Chapter 3

Foundation Engineering-I Design of Shallow Foundations
CHAPTER THREE
DESIGN OF SHALLOW FOUNDATIONS
3.1 INTRODUCTION
This chapter deals with the economical and safe design of the common types of shallow
foundations. The main foundation types that are considered here are: isolated (spread) footings,
combined footings, strap (cantilever) footings and mat (raft) foundations.
A fundamental assumption in the design of footings is how the pressure under a footing is
distributed. The pressure distribution under a footing depends, among other things, on footing
rigidity, shape, footing depth, and soil properties. Generally, for ordinary spread footings resting
on cohesionless formations, the pressure distribution is as shown in fig. 3.1(a). For combined and
larger footings, the distribution may vary toward a more uniform shape near the middle two-
thirds of the footing. On the other hand, for cohesive soils, the distribution appears to be opposite
that for cohesionless; for this condition, the shape may approach that shown in fig. 3.1(b). It is
seldom that the engineer deals with a soil stratum that is totally cohesive or totally cohesionless;
the more likely case is a mixture of cohesive and cohesionless material. Thus, it is a widely
accepted practice to assume that shallow foundations are rigid so that the variation of pressure
under the foundations will be linear fig. 3.1(c). The distribution of pressure will be uniform if the
centroid of the foundation coincides with the resultant of the applied loads.
Fig. 3.1: Probable pressure distribution beneath a rigid footing, (a) On a cohesionless soil
(b) generally for cohesive soils; (c) usual assumed linear distribution.
Unity University Prepared by: Feysel N.

Department of Civil Engineering 1
The design of any foundations consists of two main steps;

 Geotechnical design which is covered in ES EN-1997-1.
 Structural design which is covered in ES EN 1992-1-1.
For both design steps, the type and magnitude of the loads acting on the foundation can be
obtained from the analysis of the superstructure. Nowadays, there are plenty of structural
analysis and/or design softwares avilable for engineers. SAP2000, ETABS and SAFE are the
most common softwares in use in our country.
3.2 GEOTECHNICAL DESIGN (PROPORTIONING)
The geotechnical design of foundations is covered in ES EN-1997-1. The main requirements in
geotechnical design of foundations are:
 The pressure on the soil should not exceed the bearing capacity of the soil.
 The settlement of the structure should be within the permissible limits.
These two requirements decide the dimensions (Width & Length) of the footing from bearing
capacity and settlement requirements. This is known as Proportioning of foundation.
The criteria for proportioning based on bearing capacity are; the maximum stress due to applied
load is less than or equal to the bearing capacity of the soil and the minimum stress due to
applied load is greater than or equal to zero. That is;
P  6 eB 6 eL  P  6 eB 6 eL 
σ max = 1 + +  ≤ q all σ min = 1 − −  ≥ 0 ------------------------ 3.1
A B L  A B L 
Pd  6 eB 6 eL  Pd  6 eB 6 eL 
σ max = 1 + +  ≤ qult σ min = 1 − −  ≥ 0 ----------------------- 3.2
A  B L  A  B L 
Where,
P = Applied load (Service load or Un-factored load) on the footing.
Pd = Applied load (Design load or factored load) on the footing.
A = Area of footing = B * L.
L= Length of footing.
B = Width of footing.
qall = Allowable bearing capacity of the soil. = qult / FS
qult = Ultimate bearing capacity of the soil.
FS = Factor of safety.
eL and eB = Eccentricities in the length and width directions, respectively.

Fig 3.2: Effective width and length of a foundation.

For the proportioning of shallow foundations, ES EN-1997-1 gives three methods;
1) Prescriptive method
2) Analytical method
3) Semi-empirical method
Here, only prescriptive and analytical method are discussed.
3.2.1 Proportioning using prescriptive method (presumptive allowable bearing capacity)
In this method a check for bearing resistance can be adopted using a presumed allowable bearing
capacity. The presumed allowable bearing capacity can be obtained from;
 If site investigation is performed, it can be obtained from the geotechnical report. This is the
allowable bearing capacity to allow for settlement (e.g. from SPT test).
 If site investigation is not performed or is unnecessary, it can be obtained based on the basis
of well established local practice. The new code (ES EN-1997) does not provide presumed
allowable bearing capacity values for soils (it only gives for rocks). Hence the values from
the old code (EBCS-7) is shown below.
* The given design bearing values do not include the effect of the depth of the foundation.
** Compactness: Dense: N> 30
Medium Dense: N is 10 to 30
Loose: N< 10, where N= standard penetration value
*** Consistency: Hard: qu > 400kPa
Stiff: qu = 100 to 200kPa
Medium Stiff qu = 50 to 100kPa
Soft: qu = 25 to 50 kPa, Where, qu = unconfined compressive strength

Compactness** or Presumed Bearing

Supporting Description Remark
consistency*** Pressure* (KPa)
Ground Type
Massively crystalline igneous and
metamorphic rock (granite, Hard and sound 5600
basalt, gneiss)
Foliated metamorphic rock (slate, Medium hard and
2800 These values are
schist) sound
based on the
Sedimentary rock (hard shale, Medium hard and
Rocks 2800 assumptions that
siltstone, sandstone, limestone) sound
the foundations are
Weathered or broken-rock (soft
Soft 1400 carried down to
limestone)
unweathered rock
Soft shale Soft 850
Decomposed rock to be assessed
as soil below.
Dense 560 Width of
Gravel, sand and gravel Medium dense 420 foundation (B) not
Loose 280 less than 1m
Non-cohesive Dense 420 Ground water level
soils Medium dense 280 assumed to be at a
Sand depth not less than
Loose 140 B, below the base
of the foundation.
Hard 280
Stiff 200
Silt
Medium stiff 140
Soft 70
Cohesive
Hard 420
soils
Stiff 280
Clay Medium stiff 140
Soft 70
Medium Soft Not Applicable
Table 3.1: Presumed bearing resistance under static loading (EBCS-7).

3.2.2 Proportioning using analytical method (using the soil strength parameters φ and c)
In this method, where applicable, calculations are carried out for each limit state using a
commonly recognized analytical method.
The bearing resistance of the soil should be checked using a well known method (e.g. Meyerhof
or Hansen bearing capacity equation). At the serviceability limit state (SLS), the settlement of
the foundations should be calculated and checked against permissible limits. For framed
buildings, the allowable total settlement is; 50-75mm for foundations on sand and 75-135mm for
foundations on clay.
When applying the bearing capacity equations one should differentiate two states of loading
conditions, namely:
i) Initial or instantaneous or short-term loading condition (Undrained condition) and
ii) Final or long- term loading condition (Drained condition).
In the initial loading condition, the load is assumed to act instantaneously. At this stage the pore
water pressure in the soil does not have time to dissipate. This situation corresponds to the quick
or undrained test condition of the triaxial test. The soil parameters are designated by φu and cu, in
most cases φu = 0. This analysis is also known as total stress analysis.
In the final or long-term loading condition, the load is assumed to act gradually as construction
progresses thus giving the pore water pressure in the soil ample time to dissipate. Here the
situation corresponds to the slow or drained test condition of the triaxial test. The soil parameters
in this case are designated by φ’ and c’. This analysis is also known as effective stress analysis.
The ultimate bearing capacity, qult , can be calculated using Meyerhof’s equation as:
qult = cN c sc d c ic + q ' N q sq d q iq + 0.5 B ' γ ' N γ sγ d γ iγ ------------------------------- 3.3
Where, qult = ultimate bearing capacity of footing, c = cohesion

q’ = effective overburden at the base of the footing = γ’Df
γ’ = effective unit weight of soil B’ = effective width = B – 2eB
Nc, Nq, Nγ = bearing capacity factors Sc, Sq , Sγ = shape factors
dc ,dq, dγ = depth factors ic, iq, iγ = inclination factors
For initial loading conditions, where φu = 0, the failure surface of the soil consist of straight lines
and an arc of a circle. The values of the bearing capacity factors be Nc =5.14, Nq= 1, Nγ = 0.
Hence, Eqn. (3.3) will become;
qult = 5.14cu sc d c ic + q ' sq d q iq --------------------------------------------- 3.4
Bearing capacity factors, shape, depth & inclination factors are given below.

