secocond
    co nd op opererat
    er atio
    at ion
    io n de desis gn
    signed ed
    to hihide de th the e di
    disfi
    sfigu
    sfi gure
    gu reme
    re ment
    me nt cacausused
    us ed by th the e fir st.. Ab
    first
    st Abou outt 10
    ou 100 0 yeyear arss la
    ar a te
    ter,
    r
    r,
    howe
    ho weve
    we ver,
    ve r, du
    r, duri ng a pe
    ring
    ri peririod
    ri od of fa fananati
    na tica
    ti call frren
    ca enzy zy,, th
    zy thee Je ews mo modi difie
    di fied
    fie d th thee
    meth
    me thod
    th odss us
    od ed so as to re
    used rend
    nder
    nd e th
    er the e mu m ti tila
    lati
    la tion
    ti on mo more re di diffi fficu
    ffi cult
    cu lt to hi hidede..
    de
    Tabu
    Ta bus,
    bu s, su
    s, s ch as th thos
    ose
    os e ag agaiains
    ai nstt ea
    ns eati ng th
    ting
    ti the e fle sh of th
    flesh the e pi pig, g, th the e hahare re,,
    re
    the
    th e si s nenew w of th thee th thig h, bl
    igh,
    ig blooood,
    oo d et
    d, e c.c.,, an and d th he cu c st o m of ea
    stom
    om ng fis
    eatititing fish,
    h
    h,
    garl
    ga rlic
    rl ic an
    andd pe
    pepp e on Fr
    pper
    pp er Frid
    id
    d ay even
    evven
    enin
    ing,
    ing, et
    g, etc.
    c , we
    c. weree n o t ev
    re evol
    olve
    ol d by th
    ved
    ve thee
    Je
    Jews
    ews
    ws,, bu u t wewerere “ ad adop
    opte
    opted
    te d ” by th them
    em,, ““rrea
    em r ea
    eadydy-m
    dy -mad
    -m
    m adade”e” fr om ot
    from othe
    herr
    he
    peop
    pe ople
    op es wh
    le w o ha d Th
    had.
    d. The dea th
    e id that
    at an
    anyo ne wh
    yone
    yo who o to
    touc
    ucche
    uche ed a de ead bobody
    dy
    beca
    be came
    ca me ununclc ea
    cl eann an and d mi ghtt co
    migh
    gh commmmun
    mm unic
    un iccate th
    ate thee un
    unclc ea
    cl eann esss to ot
    nnes
    nn es othe
    hers
    he rs,,
    rs
    forr ex
    fo exam
    ampl
    am ple,
    ple wa
    e, wass “ ad adop
    opp te d ” by th
    e d” thee Je ews fr om th
    from the e Ba
    Babybylo
    by loni
    lonian
    ni ans.
    an s.
    s.
    The
    Th e “P
    “Pas
    asso
    as sove
    so ver,
    ve r,"" it iss pr
    r, pret
    eten
    et ende
    en d, “ ce
    ded,
    de cele
    le
    lebr
    ebr
    brat es th
    ates
    at t e fo form
    rmat
    rm atio
    at on of
    io
    the
    th e JeJewi
    wish
    wish pe peopople
    op e,”” wh
    le wher
    erea
    ereas
    ea s it mamayy be sh showown
    ow n to be an eq equi
    u no
    ui noxi
    x al
    xia
    fest
    fe ivval wh
    stiv
    st whicicch ththe e Je Jews
    ws "a a do
    d ptpted ," co
    ed,"
    ed compmple
    mp ete wi
    le
    lete w tht h Pa
    Pasc scha
    schal La
    ha Lamb
    mb
    and
    an d th e sp
    the spriri nkliliing of bl
    r nk bloo
    ood
    oo d on th thee dodooror-p
    or -p
    pos
    osts
    ts,, et
    ts c., fr
    etc.
    c.
    c., from
    om Ba Baby
    by

    24

    248
    lo
    loni
    oni n a. Th The e bu bunc nch
    nc h o f Hy Hyss ssop
    ss op wa wass “ a d o p t e d ” b y th the e Je ews fr from
    om
    the
    th e Ma Mazd zdea
    zd ean
    ea n p prrie
    rieest
    sts; s an
    s; and d th the e wo word rd “ Pa Pasc scha
    sc ha”” (o
    ha (orr “ Pa Pass ssov
    ss over
    ov e ”) iss
    er
    Baby
    Ba bylo
    by looni
    nianan;; bu
    an butt th the e fe fest stiv
    st ivval
    ivalal an and d theth
    he cu cust omss co
    stom
    st om c nn nnececte
    ec teed wi
    ted with th itt ha had d
    been
    be en ca carr rrie
    rr ied
    ie d to o th the e m o s t di d st
    stanantt pa
    an part rtt s of th the e ea eart rtth, ev even en to th the e
    Amer
    Am eric
    er iccas
    icasas,, be befo fore
    fo re ev ever er th the e Jews ews so
    Je s mu much ch as he hear ard
    ar d of th themem..
    em
    The
    Th e “ Fe Feas astt of Li
    as Lighghts
    gh ts,, or De
    ts Dedi dica
    di catitit on
    ca on,, or Ch Chan anuk
    an uka”
    uk a” is s n o t pe pecu culilil ar
    cu
    to th the e Je Jews ws,, no
    ws norr di did d th the e Je ews or orig igin
    ig innatate e i t ; th ey “a
    they “ado dopt
    do pted
    pt ed”” itt
    ed
    “ at
    “l ate, e,”” fr
    e, fromom the thhe Ba Baby bylo
    by lo
    on niian
    ans, s an
    s, and d se seem em to ha have ve mu mudd ddle
    dd led
    le d itt wi with th
    othe
    ot herr fe
    he est
    stiv ival
    iva s.
    al s Th The e “F “ ea east st of Ligh L i gh
    Li ghts ts,”” liike th
    ts thee “F “Feaeast
    ea st of th the e
    Dead
    De ad”” (i
    ad ( inc
    nclu
    nc ludi
    lu ding
    di ng “ Al A lll Sa Sain inn ts
    ts”” an and d “ A l l So Soul ulss ” ) , th
    ul the e lii ghghti t ng of
    ti
    waxx ca
    wa cand ndle
    nd le
    es to Sa Satu t rn an
    tu and d th the e bu burn rnin
    rn inn g of lii gh g ts fo o r OsOsir irris,
    iss, et etc. c,
    c.
    were
    we re cu custstom
    st oms
    om s "a "age ge-o
    ge -old
    -o d ” be
    ld befofore
    fo ree 16 65 B. C.. , th
    B.C.
    C the e da date te at wh w ic ich h th the e
    Je ews pr preteten
    et end
    en d th the e “F “Fea east
    ea st of Ch Chan anuk
    an uka”
    uk a”” wa was s in nst
    stit ittut
    uteded.. An
    ed Anci c en
    ci entt
    cust
    cu stom
    st om,, an
    om and d whwhat at th the e ra rabbbbis
    bb is cacalllll “ t h e ga gari r sh ligh
    ri g ts of th
    liigh the e ChChri rist
    ristma
    st mass
    ma
    Tree
    Tr ee,"
    ee ,"" prp ovoved ed so al a lluluri
    lu ng an
    ring
    ri a d so s m a n y Je Jews ws " w e n t af afteterr ” th
    te thes
    ese
    es e
    that
    th at th theie r “ g r e a t sc
    ei scho hola
    ho lars
    la rs”” ha
    rs had d to o co cond ndon
    nd one
    on e th the e la apspse e an and d gl osss itt
    glos
    os
    over
    ov e , in co
    er comp mpar
    mp a at
    ar ativivel
    iv e y re
    el rece cent
    ce nt ti t me
    mes, s, wi
    s, w th fa fancncif
    nc ifful
    u hi hist oryy ; an
    stor
    st or and, d just
    d, juust
    as th thee bo book ok of Es Este terr wa
    te was s co compmpos
    mp osed
    os ed to to ex expl plai
    pl a n th
    ai he “ Fe Feas astt of
    as o Pu Puri r m,
    ri m”
    s , m a n y maintain, the
    so thhe st storory
    or y of th the e “ De Dedi d ca
    di catititionon of th thee Te Temp mple
    mp e”
    le
    wass in
    wa nve
    vent ntted to ex
    nted expl p ai
    pl a n th the e “ Fe Feas astt of Li
    as Ligh
    ghts
    gh ts or o Ch Chan anuk
    an uka.
    uk a”
    a.
    The
    Th e “ Fe Feas astt of Ta
    as abebern rnac
    rn acle
    ac les
    le s or Bo Boot hs ” iss n o t Je
    oths
    ot ewi
    wish sh,, an
    sh and d di did d not
    o ig
    or igininat
    in a e in
    at n th the e wi wild ld
    der
    erne ness
    ne ss,, as th
    ss the e Je ews pr preteten
    et end.
    en d Itt wa
    d. was s a ve very ry
    anci
    an cien
    ci entt fe
    en fest stiv
    st al wh
    ivval whic icch ap appe peal
    pe ed to
    aled
    al o th the e Je Jews
    ws on ac acco coun
    co untt of it
    un itss lilicecen
    ce n
    tit ou
    ous s ch c ararac acte
    ac ter,
    te r,, anand d so th they ey “ ad adopopte
    op ted
    te d ” itt fr fromom th thei eirr ma
    ei mast ster
    st erss an
    er and d
    neig
    ne ighb
    ig hbou
    hb ours
    ou rss. Pl Plut u ar
    ut archch sa said id
    d th is fe
    this feasastt of th
    as the e Je ews wa was s “e e xa
    xact ctly
    ct lyy
    agre
    ag reea
    re eabl
    ea e” to th
    ble”
    bl the e ri rite
    tees of Ba Bacc cchu
    cc hus,
    hu s th
    s, h at is s, itt wa was s Ba Bacc ccha
    cc hana
    ha naliliian
    na a .
    At th he “F “Fea east
    ea st of Jehovah” (t hatt is
    (tha
    ha is,, of Ia aouou,, Iao, Ia
    a o,
    o or Ba Bacc cchu
    cc hus)
    hu s),, as
    s)
    the
    th e “ Fe Feas astt off Ta
    as Tabe bern
    be rnac
    rn acle
    ac les”
    le s” wa was s ca calllllled
    ed,, th
    ed he Le Levivite
    vi tes
    te s we were ree in n th the e
    habi
    ha bitt o f sh
    bi shou outi
    ou t i ng “ H a l l e l u j a h ” o r “A A lll el
    eluiuia”
    ui a”” ( “ Pr Praiaise
    ai se y e I a ” )
    at fr freq
    eque
    eq uent
    ue nt in inteterv
    te rval
    rv als,
    al s, ju
    s, justst as at th thee tr trie ienn
    ie nnia
    nn iall fe
    ia fest ivval of Ba
    stiv
    st Bacc cchu
    cc h s or
    hu
    Dion
    Di onys
    on ysus
    ys us th thee sa same me re repepeat
    pe ated
    at ed cr cryy of " Ia a ” wa wass ma made de;; mo
    de more reov
    re over
    ov er it wa wass
    said
    sa id “ T h e titime me an and d ma mann nner
    nn er of th thee gr grea
    eate
    ea test
    te st anand d mo most s t ho
    st holy ly so sole le
    emnmnititity y
    of th thee Je ews ar are e ex exac actltltlyy th
    ac the e sasameme as th the e ho holy lyy or orgig es of Ba Bacc cchu
    cc h s.
    hu s”
    Alll bo
    Al boot oths
    ot hs or Su Succ ccot
    cc oth
    ot h of an anci entt ri
    c en
    ci ritu tual
    tu a we
    al were re co conn nnec
    nn ecte
    ec ted
    te d wi with th th the e
    Kode
    Ko desh
    de shot
    sh oth,
    ot h, or o “c “con onse
    on secr
    se crat
    cr ated
    at ed wo wome men,
    me n,”” de
    n, devovote
    vo ted
    te d to th the e gr greaeatt go
    ea goddddes
    dd esss
    es
    of Sy Syri a; an
    r ia;
    ri and d “ Su Succ ccot
    cc oth
    ot h Be Beno noth
    no th
    th”h ” m a y be tr t an
    ansl s at
    sl ed “ Bo
    ated Boot oths
    ot hss of th the e
    wome
    wo men
    me n co cons nsec
    ns ecra
    ec rate
    ra te
    ted
    ed to o Ve Venu nus.
    nu s.”” Itt is
    s. s, ho howe weve
    we ver,
    ve r, un
    r, ndedesi sira
    si rabl
    ble
    bl e he here re
    e to
    disc
    di scus
    sc usss mo
    us more re fu full llyy th
    ll the e or o r ig
    orig g in a l fo
    inal
    al form
    rms
    rm s of th thisis fe feasast,
    as t or to de
    t, deal a wi
    al w ith th
    the
    th e in ndedelililica
    cate
    ca te as aspe pect
    pe cts
    ct s of Je ewi
    wishsh lilife fe,, th
    fe thou
    hou
    ough ght,
    gh t cu
    t, custstom
    st omss an
    om and d re eliligi
    gion
    gi on,,
    on
    whic
    wh ich
    ic h su such ch di
    ch disc
    scus
    sc ussi
    us s on wo
    si woul uld
    ul d in nvo
    volv lvve.
    e.
    The
    Th e “F “Fea east
    ea st of We Week eks”
    ek s” (“ (“PePent
    Pe ntec
    nt ecos
    ec ost”
    os t ”),
    t” ) th
    ), the e Je Jews
    ws pr preteten
    et end,
    en d co
    d, c om m
    memo
    me mora
    mo raa te
    tes s “ th the e re rece ceiv
    ce ivin
    iv in
    ng of o f ththe e La a w on o n Mo Moun untt Si
    un Sina nai,
    na i,,” bu butt itt is
    n o t Je Jewi sh;; itt is
    w sh
    wi s a ha harv rves
    rv estt fe
    es fest ivval of th
    stiv
    st the e de desp spis
    sp issed Ca Cana naan
    na anitittes
    an es,, wh whic ich
    ic h

