APA Publication

Manual
Sixth Edition

1
2001 2010
2
 What is APA?
APA
(American Psychological
Association)

It was developed by social and

behavioral scientists to
standardize scientific writing.

It is the most commonly used

format for manuscripts in the
social sciences.
3
 What is APA?

• Manual Chapters
o Chapter 1:Writing for the Behavioral and Social Sciences.
o Chapter 2: Manuscript Structure and Content.
o Chapter 3: Writing Clearly and Concisely.
o Chapter 4: The Mechanics of Style.
o Chapter 5: Displaying Results.
o Chapter 6: Crediting Sources.
o Chapter 7: Reference Examples.
o Chapter 8: The Publication Process.

4
 What is APA?

• APA style is used for:

o Empirical studies.
o Literature reviews.
o Theoretical articles.
o Methodological articles.
o Case studies.

5
Ethical and Legal
Standards

6
 Ethical and Legal Standards in
Publishing
• Ensuring accuracy of scientific knowledge.
o Ethical reporting of research results: be honest.
o Data sharing: make data available during review and publication
process.
o Data retention: retain raw data for five years after publication and
protect confidentiality of research participants.
o Duplicate publication: same data or ideas in two separate
publications.

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 Ethical and Legal Standards in
Publishing
• Ensuring accuracy of scientific knowledge.
o Piecemeal publication of data: unnecessary splitting of
the findings from one research effort into multiple
articles.
o Plagiarism.
o Self-plagiarism: present previously published work as
new scholarship.

8
 Ethical and Legal Standards in
Publishing
• Protecting the rights and welfare of research
participants.
o Rights and confidentiality of research participants.
o Conflict of interest.

9
 Ethical and Legal Standards in
Publishing
• Protecting intellectual property rights.
o Publication credit: authorship is reserved for persons who make a
substantial contribution to and who accept responsibility for a
published work.
o Reviewers: the manuscript is a confidential and privileged document
during review process.
o Author´s copyright on an unpublished manuscript: include the
copyright notice on all published and unpublished works.
o Planning for ethical compliance.

10
 Format and
Manuscript Elements

11
 Language in an APA paper
• Clear: be specific in descriptions and explanations.
• Concise: condense information when you can.
• Plain: use simple, descriptive adjectives and minimize the figurative
language.
• Use:
o The third person rather than the first person:
e.g. Correct: The study showed that…
Incorrect: I found that...
o The active voice rather than the passive voice:
e.g. Correct: The participants responded…
Incorrect: The participants have been asked....

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 Format
• Margins: Set margin at 1 inch (2.54 cm.) from all edges of the
paper.
• Alignment: Is set at the left margin only for all text except title
and title page.
• Font (typeface): The preferred typeface is Times New Roman 12.
• Indents: Indent the first sentence of each paragraph ½ inch. All
other lines of the paragraph wrap to the left margin. Indent
blocked quotes (40 words or more) including the first sentence.
• Line Spacing: All lines are double-spaced. The first line of each
page (except title page) begins at the top margin.

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 Format
• Page Numbers: Place page numbers at the top right corner (inside
the header), beginning with the title page.
• Order of Manuscript Pages
o Title page
o Abstract
o Text
o References
o Tables
o Figures
o Appendices

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Manuscript Elements: Title Page

• Running Head
o On the first line of the title page flush-left.
o Begin with the words “Running head” following by a
colon. Then give an abbreviated title of your paper in 50
characters or less (in caps.).

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 Manuscript Elements: Title Page
• Running Head

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Manuscript Elements: Title Page
In the upper half of the title page:

• Full Title
o Twelve words or less.
o It should be a concise statement of the main topic and should
identify the variables or theoretical issues under investigation and
the relationship between them.
o Should be typed in uppercase and lowercase letters, centered.
• Author’s name: First name, middle initial(s) and last name. Omit
all titles and degrees.
• Institutional Affiliation
17
 Manuscript Elements: Abstract
• Brief, comprehensive summary of the contents of the article.
The label “Abstract” should appear in uppercase and lowercase
letters, centered, at the top of the page. The abstract must begin
in a new page.
• A good abstract is (APA, 2010, p. 26):
o Accurate
o Non-evaluative
o Coherent and readable
o Concise
• No indentation.