Table 3.2: Meyerhof’s bearing capacity factors.
Shape Depth Inclination

2
 α0 
Any φ ' ic = iq = 1 − 0 
 90 
For φ ' = 0 sq = sγ = 1 dq = dγ= 1 iγ = 0
2
 α0 
For φ '≥ 10 0
iγ = 1 − 0 
 φ' 
 φ' 
K p = tan 2  45 +  , α = inclination angle of the load measured from the vertical axis.
 2
Table 3.3: Meyerhof’s shape, depth & inclination factors

3.3 STRUCTURAL DESIGN

The Structural design of foundations is covered in ES EN 1992-1-1. The structural design for
reinforced concrete foundation includes:
 Selecting an appropriate grade of concrete and reinforcing steel.
 Determining the required foundation thickness.
 Determining the size, number & spacing of the reinforcing bars.
Note that for the structural design of foundations, the limit state that should be used is the
Ultimate Limit State (ULS) of collapse; that is verification should be done for limit state STR.
Therefore the load combination for the design load will be;
Pd = 1.35 ⋅ Gk + 1.5 ⋅ Qk --------------------------------------------- 3.5
Where, Gk = the characteristic dead load.

Qk = the characteristic live load.
3.3.1 Shear in Footings
Shear stresses usually govern the thickness of footings. Note that, unlike beams and flat slabs, it
is not a common practice to provide shear reinforcement for foundations. Therefore to avoid
shear reinforcement, all of the applied shear should be resisted by the concrete alone.
To determine the thickness of footings two types of shear are considered, these are wide-beam
shear and punching shear.
3.3.1.1 Wide-beam Shear
Wide-beam shear (also known as one way shear) is a shear force acting on a vertical section
across the width or length of the footing. This is the same type of shear that is used for the shear
design of beams in previous courses (RC-I). The critical section for wide-beam shear is at a
distance d from the face of the support, and it should be checked at this critical section.
Wide-beam shear calculation
Wide-beam shear is the sum of the loads acting outside the critical section, i.e., it is the shear
force at a distance d from the face of the support (column). For strip and isolated footings, the
wide-beam shear force, VEd, can be calculated by taking the force due to the soil pressure at the
critical section. For combined, strap and mat foundations, it can be calculated from the shear
force diagram. Hence the applied wide-beam shear stress (in KPa) will be;
VEd
v Ed = -------------------------------------------------- 3.6
bw ⋅ d
VEd = the applied wide-beam shear force (in KN).
bw = the appropriate width of the cross-section.
d = effective depth.

Wide-beam shear resistance

According to clause 6.2.2(1) of ES EN 1992-1-1, the design wide-beam shear resistance of a
footing without shear reinforcement, VRd,c, (in KN) is given by:
C k (100 ρ 1 f ck ) 1/ 3
bw d
VRd ,c ≥  Rd ,c ------------------------------------ 3.7
v min bw d
Hence the resisting wide-beam shear stress (in KPa) will be;
VRd ,c
v Rd ,c = -------------------------------------------------- 3.8
bw ⋅ d
Where,
CRd,c = 0.18/γc =0.18/1.5 = 0.12
 200  As  0.26 f ctm

1 +  
k ≤ d where d is in mm. ρ 1 ≤  bw d for design take ρ1 = ρmin ρ min ≤  f yk
2 0.02 0.02
  
As = the area of tensile reinforcement anchored beyond the section considered.
fck = characteristics cylindrical strength of concrete.
fyk = characteristics yield strength of reinforcement.
fctm = the mean axial tensile strength of concrete
f ctm = 0.3 ⋅ f ck for concrete grade of ≤ C50/60.

2/3
v min = 0.035 ⋅ k 1.5 f ck

0.5
To determine the footing effective depth (during design), equate the applied wide-beam shear
with the resistance, i.e. VEd = VRdc. In equation 3.7 the value of k will not become greater than 2
unless d < 200mm, which is impractical. Therefore, expressing the effective depth in meters, the
value of k can be simply set as k = 1 + (0.4472/√𝑑 ).

3.3.1.2 Punching Shear

Punching shear arises when a concentrated load or reaction actis on a relatively small area, called
the loaded area Aload of a slab or a foundation. The resulting stresses are verified along defined
control perimeters around the loaded area. An appropriate verification model for checking
punching failure at the ultimate limit state is shown in Figure 3.3 below.
Fig 3.3 Verification model for punching shear at the ultimate limit state.
The punching shear acts on the control section, which is a section that follows the length of the
control perimeter, u, and extends over the mean effective depth, davg which is given by:
dx + dy
d = d avg = --------------------------------------------3.9
2
Where dx and dy are the effective depths of the reinforcement in the two orthogonal directions.
For sloped footings, the effective depth may be assumed to be the depth at the perimeter of the
loaded area as shown in Figure 3.4 below.
Fig 3.4 Depth of control section in sloped footing (a footing with variable depth).

The basic control perimeter, u1

The basic control perimeter u1 may normally be taken to be at a distance 2d from the loaded area
(from face of column) and should be constructed so as to minimise its length as shown below.
Fig 3.5 Basic control perimeter of typical (internal) columns.

For columns situated near an edge or a corner, the basic control perimeter u1 should be taken as
shown in Figure 3.6 below. This perimeter should not be greater than the perimeter obtained for
internal columns.
Fig 3.6 Basic control perimeter of columns at or close to an edge or corner.

For walls and elongated columns, the basic control perimeter u1 should be taken as shown in
Figure 3.7 below.
Fig 3.7 Basic control perimeter of walls & elongated columns.

For columns situated near openings, if the shortest distance between the perimeter of the column
and the edge of the opening does not exceed 6d, that part of the control perimeter contained
between two tangents drawn to the outline of the opening from the center of the loaded area is
considered to be ineffective (see Figure 3.8 below).
Fig 3.8 Basic control perimeter near an opening.

Punching shear calculation
For footings, the punching shear should be checked at the face of the column, at the basic control
perimeter u1 (at 2d from column face) and additionally at control perimeters within a distance
less than 2d. For footings, the soil pressure within the control perimeter should be subtracted
when determining the design punching shear force. Hence, the reduced applied punching shear
force, VEd,red, (in KN) is given by;
VEd ,red = VEd − ∆VEd ----------------------------------------------- 3.10
Where,
VEd = the design axial column load, Pd.
ΔVEd = the upward force within the control perimeter considered = σavg · Ai
Ai = area of the control perimeter considered.
σavg = the design soil pressure = Pd/(B`L`)
In design, it is usual to assume that the distribution of shear force around a certain perimeter is
uniform. In fact, this is not true, particularly in the case of columns supporting moments. In such
cases, the distribution of shear varies significantly around the perimeter and was accompanied by
torsional moments, which causes a reduction in the punching shear strength. A way of dealing
with this in design is to increase the design shear force by a factor which is a function of the
geometry of the perimeter and the moment transferred. The provisions in ES EN 1992-1-1
introduce a multiplier, β, to increase the average shear stress around the perimeter.