    25

    249
    the
    th e Je ews ha have ve “a “ado dopt
    do pted
    pt ed.”
    ed .”” Ap Apar artt fr
    ar from
    om th the e fa ct th
    fact thatat th the e Jewish
    scri
    sc ript
    ri u es co
    ptur
    pt ur cont ntai
    nt ain
    ai n th thre
    reee ve versrsio
    rs ns of th
    ions
    io the e “ T e n Co Comm mman
    mm andm
    an dmen
    dm ents
    en tss,”” an
    and d
    that
    th at th thee “F “ ea east st of We Week ekss ” is me
    ek ment ntio
    nt ione
    io ned
    ne d in n th the e ve vers rsio
    rs io on of Ex Exod odus
    od us
    X X X I V, 14-2 144-26,-2
    26, wh whic ich
    ic h iss re egagard rded
    rd ed as ol oldederr th
    de than an th the e ve vers rsio
    rs
    sio
    ionsns of
    Exod
    Ex odus
    od us XX an and d De Deut uttereron onom
    on omyy V,
    om V, th the e Je ewiwish sh st stor
    ory
    or y fafailililss to im impr pres
    pr ess.
    es s.
    A mu much ch mo more re ad admi mira
    mi raabl b e co code de ha had d be been en in n usse in n Eg Egyp yptt fo
    yp forr ag ageses,,
    es
    and
    an d a hi h ghghly ly de deve velo
    ve lope
    loped
    pe d or orga gani
    ga nisa
    ni satitition
    sa on of la a w ha had d al alre
    read
    re ady
    ad y ex exis iste
    is ted
    te d in
    Baby
    Ba bylo
    by n a fo
    loni
    lo ni forr a th thou ousa
    ou sand
    sa nd ye year ars
    ar s be befo fore
    fo re th the e al a le ege
    ged d “ re rece ceiv
    ce ivin
    iv ing
    in g of th thee
    L a w ” iss su s ppppos osed
    os ed to ha have ve oc occu curr
    cu rred
    rr ed..
    ed
    The
    Th e Je ews ha haveve la ame
    ment ed Jerusalem fo
    nted
    nt forr a lo o ng tiime me,, an and d on one e of
    thei
    th eirr mo
    ei most s t ch
    st cher eris
    er ishe
    is hed
    he d cu cust stom
    st oms
    om s is s thatthh at of go goin ing
    in g to a sa sacr cred
    cr ed pl p ac
    ace e in n
    Jeru
    Je rusa
    ru sale
    sa le
    em to we weep ep,, wa
    ep wailill an and d re rend nd d th theieirr ga
    ei garm rm
    m en
    ents s . Th
    ts They ey pr preteten
    et end,
    en d,
    d,
    and
    an d sosomeme of th themem be beliliev
    liiev
    eve,e, th that at th theyey we weep ep an
    ep and d wa wailil fo forr th the e lo oss
    of “Jerusalem” an and d th the e “g“ re reatatne
    at ness
    ne ss”” wh
    ss whic ich
    ic h th they
    ey im mag agin ine
    in e th thee Je Jewsws
    form
    fo rmer
    rm e ly en
    er enjo jo oye
    yed. d.
    d.
    Acco
    Ac cord
    co rdin
    rd ing
    in g to t th the e Je ews
    ws’’ ow own n st stor
    orie
    or ies,
    ie s, al
    s, a ththou ough
    ou gh th thee Je Jews ws we were re fo or
    bidd
    bi dden
    dd en by th the e Ro Roma mans
    ma ns to se sett fo foot ot in n Je erurusasale
    sa le
    lem,
    em, ne nevevert
    ve rthe
    rt hele
    he le
    essss,, af afte
    terr
    te
    ward
    wa rdss th
    rd they
    ey we were re pe perm rmit
    rm itte
    it te
    ed to go go,, on oncece a ye yearar on th the e 9t 9th h da day y of
    the
    th e mo mont nth
    nt h Ab Ab,, “ th thee an anni nive
    ni vers
    ve rsar
    rs aryy of th
    ar the e ca capt ptur
    pt e of Jerusalem” (?
    u re
    ur (?),
    )
    ),
    to a sa sacr
    cred
    cr ed st ston
    one,
    on e, ca ed “ la
    calllllled apip s pe pert rtus
    rt ussu
    us sus,
    su s " in
    s, n th thee ci c ity
    ty an and d to t an anoi o nt
    oi
    this
    th iss pe
    perf rfor
    rf orat
    or a ed st
    at stonone
    on e wi w th oi o l an a d to we weep ep an and d wa wailil ar arouound
    ou nd itt .
    The
    Th e JeJews
    ws pr p etetenend
    en d to at atta
    tach
    ta ch gr g ea eatt im impo port
    po rttan
    ance ce to th thisis cu cust stom
    st om,, an
    om and d
    the
    th e un univ iver
    iv ersa
    er sall (b
    sa (but ut ob obvi viou
    vi ousl
    ou sly
    sl y ar a ti tific
    ficia
    fic iall an
    ia and d in nsi
    s nc
    ncer ere)
    er e) ou outc tcry
    tc ryy ra rais
    issed
    by th the e JeJewsws of th the e wo worl r d re
    rl rececent
    ce ntly
    nt l y ‐ wh
    ly when en th the e au auththor
    th o ititie
    or es in Jeru
    ie
    sale
    sa em co
    le comp mpel
    mp elle
    el led
    le d th the e Je Jewsws th ther e e to ab
    er abid de by
    id y th t e te term m s of th
    rm the e ag agrere
    ee
    m e n t wh wher ereb
    er ebyy th
    eb theyey ar are e pr priv ivvilleg
    ivil eged ed to wa wailili on gr grou ound
    ou nd be belo lo
    ong ngin ing
    in g to
    anot
    an othe
    ot heer se sect ct‐‐ iss an illlu
    ct luststra
    st rati
    ra tion
    ti on of ho how w th the e Je ews re rega gard
    ga rd an ag agre reem
    re emen
    em entt
    en
    with
    wi th nonon-n-Je
    n- Je ews an and d ala so of ho how w th the e Ma Masq sque
    sq ue wo work rks.
    rk ss..
    The
    Th e rereas
    ason
    as onss gi
    on giveven
    ve n by th the e Je Jews ws fo forr th thisis wa wailili in ng ar a e un unco conv
    co nvin
    nv inci
    in c ng
    ci ng,,
    and
    an d ot otheherr co
    he cons nsid
    ns id
    dererat
    atio
    at ions
    io ns ma make ke th theie r ac
    ei acce cept
    ce ptan
    pt ance
    an ce d diiffifficucult
    cu ltt. Th Thus us,,
    us
    lame
    lament
    me ntat
    nt atio
    at ions
    io ns fo forr a lo ost ci city ty ar are e no t pe pecu cu ar to th
    culililiar thee Je ewsws,, ma many ny
    smal
    sm alll pe
    al peop ople
    op less ha
    le have ve be bewa wailililed
    wa e th
    ed the e loss oss o f th
    lo thei e r towns‐even on a
    ei
    cune
    cu ne o m ta
    eiffor tabl
    abl bletet fr f om Ta Taan anac
    an ach,
    ac h, th the e au auth th
    thor
    hor or,, Ak Akhihi-y
    hi -yyam
    amii as asksks wh whet ethe
    et herr
    he
    ther
    th ere
    er e is s st stilili l la amement ntat
    nt atio
    at io
    on fo forr th the e lo ost ci c tities
    es,, or ha
    es have ve th they ey be beenen
    reco
    re
    ecocovevere
    ve red
    re d‐bu butt su sure lyy no pe
    rely
    re peop ople
    op le
    e ev ever e r be
    er bewa wailililed
    wa led th the oss of th
    e loss
    lo theie r ci
    ei c ity
    ty
    annu
    an nual
    nu a ly wi
    al w th thinin
    n th the e ci city ty ittse self lf..
    lf
    More
    Mo reov
    re over
    ov er,, th
    er thisis an annu nual
    nu a mo
    al mour urni
    ur ning
    ni ng,, we
    ng weep epin
    ep ing,
    in g, wa wailililin
    ing,
    in g te
    g, tear arin
    ar ing
    in g of ha hairirr
    and
    an d re e nd
    ndin ing
    in g of ga garm rm
    rmen
    m enents ts wa was s co comm mmon
    mm on to m o s t of th
    on the e pe peop ople
    op less of
    le
    the
    th e EaEast st anand d to tookok pl p ac
    ace e in n Pa Pale lest
    le stin
    st ine
    in e m o s t fr freqeque
    eq uent
    ue ntly
    nt ly ju just st af afteterr mi
    te mid d
    s mm
    su mmer e r,, th
    er thatat is s, ab abou outt th
    ou thee 9t 9th h da dayy of th the e mo mont nth
    nt h Ab Ab..
    The
    Th e wo wome men
    me n of Eg Egyp yptt we
    yp wept pt fo forr Os Osir irris,
    iris
    iss, th thee Gr Greeeekk an
    ee a d Ro Roma man
    ma n
    wome
    wo men
    me n wewept pt fo forr “ t h e be bewawailililed
    wa ed ” or “ t h e la amement nted
    nt ed ” on one, e Ba
    e, Bacc cchu
    cc hus,
    hu s
    s,
    st as th
    just
    ju he wo wome men
    me n of Ch Chin ina
    in a w e p t fo forr Wu Wuty tyun
    ty une,
    un e an
    e, and d th the e wo wome men
    me n of

    26

    250
    Assy
    As syri
    sy r a an
    ri and d Ph Phoe oeni
    oe nici
    ni c a we
    ci wept p fo
    pt forr Ta Tamm mmuz
    mm uz,, as di
    uz d d th the e wo wome men
    me n of
    Baby
    Ba bylo
    by lo
    onin a,a, anand d th the e wo wome men
    me n of Jerusalem (E (Ezezeki
    ze ki e V I I I , 14
    kiel
    el 14)).
    Sinc
    Si nce
    nc e th the e fofour u th c e n t u r y A . D . th
    ur the e Je Jewsws ha haveve ma mana nage
    na ged
    ge d t o ge gett in into to
    Jeru
    Je ru
    usa salele
    em to in indu dulg
    du lge
    lg e in in th thisis cu cust stom
    st om;; at fir
    om fi st an annu nual
    nu ally
    al ly,, bu
    ly butt late laateterr by
    brib
    br ib
    ibin
    b ing n g th
    in the e so sold ld
    ldie
    die ieryry th theyey ma mana nage
    na ged
    ge d to pr prol olon
    ol ong
    on g ththei eirr la
    ei ame ment ntat
    nt atio
    at io
    ons
    and
    an d thei thheeiir st ay in
    stay n Je Jeru ru
    rusa
    usa
    sale le
    lem,
    em,m un unti t l to
    ti todadayy th
    da they
    ey ha have ve an ag agre reem
    re emen
    em entt
    en
    with
    wi th th the e Mo Mosl slem
    sl ems,
    em s, an
    s, and d wa wailill os oste tens
    te nsib
    ns ibly
    ib lyy ev ever eryy Fr
    er F id
    iday ay,, bu
    ay butt ac actu tual
    tu ally
    al ly
    ever
    ev eryy da
    er day. y. At th the e “ wa wailill in n g pl p ac ace e " th t ey we weepep,, wa
    ep wailili , kikiss
    ss th thee st ston
    ones
    on es
    and
    an d p r a y, y, puputt ttin
    tt ing
    in g th thei e r mo
    ei oututhshs to th the e crcran anni
    an n es an
    ni and d th t ru ruststin
    st ng wr
    in
    ing writ ittte
    ten n
    onss in
    petitit tition
    pe on intoto ho hole les
    le s in n th the e wa wallll.
    ll .
    That
    Th at th the e wa wailili in ing g no now w ta takekes
    ke s pl p acace e on th thee wewest st of th the e “ Sa Sakh khra
    kh ra
    a,""
    on Fr Frid iday
    id ays
    ay s esespe peci
    pe cial
    ci ally
    al ly,, an
    ly and d th that at pr pray ayer
    ay ers
    er s ar aree wh whis ispe
    is pere
    pe red
    re d an and d th thru rust
    ru st
    i nto
    in to ap aper ertu
    er t ure
    tu res
    re s in th t e wa walllll, ma may y be ac acci cide
    ci dent
    de nts;
    nt s; bu butt th the e an anoi o nt
    oi ntining
    in g of o
    the
    th e pe perf rfor
    rf orat
    or ated
    at ed st ston one
    on e wa wass no nott an ac acci cide
    ci dent
    de nt.. Th
    nt This is “l“ apapis iss pe pert rttus
    ussu sus”
    su s”
    wass in
    wa nve
    vest sted
    st ed wi with th a sa sanc ncti
    nc tity
    ti ty se secocond
    co nd on only lyy to th that at of o th the e Ka Kaab aba
    ab a at
    Mecc
    Me cca,
    cc a wi
    a, with t wh
    th which
    whic icch it is assso sociciat
    ci ated
    at ed in n my myth th,, ju
    th just st as itt iss as asso soci
    so ciat
    ci a ed
    at
    with
    wi th “ th thee we wellll of sp spir s " an
    irritts, and d iss iden id
    denenti t fie
    ti fiedd wi w th th the e sa sacr cred
    cr ed ro rockck
    “ Sa
    Sakh khra
    kh ra."
    ra .""
    “Sak
    “S akhr
    ak hra”
    hr a” wa wass th t e mo moth t e
    th err of th the e su sun- n-go
    n- god,
    go d, an and d Ta Tamm mmuz
    mm uz,, At
    uz Atti t s,
    ti
    Dion
    Di onys
    on ysus
    ys us,, Ba
    us Bacc cchu
    cc huss an
    hu and d Ad Adon onis
    on is (w (wit ith
    it h wh whom om we were re as asso soci
    so ciat
    ci ated
    at ed th he bo boat at
    and
    an d su suchch th thinings
    in gs as “ pe perf rffor
    orat ated
    at ed st ston
    ones
    on es ")) we
    es w re al a lll su sun- n go
    n- gods ds,, wh
    ds who o
    mayy be iden
    ma id
    denenti tifie
    ti fied
    fie d wi w th th Ni N ni n p, p , “ th the e gr grea eatt ho
    ea hog, g,”” Lo
    g, Lord rd
    d of “ th the e
    spir
    sp irititts of th
    ir the e un unde derw
    de rwor
    rw orld
    or ld."" Ni
    ld Nini nip
    ni p ap appe pear
    pe ared
    ar ed to hi h s wo wors rshi
    rs hipp
    hi pper
    pp ers
    er s in n
    the
    th e fo form rmm of a sw swin in
    ne; th the e ma malililign gnan
    gn antt Sa
    an Satu turn
    tu rn
    n wa was s hi hiss pl plananet
    an et,, an
    et and d
    Jeeru usa sale lem
    le m wa wass hi h s ci cityty.. Ni
    ty N ni nip p wa was s al alsoso “ Lo Lord r of th
    rd the e ve veilili ," th thee ve veilil
    bein
    be ing
    in g sy symbmbol
    mb o icc bo
    ol both th of th the e un unde derw
    de rwor
    rw orld
    or d an
    ld and d of mo mour urni
    ur ning
    ni ng;; la
    ng ate
    terr he
    beca
    be came
    ca me a wa war- r-go
    r- god,
    go d, a pa patr on of hu
    tron
    tr hunt ntin
    nt ing,
    in g, an and d a su sun-n--gogod. d.
    d.
    Wailili in
    Wa ing g en enab able
    ab led
    le d th the e Je Jews ws to e n t e r Je Jeru ruusasale
    le
    lem,
    em,
    m, it en enab able
    ab le
    ed th themem to
    prol
    pr olon
    ol ong
    on g th theie r st
    ei stay ay th therere,
    er e,, de
    e desp e the
    spititite
    sp he pr
    th proh ohib
    oh ib
    ibit
    bittioion;n; is it i an ar a tit fic
    fice e
    of th thehe Ma Masq sque
    sq ue,, p a r t of a po
    ue polililiti
    t ca
    ti call ga game me,, th
    me the e ul ultitima
    ti mate
    ma te ob obje ject
    je ct of
    whic
    wh ich
    ic h iss to ga gain i n fo
    in forr th he Je Jews ws po poss sses
    ss essi
    es sion
    si on of th the e “l“ apapis is pe pert rtus
    rt ussu
    us sus,
    su s,""
    s,
    the
    th e “D “Dom ome
    om e of th the e Rock,"" an and d th the e " te tempmple
    mp eh
    le l l "?
    hii ll
    The
    Th e “ D a y of o At Aton o em
    on emen entt ” iss n o t Je
    en Jewi wish
    wi sh.. Itt iss n o t no
    sh noti
    otit ce
    ced d in
    the
    th e ol oldederr Jewish wr
    de writ itt ings
    in gs;; th
    n gs the e Je ews " ad adop opte
    op ted
    te d ” itt fr f om th theieirr Pe
    ei Pers rsia
    rs ia
    an
    over
    ov erlo
    er lord
    lo rds,
    rd s, as th theyey di did d al a so th the e ususe e of “ th thee asashe hees of a re red d he heif iffer
    e "
    and
    an d th the e mymyth th off a br b idgedge (o
    id (oveverr th
    ve the e va valllllley in Je Jeru
    erurusa
    usa
    sale le
    em)m)..
    The
    Th e se sendndin
    nd ing
    in g fo fort rth
    rt h of a “s “sca cape
    ca pe-g
    pe -ggoaoat" tt"" as a pr prop
    opit
    op itia
    it iato
    ia tory
    to ry of o fe eri r ng
    to Az Azaz azel
    az el,, “ th
    el the e pr p in ince ce of fa en an
    fallllllen
    en ange gels
    ge lss,”” iss sp spec ecia
    ec iallllyy me
    ia ment ntio
    nt ione
    io ne ed in
    t e Mi
    th Mish shna
    sh nah,
    na h,, an
    h and d ap appe pear
    pe a s to ha
    ar have ve be been en ob obseserv
    se rved
    rv ed do down wn to th the e ti time
    me
    o f th
    of the e dedest stru
    st ruct
    ru ctio
    ct ioon of Jerusalem. Th This iss anannu nual
    nu a pr
    al prop opit
    op itia
    it iati
    ia tion
    ti o n of a de
    on demo mon
    mo n
    (?Lu
    (? L ci
    Lu c fe
    ferr or Sa Sata tan)
    ta n) be belolong
    lo ngs
    ng s to th the e la ate terr Jewish rii tu tual a an and d se seem emss
    em
    to be co conn nnec
    nn ecte
    ec ted
    te d wi with th th the e De Devi vil-
    vi l wo
    l- wors rshi
    rs hip
    hi p of th the e YeYezi zidi
    zi dis,
    di s, wh whic icch iss
    s mi
    si mila ar in ch
    la char arac
    ar acte
    ac terr bu
    te butt la ate terr in n de deve velo
    ve loopmpmen ent.
    en t.