18
Manuscript Elements: Main Body

• Type the title of the paper centered, at the top of

the page.
• Type the text double-spaced with all sections
following each other without a break.

19
 Manuscript Elements: References

• Begin in a new page.

• The label “References” should appear in uppercase
and lowercase letters, centered (APA, 2010, p. 37).
• Double-space all reference entries.
• The first line of each reference is set flush left and
subsequent lines are indented.

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Organizing a
Manuscript

21
 Headings (APA, 2010, pp. 62-63).

• There are five possible formatting arrangements,

according to the number of levels of
subordination.
• Each section starts with the highest level of
heading.
• The introduction section does not carry a heading.

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Level of Heading (APA, 2010, p. 62).
Level 1 Centered, Boldface, Uppercase
and Lowercase Headings

Level 2 Flush Left, Boldface, Uppercase and Lowercase

Heading

Level 3 Indented, boldface, lowercase paragraph

heading

Indented, boldface, italicized, lowercase

Level 4 paragraph heading ending with a period.

Indented, italicized, lowercase paragraph

Level 5 heading ending with a period.
 Seriation (APA 2010, p. 63).

Within a paragraph or sentence:

• Identify elements in a series by lowercase letters in parentheses

The participant’s three choices were (a) working with another
participant, (b) working with a team, and (c) working alone.

• Use commas to separate three or more elements that do not have

internal commas; use semicolons to separate three or more
elements that have internal commas
Sales classification was (a) low sales, who obtained less than
$25,000; (b) regular sales, who obtained between $25,000 and $100,000;
and (c) remarkable sales, who obtained sales for more than $100,000.

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 Seriation (APA 2010, p. 62).

Separate paragraphs in a series:

1. An Arabic numeral followed by a period but not enclosed in or
followed by parentheses.
2. The first word is capitalized, and the sentence ends with a
period or correct punctuation.
3. If the use of numbered lists may connote an unwanted or
unwarranted ordinal position among items; these items could
be identify by bullets.

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 Numbers and
Statistical Symbols

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 Numbers

• Use numerals to express numbers 10 and above and words to

express numbers below 10.
• Exceptions:
o Use words for approximations of numbers of days,
months, and years
...about three months ago.
o Any number that begins a sentence, title, or text heading.
Thirty-four men were selected to participate in the experiment.

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 Numbers
• Exceptions (cont.):
o Common fractions.
one fifth of the class two-thirds majority.
o Universally accepted usage.
the Twelve Apostles Five Pillars of Islam
• Combining numerals and words to express numbers
o Use a combination of numerals and words to express
back-to-back modifiers.
2 two-way interactions ten 7-point scales
o When combining numerals and words, readability may
suffer, spell out both numbers.
first two items
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 Numbers

• Decimal Fractions
o Use a zero before the decimal point with numbers that
are less than 1 when the statistic can exceed 1.
0.23 cm 0.48 s
o Do not use a zero before a decimal fraction when the
statistic cannot be greater than 1.
r(24) = -.43 p = .028

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 Numbers
• To form the plural of numbers, whether expressed as figures
or as words, add s or es alone, without an apostrophe
fours and sixes 1950s 10s and 20s
• Commas in numbers
o Use commas between groups of three digits in most
figures of 1,000 or more.
Exceptions:
Page numbers page 1029
Binary digits 00110010
Serial numbers 290466960
Degrees of temperature 3071 °F
Degrees of freedom F(24, 1000)

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 Statistical Symbols

• When using a statistical term in the narrative, use the term, not
the symbol:
o Use: The means were
o Not: The Ms were
• Population parameters are usually represented by Greek
letters:
o Population correlation would be represented as r.
• Most estimators are represented by italicized Latin letters.
o Population correlation would be represented as r.