Therefore, the design applied punching shear stress, νEd, (in KPa) will be;
β ⋅ VEd,red
v Ed = -------------------------------------------------- 3.11
u⋅d
Where,
u = perimeter length of the control perimeter under consideration.
d = mean effective depth
β = shear multiplier, which can be taken as;
If the column does not support moment, β = 1.
If the column supports moment;
β = 1.15 for interior columns,
β = 1.4 for edge columns and
β = 1.5 for corner columns.
Punching shear resistance
According to clause 6.4.4(1) of ES EN 1992-1-1, the design punching shear resistance of a
footing without punching shear reinforcement, νRd,c, (in KPa) is given by;
 1 / 3  2d 
C Rd ,c k (100 ρ 1 f ck ) ⋅  a 
  
v Rd ,c ≥ ------------------------------------ 3.12
v ⋅    2 d 
 min  a 
Hence the resisting punching shear force (in KN) will be;
VRd ,c = v Rd ,c ⋅ u ⋅ d -------------------------------------------------- 3.13
Where,
 200
1 +  ρ ⋅ ρ
k ≤ d where d is in mm. ρ 1 ≤  1 x 1 y for design take ρ1x = ρ1y = ρmin
2 0.02

ρ1x & ρ1y = the mean ratios of tensile reinforcement in each direction over a width equal to the
column dimension plus 3d on each side.
d = mean effective depth
a = the distance from the face of the column to the control perimeter considered.
v min = 0.035 ⋅ k 1.5 f ck

0.5

Punching shear resistance at the column face

According to clause 6.4.5(3) of ES EN 1992-1-1, at the column perimeter, uo, the punching shear
stress should be checked to ensure that;
β ⋅ VEd,red
v Ed = ≤ v Rd ,max -------------------------------------------------- 3.14
uo ⋅ d
Where,
uo = perimeter of the column given by;
for internal columns, uo = 2(b+h)
h + 3 d
for edge columns, u o ≤ 
2b + h
3d
for corner columns, u o ≤ 
b + h
b = column width (for edge columns, measured perpendicular to the free edge)
h = column depth
 f  α cc f ck
v Rd ,max = 0.5 ⋅ v ⋅ f cd v = 0.6 ⋅  1 − ck  f cd =
 250  γc
αcc = 1 for shear γc = partial factor of safety for concrete = 1.5
3.3.2 Bending Moment
Bending moment is used to calculate the amount of reinforcement in footings. The design
moment is taken on a section passing across the width or length of the footing. The critical
section for bending moment shall be taken at the face of the column for isolated footing or at the
face of the wall for a strip footing.
For strip and isolated footings, the design bending moment is the moment due to the soil pressure
at the critical section. For combined, strap and mat foundations, the design bending moment can
be calculated from the bending moment diagram.

3.3.3 Provisions of ES EN 1992-1-1

The minimum grade of concrete to be used in foundations and the nominal cover to the
reinforcement depend on the exposure conditions. Exposure conditions are chemical and
physical conditions to which the structure is exposed to. According to ES EN 1992-1-1,
environmental conditions are classified as;
X0; No risk of corrosion or attack. XS; Corrosion induced by chlorides from sea water.
XC; Corrosion induced by carbonation. XF; Freeze/Thaw attack.
XD; Corrosion induced by chloride. XA; Chemical attack.
Except for environment X0, for each of these environments, ES EN 1992-1-1 gives three or four
degrees of attack, that is; Exposure Class, 1 to 3 or 4, from less to more severe attack. They are
XC1, XC2, XC3, XC4; XD1, XD2, XD3; XS1, XS2, XS3; XF1, XF2, XF3, XF4; XA1, XA2,
XA3. Note that many foundations belong to exposure class of XC2.
Minimum grade of concrete
For each exposure class, annex E of ES EN 1992-1-1 recommends the minimum concrete grade
to be used. The table is shown below.
Table 3.4: Indicative minimum concrete grade.

Concrete cover
For exposure class of XC2, the minimum cover for foundations shall not be less than; 40 mm for
concrete cast against a blinding layer & 75 mm for concrete cast directly against soil.
Minimum rebar diameter
The minimum diameter of the main reinforcement is 8 mm (i.e. ϕ8)
Minimum area of reinforcement
 0.26 f ctm
 bd
The minimum area of main reinforcement is; AS ,min ≥  f yk ----------------------------- 3.15
0.0013bd

The minimum area of secondary reinforcement is, As,sec,min = 0.2As

Minimum spacing of reinforcement

The clear horizontal and vertical spacing between bars is;
20

S clr ,min ≥ φ ----------------------------- 3.16
max. size of the aggregate + 5mm

Maximum spacing of reinforcement
3 D
The maximum spacing between main bars is; S max ≤  ----------------------------------- 3.17
400 mm
3.5 D
The maximum spacing between secondary bars is; S max,sec ≤  -------------------------- 3.18
450 mm
3.3.4 Anchorage of reinforcements
All reinforcement should be anchored so that the forces in it are safely transmitted to the
surrounding concrete by bond without causing cracking or spalling. The design anchorage
length, lbd, for footings is given in table 3.5 below.
ϕ 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24 25 26 28 30 32
lbd (mm) 226 283 339 396 452 530 629 719 814 858 902 994 1090 1188
Table 3.5: Design anchorage length, lbd, for footings with C25/30 & S-500.
Note that Table 3.5 is generated based on the following assumptions.
 Nominal cover = 50 mm.
 The steel grade is S-500 (i.e. fyk = 500). If the steel grade is different from S-500,
multiply the value in table 3.5 by fyk/500.
 The concrete grade is C25/30. For other concrete grades, multiply the value in table 3.5
by the factor given in the table below.
Concrete grade C20/25 C25/30 C30/37 C35/45 C40/50 C45/55 C50/60
Factor 1.16 1 0.89 0.8 0.73 0.68 0.63
Table 3.6: Modification factor for concrete grade.

Verification of anchorage for footings

According to article 9.8.2.2 of ES EN 1992-1-1, the tensile force to be anchored in the
reinforcement is determined from equilibrium conditions, taking into account the effect of
inclined cracks, see Figure 3.9.
Fig 3.9 Model for tensile force with regard to inclined cracks.
From the figure above, the tensile force Fs at a distance x from the edge of the footing is;
Ze
Fs = R --------------------------------------------------- 3.19
Zi
R = the resultant of ground pressure within distance x.

Ze = the external lever arm, i.e. distance between R and the vertical force Pd.
Zi = the internal lever arm, i.e. distance between the reinforcement and the horizontal force Fc.
Fc = the compressive force corresponding to maximum tensile force Fs,max.
As a simplification, Ze and R can be taken as;
For rebars parallel to B, e = 0.15b and Ze = 0.5B-0.35b-0.5x and R = σavgL’x.
For rebars parallel to L, e = 0.15h and Ze = 0.5L-0.35h-0.5x and R = σavgB’x.
For straight bars without end anchorage, the minimum value of x is the most critical. As a
simplification xmin = 0.5D can be assumed.
The required anchorage length for straight bars, lb, is given by;
Fs
lb = lbd --------------------------------------------------- 3.20
As , pro f yd
Note that if lb ≤ (xmin–cover), straight bar anchorage is adequate, otherwise the bars may be bent
up to increase the available length.

3.4 DESIGN OF ISOLATED FOOTINGS
The following is a summary of the design procedure:

Input: Typical input data includes; column data (loads, sizes & column reinforcement), soil data
(bearing capacity or the soil strength parameters), concrete and reinforcement grade.
Objective: The goal is to determine footing dimensions (width, length, thickness), reinforcement,
and relevant details for construction.
Procedure: The following steps should be followed for the design of an isolated footing.
Step 1: Proportion the footing
Isolated footings are proportioned using un-factored (service) loads. It is customary to include
the self weight of the footing as an external dead load. But as the dimensions of the footing are
unknown, the self weight can be assumed to be 10% of the service loads.
Step 2: Depth from wide-beam shear
Calculate or check the depth of the footing based on wide-beam shear. The critical sections that
should be considered are given in figure 3.10 below. The applied shear forces are calculated
along the planes X-X and Y-Y.
L−h 
V X - X = σ avg B − d  --------------------------------------------- 3.21
 2 
 B−b 
VY -Y = σ avg L − d  --------------------------------------------- 3.22
 2 
The larger of the two values is taken to be the applied wide-beam shear force.
The resisting shear force is then calculated using equation 3.7. Note that in equation 3.7, bw = B
if VX-X is larger and bw = L if VY-Y is larger.
Fig. 3.10 Critical section for wide beam shear.