    27

    251
    In
    nst
    stea
    ead
    ea d of a go
    goat
    at n mo
    a in mode rn tit me
    dern
    de mes,s, Je
    ewi
    wish
    sh fafath
    ther
    th ers
    er s of
    o fa
    fami es sa
    m lilies
    mi sacr
    crii
    cr
    ed a wh
    ficed
    fic whititte cock on th
    cock he eve of th
    eve e “ D a y of At
    the Aton
    onem
    on emen
    em ent.
    en t.”” Am
    t. Amon
    ong
    on g
    the
    th e ananci
    c en
    cients
    ts go
    goat
    ats
    at s w e r e sa
    sacr
    c ifice
    cr ififice
    ced
    d to DiDion
    onys
    on ysus
    ys uss.
    Acco
    Ac cord
    co rdin
    rd ng to th
    in
    ing theie r o w n st
    ei stor
    orie
    ories,
    ie s th
    s, the e Je ws mu
    Jews m rdrder
    ered
    er ed ab
    abou outt 70
    ou 70,0
    ,000
    ,000
    Baby
    Ba bylo
    by loni
    lo n an
    ni anss in
    n th the e re
    reigg n of “A
    ig Aha hasu suer
    su erus
    er us,”” an
    us andd in n mememomory
    mo ry of that
    th
    h at
    mass
    ma ssac
    ss acre
    ac e th
    re ey ce
    they celele
    ebr
    b at
    ate
    e th theie r ho
    ei holililida
    day,
    da yy,, " Pu
    Purir m,
    ri m,”” wi
    with
    th “ gr eatt me
    grea
    ea merrri
    rr
    ment
    me nt an and d rerejo
    joic
    jo iccin
    icin
    ing,g, sp
    g, spriring
    ri ngin
    ng ing
    in g ra
    attttleles
    le s an
    and d gi
    givi
    ving
    vi ng ve
    ventn t to no
    nt nois isyy de
    is demo
    mon
    mo n
    stra
    stratitition
    ra ons
    on s of an angeger,
    ge r,, co
    cont
    ntem
    nt empt
    em pt an
    and d sc scor
    orn
    or n whwhenen th
    the
    e nanameme of Ha Hamaman
    ma n iss
    ment
    me nttio ione
    ned
    ne n th
    d in theieirr Sy
    ei Syna
    nago
    na gogu
    go gues
    gu es.""
    “ P u r i m " ha has s al alwa ys be
    ways
    wa been
    en a Sa Satu turn
    tu rn
    nal
    a ia amamonong
    on g th e Je
    the Jewsws.. Th
    ws The e
    auth
    au th
    hor of a t r a c t in n the
    th
    he Ta a lm
    m ud la ays itt do downwn as a ru rulele,, th
    le that
    at at
    the
    th e fe feas
    astt of
    as o PuPuri r im
    ri m evever
    ery
    er y JeJeww iss bo boun und
    un d to o drd in
    ink
    k un unti
    till he ca
    ti cann
    nnot
    nn ot
    d st
    di stin
    in
    ingu
    ngu
    guis h be
    ish
    is betwtwee
    tw een
    ee n ththee wo word rdss “ Cu
    rd C rs rsed
    ed be e HaHama man”
    ma n” anand d " Bl Besesse
    es sed
    se d
    be Mo Mord rdec
    rd ecai
    ec aii "; anand d in n reece cent n t ti
    nt time
    mess th
    me thee JeJewsws ma madede py pyra rami
    ra m ds of
    mi of
    w a x ta t pe
    pers s, bu
    rs burnrned
    rn ed efl eflig
    igie
    ig ies an
    ies,
    es, and d ac acteted
    te d a co comemedy
    me dy whwhicich
    ic h en endeded
    de d in
    riba
    ri bald
    ba ld ry;; “ g l u t t o n y an
    d ry and d in n to
    toxi xica
    xi cati
    ca tion
    ti on be bega
    gan
    ga n in th e af
    the a te
    ternrn noooon,n, an andd
    w e n t on un unti till th
    ti thee wh wholole
    ol e co comm mmun
    mm unit
    un ityy se
    it seem
    emed
    em ed to o ha
    haveve ta take ken
    ke n le eav
    avee
    of th thei
    eirr se
    ei sens es;; Je
    nses
    ns es Jewiwsh
    wi sh m e n an and d wo wome men
    me n chchan
    ange
    an ged
    ge d cl
    clot
    othe
    ot hes,
    he s, th they
    ey at ate
    e
    and
    an d th ey dr
    they dranank,
    an k, th
    k, ey r a n ab
    they abou outt an
    ou and d c u t cacapepers
    pe rs,, th
    rs ey re
    they reel
    eled
    el ed an and d ththey
    ey
    stag
    st agge
    ag gere
    ge re
    red,
    ed,d ththeyey sh shririek
    rieked
    ek ed,, ye
    ed ed,, st
    yelllllled
    ed stam
    ampe
    am d, cl
    ped,
    pe d, clat
    atte
    at tere
    te re
    ed,
    d anand d br brok oke
    ok e ea
    eachch
    othe
    ot her’
    he s he
    r’s
    r’ headads,
    ad s ” an
    s, and d th the e ho hors rse-
    rs e-pl
    e- p ay of
    pl ofte
    ten
    te n en endeded
    de d inn mu murd rd
    derer an andd
    crim
    cr im
    me.e
    Howe
    Ho weve
    we ver,
    ve r no
    r, notw twit
    tw iths
    it hsta
    hs tand
    ta n in
    nd ng th the e pl pleaeasu
    ea sure
    su re itt ha has s af
    affo
    ford
    fo ed th
    rded
    rd thee JeJewsws,,
    ws
    this
    th iss fe
    fest
    s iv
    st a iss n o t Je
    ival
    al ewi
    wish sh;; th
    sh the e Je Jewsws “ ad adopopte
    op ted
    te d " itt fr om th
    from the e Ba
    Baby by
    lo
    oni
    nian
    ans.
    an s On th
    s. thee BlB acackk Ob Obel e issk, Sh
    el Shal a ma
    al manenese
    ne serr sa
    se saysys:: “ F o r th
    ys the e seseco
    cond
    co nd
    me I ce
    time
    ti celelebr
    le brat
    br ated
    at ed th he Fu Fur-r--fefest
    stiv
    st ivval
    a of As Assusurr an
    su and d Ha
    Hada dad”
    da d ; an
    d” and d a
    deed
    de ed of o sa le of 73
    sale 7344 3 . 0 . iss da date ted
    te d in th the
    e epepononym
    on ymy
    ym y of
    o BeBel- l da
    l- dama man
    ma n “ in
    the
    th e ye ar of hi
    year hiss PuPurr‐ofl
    oflicicce.
    e.”” Ev Even en th thee wo
    word rd “ P u r ” is s n o t Je Jewiwish
    wi sh;;
    sh
    and,
    an d, as wi w th th thee " fe feas
    astt of Li
    as Lighghts
    gh ts,"" th
    ts e Jews
    the Jeews ap appe ar to ha
    pear
    pe have ve mu m d
    dl ed wh
    dled what a th
    at theyey " ad adopopte
    op te
    ed ” of th the e Fu ur-
    r-fe
    fe
    est
    stiv a wi
    ival
    iv al withh re
    th relililics
    cs of o th the
    e
    “ Fe
    Feasastt of Bo
    as Boot hs ” an
    oths
    ot and d of th thee “ Pa Pass ssov
    ssover
    ov er.”” In n ananci
    c en
    ci entt ri ritutual
    tu a l wa
    waxx
    ta
    a pe
    persrs we
    were re plp acaceded on th the e alalta tars
    ta rs of Sa Satuturn
    tu rn..
    rn
    A cocommmmon
    mm on cocompmpla
    mp la
    ain nt of th thee Je Jews
    ws iss th h at th the e ot
    othe
    herr pe
    he peop ople
    op le
    es am
    amon ong
    on g
    whom
    wh om th ey ha
    they haveve ch chososen
    os en to dw dwel elll cr
    el uellllllyy " he
    crue
    ue herdrd
    ded th the e JeJews
    ws in n to
    G et
    Gh etto es."" Th
    toes
    to es Thisiss iss mi misl s ea
    sl eadi ding
    di ng.. Th
    ng The e iddea th thatat th e Je
    the ews sh shou ld liive
    ould
    ou
    in
    n an ar ea sp
    a rea spec
    ecia
    ec iallllllyy re
    ia rese
    serv
    se rved
    rv ed fo forr th em c a m e fr
    them from
    om th the e JeJews
    ws ththem
    em
    selv
    se lves
    lv es,, an
    es andd th eirr hy
    thei
    ei hype pert
    pe rtro
    rt ro
    roph
    oph
    phieied
    ie d sesens
    nse
    ns e of
    o th theie irr o w n im
    ei mpoportrtan
    rt ance
    an ce an and d
    othe
    ot herr un
    he unplp ea
    pl easa n qu
    sant
    sa nt qual a ititie
    al ie
    ies
    es ma made de th the e Je ews so un n po
    popupula
    pu a r th
    la
    lar that
    at th
    theieirr
    ei
    neig
    ne ig
    ghb
    hbouours
    ou rss agagre
    reed
    re ed to th thei e r ree qu
    ei ques estt an
    es andd sesett as asidide
    id e an ar a ea in n whw hicicc h
    ich
    the
    th e JeJews
    ws mi mighghtt pr
    gh prac actitit se th
    ac thee riite es an andd cucust omss wh
    stom
    st om whicicch th ey cl
    they clai
    aime
    aimed
    me d
    were
    we re ththei
    eirs
    ei rs,, an
    rs and d in ndu ulg
    lgee th thei
    e r cr
    ei crav
    avin
    av ngs fo
    in forr “ fe feelelin
    el ing
    in g su supe
    peri
    pe riior
    or,""
    “ se
    secrcrec
    cr y,”” an
    ecy,
    ec y, and d “ se sepa para
    pa rate
    ra tene
    teness
    ne ss.”
    ss.””