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 Statistical Symbols

• Symbols for number of subjects:

o Use an uppercase, italicized N to designate the number of
members in the total sample: N = 135.
o Use a lowercase, italicized n to designate the number of
members in a limited portion of the total sample: n = 30.
• Symbol for percentage: use it only when it is preceded
by a numeral: 18%.

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 Statistical Symbols

• Standard, boldface, and italic type:

o Greek letters, subscripts, and superscripts that function as
identifiers and abbreviations that are not variables are set in
standard typeface:
mgirls, a1 bi
o Symbols for vectors and matrices are set in boldface:
V, S
o All other statistical symbols are set in italic type:
N, Mx´, df, SSE, MSE, t, F

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Tables and Figures

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 Tables and Figures
• Enable authors to present a large amount of information
efficiently and to make their data more comprehensible.
• Tables
o Show numerical values or textual information arranged in an
orderly display columns and rows.
• Figures
o May be a chart, graph, photograph, drawing, or any other
illustration or non-textual depiction.

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Tables and Figures: General Information

• Number all tables and figures with Arabic numerals in the

order in which they are first mentioned in text.
Table 1, Table 2, Figure 1, Figure 2...

• List of Tables (first)

• List of Figures (then)
• When Tables and Figures are cited in the text : use T and F.

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Tables
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 General Information
• Allows complex data to be expressed in a tidy format.
• They should not be used when results can easily be
expressed in text.
• Consider combining tables that repeat data (identical
columns or rows of data should not appear in two or
more tables).
• Tables may be submitted either single - or double -
spaced.

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 Tables
Table Number: Table numbers must be written in Arabic numbers
Table Title: A description of the table in italics, single-spaced from
the table number.
Table Note: Three types of notes can be place below the table:
Note. General notes to a table appear here, including definitions of
abbreviations.
aA specific note appears on a separate line below any general notes;

subsequent specific notes are run in.

* A probability note (p value) appears on a separate line below any
specific notes; subsequent probability notes are run in.

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Basic Components of a Table
Table X Table Number Table Title

Number of Children With and Without Proof of

Decked heads: heading
Parental Citizenship that is stacked, often to
Column Spanner: heading _______________________________________ avoid repetition of words
that identifies the entries in
in column headings
two or more columns in the
body of the table
Girls Boys
Column heads:
Stub Head: heading that Grade With Without With Without heading that
identifies the entries in identifies the
leftmost column entries in just one
Wave 1 column in the body
of the table
3 380 240 281 232
Stub or stub column: Cell: point of
leftmost column of the intersection between a
table; usually lists the 4 297 251 290 264
row and a column
major independent or
predictor variables 5 301 260 306 221

_______________________________________
Table Body: rows of
Total 878 751 877 717 cells containing
Table note: three _______________________________________ primary data of the
types of notes can be Note. General notes to a table appear here, including definitions table
placed below the of abbreviations.
table, which can aA specific note appears on a separate line below any general
eliminate repetition notes; subsequent specific notes are run in
from the body of the *A probability note ( p value) appears on a separate line below
table any specific notes; subsequent probability notes are run in. 41
 Table Titles
• Brief but clear and explanatory
Too General:
Relation between College Majors and Performance [It is unclear what data
are presented in the table.]

Too detailed:
Mean Performance Scores on Test A, Test B, and Test C of Students with
Psychology, Physics, English, and Engineering Majors [This duplicates
information in the headings of the table.]

Good Title:
Mean Performance Scores of Students with Different College Majors

42
 Table Titles
• Abbreviations that appear in the heading or the body
of a table sometimes can be parenthetically
explained.
Comparison of Median Income of Adopted Children (AC) v.
Foster Children (FC)

• If the abbreviations require longer explanations or do

not relate to the table title, explained them in the
table notes.