Step 3: Depth from punching shear

Calculate or check the depth of the footing based on punching shear at the following locations;
I) At the column perimeter, uo (at the face of the column).
II) At control perimeter within a distance less than 2d (usually at d distance from column face).
III) At the basic control perimeter u1 (at 2d from column face).
The perimeters at distances of d and 2d from the column face are shown in figure 3.11 below.
Fig. 3.11 Critical sections for punching shear.

Step 4: Bending moment
The critical sections for bending moment for an isolated footing are shown in figure 3.12
below.The design moments are calculated along the planes X-X and Y-Y.
σ avg B(L − h )2
For reinforcement running in the long direction (parallel to L), M X - X = ------ 3.23
8
σ avg L(B − b )2
For reinforcement running in the short direction (parallel to B), M Y -Y = ------ 3.24
8
Fig. 3.12: Critical sections for moments

Step 5: Reinforcement calculation

Reinforcement should be calculated for both directions. Based on figure 3.12 above; for rebars
due to Mxx (rebars parallel to L), the width is B and the effective depth is dx = D - Cnom - ϕ/2 and
for rebars due to Myy (rebars parallel to B), the width is L and the effective depth is dy = dx – ϕ.
Note that these reinforcements should be greater than the minimum.
Step 6: Flexural Reinforcement distribution
Because of the greater concentration of bending moment near the column than towards the
edges, traditionally the practice has been to concentrate the reinforcement in a narrow width near
the centre (see figure 3.13 below). The arbitrary rule is that;
 For rebars due to Mxx (rebars parallel to L); if B > 1.5(b + 3dx), at least two-thirds of the
reinforcement parallel to L should be concentrated in a central band width of b + 3dx, the
remaining rebars should be distributed equally in the edge bands. If B ≤ 1.5(b + 3dx), the
reinforcement may be distributed uniformly over the entire width.
 For rebars due to Myy (rebars parallel to B); if L > 1.5(h + 3dy), at least two-thirds of the
reinforcement parallel to B should be concentrated in a central band width of h + 3dy, the
remaining rebars should be distributed equally in the edge bands. If L ≤ 1.5(h + 3dy), the
reinforcement may be distributed uniformly over the entire length.
Fig. 3.13: Distribution of reinforcements in isolated footing.

Step 7: Anchorage of reinforcements
Check anchorage of reinforcements in both directions as discussed in section 3.3.4.
Step 8: Working drawings
Provide a drawing showing the final design. The drawing should show sufficient detail from
which one may construct the footing.

3.5 DESIGN OF COMBINED FOOTING

A) Rectangular Combined footing
The following is a summary of the design procedure:
Input: Typical input data includes; column data (loads, sizes, location, spacing & column
reinforcement), soil bearing capacity, concrete and reinforcement grade.
Objective: The goal is to determine footing dimensions (width, length, thickness), steel
reinforcement, and relevant details for construction.
Procedure: The design is based on the assumption that the footing is rigid and that the soil
pressure under the footing is uniform. The following explanation may illustrate the procedure:
Step 1: Design loads and net ultimate bearing capacity.
Combined footings are proportioned and designed using factored (design) loads. If service loads
(un-factored loads) and allowable soil pressure are given, convert them to Design (factored)
σ ( P + P2 d )
loads and ultimate soil pressure using either σult = σall *FS or σ ult = all 1d
( P1 + P2 )
If design (factored) loads and ultimate soil pressure are given, continue to step 2.
Fig. 3.14: Rectangular combined footing.

Step 2: Proportion the footing

The length of footing (L) is calculated in such a way that the center of gravity of the footing area
coincides with that of the center of gravity of loads. In other words this means that the location
of the load resultant distance ( x ) coincides with the midpoint of L.
For example, in the figure above, taking SM=0 at the center of the left column;
P2 d S + M 1 y + M 2 y
X=
R
L w
=c+ 1 + X
Therefore, 2 2 or
w1
L = 2(c + + X)
2
The footing width, B, is then determined in such a way that:-
• The maximum stress due to the applied load does not exceed the ultimate soil pressure;
P + P2 d 6 ⋅ M 1x + M 2 x ( P1d + P2 d ) ± ( P1d + P2 d ) 2 + 24σ ult M 1x + M 2 x

σ max = 1d + ≤ σ ult ⇒B=
BL B2L 2 Lσ ult
• The minimum stress due to the applied load should be greater than or equal to zero;
P1d + P2 d 6 ⋅ M 1x + M 2 x
σ min = − ≥0
BL B2L
Solve the above equations for B and take the larger value as the width, B.
P1d + P2 d
Note that if M1x & M2x are zero, the width, B, will simply be; B =
σ ult L
Step 3: Draw the shear force and bending moment diagrams
The footing is treated as a beam, loaded with an upward uniform soil pressure q = σultB, design
column loads (downward and treated as concentrated loads) and design column moments..
Step 4: Determine footing depth based on shear
The critical section for wide-beam shear is investigated only at one point (maximum shear at d
distance from the columns evaluated from the shear diagram). For punching shear, a check has to
be done at the columns perimeter, at d distance and 2d distance from the face of the column.
Step 5: Determine the reinforcement in the long direction
The longitudinal steel is designed using the critical moments (negative and positive) from the
moment diagram.

Step 6: Determine the reinforcement in the short direction

The steel in the transverse direction is determined based on an equivalent soil pressure and
subsequent moment, for each column. Even for stiff footings, it is widely accepted that the soil
pressure in the proximity of the columns is larger than that in the zone between columns. Thus,
for design, we account for this phenomenon by assuming an empirical effective column zone
having dimensions as shown in the figure below.
Fig. 3.15: Effective column zone for rectangular combined footing.

If c > 0 L' 1 = c + w1 + 0.5 d ≤ w1 + d If c = 0 L' 1 = w1 + 0.5 d
L' 2 = w2 + d
P1d P
The soil pressure in this zone, q', is calculated as; σ '1 = and σ '2 = 2 d
BL'1 BL'2


B) Trapezoidal combined footing

A combined footing will be trapezoid-shaped if the column that has limited space for a spread
footing carries the larger load. In such a case, the resultant of the column loads (including
moments) will be closer to the larger column load, and doubling the centroid distance as done for
the rectangular footing will not provide sufficient length to reach the interior column.
Correspondingly, the soil pressure would not be uniform. In such conditions a trapezoid-shaped
footing is usually deemed suitable. For very large column spacing (e.g., say greater than 7m), a
strap (cantilever) footing may be a somewhat more economical (i.e., less material) solution to
such a problem.
Fig. 3.16: Trapezoidal combined footing.

Referring to the above figure, the area of the footing, A, is;
A=
(a + b )L
2
The distance from the left edge to the center of pressure, x’, is given by;
L  2a + b 
x' =  
3  a+b 
Taking SM=0 at the left column;
P2 d S + M 1 y + M 2 y w1
X= ⇒ X' = X +
R 2
From the above equations it can be seen that the solution for a=0 is a triangle, and if a=b we have
a rectangle. Therefore, it follows that a trapezoid solution exists only for;
L L
< x' <
3 2

The following is a summary of the procedure for the design of trapezoid-shaped footings:
reinforcement), length of footing (L), soil bearing capacity, concrete and reinforcement grade.
Objective: The goal is to determine footing dimensions (width & thickness), steel reinforcement,
and relevant details for construction.
Procedure: The design is based on the assumption that the footing is rigid and that the soil
pressure under the footing is uniform. The following explanation may illustrate the procedure:
The same as rectangular combined footing.
Step 2: Determine dimensions a and b.
Solving the following independent simultaneous equations gives the dimensions a and b.
A=
(a + b )L
2
L  2a + b 
x' =  
3  a+b 

The footing is treated as a beam like that of rectangular combined footing, but the value of q
varies with the width [e.g., at the narrow end, the load is q = σ ult ⋅ a ; and q = σ ult ⋅ b at the wide
end]. In this case, the shear force and bending moment diagrams are 2nd degree and 3rd degree
curves, respectively.
Step 4: Determine footing depth based on shear
This is similar to rectangular combined footing, but critical sections are usually checked for
wide-beam shear at the narrow end and punching shear at the wide end.
Step 5: Determine the reinforcement in the long direction
Because the width varies, it is advisable to determine negative rebar at several points; the same is
now required for positive rebar since it is typically governed by ρmin.
Step 6: Determine the reinforcement in the short direction
The same as rectangular combined footing, but use an average width for the cantilever part.