    28

    252
    Itt has be
    has en sa
    been said h at th
    id that
    th ther
    e e iss no
    er noth
    thin
    th ing
    in g or
    orig
    ig
    gin a ab
    inal
    al abou
    outt th
    ou e Je
    the Jews
    ws,,
    ws
    exce
    ex pt th
    cept
    ce eirr " fe
    thei
    ei feel
    elin
    el ing
    in g of sesepa
    para
    parate
    ra tene
    teness
    ne ss,”” bu
    butt th e Je
    the Jews
    ws ha hadd no " feeel
    elin
    ing
    in g
    of se
    sepa
    para
    pa rate
    ra tene
    te ness
    ness"" be
    ss befo
    fore
    fore th they
    ey ca me in
    came n to cocont
    ntac
    nt actt wi
    ac with
    th th
    the
    e Ar
    Arya
    yans
    ya ns
    and
    an d wi th a st
    with stat
    ate
    at e of sosoci etyy ba
    ciet
    ciet base d on “ ca
    sed
    se cast es.”” Fr
    stes
    stes F romom ththee co
    conq
    nque
    nq ueri
    ue ring
    ri ng
    Arya
    Ar ns th
    yans
    ya e Je
    the ews “ ad adopopte
    op ted
    te d " a “ sesense of su
    nse
    ns supeperi
    pe rior
    riorititty ” an
    or andd a " fe
    feel
    elin
    el in
    ng
    of sesepa para
    pa rate
    ra tene
    te ness
    ne ss"" an
    ss and d th thes
    ese,
    es e, liike th
    e, the
    e “m m on onot othe
    ot heis
    he iss m" wh whic ich
    ic h th thee JeJews
    ws
    “aado
    dopt p ed ” at ab
    pt abououtt th
    ou the e sasame me ti time
    me,, sp
    me speeeedi
    ee dily
    di ly bebecacame
    ca me an ob obse sess
    se ssio
    ss ion.
    io n.
    An of o t-
    t re
    repe peat
    pe ated
    at ed bo boas astt of Je
    as ews iss th thatat th hey “i “ nv
    nvenente
    en ted
    te d mo mono noth
    no thei
    th e sm.""
    ei
    This
    Th is fo fool
    o is
    ol ish h pr prete en
    et ence ce is s, of co cour urse
    ur se,, en
    se enti e lyy mi
    t rely
    ti re misl slea
    sl eadi
    ea ng,, fo
    ding
    di ng forr th thee JeJews
    ws
    were
    we re am amon ong
    on g th
    the e mo
    most st ig g no
    nora rant
    ra nt an and d ununcu cult
    cu ltt ivv at ed of th
    ated the e pepeop ople
    op le
    es wh who o
    had
    ha d mo mono noth
    no thei
    th eism
    ei sm th thrurust
    ru st u p o n th hem be befo fore
    fo re th theyey we were re re read
    ady
    ad y to
    rece
    re ceiv
    ce ive
    iv e it it..
    The
    Th e JeJewsws we were re popoly lyyth
    theie st
    ei stss wh who o be
    beca came
    ca me
    me, e, firfirst
    fi s , mo
    st mono nola
    no la
    late
    atetersrs,, an
    rs and d th
    then
    en,,
    en
    la
    late
    ate
    terr an and d in n co comp mpar
    mp arat
    ar ativ
    at ivel
    iv elyy re
    el rececent
    ce nt titime
    mes,
    me s, un unde derr th
    de e in
    the influ
    fluen
    flu ence
    en ce of th the e
    Ba aby
    bylo loni
    lo nian
    ni anss an
    an and d th the e Pe Pers rs
    sia ans ns,, mo mono noth
    no thei
    th e st
    ei sts.s Itt wa
    s. was s n o t unti un n ti
    t l ththey
    ey
    had
    ha d be been en in Ba Babybylo
    by lon
    lo n fo forr so someme ti t me th thatat id idol
    olat
    ol atry
    at ry ce ceas ased
    as ed am amon ong
    on g
    the
    th e JeJews ws.. Itt wa
    ws wass in n Ba Baby bylo
    by loon, n to o an
    too,
    o, and d at ab abou outt th
    ou thee sasame me ti t me
    me,, th t at
    the
    th e JeJewsws “ ad adop opte
    op ted
    te d " th t e ho host stilile
    st ille ge
    genin us Sa
    ni Sata tan,
    ta n th
    n, t e de demo mon
    mo n As Asmomode
    mo deus
    de us,,
    us
    the
    th e an angegels
    ge ls Ga Gabr brie
    br ie
    el, Ra Raph phae
    ph ael,
    ae l Mi
    l, Mich chae
    ch ael,l, Ur
    ae Urie
    Urie iel, l, et c , th
    etc.
    etc. the e st stor
    orie
    or es of th thee
    rebe
    re bell an
    be angegels
    ge lss an andd of th the e ba batt ttle
    tt lee in n he heavaven
    av en,, an
    en and,d, ha
    d, half lff-hea
    lf-h
    -hhea
    eart rted
    rt edly
    ed ly,, th
    ly thee
    ea of th
    idea
    id he im
    the mmo
    mort rtal
    rt alit
    al ityy of the
    it thhe so soul ull an
    u and d th thee re resu
    surr
    su rrec
    rr ectitition
    ec on of th thee
    dead
    de ad..
    ad
    Befo
    Be fore
    fo re ab abououtt 43
    ou 430 0 n. n c.c.,, wh when en th thee Gr Grea eatt Ma
    ea Masq sque
    sq ue co comm mmen
    mm ence
    en ced,
    ce d the
    d, th
    he
    Jews
    Je ws di didd n o t di diff er fr
    ffer
    ff from
    om th theieirir ne
    neig ighb
    ig hbou
    hb ours
    ou rs ex exce pt th
    cept
    ce thatat th theyey we werere
    le
    ess cu cult lttur
    ureded an andd le ess ci civi
    vilililise
    vi sed,
    se d bu
    d, butt ha havi v ng be
    vi beco
    come
    co me wo wors rs
    rshi
    shi h pp
    ppere s of
    er
    one
    on e go god d (e (eveven
    ve n ththouough
    ou gh th that at go god d wa was s a bo borrrrow
    rr owed
    ow ed go god) d),, th
    d) t e Je Jews
    ws
    beca
    be came
    ca me fa fananatititics
    na cs ob obsesess
    se ssed
    ss ed wi with t a lu
    th udi
    dicrcrou
    cr ousl
    ou sly
    sl y exexagagge
    ag gera
    ge rate
    ra ted
    te d id dea of
    the
    th e imimpo port
    po rtan
    rt ance
    an ce of th thememse
    em selv
    se lvves an and d ththis
    iss gog d d..
    Ther
    Th ere
    er e is s, ho howe weve
    we ver,
    ve r, nonoth thin
    th ing
    in g un uniq
    ique
    iq ue or or origigin
    ig inal
    in al ababou outt ei
    ou eith
    ther
    th er ththee
    Jews
    Je ws or th thei e r go
    ei gods ds.. Ac
    ds Acco cord
    co rdin
    rd ing
    in g to th theie r ow
    ei own n ststor
    orie
    oriess th
    ie the e Je Jewsws w o r 
    ship
    sh ippe
    ip ped
    pe d st stonones
    on es,, re
    es revevere
    ve reed an oa oakk trree ee,, bo bowe wed
    we d dodown wn to im imag ages
    ag es,, an
    es and d
    ador
    ad ed a bu
    ored
    or bulllll l Th
    Thee Jewish “p “patatri
    at r ar
    ri arch s” ha
    chs”
    ch hadd id olss or te
    dol tera
    raph
    ra phim
    ph im
    im;
    m;
    Rach
    Ra chel
    ch e st
    el o e th
    stol
    ol he imag
    im
    mag es of he
    ages herr fa
    fath
    ther
    th e ; Da
    er Davi
    v d ha
    vi a d immag
    ageses in hihiss o w n
    hous
    ho use,
    us e, an
    and
    d wawass sasave
    ved
    ve d by pl
    plac
    acin
    ac in
    ng inn hih s be
    bedd ththe
    e fig
    figur
    ure
    ur e of
    of hi s ho
    his hous
    use
    us e
    god
    go d (I( SaSamu
    muel
    mu e XI
    el XIX,
    X 12
    X, 12-1
    -17). Ho
    17) Hose
    sea
    se a se
    seem
    ems
    em s to hahaveve re ega
    gard
    rd
    ded th thin
    ings
    ings
    lilike
    ke th
    thes
    ese
    es e iddol
    ols,s th
    s, thee te
    tera
    raph
    raphim
    ph im
    im,
    m, an
    and d th
    the a d Th
    e U r i m an Thumumin
    um in,, th
    in the
    e ststar
    ar,,
    ar
    th
    he Ep Epho
    hod
    ho d an
    and d th e St
    the Stone Pi
    one
    on P lll ar
    a r,, as inndi
    d sp
    spen
    ensa
    en sabl
    sa ble
    ble papartrts
    rt s of th thee re elili
    gion
    gi on ofof th
    thee Je
    Jews
    ws.. Am
    ws Amos os at
    attr
    trib
    tr uttes th
    ibut
    ib e wo
    the worsrshi
    rs p of Mo
    hip
    hi Mololo
    o ch an d Sa
    a nd Satu turn
    turn
    to th e Je
    the Jews
    ws:: “ . . . ye ba
    ws bare ree th
    the e boboot hs of y o u r Mo
    oths
    ot Molo c an
    loch
    lo ch and
    d Ch
    Chiu iun
    iu n
    your
    yo ur im
    imag
    ages
    ag es,, th
    es thee st ar of y o u r go
    star god, d, wh
    whic c h ye ma
    ich
    ic made de foforr yo your
    urse
    ur selv
    se lvves
    es.""
    Chiu
    Ch iun
    iu n wa
    wass th e Ar
    the Arabab Ki
    Kiwawan
    wa n or Sa Satuturn
    tu rn,, wh
    rn whOsOse
    Os e ememblblem
    blemss we
    em re th
    were the e
    boot
    bo oth
    ot h an
    andd th
    thee st ar,, to wh
    star
    ar whic ich
    ic h m a y be b ad addeded
    de d ththee pipilllll ar an
    and d th the e
    serp
    serpen
    rpent.
    ent.

    29

    253
    Satu
    Sa t rn or
    tu or Cr Cron
    onus
    on wass th
    us wa thee " an
    anci entt on
    cien
    cien one,
    e,"" th
    e, thee fa
    fath
    th
    ther
    her of al alll th
    the
    e
    ds,, wh
    gods
    gods whoo wawass wowors
    rshi
    rsh pp
    hipped
    ed by vavari
    r ou
    riouss Se
    Semi
    miti
    mi tic
    ti c tr
    trib
    ibes
    ibes as a st o e, an
    ston
    on and,
    d,
    d,
    in Ph
    Phoe
    oeni
    oeniicciia,
    a un derr th
    unde
    de the
    e na mess of Is
    name
    me srael
    ra
    ae an
    and d SaSatu
    turn
    turn,, wi
    rn th hu
    with humaman
    ma n
    sacr
    sa crifi
    cr ifice
    ifices.
    ce s.
    To ca calllll up
    upon on Sa Satuturn
    tu rn it wa was s ne nece ce
    ess ssarary
    ar y to o do don n blac
    blac
    bl ack k ga garmrm
    men ents ts,, to
    ts
    appr
    ap p oa
    pr oach ch th he sa sacr ed p
    cred
    cr pllac
    ace e at a su suitittab
    able le titime
    me (S (Sat atur
    at urda
    ur day)
    da y) lilike
    ke a ma man n
    sunk
    su nk in n so sorr ow,, to bu
    rrow
    rr ow burn n sp
    rn spececia
    ec iallllllyy ma
    ia made de in nce
    cens nse,
    ns e, an
    e, and, d at th
    d, thee momome ment
    me nt
    w en
    wh en th the e sm smok oke
    ok e ro se,, to ra
    rose
    se ais
    isee th the e ey eyeses to th the e st stara r an
    ar and d sa y ".
    say:
    y: " . .
    O Lo o rd Sa Satu turn
    tu rn . . . th the e da darkrkk, th the e ha harm rmfu
    rm ful,
    fu l,, . . . cr craf a ty si
    af s re wh who o
    know
    kn owet
    ow eth
    et h ala l wi wile les,
    le s, wh who o a r t de dece ceitititfu
    ce ful,l,, . . .”” gr
    fu g an antt th t is or th that
    at..
    at
    In
    n As Assy syri
    sy ria
    ri a Sa Satu turn
    tu rn wa w s ho hononour
    no ured
    ur e by cr
    ed crow
    owds
    ow ds of o “s sacacre red
    re d wowome men
    me n”
    atta
    at tach
    ta ched
    ch ed to th the e te temp
    mple
    mp le of of An A nu. u.
    u.
    The
    Th e JeJewsws ad ador ored
    or ed a “Queen of He
    ed Heav aven
    av en,"" As
    en Asta tart
    ta rte
    rt e or My a an
    Mylilii ttt a, and d
    burn
    bu rned
    rn ed in incecens
    ce nse
    ns e to he herr rr Th
    rr The e JeJews ws wo wors rshi
    rs hipp
    hi pped
    pp ed al alsoso Mo Molo loch
    lo ch,, an
    ch and, d in
    d, n
    addi
    ad diti
    di tion
    ti on,, Ba
    on Baal a an
    al and d ChChem emos
    em os h an
    osh,
    h, and d of offe fere
    fe re
    ed hu huma man
    ma n sasacr crifi
    cr cess to
    ifice
    ifice o th them em,,
    em
    terr wh
    afte
    af te whic ich,
    ic h, in so some me in nststan
    ance
    an ces,
    ce s, ththey ey a t e th thee vi victctim
    ct im.. So
    im Some me au auththor
    th oritittie
    or ies,ss,,
    inde
    in deed
    de ed,, be
    ed beliliiev
    eve e th thatat th he “ Pa Pass ssov
    ss over
    ov er ” wa was s or o r ig
    orig igin
    in
    n al allylyy a sa sacr crifi
    cr ififici
    c al
    ci a
    cann
    ca nnib
    nn ibal
    ib a fe
    al feasastt in wh
    as whic icch th thee “fi“firsrst-
    rs t-bo
    t- born
    bo rn"" wa
    rn was s th the e vivict ctim
    ct im..
    im
    At Je Jeruru
    usasale le
    em th therere
    er e wa wass a re regu gula
    gu larl
    la r y ap
    rl appo poointe
    in
    nteted d pl placace
    ac e wh wher ere
    er e pa pare re entns
    burn
    bu rned
    rn ed th thei e r ch
    ei chililildr
    dren
    dr en,, bo
    en both th boboys ys an and d gi girl s in
    r s,
    rl n ho ono nour u off Ba
    ur Baal a an and d
    Molo
    Mo lo
    ochch.. Ah Ahaz az bu burn rn
    n t in nce
    cens nse
    ns e in n th the e va vallllley of Hi H nn nnon on an and d bu
    burn rntt hi
    rn hiss
    chililldr
    ch drenen in
    en n th the e fir fire,
    e, so di d d Ma Mana nass
    na sseh
    ss eh..
    eh
    Mono
    Mo noth
    no thei
    th eism
    ei sm de deve velo
    ve lope
    lo ped
    pe d ea earl r lyy am
    rl amon ong
    on g ththe e Ar A ya yan n ra raceces
    ce s anand d wa wass
    taug
    ta ught
    ug ht by th themem to th thee de demo mon-
    mo n wo
    n- wors rshi
    rs hiipp
    h ppininng Se Semi mite
    mi tes.
    te ss.. Mo Mono noth
    no thei
    th eist
    ei stic
    st ic
    tend
    te nden
    nd enci
    en ces
    ci es,, wh
    es whic icch in n th thos
    ose
    os e da days ys re reprpres
    pr esen
    es e te
    en ted d an ad adva vanc
    va nced
    nc ed st stagage
    ag e of
    free
    fr ee-t
    ee -thi
    -t h nk
    hi nkin ing,
    in g, ma mani nife
    ni fest
    fe s ed th
    st them
    emse
    em selv
    se lves
    lv es am amon ong
    on g th the e ed educ ucat
    uc ated
    at ed cl cas
    asse
    as sess in
    se n
    Egyp
    Eg yptt as ea
    yp earl rlyy as th
    rl the e en end d of th the e si sixtxtee
    xt eent
    ee nth
    nt h ce cent ntur
    nt ury
    ur y n. n.c.c , an
    c. and,d, so some me~
    me ~
    what
    wh at la a te
    ter, r am
    r, a on o ng g th the e Ba aby
    bylo loni
    lo nian
    ni ans.
    an s. Th
    s. The e Ch Chal a de
    al dean an sa savavant
    va ntss kn
    nt knew ew
    o bu
    of butt on one e gogod, d, an and d hi his s na
    name me,, wh
    me whic ich
    ic h wa was s fa aststididio
    id io
    oususly lyy coconc nccea
    eale
    led
    le d frfrom om
    the
    th e vuvulg lg
    lgarar,, wa
    g ar was, s, in
    s, n EnEngl g is
    gl ish,
    h “ On
    h, One. e”
    e.
    Such
    Su ch,, ho
    ch howe weve
    we ver,
    ve r ha
    r, has s be been e th
    en the e su succcces
    cc esss of th
    es the e Gr Grea eatt Jewish Ma
    ea Masq sque
    sq ue
    that
    th at nu numb mber
    mb erss of pe
    er peop ople
    op e ha
    le have ve be been en pe pers rsua
    rs uade
    ua ded
    de d to be belililiev
    eve
    ev e th at “m
    that “mon ono
    on o
    thei
    th eism
    ei sm"" wa
    sm wass sp spec ecia
    ec ialllllly
    ia y re eveveal ed to
    aled
    al o th the e Je Jews
    ws an and d th that at it is a gr g ea eatt
    idea
    id ea di diststin
    st inct
    in ctiv
    ct ive
    iv e of Se Semi m ti
    mi ticc gegeninius
    ni us..
    us
    At no tit me be
    At befo fore
    fo e ab
    re abou o t 43
    ou 430 0 13. 13.6.
    3.6.6. wawas s mo mono noth
    no thei
    th eism
    ei sm a di dist
    stin
    st in
    nct
    ctiv ivve
    feat
    fe atur
    at ure
    ur e of o Jewish wo wors rshi
    rs p Fr
    h p.
    hi F romom th the e pr p opopit itt ia
    a ti o n of th
    tion
    on the e dedemomons
    mo ns of
    the
    th e ghghos ost-
    os t-wo
    t- worl
    wo rld
    rld an and d th the e lo rdss of He
    ord Hellll, l, susuchch as Ur Ura, a , th t e pl plag
    ague
    ag ue-g
    ue -ggodod,,
    and
    an d Ni Nini nip,
    ni p Lo
    p, Lord rd of Sw Swin ne (w
    in (whohose
    ho se st stara wa
    ar was s th the e pl p an anet et Sa Satuturn
    tu rn an and d
    whos
    wh ose
    os e ci ty Jerusalem wa
    city was) s),, an
    s) and d ot othehers
    he rs su suchch as Ba Bacc cchu
    cc hus,
    hu s Di
    s, D ononys ysus
    ys us,
    us
    Tamm
    Ta mmuz
    mm uz,, Ad
    uz Adon onis
    on is,, Se
    is Sett an and d TyTyph phon
    ph on,, to wh
    on whom om th the e as ass s an and d ththe e pi pg
    were
    we re sa sacr cred
    cr ed,, as we
    ed wellll as Sa Saba bazi
    ba os (o
    zios
    zi (orr Sa Sabo bos,
    bo s Sb
    s, Sbat a , Sa
    at Sababaot
    ba o h or
    ot o
    Tseb
    Ts ebao
    eb aoth
    ao ), “ t h e L o r d of Ho
    th),
    th Host sts,
    st s,”” wh
    s, whos ose
    os e prprofloflig
    ofl igat
    ig ate
    at e an and d al a wa
    ways ys di d s
    cred
    cr e ittab
    ed able e ri
    le r te
    tess we were re pe erf
    rfor
    orme
    or med
    me d in n se secr et an
    cret
    cr and d at ni nigh ght,
    gh t an
    t, andd Is sra
    rael el,
    el