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 Table Headings
• Establish the organization of the data and identify the
columns of data beneath them.
• Should be brief and should not have many more characters
in length that the widest entry
Poor: Good:
Grade level Grade
3 3
4 4
5 5

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 Table Headings
• Use standard abbreviations and symbols for nontechnical terms
(e.g., no. for number, % for percent) and statistics without
explanations (e.g., M, SD, χ2).
• A list of statistical abbreviations and symbols can be found in
the APA Publication Manual.
Table 1

Demographic Characteristics of Participants (N = 1,022)

Characteristics n %
Age at time of survey (years)
20 - 29 244 24
30 - 39 534 52
40 - 49 132 13
50 - 59 112 11

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 Table Headings
• Establish the organization of the data and identify the columns
of data beneath them.
• A column spanner covers two or more columns, each with its
own column head: decked heads, which can be used to avoid
repetition of words in column heads.
• Do not use more than two levels of decked heads.
Incorrect: Wordy: Correct:

Temporal Left Right Left Right Temporal lobe

lobe: temporal temporal Left Right
lobe lobe

46
 Table Headings
• Table spanners can be used for establishing divisions
within the text body.
Table 2

Individual and Family Characteristics as a Percentage of the Sample

Mother Father Child

Characteristic ( n = 750 ) ( n = 466 ) ( n = 750 )
Self - identity
Mexican 77.2 71.0 41.0
Mexican American 22.8 29.0 59.0
Table
Spanners Nativity
Mexico 74.2 (38.2 ) 80.0 (44.2) 29.7
United States 25.8 (61.8) 20.0 (55.8) 70.3
Language preference
English 30.2 (52.7) 23.2 (52.7) 82.5 (70.0)
Spanish 69.8 (48.3) 76.8 (48.3) 17.5 (30.0)

47
 Table Body
• Decimal Values
o In general round to two decimal places.
o To report p values, report exact p values to two or three
decimal places.
o Report p values less than .001 as p < .001.
Table 3
Analysis of Covariance of Posttest Knowledge Scores as a Function of Instruction
Condition and Tutor Help, with Pretest Knowledge Scores and Covariates
Source df SS MS F ω2
Covariate 1 39.31 9.31 4.22** .05
Instruction condition (IC) 2 38.78 1 9.39 2.50* .03
Tutor held (TH) 2 30.26 3 0.26 3.90** .04
IC X TH 2 76.04 3 8.02 4.90** .06
Error 54 419.04 7.76
Total 60 573.43 9.56
*p < .05. **p < .01
48
 Table Body
• Empty Cells
o If the data cannot be filled because data are not applicable,
leave the cell blank.
Table 4

Demographic Characteristics of Participants (N = 1,022)

Characteristics n % M
Gender
Male 560 54.79
Female 462 45.21
Age at time of survey (years)
20 - 29 244 24 25.60
30 - 39 534 52 34.80
40 - 49 132 13 45.50
50 - 59 112 11 56.10

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 Table Body
• Empty Cells
o If a data cannot be reported, insert a dash in that cell and explain
the use of the dash in the general note.
o By convention a dash in the main diagonal position of a
correlation matrix indicates the correlation with itself.
Table 5
Intercorrelations for Dimensions of Achievement Scale and Five other Need for Achievement
Measures

Measure 1 2 3 4 5 6
1. Dimensions of Achievement Scale --
2. Brunswick Achievement Measure .76 --
3. Need for Achivement Inventory .70 .88 --
4. Achievement Perception Test .56 .65 .61 --
5. Peer rating of need for achievement .45 .5 5 .52 .67 --
6. Self - rating of need for achivement .53 .56 .43 .37 .87 --

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• General Notes
Table Notes
o Qualifies, explains, or provides information relating to the table
(abbreviations, symbols, references and the like).
Table 6
Predictors of Self Reported Moral Behavior
Self-reported moral behavior
Model 2
Variable Model 1 B B 95% CI
Constant 3.192** 2.99** [2.37, 3.62]
Gender 0.18* 0.17 [-0.00, 0.33]
Age -0.06 -0.05 [-0.14, 0.03]
Social desirability bias -0.08** -0.08** [-0.10, -0.05]
Moral identity internalization -0.17** -0.16 [-0.26, -0.06]
Moral identity symbolization -0.07* 0.06 [-0.01, 0.12]
Perceptual moral attentiveness 0.07* [0.00, 0.13]
Reflective moral attentiveness -0.01 [-0.08, 0.06]
R2 .29 .31
F 19.07** 14.46**
R2 .01
F 2.39
Note. N = 242. CI = confidence interval. . Adapted from “Moral Attentiveness: Who Pays Attention to the Moral Aspects of Life?,” by S.
J. Reynolds, 2008,Journal of Applied Psychology, 93, p. 1035. Copyright 2008 by the American Psychologi cal Association.
*p < .05. **p < .01 51
 Table Notes
• Specific Notes
o Refers to a particular column, row, or cell.
o Indicated by superscript lowercase letter (e.g., a,b,c).
Table 6