3.6 DESIGN OF STRAP FOOTINGS

A strap footing (cantilever footing) is a composite of two spread (isolated) footings connected by
a rigid beam or strap, as shown in the figure below. The strap connects an eccentrically loaded
exterior footing (footing 1) with an interior footing (footing 2), subsequently resulting in a
uniform soil pressure and minimum differential settlement.
Fig. 3.17: Strap footing.

A strap footing may be somewhat more economical than a combined footing if distances
between columns are large (say greater than 7m). It may also serve a special need of bridging
over areas that cannot be loaded, such as pits, shallow culverts, tunnels, and the like.
The strap is designed as a rigid beam connected to the footings such that it overcomes rotational
effects on eccentrically loaded footings; it is assumed to experience no soil pressure. This is
accomplished by either forming the strap above the ground or by pouring the strap over a
compressible formation, such as loose or spaded soil or semi-rigid Styrofoam. Hence, the shear
is a constant between the footings; the moment varies linearly.

The footings are treated as isolated footings. The interior footing (footing 2) is generally square-
shaped and is designed as a spread footing, with appropriate negative (top) longitudinal steel
provided to resist the negative moment transmitted via the strap. While this spread-footing
approach also applies to footing 1, one carefully scrutinizes the zone near column 1 for some
additional transverse steel requirements, as typically included for rectangular or trapezoid-shaped
footings discussed in the preceding sections. .
reinforcement), soil bearing capacity, concrete and reinforcement grade.
Objective The goal is to determine the footing dimensions (length, width, and thickness), steel
reinforcement, and relevant details for construction.
Procedure: The design assumes no soil pressure under the strap beam. (To confirm with this,
strap is constructed slightly above soil or soil under strap is loosened). Additionally, the weight
of the strap is negated. The following steps summarizes the recommended approach for a strap
footing design.
Combined footings are proportioned and designed using factored (design) loads. If service loads
(un-factored loads) and allowable soil pressure are given, convert them to Design (factored)
σ P
loads and ultimate soil pressure using either σult = σall *FS or σ ult = all d
P
If design or factored loads and ultimate soil pressure are given, continue to step 2.
Step 2: Assume a trial value for e.
Knowing the value of e establishes the position of R1, that is the position of R1 from the center of
footing-2 will be.
XR = S −e
Step 3: Determine the values of Rl and R2
From equilibrium (i.e., ∑M = 0 and ∑Fy = 0),.
[ΣM at col 2 = 0] ⇒ R1 X R = P1d S − M 1 y − M 2 y where X R = S − e
P1d S − M 1 y − M 2 y
R1 =
XR
[ ΣFy = 0] ⇒ P1d + P2 d = R1 + R2
R2 = P1d + P2 d − R1

Step 4: Determine the dimensions, L and B of both footings.
 w  R1 R1
For Footing-1; L1 = 2 e + 1  From σ max = ≤ σ ult ⇒ B1 =
 2 L1 B1 L1σ ult
For Footing-2;
R2 R2
Footing-2 is generally a square footing (L2=B2) From σ max = ≤ σ ult ⇒ B2 =
B2 B2 σ ult
If footing-2 has to be rectangular; assume some value of L2 and determine B2.

R2 L1 R2
It is usually recommended to use; L2 = which makes B2 =
R1 L2σ ult
Note that q will be uniform when R coincides with the centroid of that footing.
Step 5: Calculate the soil pressure distribution per meter run (qu) under each footing.
R1 R
qu1 = , and qu 2 = 2
L1 L2
Note that for minimum differential settlement, qu should be the same for both footings (or at least
close to each other). Therefore,
• If the difference between the values of qu1 and qu2 is large, return to step-2 and assume a
new value for e and repeat this process until qu1 and qu2 are close to each other.
• If the difference between the values of qu1 and qu2 is small proceed to the next step.
Step 7: Design the strap beam
To design the bean, use maximum moment and maximum shear in the section between footings.
Fix the strap to the footings to effectively prevent footing rotation.
Step 8: Design each footing (depth and reinforcement)
Both footings are designed as spread (isolated) footings. Footing depths are calculated for the
worst case of punching shear and wide-beam shear; obtain wide-beam shear value from the shear
force diagram. Calculate reinforcement in both directions including -ve steel to accommodate the
negative moment. Some special assessment for the transverse steel near column-1 is
recommended. Finally check anchorage of reinforcements.
Provide the final drawing showing details for construction.

3.7 DESIGN OF MAT (RAFT) FOUNDATION

Mat or raft foundation is a large concrete slab supporting several columns in two or more rows. It
is used where the supporting soil has low bearing capacity. The bearing capacity is increased by
combining all individual footings in to one mat; since bearing capacity is proportional to width
and depth of foundations. In addition, mat foundations tend to bridge over irregularities of the
soil and the average settlement does not approach the extreme values of isolated footings.
3.7.1 Geotechnical Design
In most cases, since the dimensions of the mat (B & L) are usually known, the main task in the
geotechnical design is to check if the total settlement is less than the allowable settlement. If the
total settlement exceeds the allowable settlement, increase the depth of the foundation (Df). Next
check whether the bearing capacity of the soil is exceeded. The ultimate bearing capacity of a
mat foundation can be determined by the same method used for shallow foundations.
3.7.2 Structural Design
Design of uniform mat foundation by rigid method
In this method the mat is assumed to be infinitely rigid and the bearing pressure against the
bottom of the mat follows a planar distribution where the centroid of the bearing pressure
coincides with the line of action of the resultant force of all loads acting on the mat.
Fig. 3.18: Mat foundation.

The design procedure is as follows:

Step 1: Determine the line of action of the resultant of all the loads acting on the mat.
[ΣM left edge = 0] ⇒ X =

∑Q xi i
∴ ex =
B
−X
∑Q i 2
[ΣM bottom edge = 0] ⇒ Y =

∑Q y i i
∴ ey =
L
−Y
∑Q i 2
Where, X = Location of the resultant measured from the left edge of the mat.
Y = Location of the resultant measured from the bottom edge of the mat.
Qi = Design load on each column.
xi = Coordinates of each column measured from the left edge of the mat.
yi = Coordinates of each column measured from the bottom edge of the mat.
Step 2: Determine the contact pressure distribution as;
a) If the resultant passes through the center of gravity of the mat, the contact pressure is
given by
Q
σ=
A
b) If the resultant has an eccentricity of ex and ey in the x and y direction respectively;
Q Qex x Qe y y
σ= ± ±
A I yy I xx
Where, Q = Total design load (Resultant load) on the mat = ΣQi

Qi = Design load on each column.
A = Total area of the mat = B*L
x, y = Coordinates of any given point on the mat with respect to the x and y axes
passing through the centroid of the area of the mat.
ex, ey = Eccentricities of the resultant force.
Ixx, Iyy = Moments of Inertia of the mat with respect to the x and y axes respectively.
BL3 B3L
I xx = and I yy =
12 12
The maximum contact pressure should be less than the bearing capacity of the soil.
Step 3: Divide the slab mat into strips in x and y directions. Each strip is assumed to act as
independent beam subjected to the contact pressure and the columns loads.
Step 4: Determine the modified column loads as explained below.
It is generally found that the strips does not satisfy statics, i.e. the resultant of column loads and
the resultant of contact soil pressure are not equal and they do not act in the same line of action.

