Vcgi Lgkstra

GOT ‟ X`tgimgyaoo

ÇTKG HK OAI_KTUGO@ßI TKB@AIGC

DA_W[K HK V[PG TG@LAIH@
- X@XGIMGPAOO

VCGI LGK_XTA 4678 ‟ 4670

U@_OJAIBA

GPGO[OJA ‟ VKTÞ
 Vcgi Lgkstra
GOT ‟ X`tgimgyaoo

ÌIH@OK

Vçb.
@IXTAH[OO@ßI 77
OGVÌX[CA @
7. G_VKOXA_ BKIKTGCK_ HKC GOT - X@XGIMGPAOO
7.7 [D@OGO@ßI, KZXKI_@ßI P CÌL@XK_ 78
7.7.7 Lklar`g Hksor`pt`vg 78
7.4 DG_K CKBGC 72
7.? ADNKX@UA_ HKC GOT-X@XGIMGPAOO 7:
7.?.7 Adnkt`vas Bkikrgcks 46
7.?.4 Adnkt`vas Kspkoìe`oas 47
OGVÌX[CA @@
4. OGTGOXKT@^GO@ßI GLD@KIXGC P _AO@GC HKC GOT-X@XGIMGPAOO
4.7 G_VKOXA_
4.7.7 Oc`lg EÌ_@OA_ 48
48
4.7.4 Bkacabìg 45
4.7.? E`s`abrgeìg 42
4.7.8 _ukcas 4:
4.7.; J`hrabrgeìg 40
4.4 G_VKOXA_ D@ßCßB@OA_ ?6
4.4.7 [i`hghks hk Vg`sgnk ?6
4.4.4 Oalui`hghks D`ÿt`ogs ??
4.4.? Ecarg _`cvkstrk ?5
4.4.8 Eguig _`cvkstrk ?2
4.? G_VKOXA_ _AO@AKOAIßL@OA_ ?0
4.?.7 Çld`ta hk @iecukio`g hkc GOT ‟ X`tgimgyaoo. ?0
4.?.4 Hklabrgeìg 86
OGVÌX[CA @@@
?. ADNKXA_ HK OAI_KTUGO@ßI HKC GOT‟X@XGIMGPAOO
?.7 Giçc`s`s hk cas Adnktas hk Oaiskrvgo`ÿi 80
?.7.7 Dasquk hk Vuyg rg`laih`` 80
?.7.4 Kspko`ks hk Lglìekras Glkigzghas
Glkigzghas ;7
?.7.? H`spai`d`c`hgh hkc Tkoursas Jìhr`oa ;4
?.7.8 Kspko`ks Ukbktgcks Ck÷asgs Igt`vgs ;4
?.7.; Gvks Igt`vgs Gctagih`igs ;?
?.7.5 Vgnaigc hk Vuig ;8
?.7.2 Vkoks Igt`vas ;8
?.7.: Ouct`vgrks Igt`vas ;8