Individual and Family Characteristics as a Percentage of the Sample

Mother Father Child

Characteristic (n = 750) (n = 466) (n = 750)
a
Na tivity
Mexico 74.2 (38.2) 80.0 (44.2) 29.7
United States 25.8 (61.8) 20.0 (55.8) 70.3
b
Language preference
English 30.2 (52.7) 23.2 (52.7) 82.5 (70.0)
Spanish 69.8 (48.3) 76.8 (48.3) 17.5 (30.0)
Note. Adapted from “Sampling and Recruitment in Studies of Cultural Influences on Adjustment: A Case Study with Mexican
Americans, ” by M. Roosa, F. F. Liu, M. Torres, N. A. Gonz ales, G. P. Knight, and D. Saenz, 2008, Journal of Family
Psychology, 22, p. 300. Copyright 2008 by the American Psychological Association.
a
Census data are for all women or men and are not limited to parents or adults in our age group.bThe most comparable census
data for mothers and fathers are for all adults 18 and older and for children are for 15 to 17 year olds. 52
 Table Notes
• Probability Note
o Indicate how asterisk are used in a table to indicate p values.
o Assign the same number of asterisks from table to table within
your paper, such as *p < .05, **p < .01, and ***p < .001.

Table 3
Analysis of Covariance of Posttest Knowledge Scores as a Function of Instruction Condition and Tutor
Help, with Pretest Knowledge Scores and Covariates

Source df SS MS F ω2
Covariate 1 39.31 9 .31 4.22 ** .05
Instruct ion condition (IC) 2 38.78 1 9 .39 2.50* .03
T utor held (TH) 2 30.26 3 0 .26 3.90** .04
IC X TH 2 76.04 3 8 .02 4.90** .06
Error 54 419.04 7 .76
Total 60 573.43 9 .56
*p < .05. **p < .0 1

53
 Table Notes
• To distinguish between one-tailed and two-tailed tests in the
same table use an asterisk for the two-tailed p values and an
alternate symbol for the one-tailed p values.
*p < .05, two-tailed. **p < .01, two-tailed. †p < .05, one-tailed. †p < .01,
one-tailed.
• Order the notes in the following sequences: general note,
specific note, probability note.
• Each type note begins flush left (no indentation).
Note. The participants.... Responses
an = 25. bn = 42.

*p < .05. **p < .01.

54
Figures
55
 General Information
• Figures can be used to:
o Illustrate complex theoretical formulations.
o Represent a theory graphically through a set of path
models.
o Show the sample flow of subjects through a
randomized experiment.
o Flow of participants in a survey study.
o Illustrate the results of a one-way design with error
bars representing precision of the resulting estimates.
o Empirical results from a complex multivariate model.
o Details of an experimental laboratory set-up.
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 Standards
• Simplicity, clarity, continuity and information value.
• Checklist for a good figure:
o Augments the text.
o Conveys only essential facts.
o Omits visually distracting detail.
o Is easy to read, its elements are large enough to read.
o Is easy to understand.
o Is consistent with and in the same style as similar figures in the same article.
• Do not forget that:
o Lines are smooth and sharp.
o Inside the Figure, sans serif may be used because is simple.
o Elements within the figure are labeled or explained.

57
 Figures

• Legend: Is an integral part of the figure; therefore, it should

have the same kind and proportion of lettering that appears in
the rest of the figure. Capitalize major words in the legend.