The reason is that the strips do not act independently as assumed and there is some shear transfer
between adjoining strips.
Let us consider the strip carrying column loads Q1, Q2 and Q3. Let B1 be the width of the strip
and B is the length of the strip. Let the average soil (contact) pressure on the strip be sav.
Average load on the strip is; Qav =

1
(Q1 + Q2 + Q3 + σ av B1B )
2
 Qav 
The modified average soil pressure is given by; σ av = σ av  
 σ av B1 B 
Qav
The column load modification factor (F) is given by; F =
Q1 + Q2 + Q3
The columns loads in this strip are multiplied by F. The modified column loads are FQ1, FQ2 and
FQ3.
Step 5: Draw the shear force and bending moment diagrams for each strip using the modified
column loads and the modified average soil pressure.
Step 6: Calculate depth of mat from shear requirement.
Step 7: Calculate steel reinforcement from moment requirement.
Design of Ribbed mat foundation
Ribbed mat are frequently used in practical and are found to be economical than uniform mats. A
system of heavy beams along each column row is introduced in both column direction to
withstand the column loads and the soil pressure transferred to the beam from the mat. The
bearing capacity and settlement analysis of the ribbed mat are same as that of a uniform mat.
Step 1 & 2 of the structural design is the same as that of uniform mat, but after that a ribbed mat
is then designed as two way slab supported by the beams. The beams have to reinforce heavily
for bending and shear.
Fig. 3.19: Ribbed Mat foundation.

Foundation Engineering-I Concrete shear resistance tables
Values of concrete shear resistance for different depth, steel grade and concrete grade
The concrete shear resistance is calculated assuming r1 = rmin and using the following equation.
For punching shear, multiply the Note that the results shown
value in the table by (2d/a). are in kilopascal [KPa]
d S-400, S-460 & S-500 d S-400, S-460 & S-500 d S-400, S-460 & S-500
k k k
[mm] C20/25 C25/30 C30/37 C35/45 [mm] C20/25 C25/30 C30/37 C35/45 [mm] C20/25 C25/30 C30/37 C35/45
≤ 200 2 442.72 494.97 542.22 585.66 470 1.652 332.45 371.69 407.17 439.79 740 1.52 293.29 327.91 359.20 387.98
205 1.988 438.65 490.43 537.24 580.28 475 1.649 331.41 370.53 405.90 438.42 745 1.518 292.78 327.34 358.58 387.32
210 1.976 434.74 486.06 532.45 575.11 480 1.645 330.39 369.39 404.65 437.07 750 1.516 292.28 326.78 357.97 386.65
215 1.964 430.98 481.85 527.84 570.13 485 1.642 329.39 368.27 403.42 435.74 755 1.515 291.79 326.23 357.37 386.00
220 1.953 427.36 477.80 523.40 565.34 490 1.639 328.40 367.16 402.21 434.43 760 1.513 291.30 325.68 356.77 385.35
225 1.943 423.87 473.90 519.13 560.72 495 1.636 327.43 366.08 401.02 433.15 765 1.511 290.81 325.14 356.17 384.71
230 1.933 420.50 470.13 515.00 556.27 500 1.632 326.47 365.01 399.84 431.88 770 1.51 290.33 324.60 355.58 384.07
235 1.923 417.25 466.50 511.02 551.97 505 1.629 325.53 363.95 398.69 430.64 775 1.508 289.86 324.07 355.00 383.45
240 1.913 414.11 462.98 507.17 547.81 510 1.626 324.60 362.92 397.56 429.41 780 1.506 289.39 323.55 354.43 382.82
245 1.904 411.07 459.59 503.46 543.79 515 1.623 323.69 361.90 396.44 428.20 785 1.505 288.92 323.03 353.86 382.21
250 1.894 408.13 456.30 499.86 539.91 520 1.62 322.79 360.89 395.34 427.02 790 1.503 288.46 322.51 353.29 381.60
255 1.886 405.29 453.12 496.37 536.14 525 1.617 321.91 359.91 394.26 425.85 795 1.502 288.01 322.00 352.73 381.00
260 1.877 402.53 450.04 493.00 532.50 530 1.614 321.04 358.93 393.19 424.69 800 1.5 287.55 321.50 352.18 380.40
265 1.869 399.86 447.06 489.73 528.97 535 1.611 320.18 357.97 392.14 423.56 805 1.498 287.11 321.00 351.63 379.81
270 1.861 397.27 444.16 486.55 525.54 540 1.609 319.34 357.03 391.10 422.44 810 1.497 286.66 320.50 351.09 379.22
275 1.853 394.75 441.35 483.47 522.21 545 1.606 318.50 356.10 390.08 421.34 815 1.495 286.23 320.01 350.55 378.64
280 1.845 392.31 438.62 480.48 518.98 550 1.603 317.68 355.18 389.08 420.25 820 1.494 285.79 319.53 350.02 378.07
285 1.838 389.94 435.97 477.58 515.84 555 1.6 316.87 354.27 388.09 419.18 825 1.492 285.36 319.04 349.50 377.50
290 1.83 387.63 433.39 474.75 512.79 560 1.598 316.08 353.38 387.11 418.13 830 1.491 284.94 318.57 348.97 376.93
295 1.823 385.39 430.88 472.01 509.82 565 1.595 315.29 352.50 386.15 417.09 835 1.489 284.51 318.10 348.46 376.38
300 1.816 383.21 428.44 469.33 506.94 570 1.592 314.51 351.64 385.20 416.06 840 1.488 284.10 317.63 347.95 375.82
305 1.81 381.08 426.06 466.73 504.13 575 1.59 313.75 350.78 384.26 415.05 845 1.487 283.68 317.17 347.44 375.28
310 1.803 379.01 423.75 464.20 501.39 580 1.587 313.00 349.94 383.34 414.05 850 1.485 283.27 316.71 346.94 374.73
315 1.797 377.00 421.50 461.73 498.72 585 1.585 312.25 349.11 382.43 413.07 855 1.484 282.87 316.25 346.44 374.20
320 1.791 375.03 419.30 459.32 496.12 590 1.582 311.52 348.29 381.53 412.10 860 1.482 282.46 315.80 345.95 373.66
325 1.784 373.12 417.16 456.97 493.59 595 1.58 310.80 347.48 380.64 411.14 865 1.481 282.06 315.36 345.46 373.14
330 1.778 371.25 415.07 454.68 491.11 600 1.577 310.08 346.68 379.77 410.20 870 1.479 281.67 314.92 344.97 372.61
335 1.773 369.42 413.03 452.45 488.70 605 1.575 309.38 345.89 378.91 409.27 875 1.478 281.28 314.48 344.49 372.10
340 1.767 367.64 411.04 450.27 486.34 610 1.573 308.68 345.12 378.06 408.35 880 1.477 280.89 314.04 344.02 371.58
345 1.761 365.90 409.09 448.14 484.04 615 1.57 307.99 344.35 377.21 407.44 885 1.475 280.50 313.61 343.55 371.07
350 1.756 364.20 407.19 446.06 481.80 620 1.568 307.32 343.59 376.38 406.54 890 1.474 280.12 313.19 343.08 370.57
355 1.751 362.54 405.33 444.02 479.60 625 1.566 306.65 342.84 375.57 405.66 895 1.473 279.75 312.76 342.62 370.07
360 1.745 360.92 403.52 442.03 477.45 630 1.563 305.99 342.10 374.76 404.78 900 1.471 279.37 312.35 342.16 369.57
365 1.74 359.33 401.74 440.09 475.35 635 1.561 305.33 341.37 373.96 403.92 905 1.47 279.00 311.93 341.70 369.08
370 1.735 357.78 400.01 438.19 473.29 640 1.559 304.69 340.65 373.17 403.07 910 1.469 278.63 311.52 341.25 368.59
375 1.73 356.26 398.31 436.32 471.28 645 1.557 304.05 339.94 372.39 402.23 915 1.468 278.27 311.11 340.81 368.11
380 1.725 354.77 396.64 434.50 469.32 650 1.555 303.43 339.24 371.62 401.40 920 1.466 277.90 310.71 340.36 367.63
385 1.721 353.31 395.02 432.72 467.39 655 1.553 302.81 338.55 370.86 400.57 925 1.465 277.55 310.31 339.92 367.16
390 1.716 351.89 393.42 430.97 465.50 660 1.55 302.19 337.86 370.11 399.76 930 1.464 277.19 309.91 339.49 366.69
395 1.712 350.49 391.86 429.26 463.65 665 1.548 301.59 337.18 369.37 398.96 935 1.462 276.84 309.51 339.06 366.22
400 1.707 349.12 390.33 427.58 461.84 670 1.546 300.99 336.51 368.63 398.17 940 1.461 276.49 309.12 338.63 365.76
405 1.703 347.78 388.83 425.94 460.07 675 1.544 300.40 335.85 367.91 397.39 945 1.46 276.14 308.74 338.20 365.30
410 1.698 346.46 387.36 424.33 458.33 680 1.542 299.81 335.20 367.19 396.61 950 1.459 275.80 308.35 337.78 364.85
415 1.694 345.17 385.91 422.75 456.62 685 1.54 299.23 334.55 366.48 395.85 955 1.458 275.46 307.97 337.36 364.40
420 1.69 343.90 384.50 421.20 454.94 690 1.538 298.66 333.91 365.78 395.09 960 1.456 275.12 307.59 336.95 363.95
425 1.686 342.66 383.11 419.67 453.30 695 1.536 298.10 333.28 365.09 394.34 965 1.455 274.78 307.22 336.54 363.50
430 1.682 341.44 381.75 418.18 451.69 700 1.535 297.54 332.66 364.41 393.61 970 1.454 274.45 306.84 336.13 363.06
435 1.678 340.25 380.41 416.72 450.11 705 1.533 296.99 332.04 363.73 392.88 975 1.453 274.12 306.48 335.73 362.63
440 1.674 339.07 379.10 415.28 448.55 710 1.531 296.44 331.43 363.06 392.15 980 1.452 273.79 306.11 335.33 362.19
445 1.67 337.92 377.81 413.87 447.03 715 1.529 295.90 330.83 362.40 391.44 985 1.451 273.47 305.75 334.93 361.76
450 1.667 336.79 376.54 412.48 445.53 720 1.527 295.37 330.23 361.75 390.73 990 1.449 273.15 305.39 334.53 361.34
455 1.663 335.67 375.30 411.12 444.06 725 1.525 294.84 329.64 361.10 390.03 995 1.448 272.83 305.03 334.14 360.92
460 1.659 334.58 374.07 409.78 442.61 730 1.523 294.32 329.06 360.46 389.34 1000 1.447 272.51 304.68 333.75 360.50
465 1.656 333.51 372.87 408.46 441.19 735 1.522 293.80 328.48 359.83 388.66
Unity University Page 1 of 2 Prepared by: Feysel N.