4
 Vcgi Lgkstra
GOT ‟ X`tgimgyaoo

?.4 GIÇC@_@_ HK GLKIG^G_ G CA_ ADNKXA_ HK OAI_KTUGO@ßI

OAI_KTUGO @ßI ;;
OGVÌX[CA @U
8. VCGI K_XTGXÀB@OA 5?
8.7 U@_@ßI 5?
8.4 ADNKX@UA_ K_XTGXÀB@OA_ 5?
8.? C@IKGL@KIXA_
C@IKGL@KIXA_ K_XTGXÀB@OA_ 55
8.?.7 C`ikgl`kitas kstrgtàb`oas bkikrgcks 55
8.?.4 C`ikgl`kitas kstrgtàb`oas sadrk usa hk rkoursas ia rkiavgdcks 5:
OGVÌX[CA U
;. VTABTGLG_ HK LGIKNA 24
;.7 Vrabrglg hk Oaiskrvgo`ÿi hk Tkoursas 24
;.7.7 _[DVTABTGLG
_[DVTABTGLG HK VTAXKOO@ßI 24
;.7.4 _udprabrglg hk Lgikna hk Tkoursas
Tkoursas 28
;.4 VTABTGLG HK [_A VÞDC@OA 20
;.4.7 _udprabrglg hk Xur`sla 20
;.4.4 _udprabrglg hk Oaio`kio`g Gld`kitgc :6
;.4.? _udprabrglg hk @ivkst`bgo`ÿi :7
;.? VTABTGLG HK EATXGCKO@L@KIXA
EATXGCKO@L @KIXA G CG BK_X@ßI :2
;.?.7 _udprabrglg hk Vcgi`e`ogo`ÿi y Apkrgo`aiks :2
;.?.4 _udprabrglg hk Vgrt`o`pgo`ÿi Vþdc`og ::
;.?.? _udprabrglg hk _astki`d`c`hgh E`igio`krg :0
;.?.8 _udprabrglg hk Eartgcko`l`kita hk Ogpgo`hghks Caogcks
Caogcks 06
OGVÌX[CA U@
5. ^AI@E@OGO@AI 0:
5.7 ^aig _`cvkstrk (_) 766
5.4 ^aig hk Tkoupkrgo`ÿi (T) 76?
5.? ^aig hk [sa Kspko`gc ([K) 765
5.8 ^aig hk Gpravkojgl`kita H`rkota (GH) 760
5.; ^aig hk [sa Xurìst`oa y Tkorkgt`va ([X) 777
5.5 ^aig J`stÿr`oa ‟ Oucturgc (JO) 774
OGVÌX[CA U@@
2. K_XT[OX[TG AVKTGX@U
AVKTGX@UG G P VTK_[V[K_XA
VTK_[V[K_X A 77:
D@DC@ABTGE@G 770
GIKZA_ 747

?
 Vcgi Lgkstra
GOT ‟ X`tgimgyaoo

C@_XG HK GOTßI@LA_ P _@BCG_

GIV Çrkg Igturgc Vratkb`hg

GOT Çrkg hk Oaiskrvgo`ÿi Tkb`aigc
O@XK_ Oaivkit`ai @itkrigt`aigc ae Xrghk Kihgibkrkh _pko`ks
OB Oal`tà hk bkst`ÿi
H@TOKX[T H`rkoo`ÿi Tkb`aigc hk Oalkro`a y Xur`sla
K@G Kstuh`a hk @lpgota Gld`kitgc
EGA Arbgi`zgo`ÿi hk cgs Igo`aiks [i`hgs pgrg cg Gbr`oucturg
E@V Eaiha Ìtgca Vkrugia
EAIOAHK_ Eaiha hk Oalpkisgo`ÿi y Hksgrracca _ao`gc
BVGI Bkst`ÿi Vgrt`o`pgt`vg ki Çrkgs Igturgcks
@GIV @itkihkio`g hk Çrkgs Igturgcks Vratkb`hgs
@HJ Ìih`ok hk Hksgrracca Julgia
@BI @ist`tuta Bkabrçe`oa Igo`aigc

@IO
@IK@ @ist`tuta Igo`aigc
@ist`tuta Igo`aigc hk
hk Kstghìst`og
Oucturg k @iearlçt`og
@IBKLKX @ist`tuta Bkacÿb`oa L`ikra y Lktgcþrb`oa
@ITKIG @ist`tuta hk Tkoursas Igturgcks
L_IL Lktras sadrk kc I`vkc hkc Lgr
L@IGL L`i`stkr`a hk Gld`kitk
AIB Arbgi`sla Ia Budkriglkitgc
AIKTI Ae`o`ig igo`aigc hk Kvgcugo`ÿi hk Tkoursas Igturgcks
VKI[H Vrabrglg hk Igo`aiks [i`hgs pgrg kc Hksgrracca
VOG Vcgi`e`ogo`ÿi pgrg cg Oaiskrvgo`ÿi hk Çrkgs
VOL Vrks`hkio`g hkc Oaiskna hk L`i`stras
VIJ Vgrquk Igo`aigc Jugsogrçi
VI[H Vrabrglg hk Igo`aiks [i`hgs pgrg kc Hksgrracca
VTAH[OK L`i`stkr`a hk cg Vrahuoo`ÿi
VTAEAIGIVK
VTAEAIGIVK Vrabrglg hkc Eaiha
Eaiha Igo`aigc hk Çrkgs Igturgcks Vratkb`hgs
Bkrkio`g Tkb`aigc hk Tkoursas Igturgcks y Bkst`ÿi hkc
BTTIBLG
Lkh`a Gld`kitk
_ud Bkrkio`g hk Tkoursas Igturgcks y Bkst`ÿi hkc Lkh`a
_BTIBLG
Gld`kitk
_@IGIVK _`stklg Igo`aigc hk Çrkgs Igturgcks Vratkb`hgs
_VHG _ao`khgh Vkrugig hk Hkrkoja Gld`kitgc
XIO Xjk Igturk Oaiskrvgioy
Oaiskrvgioy
[@OI [i`ÿi @itkrigo`aigc pgrg cg Oaiskrvgo`ÿi hk cg Igturgckzg
[IGCL [i`vkrs`hgh Igo`aigc Gbrgr`g Cg Lac`ig
[VOJ [i`vkrs`hgh Vkrugig Ogyktgia Jkrkh`g