    30

    254
    Satu
    Sa rn,, an
    turn
    tu rn andd thhe Sa Satuturn
    tu rn
    nin e “ E l , ” wh
    ine who o we
    were e al
    re a so firre-
    e go
    godsds,, wh
    ds whos
    ose
    os e
    holy
    ho ly dadayy wa
    was s Sa
    Satuturd
    turday
    rd ay an andd to wh
    whomom ch chililildr
    dren
    dr en we
    were e sa
    re sacr
    crifi
    cr ifi
    fice
    ced,
    ced, an
    d, and d
    the
    th e wo
    wors rshi
    rs p of go
    hip
    hi gods liike Ye
    ds like Yera
    rahm
    rahme’
    hm el,, Ra
    e’’el
    e Rammmman
    mm an,, Mo
    an Molo lo
    och
    ch,, Ch
    Chem
    emos
    em osh,
    os h,
    Assh
    As shur
    sh ur,, As
    ur Asht
    htor
    ht oret
    oreth,
    et h Ne
    h, Nerg a an
    rgal
    rg andd MaMard rduk
    rd uk,, et
    uk c , th
    etc.
    c. e Je
    the Jews
    ws ad adva
    vanc
    va nced
    nc ed
    s ow
    slowlylyy an
    andd un
    unst
    stea
    st d lyy to th
    eadi
    ea di the
    e mo
    mononola
    no laatr
    tryy of on onee of ththee El
    Eloh
    ohim
    oh m ca
    im callllled
    Jeho
    Jehova
    hovah.
    vah
    h.
    Like
    Li ke hi h s pr prededec
    ed eces
    ec esso
    es sors
    so rs,, Je
    rs eho ovavah h wawas s n o t Je Jewiwish
    wi
    wsh sh;; hi hiss na name me ha hass be been en
    foun
    fo und
    un d in in inscscri
    sc ript
    ri pttio
    ions ns da dati t ng frr om ab
    ti abou outt 2,
    ou 2,80
    800
    80 0 3 . 0 . an and d ag agaiain
    ai n in
    othe
    ot hers
    he rs da dati ng from
    t ing
    ti frr om ab abou outt 2,
    ou 2,10
    100
    10 0 3 . 0 . He wa was s as asso
    soci
    so ciiat ed wi
    ated withth th the e
    moon
    mo on an and d to ok on th
    took the e at attrtrib
    tr ibut
    ib es of su
    utes
    ut such ch of hi hiss pr pred edec
    ed eces
    ec esso
    es sors
    so rs as
    Yera
    Ye rahm
    ra hme’
    hm e’’el
    e e , Ur Ura, a Ra
    a, Ramm mman
    mm an an and d As Asshshur
    sh ur,, an
    ur and d gr grad adua
    ad uallllllyy ca
    ua camemee in n to
    prom
    pr omin
    om inen
    in ence
    en ce in No Nort rthe
    rt hern
    he rn Ar Arababia
    ab a as a di
    ia dise
    seas
    se ase-
    as e-de
    e- demo
    de mon,
    mo n, fir
    fire- e-go
    e- god,
    go d st
    d, stororm
    or m
    god,
    go d an
    d, and d pe perh rhap
    rh apss al
    ap also so as an ea eart rthq
    rthqua
    hq uake
    ua ke-g
    ke -god
    -g od..
    od
    Thou
    Th o gh Je
    ou Jehohova
    ho vah
    va h wa wass al alreread
    re adyy ve
    ad very y ol
    ry o ldd wh whenen th the e JeJews ws " ad adopopte
    op ted
    te d”
    him,
    hi m, he (i
    m, ( f a go god d th thatat wa was s bo both th ma male le an and d fe femamale
    ma le m a y be ca calllll ed
    him
    hi m an and d he he)) is s re repr
    pres
    pr esen
    es ente
    en te
    ed in n th he wr writ ittin
    ings gs of th thee Je ews as a mo most st
    st
    unlo
    un lo
    ova
    vabl ble
    bl e de deit itt y; liike th the e pe peop ople
    op le wh who o “ ad adopopte
    op ted
    te d " hi h im, m, he wa was s a
    vagr
    va gran
    gr ant,
    an t va
    t, vain in,, je
    in jeal alou
    al ous,
    ou s, tr treaeach
    ea cher
    ch erou
    er ous,
    ou s, ininsasatititiab
    sa able
    ab le,, vi
    le vindndic
    nd ictititive
    ic ve,, a bu
    ve butctche
    tc herr
    he
    who
    wh o co cons nsig
    ns ig
    gnened d ala l pe peop ople
    op es ot
    le otheherr th
    he than
    an th the e Je ws to ru
    Jews ruin
    in,, wh
    in who o tr t am
    ampl pled
    pl ed
    peop
    pe ople
    op lee in an ange ger,
    ge r,, mamaki k ng th
    ki them
    em dr drununkk wi
    un with th hi h s fu u ryry,, an
    and d wh who o de
    defilfiled
    fil ed
    hiss ra
    hi raim imen
    im entt wi
    en with h bl
    th b oo ood; d; he dw
    d; dwel e t in
    el n th thicicck da
    ick ark
    rkne
    ness
    ne ss,, be
    ss befo fore
    fo re hi him m we went nt
    the
    th e pepest s illen
    st ence ce;; th
    ce the e si s gh
    ghtt of o hi him m wa was s dedeat ath,
    at h, he wa was s a co cons nsum
    ns umin
    um ng fir
    in fire,
    e,
    e,
    and
    an d fie fieryryy bo boltltts we went nt fo fort rtt h at a hi h s fe feetet; he ro
    et;
    et rode de on a ch cher erub
    er ubb an and d
    some
    so metititime
    me mes
    me s in n a ch char ario
    ar iot,
    io tt,, th thununde
    un dere
    de red
    re d fr om he
    from heavaven
    av en wh when en he ut uttetere
    te red
    re d
    h s vo
    hi voic ice,
    ic e, sh shotot o u t liigh ghtn tnnin ngs an and d hahailillst
    stonones
    on es,, an
    es and d mamade de th he ea eart rth
    rth
    t em
    tr embl ble,
    bl e, sh
    e, shak akin
    ak ng th
    in the e fo foun unda
    un datitition
    da onss th
    on ther
    ereo
    er eoff‐so
    eo ome
    meti time
    ti mess he
    me e cacaus used
    us ed th the e
    eart
    ea rth
    rt h to op open en an and d sw swal allo
    al low
    lo w up ho housuses
    us es an and d inindi
    divi
    di vidu
    vi dual
    du als.
    al ss..
    H s wo
    Hi wors rs shi
    h p,p, in i tit me es pr p ececed edin
    ed in
    ng th the e co comim ng
    mi g of the th he su sun n cuc ltltusus,,
    us
    wass a reli
    wa reeliligi
    gion
    gi on of fe fear arr, of st
    a stonone
    on e mo
    monu n ume
    nu ment
    me nts
    nt s an
    and d ho holy ly trtree ees,
    ee s of se
    s, serprpen
    rp entt
    en
    wors
    wo rs
    rshi
    shi
    hip p an and d la acecera ratitition
    ra ons,
    on s of ci
    s, circ
    rcum
    rc u ci
    um cisision
    si on an and d fe femamale
    ma lee se selflflf-d
    -d
    dev
    evototio
    ot ion,
    io n
    n,
    of ch chilili d im immo mola
    mo la
    lati
    ati tion
    o an
    on and d hu huma man
    ma n sasacrcrifi
    cr ifi
    ifice
    fice
    ce..
    Afte
    Af te er th he co comim ng of th
    mi the e Ar A ya yans ns an and d th thee su s n an andd da dawn wn cu cultltts,
    s a
    gene
    ge ne
    nera rall im
    era mpr prov ovem
    ov emen
    em entt in
    en n re eliligi
    g ou
    gi ouss th thouough
    ou ghtt to
    gh ook pl p ac
    ace; e th
    e; thee go godsds of
    th
    the
    he un unde derw
    de rwor
    rw orld
    or d as
    ld assu
    sume
    su med
    me d pl pleaeasa
    ea sant
    sa er fe
    nter
    nt featatur
    at ures
    ur es an and d bebeca came
    ca me go gods
    ds of
    lii gh
    lighghtt an and d su sun- n-go
    -go
    gods ds;; am
    ds amon ong
    on g th hosose e whwho o co comp mple
    mp lete
    le tely
    te ly em emer erge
    er ged
    ge d fr from
    om th the e
    dark
    da rkne
    rk ness
    ne ss of He Hell l l we
    were r e:: Ur
    re U a, a Ni N ini
    nip,
    ni p , Ba
    p, Bacc cchu
    cc h s
    hu s,, Di
    Dion o ys
    on ysus uss, etetc. c.,, wh
    c. whilililee
    othe
    ot hers
    he rs la agg
    gged ed be behi hind
    hi nd an and d re retataainned ma many ny fe feat
    atur
    at es of de
    ures
    ur demo mon
    mo n wo wors rshi
    rs hip,
    hi p,
    p,
    such
    su ch we were re:: Is
    re srarael
    ael el,, Sa Satu turn
    tu rn,, E1
    rn E1,, Sa Saba baot
    ba oth,
    ot h, an and d Je Jeho hova
    ho vah.
    va h.
    Stilililll la
    St ateter, r,, afafteterr ab
    te abou outt 50
    ou 500 0 n n..cc.., ththe e Je Jewsws “a “ado dopt
    do pted
    pt ed,"" fo
    ed forr th theieirr
    ei
    “ adadop opte
    op ted
    te d ” go god d Je eho hovavah,
    va h,, th
    h he at attr
    t ib
    tr u es of th
    but the e go goodod Ah Ahur ura
    ur a Ma Mazd zda
    zd a
    of th thee Pe Pers rsia
    rs ians
    ia ns,, an
    ns and d lii tt t le e by lii tt ttle
    le
    e leleara ne
    ar ned d to en endo dow
    do w Je Jeho hova
    ho vah
    va h wi with th
    high
    hi gher
    gh er mo mora raa l qu qual alitititie
    al ies
    ie s th than an th theyey ha had d be beenen ab able e to co
    le concncei
    nc eive
    ei ve fo forr
    them
    th emse
    em selvves
    se es.. At th t e sa sameme ti t me th ey “ ad
    they adop opte
    op ted
    te d " (f orr th
    (for the e Je ews ar are by
    are