Department of Civil Engineering
Foundation Engineering-I Concrete shear resistance tables
d S-300 d S-300 d S-300

k k k
[mm] C20/25 C25/30 C30/37 C35/45 [mm] C20/25 C25/30 C30/37 C35/45 [mm] C20/25 C25/30 C30/37 C35/45
≤ 200 2.00 442.72 494.97 542.22 585.66 470 1.65 332.45 371.69 407.17 439.79 740 1.52 293.29 327.91 359.20 389.46
205 1.99 438.65 490.43 537.24 580.28 475 1.65 331.41 370.53 405.90 438.42 745 1.52 292.78 327.34 358.58 389.01
210 1.98 434.74 486.06 532.45 575.11 480 1.65 330.39 369.39 404.65 437.07 750 1.52 292.28 326.78 357.97 388.57
215 1.96 430.98 481.85 527.84 570.13 485 1.64 329.39 368.27 403.42 435.74 755 1.52 291.79 326.23 357.37 388.13
220 1.95 427.36 477.80 523.40 565.34 490 1.64 328.40 367.16 402.21 434.43 760 1.51 291.30 325.68 356.77 387.70
225 1.94 423.87 473.90 519.13 560.72 495 1.64 327.43 366.08 401.02 433.15 765 1.51 290.81 325.14 356.17 387.26
230 1.93 420.50 470.13 515.00 556.27 500 1.63 326.47 365.01 399.84 431.88 770 1.51 290.33 324.60 355.58 386.84
235 1.92 417.25 466.50 511.02 551.97 505 1.63 325.53 363.95 398.69 430.64 775 1.51 289.86 324.07 355.00 386.42
240 1.91 414.11 462.98 507.17 547.81 510 1.63 324.60 362.92 397.56 429.41 780 1.51 289.39 323.55 354.43 386.00
245 1.90 411.07 459.59 503.46 543.79 515 1.62 323.69 361.90 396.44 428.20 785 1.51 288.92 323.03 353.94 385.59
250 1.89 408.13 456.30 499.86 539.91 520 1.62 322.79 360.89 395.34 427.02 790 1.50 288.46 322.51 353.56 385.18
255 1.89 405.29 453.12 496.37 536.14 525 1.62 321.91 359.91 394.26 425.85 795 1.50 288.01 322.00 353.19 384.77
260 1.88 402.53 450.04 493.00 532.50 530 1.61 321.04 358.93 393.19 424.69 800 1.50 287.55 321.50 352.82 384.37
265 1.87 399.86 447.06 489.73 528.97 535 1.61 320.18 357.97 392.14 423.56 805 1.50 287.11 321.00 352.45 383.97
270 1.86 397.27 444.16 486.55 525.54 540 1.61 319.34 357.03 391.10 422.44 810 1.50 286.66 320.50 352.09 383.57
275 1.85 394.75 441.35 483.47 522.21 545 1.61 318.50 356.10 390.08 421.34 815 1.50 286.23 320.01 351.73 383.18
280 1.85 392.31 438.62 480.48 518.98 550 1.60 317.68 355.18 389.08 420.25 820 1.49 285.79 319.53 351.38 382.79
285 1.84 389.94 435.97 477.58 515.84 555 1.60 316.87 354.27 388.09 419.18 825 1.49 285.36 319.04 351.02 382.41
290 1.83 387.63 433.39 474.75 512.79 560 1.60 316.08 353.38 387.11 418.13 830 1.49 284.94 318.57 350.68 382.03
295 1.82 385.39 430.88 472.01 509.82 565 1.60 315.29 352.50 386.15 417.09 835 1.49 284.51 318.10 350.33 381.65
300 1.82 383.21 428.44 469.33 506.94 570 1.59 314.51 351.64 385.20 416.06 840 1.49 284.10 317.63 349.99 381.28
305 1.81 381.08 426.06 466.73 504.13 575 1.59 313.75 350.78 384.26 415.05 845 1.49 283.68 317.17 349.65 380.91
310 1.80 379.01 423.75 464.20 501.39 580 1.59 313.00 349.94 383.34 414.05 850 1.49 283.27 316.71 349.31 380.54
315 1.80 377.00 421.50 461.73 498.72 585 1.59 312.25 349.11 382.43 413.07 855 1.48 282.87 316.25 348.97 380.18
320 1.79 375.03 419.30 459.32 496.12 590 1.58 311.52 348.29 381.53 412.10 860 1.48 282.46 315.80 348.64 379.82
325 1.78 373.12 417.16 456.97 493.59 595 1.58 310.80 347.48 380.64 411.14 865 1.48 282.06 315.36 348.31 379.46
330 1.78 371.25 415.07 454.68 491.11 600 1.58 310.08 346.68 379.77 410.20 870 1.48 281.67 314.92 347.99 379.10
335 1.77 369.42 413.03 452.45 488.70 605 1.58 309.38 345.89 378.91 409.27 875 1.48 281.28 314.48 347.67 378.75
340 1.77 367.64 411.04 450.27 486.34 610 1.57 308.68 345.12 378.06 408.35 880 1.48 280.89 314.04 347.35 378.40
345 1.76 365.90 409.09 448.14 484.04 615 1.57 307.99 344.35 377.21 407.44 885 1.48 280.50 313.61 347.03 378.06
350 1.76 364.20 407.19 446.06 481.80 620 1.57 307.32 343.59 376.38 406.54 890 1.47 280.12 313.32 346.72 377.72
355 1.75 362.54 405.33 444.02 479.60 625 1.57 306.65 342.84 375.57 405.66 895 1.47 279.75 313.03 346.40 377.38
360 1.75 360.92 403.52 442.03 477.45 630 1.56 305.99 342.10 374.76 404.78 900 1.47 279.37 312.76 346.09 377.04
365 1.74 359.33 401.74 440.09 475.35 635 1.56 305.33 341.37 373.96 403.92 905 1.47 279.00 312.48 345.79 376.71
370 1.74 357.78 400.01 438.19 473.29 640 1.56 304.69 340.65 373.17 403.07 910 1.47 278.63 312.20 345.48 376.37
375 1.73 356.26 398.31 436.32 471.28 645 1.56 304.05 339.94 372.39 402.23 915 1.47 278.27 311.93 345.18 376.05
380 1.73 354.77 396.64 434.50 469.32 650 1.56 303.43 339.24 371.62 401.40 920 1.47 277.90 311.66 344.88 375.72
385 1.72 353.31 395.02 432.72 467.39 655 1.55 302.81 338.55 370.86 400.57 925 1.47 277.55 311.39 344.59 375.40
390 1.72 351.89 393.42 430.97 465.50 660 1.55 302.19 337.86 370.11 399.76 930 1.46 277.19 311.13 344.29 375.08
395 1.71 350.49 391.86 429.26 463.65 665 1.55 301.59 337.18 369.37 398.96 935 1.46 276.84 310.86 344.00 374.76