8
 Vcgi Lgkstra
GOT ‟ X`tgimgyaoo

[I_OJ [i`vkrs`hgh Igo`aigc _gi Or`stÿdgc hk Juglgibg

[XL [i`vkrsgc Xrgisvkrsa Lgrogtar
^-G ^aig hk Glart`bugl`kita
^-GH ^aig hk Gpravkojgl`kita H`rkota
^-JO ^aig J`stÿr`oa Oucturgc
^-TKO ^aig hk Tkoupkrgo`ÿi
^-_ ^aig _`cvkstrk
^-XT ^aig hk [sa Xurìst`oa Tkorkgo`aigc
Tkorkgo`aigc
^-[K ^aig hk [sa Kspko`gc

;
 Vcgi Lgkstra
GOT ‟ X`tgimgyaoo

Hkorkta _uprkla quk kstgdckok kc Çrkg hk Oaiskrvgo`ÿi

Tkb`aigc Dasquk hk Vuyg Tg`laih` - X`tgimgyaoo
X`tgi mgyaoo
HKOTKXA _[VTKLA I¾ 64?-4676-L@IGL

KC VTK_@HKIXK HK CG TKVÞDC@OG
OAI_@HKTGIHA>

Wuk, kc grtìouca 5: hk cg Oaist`tuo`ÿi Vacìt`og hkc Vkrþ kstgdckok quk ks adc`bgo`ÿi hkc
Kstgha pralavkr cg oaiskrvgo`ÿi hk cg h`vkrs`hgh d`acÿb`og y hk cgs Çrkgs Igturgcks
Vratkb`hgs=

Wuk, cg Cky I¾ 45:?8, Cky hk Çrkgs Igturgcks Vratkb`hgs y su Tkbcglkita gpradgha

par Hkorkta _uprkla I¾ 6?:-4667-GB, kstgdckoki quk cgs Çrkgs Igturgcks Vratkb`hgs
Vratkb`hgs
sai cas kspgo`as oait`ikitgcks y/a lgr`ias hkc tkrr`tar`a igo`aigc, kxprksglkitk
rkoaiao`has y hkocgrghas oala tgcks, `iocuykiha sus ogtkbarìgs y zai`e`ogo`aiks, pgrg
oaiskrvgr cg h`vkrs`hgh d`acÿb`og y hklçs vgcarks gsao`ghas hk `itkràs oucturgc,
pg`sgnìst`oa y o`kitìe`oa, gsì oala par su oaitr`duo`ÿi gc hksgrracca sastki`dck hkc pgìs=
gs`l`sla, rke`krki quk cgs Çrkgs Igturgcks Vratkb`hgs oaiearlgi ki su oainuita kc
_`stklg Igo`aigc hk Çrkgs Igturgcks Vratkb`hgs par kc Kstgha - _@IGIVK, g ouyg
bkst`ÿi sk `itkbrgi cgs `ist`tuo`aiks pþdc`ogs hkc Bad`kria Okitrgc, Bad`krias
Hksokitrgc`zghas hk i`vkc Tkb`aigc y Lui`o`pgc`hghks, `ist`tuo`aiks pr`vghgs y cgs
padcgo`aiks caogcks
caogcks quk gotþgi, `itkrv`kiki
`itkrv`kiki a pgrt`o`pgi, h`rkotg a `ih`rkotglkitk ki cg
bkst`ÿi y hksgrracca hk kstgs çrkgs=

Wuk, kc grtìouca ? hk cg rkekr`hg Cky y kc grtìouca ; hk su Tkbcglkita, kstgdckoki

qukcgs Çrkgs Igturgcks Vratkb`hgs hk ghl`i`strgo`ÿi rkb`aigc, sk hkial`igi Çrkgs hk
Oaiskrvgo`ÿi Tkb`aigc, cgs ougcks oalpcklkitgi kc _`stklg Igo`aigc hk Çrkgs
Igturgcks Vratkb`hgs par kc Kstgha - _@IGIVK, kstgdcko`hgs sadrk çrkgs quk t`kiki
uig `lpartgio`g koacÿb`og y rkb`aigc s`bi`e`ogt`vg=