    31

    255
    nature im
    mit itat
    ativ
    at ive
    iv e ra rath
    ther
    th e th
    er an cr
    than crea ve)) th
    eatitit ve
    ea thee du dual a is
    al istittiic sysyst em of th
    stem
    st the e
    Akka
    Ak kadi
    ka dian
    di anss an
    an and d Za Zara rath
    ra thru
    th rust
    ru stra
    st ra,, an
    ra and d br brou
    ough
    ou ghtt wi
    gh w th th them em fr from
    om Ba Baby by
    by
    lo
    oni
    nia,
    a, si side
    de by si de wi
    side withth th thee re refo
    form
    fo rmed
    rm ed ri ritu
    tual
    tu a l fo
    al forr th thei
    eirr go
    ei god, d, th thee
    prop
    pr opit
    op itia
    it tii on of th
    iati
    ia the e prprin nce of de
    in demo
    mons
    mo ns,, Az
    ns Azazazel
    az el,, by th
    el he sc scap
    apeg
    ap egoa
    eg oat;
    oa t
    t;
    havi
    ha vii ng th
    v thusus re refo form
    fo rmed
    rm ed th the e wowors rshi
    rs hip
    hi p of Je Jeho
    hova
    ho vah,
    va h th
    h, the e Je ws re
    Jews refo
    form
    fo rmed
    rm ed,,
    ed
    n th
    in thei eirr o w n fa
    ei ash
    shioion,
    io n, th
    n, the e riritu
    tual
    tu a of th
    al thee scscapapeg
    ap egoa
    eg oatt by pu
    oa pushshin
    sh ng th
    in thee
    unfo
    un fort
    fo rtun
    rt unat
    un ate
    at e ananim imal
    im al ovover e a pr
    er prec
    ecip
    ec icce to pr
    ipic
    ip prev entt it
    even
    ev en itss r e t u r n to to Jeru
    sale
    sa le
    em!m!
    Th hus ul ultit ma
    ti mate tely
    te lyy th
    thee JeJewsws at atta
    tain
    ta in
    ined
    ned to a di dist
    stor
    storte
    or ted
    te d mo mono noth
    no thei
    th e sm
    ei sm.. An
    exub
    ex uber
    ub eran
    er antt de
    an demo mono
    mo nolo
    no gy ad
    logy
    lo admi
    mitt
    mi tted
    tt ed ala l ki kind
    ndss of in
    nd nte
    terf rfer
    rf erin
    er ing
    in g ca
    caususses in
    uses n
    the
    th e fiefield d of hu
    ld huma man
    ma n lii fe
    e , anand d ababovove
    ov e th thee JeJeww on ea eart rth
    rt h ro
    rosese ra ank on
    rank
    ra nk of an angegels
    ge lss in n se seve
    ven
    ve n heheav
    aven
    av ens,
    en s po
    s, powe wers
    we rs of
    o a we wellllll-m
    -m mar arke
    ked
    ke d an
    anim imis
    im isstiticc
    pe,, co
    type
    ty pe corr rrres
    espopond
    po ndin
    nd in
    ing
    ng sosomemewh
    me what
    wh at to th the e ChChinines
    inese
    es e Sh
    Shin in
    n. Th The e go godd of th thee
    Jews
    Je ws ha hass ne neveverr be
    ve been en th thee fafath
    ther
    th e of al
    er alll me men, n, an id eall of lo
    dea loveve,, ju
    ve just
    s ic
    st ice,
    e
    e,
    merc
    me rcy,
    rc y co
    y, compmpas
    mp assi
    as sion
    si on,, et
    on etc.c.,, bu
    c. but,t, on th the e cocontntra
    nt ra ry,, th
    a ry thee go god d of th the e JeJews ws
    hass al
    ha a waways ys be been en a go god d of ve vengngea
    ng eanc
    ea nce
    nc e do w to th
    down
    wn thee te tentnth
    nt h gegenenera
    ne ratitition
    ra on,,
    on
    st an
    just
    ju and d me merc rc ciful
    ifful ononlylyy to th he Je ews
    ws,, an and d a fo foe
    e to al a l ot othe
    herr pe
    he peopople
    op le
    es;
    deny
    de nyin
    ny ng th
    in thee la a tt
    tter
    er hu huma man
    ma n ri righ
    ghts
    gh ts anand d cocommmman
    mm andi
    an ng th
    ding
    di e r su
    thei
    ei s bj
    b ecectitition
    on
    to ththe e Je ews
    ws,, so th that
    at th thee Je ews m a y ap appr
    prop
    pr opri
    op r at
    ri ate e th eirr po
    thei
    ei poss
    sses
    ss essi
    es sion
    si onss
    on
    and
    an d ru rulele ov er th
    over hem
    em,, ex exteterm
    te rmin
    rm inat
    in atin
    at ing
    in g ala l th thos
    ose
    os e wh who o ob obje ct to th
    ject
    je this
    iss
    arra
    ar rang
    ra ngem
    ng emen
    em ent.
    en t.
    In
    n evevit itab
    it ably
    ab ly,, in sp
    ly spititte of th t em
    emse selv
    se lvves an and d of th the e Ma
    Masq sque
    sq ue,, the
    ue the Je
    th Jews ws
    beca
    be came
    ca me in nflu
    fluene ce
    en ed by th the e hihigh
    gh her co
    gher concnccep
    eptitit ononss of de deit itt y he held ld by th the
    he
    peop
    pe ople
    op le
    es am amon ong
    on g wh whom om th theyey lilive
    ved,
    ve d an
    d, nd so Je Jehohova
    ho vah
    va h bebecacame
    ca me Go God, d, bubut, t,
    be it no note ted,
    te d, Go
    d, God d inn th thee ststri
    rict
    ri lyy lil mi
    ctly
    ct miteted
    te d se sensnse
    ns e de descscri
    sc r be
    ribed; d an
    d; and,d in
    d, n th thee
    mean
    me antititime
    an me,, m a n y Je
    me ews ca me un
    came unde derr th
    de thee in nflu
    fluen ence
    en ce of th the e "D "Dei eist
    ei sts"
    st s"
    of th the e ei e gh
    ghte teen
    te enth
    en th ce cent n ur
    nt y of th
    ury,
    y, thee ra ratitition
    onal
    on alis
    al ists
    is ts,, ag
    ts agno nost
    no stic
    st s, atheists.
    ics,
    ic s,
    n hi
    ni hililiist
    sts,s po
    s, posi sitititivt
    si vtst
    vt s an
    sts
    st and d ev evenen th the e “M “Mag agic
    ag icia
    ic ians
    ia ns,"
    ns ,"" all
    a l l of wh
    al whom o ha
    om ave
    appe
    ap peal
    pe aled
    al ed st stro
    rong
    ro ngly
    ng o larg
    lyy to la
    arg
    rge e nu
    numb mber
    mb ers
    er s of Je Jews ws,, an
    ws and d JeJeho
    hova
    ho vah
    va h hahas s ch
    chan ange
    an ged
    ge d
    acco
    ac cord
    coord rdinin
    ngl y. Ma
    gly. Many ny Je Jews
    ws ar a e th t us Po Posi sititit vi
    si v st
    stss an and d Ni
    Nihi hilililist
    hi sts,
    st s wi
    s, w th t th t is
    im
    m poport rtan
    rt antt qu
    an qual a ififica
    al cati
    ca tion
    ti o that
    on th
    h at wh when en th ey sp
    they speaeakk of “ G o d " th
    ea theyey do
    n o t me mean an “H “Hum uman
    um anit
    an itt y,
    y,"" bubutt on only lyy th thee JeJewi wish
    wi sh pa partr t of
    rt o f itt , an and d wh whililile e
    they
    th ey ye yeararn
    ar n to o de dest stro
    st roy,
    ro y, th
    y, theyey wi wishsh to de deststro
    st roy
    ro y ononly lyy wh
    what a iss “ Ge
    at Gent ntililile.
    nt e”
    e.
    As of ol d th
    o d, the e Je ews co contntin
    nt inue
    in ue to “ ad adop optt " fr
    op om th
    from thee no non-n-Je
    n- Jews
    Je ws an and d
    to im imit itat
    it ate
    at e ev ever eryy n e w th
    er thin g id
    ing,
    in g, idea
    ea an and d in nst
    stitittuttio
    itut ionn as itt ap appepear
    pe arss in
    ar
    the
    th e “ Ge Gent e " wo
    n ili le
    nt worl rld.
    rl d Of la
    d. ate
    te,, a te end den encycy to t bo borrrrow
    rr ow frrom Iss la am
    has
    ha s be been en no notititiceceab
    ce able
    ab le
    e, an a d,d in n qu quit ite
    it e ree ce centn t ti
    nt time
    mes,
    me s, th the e Je ews ha have ve
    “ ad
    adop opte
    op ted”
    te d” a sy symb mbol
    mb o in
    ol n im mititat
    a io
    at ion n of th the e “ cr crososs s ” of the th
    he Ch Chri r st
    ristia
    ians
    ia ns
    and
    an d th thee “ st starar an and d cr cres
    esce
    es nt " of th
    cent
    ce nt the e MoMosl slem
    slems.
    em s.
    The
    Th e sy symbmbol
    mb ol wh
    ol whic ich
    ic h th thee JeJewsws ha ave “ ad adopopte
    op ted
    te d " co cons nsis
    ns issts of t w o
    in
    inte
    nte
    terl
    rllac
    aced ed tr triaiang
    ia ngle
    ng les,
    le s, anand d ala th
    thouough
    ou gh itt is s ca
    calllllleded th thee “ Se Seal a of So
    al Solo lomo
    lo mon
    mo n"
    and
    an d th thee “ Sh Shie ield
    ie ld of o Da Davi d,"" itt is n o t Je
    v d,
    vi Jewi w sh
    wi sh;; as as a sy symb mbol
    mb ol it an a te te
    date
    da tes
    te s th t e Je Jews ws by th thou ousa
    ou sand
    sa nds
    nd s of ye year a s. As “ ad
    ar adop opte
    op ted
    te d " by th the e JeJews ws

    32

    256
    thhe sy symbmb bolo is s co comp mpos
    mp osed
    os ed of t w o in inteterl
    te rlac
    rl aced
    ac ed trriang ia ang
    ngle les,
    le s on
    s, one e wh whit ite
    it e anand d
    the
    th e ot otheherr bl
    he b ac
    ack. k In
    k. n ol o dederr re reprpres
    pr esen
    es enta
    en tatitition
    ta ons
    on s a wo woma man
    ma n is s de depi pict
    pi cted
    ct ed in
    the
    th e in nvevert rtted b bllac
    ackk tr tria ia
    iang
    angngle e, an
    le and d a m a n in n th the e wh whit itte trr iangia
    a ng
    ngle lee ; bubut, t,
    nowa
    no wada
    wa days
    da ys,, th
    ys thee fig figur ure
    ur e of “ an un unin inn itt ia
    iateted
    te d pe pers rson
    rs o ,”” re
    on repr pres
    pr esen
    es ente
    en ted
    te d as a
    fool
    fo ol,, iss de
    ol depi pict
    pi cted
    ct ed in th the e inve
    in
    nve
    vert rtted bl
    rted blac ackk tr
    ac t ia
    iang ngle
    ng e, wh
    le whilille in n th the e ap a ex
    of th the e wh w it e tr
    ite tria
    ia
    ang ngle e iss de
    le depi pict
    pi c ed th
    ct the e fig figurure
    ur e of o “ a n ad adep ept,
    ep t " re
    t, e pr
    p re e
    sent
    se nted
    nt ed as a wi wise
    se ma man, n , an
    n, and d ththee wh whol ole
    ol e is s of ofte
    ten
    te n su surr rrou
    rr ound
    ou nded
    nd ed by a sn snakake
    ak e
    with
    wi th itts ta tail il in it its s momout uth.
    ut h
    h.
    The
    Th e sy symbmbol
    mb o si
    ol s gngnifi
    ififies
    es a gr eatt m a n y id
    g rea
    ea deaeas, s, wh whic ich
    ic h ne need ed n o t be
    enum
    en umer
    um erat
    er ed he
    ated
    at here re e; n o r iss itt ne nece cess
    ce ssar
    ss ary
    ar y to ex exam amin
    am in
    ine
    ne th the e as asso soci
    so ciat
    ciated
    at ed
    symb
    sy mbol
    mb o of the
    ol he “ fiv
    th five- e po
    e- poin inte
    in ted
    te d st star
    ar,”” wh
    ar whic icch si
    ich signgnifi
    gn ifififies
    es,, am
    es amon ong
    on g ot herr id
    othe
    he dea
    eas, s,
    s,
    “ un nde derr co cont ntro
    nt rol,
    ro l " th
    l, thouough
    ou gh th the e st stud udio
    ud ious
    io us m a y be te temp mpte
    mp ted
    te d to tr tracace
    ac e a
    conn
    co nnec
    nn on be
    ectitition
    ec betw twee
    tw een
    ee n “ t h e ill lu lumimina
    mi nate
    na ted
    te d in nst
    s rurume ment
    me nt,”” th
    nt the e “ re e d st stara ”
    ar
    whic
    wh ich
    ic h ad ador orns
    or ns th the e “ re red d ar my " of Ru
    army Russ ssia
    ss ia,, an
    ia and d th the e “ st starar”” of Sa
    ar Satu turn
    tu rn
    or Is sra
    raelel..
    el
    Th
    The h e Je ews lilike ke to o im mag agin ne th
    in that at th they ey ar are e “m “mal a le
    al e ” an and d al a l ot otheherr
    he
    peop
    pe ople
    op less “f
    le “fememal
    em a e,
    al e,"" an and d th ey liike to be
    they belilliiev
    eve e th that at ththey ey ha haveve so in insi
    s nu
    si nu
    atted th them
    emse
    em selv
    se lves
    lves in n to an and d enenta ta
    angngle led
    le d th them emmse selv lves
    lv es wi with th Ge Gent ntilili e af
    nt affa
    fair
    fa irss
    ir
    that
    th at th theyey ca cannnnot
    nn ot be di dislslod
    sl odge
    od ged.
    ge d
    d.
    The
    Th e se secr c et me
    cr mean anin
    an ng of
    in o th thee sy symbmbol
    mb o is
    ol s as fo folllll owows: s: Th
    s: The e “u “uni n ini
    ni niti
    ni tii 
    ti
    ated
    at e " cr
    ed crea eate
    ea tes
    te s go god d as a ma magn gnifi
    gn ifi
    fified
    ed im imag age
    ag e of hi h ms msel elff pr
    el projojec
    oj ecte
    ec ted
    te d on a
    back
    ba ckgr
    ck grou
    gr ound
    ou nd of ig igno nora
    no ranc
    ra nce,
    nc e, re
    e, reprp es
    pr esen ente
    en ted
    te d by th the e bl b acackk tr tria
    iang
    ia ngle
    ng le,, be
    le belo low
    lo w
    whic
    wh ich
    ic
    ch he co cowe wers
    we rs in n tee rrr or of hi hiss mo mons nstr
    ns o s co
    trou
    tr ou conc nccep eptitition
    on.. Th
    on The e “ ad adep eptt ”
    ep
    also
    al so cr crea
    eate
    ea tes
    te s go god, d, n o t ho howeweve
    we verr by pr
    ve proj ojec
    oj ecti
    ec t ng hi
    ti his s lilikekene
    ke ness
    ne ss up upon on th the e
    unkn
    un k ow
    kn own, n, bu butt by co conc nccei eivi
    ving
    vi ng hi hiss po powe werr an
    we and d kn know owle
    ow ledg
    le dge
    dg e as a sy symb mbol
    mb o,
    ol
    repr
    re pres
    pr esen
    es ente
    en ted
    te d by th the e whwhit ite
    it e tr
    t ia
    iang
    ngle
    ng le
    e, ov over e wh
    er whic icch he is po poisised
    is ed,, be
    ed beca caus
    ca use
    us e
    the
    th e in intete
    elllecectt iss ab abov ove
    ov e th thatat whwhic ich
    ic h itt cr creaeate
    ea s. Th
    tes.
    te s. The e in n itt ia a te iss th thereref
    er efor
    ef ore
    or e
    “ g o d ” fo forr th thee pr p of ofan
    ane,
    an e, th he “ ad adep eptt ” iss th
    ep the e ac actutual
    tu all fin
    a fifinitite
    it e dedeit itty whwho o
    stan
    st ands
    an ds on o ea eartrtth fo forr th the e hyhypopoth
    po thet
    th etic
    et ical
    ic all “ go
    a god d ” he ha has s cr crea eate
    ea ted,
    te d, an and d he
    has
    ha s cocomp mple
    mp lete
    le te popowe werr ov
    we over er a n y pa part rtic
    rt icul
    ic ular
    ul ar co concncep
    nc eptitit on of
    ep o di d vi v ni
    nity ty wh whic icch
    he ha hass fo ormrmed
    med an and d wh whic ich
    ic h ma may y at an any y ti t me re receceiv
    ce ivve th thee re reve eve
    vere renc
    re nce
    nc e
    of ththe e popopu pula
    pu la
    ace
    ce..
    “ JeJeho hova
    ho vah
    va h iss he wh who o ov over
    e co
    er comemess na
    me natu ture
    tu re,"" sa
    re sayy the the ma
    th magi gici
    gi c an
    ci ans; s; “ Th
    s; The e
    deci
    de cisi
    ci sion
    si onss of th
    on the e Ta Talm lm m ud d a r e wo word rdss of th
    rd the e lii vi v ng Go God. d. Jeho
    d. Jeehohovavah
    va h
    hims
    hi msel
    ms elff as
    el asksks th the e op opininio
    in ion
    io n of ea eart rthl
    rt hlyy ra
    hl abbbbis is wh when en th ther ere
    er e a r e di d ffi
    fficu
    cult
    cu ltt
    affa
    af fa
    fair
    airirss in n he heav aven
    av en.”” “Jehovah hi
    en hims msel
    ms elff in
    el n he heav aven
    av en st stududie
    ud ie
    es th the e Ta Talm lmud
    lm ud
    stan
    st a di
    an d ng
    ng,, he e hahas s su such ch re esp ectt fo
    spec
    ec forr th thatat bo book ok,”” sa
    ok sayy th the e ra rabbbbis
    bb is..
    is
    Thus
    Th us,, at la
    us ast st,, Jehovah ha hass be beco come
    co me th the e go god-d-cr
    d- crea
    cr eati
    ea ng “ a d e p t ”
    ting
    ti
    who
    wh o ha hass “ t h e po powe werr of a co
    we comp mple
    mp le ely em
    etely
    te eman anci
    an c pa
    ci pate ted
    te d mi m nd ov over er th the e
    slav
    slaves
    av es of su supe pers
    pe on an
    rstitit tition
    rs and d ig gnonoraraanc nce e "!" an and d so so,, ve very ry of ofte ten,
    te n, whwhen en th the e
    Jews
    Je ws of to todadayy sp
    da spea eakk of “ Go
    ea God d ” th they ey me mean an “ th the e Jewish pe peop ople
    op le
    e,""
    the
    th e “a “ada dapt
    da pts”
    pt s” of th thei
    eirr se
    ei secr et so
    cret
    cr soci ciet
    ci etie
    et ies,
    ie s, or o “ t h e go god d of Hu Huma mani
    ma n ty
    ni y,””
    “ th
    thee Je ew of th the e Ca Caba bala
    ba la
    la,"
    a " et etc.
    c
    c.