400 1.71 349.12 390.33 427.58 461.84 670 1.55 300.99 336.51 368.63 398.17 940 1.46 276.49 310.60 343.71 374.44
405 1.70 347.78 388.83 425.94 460.07 675 1.54 300.40 335.85 367.91 397.39 945 1.46 276.14 310.34 343.42 374.13
410 1.70 346.46 387.36 424.33 458.33 680 1.54 299.81 335.20 367.19 396.61 950 1.46 275.80 310.08 343.14 373.82
415 1.69 345.17 385.91 422.75 456.62 685 1.54 299.23 334.55 366.48 395.85 955 1.46 275.46 309.83 342.85 373.51
420 1.69 343.90 384.50 421.20 454.94 690 1.54 298.66 333.91 365.78 395.09 960 1.46 275.12 309.57 342.57 373.20
425 1.69 342.66 383.11 419.67 453.30 695 1.54 298.10 333.28 365.09 394.34 965 1.46 274.78 309.32 342.29 372.90
430 1.68 341.44 381.75 418.18 451.69 700 1.54 297.54 332.66 364.41 393.61 970 1.45 274.45 309.07 342.02 372.60
435 1.68 340.25 380.41 416.72 450.11 705 1.53 296.99 332.04 363.73 392.88 975 1.45 274.12 308.82 341.74 372.30
440 1.67 339.07 379.10 415.28 448.55 710 1.53 296.44 331.43 363.06 392.25 980 1.45 273.79 308.58 341.47 372.00
445 1.67 337.92 377.81 413.87 447.03 715 1.53 295.90 330.83 362.40 391.77 985 1.45 273.47 308.33 341.20 371.71
450 1.67 336.79 376.54 412.48 445.53 720 1.53 295.37 330.23 361.75 391.30 990 1.45 273.15 308.09 340.93 371.42
455 1.66 335.67 375.30 411.12 444.06 725 1.53 294.84 329.64 361.10 390.83 995 1.45 272.83 307.85 340.67 371.13
460 1.66 334.58 374.07 409.78 442.61 730 1.52 294.32 329.06 360.46 390.37 1000 1.45 272.51 307.61 340.40 370.84
465 1.66 333.51 372.87 408.46 441.19 735 1.52 293.80 328.48 359.83 389.91
Values of maximum concrete shear resistance
The maximum concrete shear resistance is calculated using the following equation.
Unity University Page 2 of 2 Prepared by: Feysel N.

Department of Civil Engineering

Chapter 3

Uploaded by

Document Information

Original Title

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

Chapter 3

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

Foundation Engineering-I Design of Shallow Foundations

Unity University Prepared by: Feysel N.

The design of any foundations consists of two main steps;

Unity University Prepared by: Feysel N.

Fig 3.2: Effective width and length of a foundation.

Unity University Prepared by: Feysel N.

Compactness** or Presumed Bearing

Unity University Prepared by: Feysel N.

Where, qult = ultimate bearing capacity of footing, c = cohesion

Unity University Prepared by: Feysel N.

Table 3.2: Meyerhof’s bearing capacity factors.

Shape Depth Inclination

Unity University Prepared by: Feysel N.

3.3 STRUCTURAL DESIGN

Where, Gk = the characteristic dead load.

Unity University Prepared by: Feysel N.

Wide-beam shear resistance

 200  As  0.26 f ctm

f ctm = 0.3 ⋅ f ck for concrete grade of ≤ C50/60.

v min = 0.035 ⋅ k 1.5 f ck

Unity University Prepared by: Feysel N.

3.3.1.2 Punching Shear

Unity University Prepared by: Feysel N.

The basic control perimeter, u1

Fig 3.5 Basic control perimeter of typical (internal) columns.

Fig 3.6 Basic control perimeter of columns at or close to an edge or corner.

Fig 3.7 Basic control perimeter of walls & elongated columns.

Unity University Prepared by: Feysel N.

Fig 3.8 Basic control perimeter near an opening.

Unity University Prepared by: Feysel N.

v min = 0.035 ⋅ k 1.5 f ck

Unity University Prepared by: Feysel N.

Punching shear resistance at the column face

Unity University Prepared by: Feysel N.

3.3.3 Provisions of ES EN 1992-1-1

Table 3.4: Indicative minimum concrete grade.

Unity University Prepared by: Feysel N.

Minimum spacing of reinforcement

Concrete grade C20/25 C25/30 C30/37 C35/45 C40/50 C45/55 C50/60

Factor 1.16 1 0.89 0.8 0.73 0.68 0.63

Table 3.6: Modification factor for concrete grade.

Unity University Prepared by: Feysel N.

Verification of anchorage for footings

R = the resultant of ground pressure within distance x.

Unity University Prepared by: Feysel N.

3.4 DESIGN OF ISOLATED FOOTINGS

The following is a summary of the design procedure:

Fig. 3.10 Critical section for wide beam shear.

Unity University Prepared by: Feysel N.

Step 3: Depth from punching shear

Fig. 3.11 Critical sections for punching shear.

Fig. 3.12: Critical sections for moments

Unity University Prepared by: Feysel N.

Step 5: Reinforcement calculation

Fig. 3.13: Distribution of reinforcements in isolated footing.

Unity University Prepared by: Feysel N.

3.5 DESIGN OF COMBINED FOOTING

Fig. 3.14: Rectangular combined footing.

Unity University Prepared by: Feysel N.

Step 2: Proportion the footing

P + P2 d 6 ⋅ M 1x + M 2 x ( P1d + P2 d ) ± ( P1d + P2 d ) 2 + 24σ ult M 1x + M 2 x

Unity University Prepared by: Feysel N.

Step 6: Determine the reinforcement in the short direction