• Caption: It serves both as an explanation of the figure and as

a figure title. After the descriptive phrase, add any information
needed to clarify the figure including any acknowledgement
that a figure is reproduced from another source. They should
be placed below the figure.

58
 Legends
Legends

• Integral part of the figure

• It should have the same kind
and proportion of lettering
that appear in the rest of the
figures
• Capitalize major words in the
legend

59
 Captions

• Explanation and title of the figure.

• The figure itself should not include a title.
• The caption should be a brief but descriptive phrase.
Too brief: Figure 3. Fixation duration
Sufficiently descriptive: Figure 3. Fixation duration as a function of the
delay between the beginning of eye fixation and the onset of the stimulus in
Experiment 1.
• After the descriptive phrase, add nay information needed to
clarify the figure.

60
 Figure Example

Figure 1. Conceptual framework of the relationship between TQM practices and

operating and business performance.

61
 Figure Example
Home Literacy c Language and
Environment Literacy Skill
(Predictors) (Criterion)

a) Direct pathway

Home Literacy c’ Language and

Environment Literacy Skill
(Predictors) (Criterion)

a b

Mediators (Phonological Awareness,

Preschool Letter Identification, Vocabulary)

b) Indirect or Mediated Pathway

Figure 1. Generic mediation model being tested (on the basis of Baron & Kenny, 1986).
Adapted from “Preschool Home Literacy Practices and Children’s Literacy Development: A longitudinal
Analysis,” by M. Hood, E. Conlon, and G. Andrews, 2008, Journal of Educational Psychology, 100, p. 259.
Copyright 2008 by the American Psychological Association.
62
Quoting
63
 Direct Quotation of Sources

• If the quotation has less than 40 words, incorporate it into text

and enclose the quotation with double quotation marks.
Hofstede (1991) defined culture as “the collective
programming of the mind which distinguishes the members of
one group or category of people from another” (p. 5).

“In designing new products and services, we use the

requirements of domestic customers” (Samson & Terziovski,
1999, p. 406).

64
 Direct Quotation of Sources

• If the quotation comprises 40 or more words, display it in

a freestanding block of text and omit the quotation marks.
Indent the block from the left margin.
Schein (1992) defined culture as the following:

A pattern of shared basic assumptions that the group learned as it

solved its problems of external adaptation and of internal integration,
that has worked well enough to be considered valid and, therefore, to
be taught to new members as the correct way to perceive, to think, and
to feel in relation to those problems. (p. 12)

65
References
66
 Citing References in Text
• One work by one author
o The surname of the author (do not include suffixes such as Jr.) and the year of
publication are inserted in the text at the appropriate point:
Lagrosen (2003) found that cultural dimensions of uncertainty avoidance
and individualism-collectivism have an influence on the TQM principles.

The cultural dimensions of uncertainty avoidance and individualism-

collectivism have an influence on the TQM principles (Lagrosen, 2003).

In 2003, Lagrosen found that cultural dimensions of uncertainty

avoidance and individualism-collectivism have an influence on the TQM
Principles.

67
 Citing References in Text

• One work by multiple authors

o When the work has two authors, cite both names every time the
reference occurs in text.
As Sashan and Datta (2005) demostrated...
...as has been shown (Sashan & Datta, 2005).
o When the work has three, four, or five authors, cite all authors the first
time the reference occurs; in subsequent citations, include only the
surname of the first author followed by “et al.” and the year if it is the
first citation of the reference within a paragraph.
Bolumole, Frankel, and Naslund (2007) found... [First citation in
text].
Bolumole et al. (2007) found [Subsequent citations ]

68
 Citing References in Text

• One work by multiple authors

o Exception: If two references of more than three surnames with the same
year shorten to the same form, cite the surnames of the first authors and
of as many of the subsequent authors as necessary to distinguish the
two references, followed by a comma and “et al.”.
Ahire, Golhar, and Waller (1996) – Ahire, Waller, and Golhar (1996)
• Ahire, Golhar, et al. (1996)
• Ahire, Waller, et al. (1996)

69
 Citing References in Text

• One work by six or more authors

o Cite only the surname of the first author followed by “et
al.” and the year for the first and subsequent citations.
o If two references with six or more authors shorten to the
same form, cite the surnames of the first authors and of as
many of the subsequent authors as necessary to distinguish
the two references, followed by a comma and “et al.”