    33

    257
    T us
    Th us,, to too, o a “N
    o, “Neo eo-M
    eo -Mes
    -M essi
    es s an
    si anis ist,
    is t " na
    t, name med
    me d Baruch Le Levy vy,, wr
    vy wrot ote
    ot e to
    Karl
    Ka r Ma
    rl Marx rx (a Je ew wh whos ose
    os e re
    realal na
    al name m wa
    me was s MoMord rdec
    rd ecai
    ec ai)) as fo
    ai folllll ow
    owss :
    " Th
    The e Je Jewi w sh pe
    wi peop ople
    op le
    e, tatakeken
    ke n co collllllec
    ecti
    ec t ve
    ti vely lyy, wi will l be itts o w n Me
    ll Mess ssia
    ss ia ah.
    h
    Hiss re
    Hi e ign
    igg n ov over er th the e Un Univ iver
    iv erse
    er se wi willll be e ob obta tain
    ta in
    ned by th thee un unifiifi
    fifica
    cati
    ca tion
    ti on of
    on
    the
    th e ot otheherr hu
    he huma man
    ma n ra raceces,
    ce s, th the e su suppppre
    pp ress
    re ssio
    ss on of fr
    io fron erss an
    ontititier
    on er and d of
    mona
    mo narc
    na rc
    chi es wh
    hies who o ar are e th the e raa mp mpar a t of pa
    ar part rttic
    iculullararis ism,
    is m an
    m, and d th the e es esta tabl
    ta blis
    bl issh
    ment
    me nt of a ‘ Un Univ ivverersa sal Re
    sa Repu publ
    pu blic
    bl ic.’
    ic ..’’ . . . In n th thisis ne new w or orga gani
    ga nisa
    ni sati
    sa tion
    ti o of
    on
    h ma
    hu mani ty th
    nity
    ni the e so sons ns of Is sra
    raele . . . wi will lll bebeco come
    co me wi with thou
    th outt op
    ou oppoposi
    po sititition
    si on
    he di
    th dire re
    e ct
    ctin i ng
    in g el elememen
    em entt ev
    en evereryw
    er ywhe
    yw here
    he ree; ab abov ove
    ov e al a l th theyey wi w ll l su succ ccee
    cc eed
    ee d in n
    forc
    fo rcin
    rc ing
    in g on th thee wo work rkin
    rk inn g-
    g -me
    men
    me n ma mass es th
    sses
    ss the e st stab
    able
    ab le co cont roll of ce
    ntro
    nt ro cert rtai
    rt ain
    ai n
    amon
    am ong
    on g ththemem.. Th
    em The e Go Gove vern
    ve rnnme
    ment nt of th the e na natitition
    ons
    on s fo orm
    rmin ng th
    in the e Un Univ iver
    iv ersa
    er sal
    sa
    Repu
    Re publ
    pu ic wi
    b lic
    bl will l al
    ll a lll papass ss,, wi
    ss w ththououtt ef
    ou effo fort
    fo rt,, in
    rt n to Is sra
    rael elititte ha
    el handnds,
    nd s, by fa favo vour
    vo ur
    of th the e vi v ictctor
    ct oryy of
    or of th thee Pr Prololet
    ol etar
    et aria
    ar iaatt.. In ndidivi v du
    vi dual a ow owne ners
    ne rshi
    rs hip
    hi p wi w lll th then en
    be susupp ppre
    pp ress
    re ssed
    ss ed by th the e go govevern
    ve rnor
    rn ors
    or s of th the e Jewish race raace wh who o wi w illlll ad
    admi mini
    mi ni
    er in al
    ster
    st a l pl p ac
    aceses th the e pupubl ic we
    blic
    bl weal alth
    al th.. Th
    th Thus us wi willlll be re reala is
    al ed th
    ised thee
    prom
    pr omis
    om ise
    is e of th thee Ta Talm m ud th
    lm thatat,, wh
    at when en th the e Ti T me mess of th thee Me Mess ssia
    ss ia
    ah ar aree
    come
    co me,, th
    me the e Je Jewsws wi willll ho hold d un
    ld unde derr th
    de thei
    e r ke
    ei keys ys th the e pr propoper
    op ertitit es of al
    er alll th thee
    peop
    pe ople
    op lees of th the e wo worl rld.
    rl d"
    d.
    This
    Th iss iss the thhe en end d to towaward
    wa rdss wh
    rd whic icch th thee ac actitit vi
    vititit es of al alll whwho o papart rtic
    rt iccip
    i at atee
    in
    n ththe e Ma Masq sque
    sq ue,, wh
    ue whet ethe
    et herr Je
    he Jewsws or th thei e r du
    ei d pe pes, s ar
    s, a e di dire
    rect
    re c ed
    ct ed;; an and, d, in
    mode
    mo dern
    de rn time
    tiime
    mes, s, th
    s, the e “ s i x po poin ints
    in ts " of th the e st star a r,, form
    ar fo
    ormrmed ed by th thee in nte
    terr
    la
    lace
    ace
    ced d tr tria
    ia
    ang ngle les,
    le s, ha have ve be beenen ma made de to sy symb mbol
    mb olis
    ol ise,
    is e am
    e, amon ong
    on g m a n y ot othe herr
    he
    idea
    id eas,
    ea s, th the e pr prin inci
    in cipa
    ci p l me
    pa mean a s wh
    an wher ereb
    er e y th
    eb hiss en
    this e d iss to be re eac ache hed.
    he d
    d.
    Thes
    Th ese
    es e “ si sixx popoin inn tsts”” m a y be ou outltltlin
    ined
    in ed,, ro
    ed roug ughl
    ug hly,
    hl y, as f o l l o w s :
    Fii rs
    F rstt ‐ Re
    Relililigigiou
    gi ouss :
    ou
    to ununde derm
    de rmin
    rm ine
    in e anand d di disc
    scre
    sc redi
    re a lll Ge
    ditt al
    di Gent ntililile,
    nt e an
    e, and d esespe peci
    pe cial
    ci lyy al
    ally
    al alll Ch Chri rist
    ri ist
    stia
    ia an,
    c ee
    cr eedsds;; an
    ds and d to in ntr trod
    oduc
    od uce,
    uc e, enenco cour
    co urag
    ur age
    ag e an and d pprr op opag agat
    ag ate
    at e cr craz azyy cu
    az cultltts, un
    heal
    he a th
    al thy y mymyst stic
    st icis
    ic m, ps
    issm, pseu eudo
    eu do-s
    do -s
    sci
    cien
    ence
    en ce,, an
    ce and d shsham am ph p ililos
    osop
    os ophi
    op hies
    hies..
    es
    Seco
    Se cond
    co nd‐‐Et
    nd Ethi hica
    hi call :
    ca
    to intr
    inntr t od
    oduc uce
    uc e an and d pr p op opag agat
    ag ate
    at e dedeba basi
    ba ng co
    sing
    si code dess an
    de and d pr prac acti
    ac tice
    ti ces‘
    ce s ; to co
    s‘ corr
    r u p t mo mora rals
    ra ls,, we
    ls weak aken
    ak en th thee ma marr rria
    rr iage
    ia ge bo bond nd,, de
    nd dest s ro
    st roy y fa famimily
    mi lyy liife fe,, an and d
    abol
    ab o ish
    ol issh in inhe heri
    he rita
    ritanc
    ta nce
    nc e (a (andnd ev evenen he heririta
    ri tabl
    ta ble
    bl e na name mes)
    me s) am a on ong g al a l ot othe herr
    he
    peop
    pe ople
    op le
    les,
    es, es espe peci
    pe cial
    ci ally
    al lyy am amon o g th
    on t e No Nort rthe
    rt hern
    he rn ra aceces. s..
    s
    Thir
    Th i r d ‐ Ae
    ir e st
    sthe heti
    he ticc :
    ti
    to inintr trod
    tr oduc
    od uce
    uc e an and d fo fostster
    st er th
    er thee cu cult ltt of th the e ug ugly lyy an and d th thee ab aber erra
    er rant
    ra nt,, an
    nt and d
    what
    wh atev
    at ever
    ev er is s de decacade
    ca dent
    de nt,, de
    nt debabasi
    ba ng an
    sing
    si and d de dege gene
    ge nera
    ne rate
    ra te in Ar Art, t Liite
    t, tera ratu
    ra ture
    tu re,,
    re
    M si
    Mu sicc an and d th the e ThTheaheaeatr tre,
    tr e et
    e, etc.
    c
    c.
    Four
    Fo urth
    ur th‐‐ So
    th o ci
    ciol
    olog
    ol ogic
    og ical
    ic al :
    to brbrea eakk up
    ea u la arg
    rge e es esta tate
    ta tes
    te s anand d ababol olis
    ol issh ar arisissto ocrcracacy;
    ac y; to se sett up pl p ututo‘ o
    o‘
    c r ac
    cr
    cracacy y an and d a “ mo mone neyy st
    ne s an
    anda dard
    da rd d ” ; to to en enco cour
    co urag
    ur age
    ag e vu vulg lgar
    lg ar di
    ar disp s la
    sp ay,
    extr
    ex trav
    tr avag
    av agan
    ag ance
    an ce an and d co corr rrrup
    upti tion
    ti on,, too pr
    on prov ovok
    ov oke
    ok e th the e pr p ol oletetar
    et a ia
    ar iatt to en envy vy,,
    vy
    disc
    di scon
    sc onte
    on tent
    te nt,, in
    nt nce
    cend ndia
    nd iari
    ia r sm
    rism,, “s “sababot
    ab otag
    ot age,
    ag e,"" an
    e, and d to fo fomement
    me nt " cl clas
    ass
    as s wa warr
    fare
    fare."
    re.""

    34

    258
    Fift
    Fi fth
    ft h ‐ In
    n du
    dust
    stri
    st rii al
    a l an
    andd Fi
    Fina
    nanc
    na ncia
    nc ial::
    ia
    to br b in
    ingg ab abououtt “u
    ou “ une
    nemp
    ne mplo
    mp lo
    o ym
    ymenent”
    en t” anandd wawantn ; to lo
    nt owe
    werr id dea
    ealslss of
    craf
    crafts
    af tsma
    tsmans
    ma nshi
    ns h p an
    hi d ab
    and abol olis
    ol issh prprid
    ide
    id e in n hahandndic
    nd icra
    ic raft
    ra f ; to en
    ft enco
    cour
    co urag
    ur age
    ag e gr
    greeeed
    ee d
    fo
    o r “ p r o fi t , ” an andd th
    thee st stan anda
    an dard
    da rd
    rdis
    disat
    issat
    atio
    io
    ion
    on ofo th e ch
    the chea eap
    ea p an and d sh shod
    od dy;; to
    ddy
    brin
    br ing
    in g ababou outt “C
    ou “Cen
    entr
    en t al
    tr a isisat atio
    at ion”
    io n” an and d th e form
    the fo
    orm
    rmat atio
    at ion
    io n of o f TrTrus
    usts
    us ts an andd
    Cart
    Ca e s; to ab
    rttel abol
    olis
    olish
    is h pr priv ivvat
    atee owowne ners
    ne rshi
    rsh p an
    hi and d to es esta
    tabl
    ta blis
    bl issh “ St Statate
    ate
    mono
    mo nopo
    no es,”” “ Re
    poliliies
    po Reseserv
    se rve
    rv e Ba Banknks,
    nks ” an
    s, andd a “ Wo Worl r d Ba
    rl Bank nk ”-” ‐wi w th th
    wi the
    e
    cont
    co ntro
    nt roll of go
    ro gold ld in
    n ththee ha hand ndds of
    o th e In
    the nte
    tern
    rnat
    rn atio
    at io
    ona nal Di D re
    rectctor
    ct ors.
    or s.
    ‘inc
    ‘i nclu
    nc ludi
    lu d ng “ t h e il
    di illi
    lii ci
    c t dr ug tr
    drug tradade,
    ad e ” “ th
    e, he ill lii ci
    citt liliqu
    qu o r tr
    u or trad
    ade,
    ad e,”” an
    e, andd
    “ th
    the e wh
    whititite-
    e-sl
    e- slav
    slave
    av e tr
    traf
    affic
    af fic."
    fic ."
    S xt
    Si x h ‐Po Po
    Poli
    o lii titica
    call :
    ca
    to se secu
    c re
    cu e co cont roll of th
    ntro
    nt ro thee Pr Pres
    ess,
    es s Br
    s, Broa
    oadc
    oa dcas
    dc asti
    as ng,, Ci
    ting
    ti ng Cine nema
    ne ma,, St
    ma Stagage,
    ag e, an
    and d al al
    mean
    me anss of pu
    an publ blic
    bl icit
    ic ity;
    it y to se
    y; secu
    cure
    cu re th thee pr pres e ce of “a
    esen
    es en “agegent
    ge nts”
    nt s” on al alll
    Gent
    Ge ntiliille co
    nt coun unci
    un cils
    ci lss, cocomm mmitititte
    mm te
    tees
    ees
    es,, et c.,, an
    etc.
    c. and d in n co confinfide
    nfi dent
    de ntia
    nt iall po
    ia poststss (s
    st (suc
    uch
    uc h
    as “p “pri r va
    ri vate te se secr cret
    cr etar
    et ary”
    ar y” to hi high ghly
    gh ly-p
    ly -p
    pla aceced d pe pers rs
    son s),, to ma
    ons)
    s) main in
    nta
    tain
    in an
    efi‘e
    efi ‘e
    ectctiv ivve es espipion
    pi onag
    on age
    ag e up uponon al a l Ge Gent e ac
    ntililile
    nt actitivi
    ti v ti
    vi t es
    es;; to s t a r t an and d kekeepep
    ivve di
    aliv
    al diss
    ssen
    ss ensi
    en son
    si onss in al
    on a l Ge Gent ntilill e in
    nt nst
    stit ittut
    utio
    io
    ons an and d th thus
    us br eakk up al
    brea
    ea a lll
    herr po
    othe
    ot he polililiti
    tica
    ti call gr
    ca g rou
    oups
    ou ps in nto th thei eirr co
    ei comp mpon
    mp onen
    on e ntt pa
    en part rts
    rt s anand d se sett ththes
    ese
    es e at
    enmi
    en m ty wi
    mi with th ea each ch ot othe
    heer ,', to di d sc scou
    oura
    ou rage
    ra ge,, de
    ge decr c y an
    cr and d exexti tirp
    ti rpat
    rp ate
    at e PaPatr trio
    tr io
    ot
    issm an and d Pr Prid id
    de of Ra Racece;; an
    ce and, d in
    d, n th the e na name me of “P “ ro r ogrgres
    gr ess”
    es s” an and d
    “Evo
    “E volu
    vo lu
    luti
    u ti
    tion
    on,"
    on ,"" an
    and d un undederr pr
    de p et
    etenence
    en ce of pr prom
    omot
    om otin
    ot ing
    in g “ Un Univ iver
    iv ersa
    er sal Pe
    sa Peacace
    ac e"
    and
    an d “ Hu Huma man
    ma n Br Brotothe
    ot herh
    he rhoo
    rh ood,
    oo d ” to se
    d, sett up "I " ntntererna
    er nati
    na t on
    ti onal alis
    al iss m"
    m as an
    idea
    id eal,l,, th
    ea thus
    us un unde derm
    de rmin
    rm in n g na
    n in nati
    tion
    ti onal
    on al un
    unit ity
    it y an
    and d we weak aken
    ak enin
    en in
    ng go gove vern
    ve rnme
    rn ment
    me nt;;
    nt
    to br brin ing
    in g ab
    abou outt “D
    ou Disisar
    arma
    ar mame
    ma ment
    me nt ” an and d th the e es
    esta tabl
    ta blis
    bl ishm
    is hmen
    hm entt of an " In
    en n te
    terr
    nati
    na t on
    tional al Po
    Polililicece Fo Forc rce,
    rc e,”” co
    e, contntro
    nt roollled by a “ Un Unit itt ed Na
    ited Natitit on
    onss Or Orgagani
    ga nisa
    ni sa
    tion
    ti o ” ‐‐
    on ‐‐ththus
    th us pr prepepar
    ep arin
    ar ng th
    in
    ing the e waway forr th
    y fo thos
    ose
    os e wh who, o, un n ob
    obtr trus
    tr usiv
    us ivel
    iv y, wi
    ely,
    el will ll
    ll
    gain
    ga in co cont ntro
    nt roll of th
    ro thee “ Un Unit ed Na
    ited
    it Natitition
    onss Or
    on Orgagani
    ga n sa
    ni sati on " an
    tion
    ti and d ththee “ In n te er
    nati
    na t on
    tional a Ba
    al Bank nk,"" an
    nk and, d th
    d, thro
    roug
    ro ugh
    ug h th thes
    ese,
    es e, ru
    e, u le
    e tht e wo worl r ld.
    rl d.
    d.
    The
    Th e Inte In
    nte
    tern
    rnat
    rn atio
    at nall Di
    iona
    io na Direre
    rect
    ect
    ctor
    ors,
    or s, ho
    howe weve
    we ver,
    ve r, ne verr a c t op
    eve openenly
    en ly or di
    d re e ct
    ctly
    ly::
    ly
    ey ke
    they
    th keep ep al
    alwa
    ways
    wa ys in n th
    the e ba
    back
    ckgr
    ck grou
    gr ound
    ou nd an
    andd wowork
    rk se
    secr
    cret
    cr lyy an
    etly
    et a d in n di
    d ire
    re
    e ct
    c lyy ;
    pres
    pressu
    es sure
    su re e iss br
    brou
    ough
    ou ghtt to be
    gh bear
    ar fr
    from
    om al a l po
    poin ts,, bu
    ints
    ints b t whwhenence
    en ce it co
    comemes
    me s is
    care
    ca re
    refu
    efu ly co
    fulllllly conc
    ncea
    nc eale
    ea led
    le d ‐ “ no Ge
    Gentntililile mu
    nt mustst be al allo
    lo
    owe
    wedd to t o di
    disc
    scov
    scover
    ov e itt s
    er
    sour
    so urce
    urce.""
    ce
    us itt is
    Thus
    Th s ev
    evid
    identt th
    den that
    at ho
    howe
    weve
    we verr ri
    ve r di
    dicu
    culo
    cu lo
    ous ththe
    e mo
    mongngre
    ng rell Ju
    re Jude
    de
    dean
    ean
    mayy ap
    s ma
    ass
    as appe
    pear
    pe a in th
    ar e ro
    the yall sk
    o ya skin
    in
    n of ththe
    e Ba
    Baby
    bylo
    by n an liion
    loni
    lo ni on,, hi
    hiss lu
    ludi
    di
    ouss po
    crou
    crou poststur
    sturin
    urin
    ngs anand
    d un
    unga
    gain
    ga inly
    in ly ca
    cape
    pers
    pe
    ers mu
    mustst be vi
    view ed wi
    ewed
    ew with th su
    susp
    spic
    sp iccio
    on.
    n
    Hiss du
    Hi dubibiou
    biouss an
    ou ante
    tece
    te cede
    ce ntss in
    dent
    de nt ncl
    clud
    ude
    ud e vivile
    le
    e st
    strainss fr
    rain
    rain from
    om th e “ Bo
    the Bols
    lshe
    lshevi
    he vikk ”
    vi
    folllll ow
    fo ower s of th
    ers
    er the
    e As
    Asss of Ty
    Typhphon
    ph on,, fr
    on from
    om ththee ou
    outc
    tcas
    tc asts
    as s wh
    ts whoo wo
    wors
    rshi
    rs hipp
    hi pped
    pp ed
    the
    th e Sw Swinine
    in o th
    e of e Sa
    the Sata
    ta
    ani
    nicc Se
    Set,t fr
    t, from
    om th he ruu n-
    n a ‐ga
    gate
    ga e re
    te efu
    ugee ra
    gee abbbblele
    e
    of Je Jeru
    ru
    rusa
    usasale
    lem,
    lem an
    m, andd fr om th
    from the
    e la awl
    wles
    esss an
    es andd prp ed
    edat o y ba
    ator
    at or band
    ndit
    nd t of
    itti
    it
    Pale
    Palest
    lestin
    stine.
    ine.

    35

    259
    Conc
    Co ncei
    nc eive
    ei ved
    ve d in n di dishshon
    sh onou
    on our,
    ou r, he wa was s bo born rn in n in ngl
    glor
    orio
    or ous ca
    io captptiv
    pt ivit
    iv ity,
    it y,
    scho
    sc hool
    ho oled
    ol ed in th the e da dark rk pr pracactititice
    ac ces
    ce s of sa sava vage
    va ge cu cultltts (s (suc
    uch
    uc h as th thos
    ose
    os e of
    Satu
    Sa turn
    tu rnn, of th the e g glloo
    oomy my Is sra
    raelel,, of th
    el t e d diisr
    srep
    eput
    ep utab
    ut able
    ab e Ts
    le Tsab abao
    ab aoth
    ao th,, an
    th and d of
    Asth
    As thor
    th oret
    or eth)
    et h),, an
    h) and d re ear
    areded am amid id
    d sc scen enes
    en es of pe perfi
    rfidy
    rfi dy,, tu
    dy turb r ul
    rb ulenence
    en ce an and d
    anar
    an arch
    ar chy.
    ch y.
    y.
    Flat
    Fl atte
    at tere
    te red
    re d by lyy in ing g ta taleless of a “ wo
    le wond nd der
    e fufull pa past st " an and d de delu lu
    ude
    ded d by
    borr
    bo r ow
    rr owed ed p prrop
    ophe heci
    he c es an
    ci and d pl p ag
    agia ia
    ariise sed d pr promomis
    om ises of a “ s t i l l mo
    ises ore
    g or
    gl o io ous fu fututure
    tu re,”
    re ,” he iss co consnsum
    ns umed
    um ed wi w th lu s t fo
    u st forr “ Wo Worl r d do
    rl domi mina
    mi natitit on
    na on," ,""
    and,
    an d, un unde derr th
    de thee lil on on’s ’s sk skinin,, we
    in wear arss ha
    ar hatr tred
    tr ed as a ga garm rmen
    rm entt an
    en and d nu nurs rses
    rs es
    a si
    sininist
    ni ster
    st er pu purp rpos
    rp ose.
    os e.
    e.
    The
    Th e im impe pers
    pe rson
    rs onat
    on atio
    at ion
    io n ha has s co contntin
    nt inue
    in ued
    ue d so lo o ng an and d ha hass pr p ovoved ed so
    adva
    ad vant
    va ntag
    nt ageo
    ag eous
    eo us th that at itts pe perp rppetetua
    uati
    ua tion
    ti on,, at an
    on anyy co cost st,, ha
    st has s be beco come
    co me th the e
    domi
    do mina
    mi nant
    na dea wh
    ntt idea
    id whic icch ob obsesess
    se es hi
    sses
    ss h s va vainin,, se
    in selfi lfish
    lfi sh mi m nd nd..
    Devo
    De void
    vo d of sc scru ru p es an
    upl and d realreeal
    a is isin ng hi
    in hiss in n ababilill it
    ityy to fig ht hi
    fight hiss wa wayy
    open
    op enly
    en ly to le ead
    ader ersh
    er ship
    sh p, he ha
    ip
    ip, hass de dete term
    te rmin
    rm inned ed,, wi w th al alll ththe e st stububbo
    ub born
    bo rnne
    rn ness
    ne ss
    of wh whic icch hi hiss ob obst stin
    st in
    natate e n a t u r e iss ca capapabl
    pa ble,
    bl e, to o rereac ach
    ac h hihiss en end d by cuu n
    ng,, by du
    ning
    ni ng dupl plic
    pl icit
    ic ity,
    it y, by an
    y, any y me mean anss ho
    an howe weve
    we verr ig
    ve g nonobl ble
    bl e ‐ evevenen iff th thes
    ese
    es e
    enta
    en tailil th
    ta the e de dest stru
    struct
    ru c io
    ct ion n of al alll wh who o ara e no nobl b er th
    bl than
    an he an and d ththe e dedegr g ad
    gr ada a
    t on of th
    ti the e re st to a po
    rest posi s tit on lo
    si lowewerr th
    we than a ev
    an even en hi hiss o w n ‐ s o th thatat at
    la st he m a y “ re
    ast reigign
    ig n " un unas assa
    as sailililed
    sa ed,, in
    ed n “ Un Univ iver
    iv sal Pe
    ersa
    er sa Peac ace,
    ac e,”” ov
    e, overe su
    er such ch
    egss of th
    dreg
    dr eg the e on once ce hu huma man
    ma n rarace ce as m a y st stilililll re
    rema
    main
    ma in
    n to so soilil th thee de dese see
    c at
    cr ated ed ru ruininss of a be
    in besm smir
    sm irch
    irched
    ch ed an and d po pollllllut
    uted
    ut ed wo worlr d.
    rl d
    In
    n ev ever ery
    er y c o u n t r y su subv bver
    bv ersi
    er sive
    si ve,, di
    ve disr
    srup
    sr uptitit ve an
    up andd di disisint
    si nteg
    nt egra
    eg rati
    ra t ng fo
    ti forcrces
    rc es
    of ev ever e r y ki
    ery
    er k nd ar a ree to be e enenco cour
    co urag
    ur aged
    ag ed an and d or orga
    gani
    ga niise
    nise
    sed d by pr prof ofes
    ofessi
    es sion
    si onal
    on al
    al
    prop
    pr opag
    op agan
    ag andi
    an dist
    di stss an
    st and d trrai ainene ed or o ga ani
    nise sers
    se s, wh
    rs who, o af
    o, terr th
    afte
    te the e ma a nnnner e r of al
    er alll
    revo
    re volu
    vo lutitit on
    lu onar arie
    ar ies,
    ie s, wi will lll “ in invevent
    ve nt fic
    nt fictitititititiou
    ous
    ou s ri righ
    ghts
    gh ts,, th
    ts thus uss crcrea ng im
    eatititing
    ea magagin inar
    in aryy
    ar
    wron
    wr ongs
    on gs;; ex
    gs expl p oi
    pl o t re ea all grie
    grieva
    gr ie
    eva
    vanc nces
    nc es,, an
    es and d cr
    c r ea
    crea eate te wa wantnt,, th
    nt hus pr prododuc
    od ucin
    uc ing
    in g di ds
    cont
    co nten
    nt entt an
    en and d an at atmomosp
    mo sphe
    sp here
    he re of re revo volt
    vo l ; an
    lt and d th then
    en bl blam
    ame
    am e ththe e exexis isti
    is t ng
    ti
    soci
    so cciial
    al an and d in indu dust
    du stri
    st rial
    ri al sy syststem
    st ems
    em s an and d po poin intt to th
    in he Re Red d RoRoad ad of Re Revo volu
    vo lu
    tion
    ti on as th the e on onlylyy wa way y of of es esca cape
    ca pe.""
    pe
    When
    Wh en th the e “ ar arisisto
    is tocr
    to crac
    cr acy
    ac y ” an and d “ bo boururge
    ur geoi
    ge oisi
    oi sie
    si e ” of al a l Ge Gent ntililie pe
    nt peop ople
    op le
    es
    have
    ha ve be been en “r “ em
    emov oved
    ov ed,”
    ed ,”” anand d al alll non-Jewish in inst
    stitittutio
    st uttioons have haave be beene di
    en dis~
    s~
    c ed
    cr edit itted an and d tr t am
    ampl pled
    pl ed un unde derr fo
    de foot ot by a sy syst
    stem
    st emat
    em atic
    at a ly be
    iccal beststia
    st ia
    alilise
    sed
    se d
    a d sc
    an scie ient
    ie ntifi
    nt ifica
    ifi llly de
    calllly
    ca depr prav
    pr aved
    av ed “ Pr Prol olet
    ol etar
    et aria
    ar ia
    at, t,”” th the e In nteternrnat
    rn a io
    at ionanal Di
    na Direre
    ect ctor
    ors
    or s
    hope
    ho pe th that a th
    at thei eirr Je
    ei ewiwishsh mu mumm mmer
    mm e s,
    er s un unde derr co
    de cove verr of gr
    ve grea eatt se
    ea secr ecyy an
    c ec
    cr and d
    p ot
    pr otececte
    ec ted
    te d by ar armimies
    mi es of of ag agen ents
    en ts-p
    ts -pro
    -p rovo
    ro voca
    vo cate
    ca eurr an
    te and d a va vast s t ne
    st netw twor
    tw o k of
    or
    secr
    se c et po
    cr ce wi
    polililice will ll be ab able le
    e to to co cont ntin
    nt in
    nue e th e r so
    thei
    ei soul ul-d
    ul -d
    des
    estr troy
    tr oyin
    oy in ng Ma Masq sque
    sq ue
    n th
    in the e ch char arac
    ar acte
    ac terr of a “ We
    te Weal a th
    al th-c -con
    -c
    conontr trol
    tr ng,, Wo
    ollililing
    ol ng Worl rld-
    rl d-dodomi mina
    mi natitit ng
    na ng,, Ru Rulililingng
    Race
    Ra ce.""
    ce

    36

    260

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