70
 Citing References in Text

• Groups as authors
o The names of groups that serve as authors are spelled out
each time they appear in a text citation and in the
subsequent citations, if the abbreviation is familiar, it may
be abbreviate the name in second and subsequent citations.
Instituto Nacional de Estadística e Informática (INEI, 2010) [First
citation]
(Instituto Nacional de Estadística e Informática [INEI], 2010) [First
citation]
INEI (2010) [Second and subsequent citations]

71
 Type of Citation First citation in Subsequent Parenthetical Parenthetical format,
text citations in text format, first citation subsequent citations
in text in text
One work by one Walker (2007) Walker (2007) (Walker, 2007) (Walker, 2007)
author
One work by two Walker and Allen Walker and Allen (Walker & Allen, (Walker & Allen,
authors (2004) (2004) 2004) 2004)
One work by three Bradley, Ramirez, Bradley et al. (Bradley, Ramirez, & (Bradley et al., 1999)
authors and Soo (1999) (1999) Soo, 1999)
One work by four Bradley, Ramirez, Bradley et al. (Bradley, Ramirez, (Bradley et al., 2006)
authors Soo, and Walsh (2006) Soo, & Walsh, 2006)
(2006)
One work by five Walker, Allen, Walker et al. (2008) (Walker, Allen, (Walker et al., 2008)
authors Bradley, Ramirez, Bradley, Ramirez, &
and Soo (2008) Soo, 2008)
One work by six Wasserstein et al. Wasserstein et al. (Wasserstein et al., (Wasserstein et al.,
authors (2005) (2005) 2005) 2005)
Groups (readily National Institute of NIMH (2003) (National Institute of (NIMH, 2003)
identified through Mental Health Mental Health
abbreviation) as (NIMH, 2003) [NIMH], 2003)
authors
Groups (no University of University of (University of (University of
abbreviation) as Pittsburgh (2005) Pittsburgh (2005) Pittsburgh, 2005) Pittsburgh, 2005)
authors
 Citing References in Text
• Authors with the same surname
o Include the first author’s initial in all text citations, even if
the year of publication differs.
References:
Light, I. (2006).
Light, M. A., & Light, I. H. (2008).

Text
Among studies, we review M. A. Light and Light (2008) and I. Light
(2006).

73
 Citing References in Text
• Two or more works within the same parenthesis
o Order the citations of two or more works within the same parentheses
alphabetically in the same order they appear in the reference list. Separate the
citations with semicolons.
Several studies (Miller, 1999; Shafranske & Mahoney, 1998)

o Identify works by the same author by year of publication. Give the authors’
surnames once; for each subsequent work, give only the date.
Several studies (Porter, 1981, 1992)

o When the work of one author has the same publication date, identify them by
the suffixes a, b, c, and so forth, after the year; repeat the year.
Training materials are available (Department of Veterans Affairs, 2001, 2003a,
2003b).

74
 Citing References in Text

• Secondary sources
o Use secondary sources sparingly, for instance, when the
original work is out of print, unavailable through usual
sources, or not available in English.
o Put the secondary source in the reference list; in text, name
the original work and give a citation for the secondary
source.

Allport’s diary (as cited in Nicholson, 2003)

75
 Reference List

• Begin in a new page.

• References are listed in alphabetical order.
• One-author entries by the same author are arranged by year of
publication, the earliest first:
Upenieks, V. (2003)
Upenieks, V. (2005)
• One-author entries precede multiple-author entries beginning
with the same surname:
Alleyne, R. L. (2001)
Alleyne, R. L., & Evans, A. J. (1999)

76
 References
1. First, write the authors’ surname and then their names’ initials; give in
parenthesis the year the work was published
Author, A. A., Author B. B., & Author C. C. (year).
2. Title: Capitalize only the first word of the title and of the subtitle, if any
and any proper noun.
3. In each entry the first line is flush left, while subsequent lines are
indented.
4. Double-space all reference entries.
5. Some publications include the digital object identifier (DOI), a unique
alphanumeric string assigned by a registration the International DOI
Foundation. We must provide the DOI, if one has been assigned, at the
end of the reference, using this format: doi:10.1037/0278-6133.27.3.379

77
 References: Books

• For an entire book:

Author, A. A. (2001). Title of work. Location: Publisher

Author, A. A., & Author, B. B. (2003) Title of work. Location: Publisher.

• For a chapter in a book:

Author, A. A. (2001). Title of chapter. In A. Editor & B. Editor (Eds.),
Title of book (pp. xx-xx). Location: Publisher.

78
 Locations

• When citing books and reports, the publisher's location (city and
state or, if outside the United States, city and country) should be
indicated.
• Locations from United States: the names of U.S. states and
territories are placed in the reference list, using the official two-letter
U.S. Postal Service abbreviations.
• Locations outside the United States: spell out the city and the
country names. Use a colon after the location.

79
 Locations

• When the author is also the publisher, use Author to indicate the
publisher.
• Examples:
New York, NY: McGraw-Hill.
Washington, DC: Author.
Newbury Park, CA: Sage.
Pretoria, South Africa: Unisa.

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 References: Journals
• General reference form
Author, A. A., Author, B. B., & Author, C. C. (year). Title of the article. Title of
Periodical,Vol(N°), pp-pp.
• More than seven authors
Gilbert, D. G., McClernon, J. F., Rabinovich, N. E., Sugai, C., Plath, L. C., Asgaard, G., ...&
Botros, N. (2004). Effects of quitting smoking on EEG activation and attention last
for more than 31 days and are more severe with stress, dependence, DRD2 A1 allele,
and depressive traits. Nicotine and Tobacco Research, 6(1), 249-267.
doi:10.1080/14622200410001676305
• In-press article posted in a preprint archive
Briscoe, R. (in press). Egocentric spatial representation in action and perception.
Philosophy and Phenomenological Research. Retrieved from
http://cogprints.org/5780/1/ECSRAP.F07.pdf

81
 References: Examples
• Magazine article
Chamberlin, J., Novotney, A., Packard, E., & Price, M. (2008, May). Enhancing
worker well-being: Occupational health psychologists convene to share their
research on work, stress, and health. Monitor on Psychology, 59(5), 26-29.
• Newspaper article
Schwartz, J. (1993, September 30). Obesity affects economic, social status. The
Washington Post, pp. A1, A4.
• Online newspaper article
Brody, J. E. (2007, December 11). Mental reserves keep brain agile. The New York
Times. Retrieved from http://www.nytimes.com

82
 References: Examples

• Technical and Research Report

Author, A. A. (year). Title of work (Report No. xxx). Location:
Publisher.

Krishna, A., & Uphoff, N. (1999). Mapping and measuring social capital: A
conceptual and empirical study of collective action for conserving
and developing watersheds in Rajasthan, India (Working paper N°13).
Retrieved from
http://www.wds.worldbank.org/external/default/WDSContentSe
ver/WDSP/IB/2001/10/05/000094946_01092704070811/Rende
red/PDF/multi0page.pdf

83
References: Dissertations and Theses
• Doctoral dissertations and Master’s theses available from a database
service
Author, A. A. (year). Title of the doctoral dissertation or master’s thesis (Doctoral
dissertation or master’s thesis). Retrieved from Name of database. (Accession
or Order N°.).

Emale, J. M. (2010). An examination of how conglomerates impact small-medium

enterprises in their relationship (Doctoral dissertation). Retrieved from
ProQuest Dissertations and Theses database. (Publication No. AAT 3407430)

• Unpublished dissertations or thesis

Author, A. A. (year). Title of the doctoral dissertation or master’s thesis
(Doctoral dissertation or master’s thesis). Name of Institution, Location.
84