Wuk, kc L`i`stkr`a hkc Gld`kitk t`kik oala euio`ÿi kspkoìe`og h`r`b`r kc _`stklg
Igo`aigc hk Çrkgs Igturgcks Vratkb`hgs par kc Kstgha - _@IGIVK, hk oaiearl`hgh
oai ca kstgdcko`ha ki kc c`tkrgc j) hkc grtìouca 2 hkc Hkorkta Ckb`scgt`va I¾ 767?, Cky
hk Orkgo`ÿi, Arbgi`zgo`ÿi y Euio`aiks hkc L`i`stkr`a hkc Gld`kitk= euio`ÿi quk
knkoutg g trgvàs hkc _krv`o`a Igo`aigc hk Çrkgs Igturgcks Vratkb`hgs par kc Kstgha -
_KTIGIV, arbgi`sla pþdc`oa tàoi`oa kspko`gc`zgha ghsor`ta gc L`i`stkr`a hkc
Gld`kitk y quk gdsard`krg cgs euio`aiks hk cg @itkihkio`g hk Çrkgs Igturgcks
Vratkb`hgs hkc kx @ist`tuta Igo`aigc hk Tkoursas Igturgcks -@ITKIG=
Wuk, gs`l`sla, ki v`rtuh g ca kstgdcko`ha ki kc c`tkrgc `) hkc grtìouca 2 hkc Hkorkta
Ckb`scgt`va I¾ 767? lah`e`ogha par Hkorkta Ckb`scgt`va I¾ 76?0= oarrkspaihk gc

5
 Vcgi Lgkstra
GOT ‟ X`tgimgyaoo

L`i`stkr`a hkc Gld`kitk, kvgcugr cgs prapukstgs hk kstgdcko`l`kita hk Çrkgs Igturgcks

Vratkb`hgs y prapaikrcgs gc Oaiskna hk L`i`stras pgrg su gpradgo`ÿi=
gpra dgo`ÿi= prkv`a giçc`s`s y
bkst`ÿi par pgrtk hkc _krv`o`a Igo`aigc hk Çrkgs Igturgcks Vratkb`hgs par kc Kstgha -
_KTIGIV oaiearlk sk kstgdckok ki kc Tkbcglkita hk Arbgi`zgo`ÿi y Euio`aiks hkc
_KTIGIV=

Wuk, lkh`gitk Ae`o`a I¾ 7:0-466:-BTG/BB-BTTIBLG-_BTIBLG, kc Bad`kria

Tkb`aigc hk Gygouoja rkl`t`ÿ gc kx @ist`tuta Igo`aigc hk Tkoursas Igturgcks -
@ITKIG, kc kxpkh`kitk tàoi`oa nust`e`ogtar`a pgrg kc kstgdcko`l`kita hkc Çrkg hk
Oaiskrvgo`ÿi Tkb`aigc Dasquk hk Vuyg Tg`laih` - X`tgimgyaoo=

Wuk, cg prapukstg lah`e`oghg hkc Çrkg hk Oaiskrvgo`ÿi Tkb`aigc Dasquk hk Vuyg

Tg`laih` - X`tgimgyaoo, sk kioukitrg ud`oghg ki kc h`str`ta hk U`sojaiba, prav`io`g
hk U`cogsjuglçi, hkpgrtglkita hk Gygouoja= oai uig supkre`o`k hk sk`s l`c
haso`kitas sktkitg y has jkotçrkgs y trks l`c iavko`kitas lktras oughras (5 424,?0
jg)= oait`kik kcklkitas y praoksas koacÿb`oas quk bkikrgi dkike`o`as `lpartgitks g
egvar hk cgs padcgo`aiks gskitghgs ki su çld`ta hk `iecukio`g. Kstas kcklkitas y
praoksas rkqu`krki hk kspko`gc gtkio`ÿi pgrg gskburgr cg oaiskrvgo`ÿi hk kstas
dasquks, y oai kcca, pravkkr apo`aiks
apo`aiks pgrg lknargr ssuu hksgrracca=

Wuk lkh`gitk @iearlk I¾ 48;-4676-_KTIGIV-HHK-AGN hk ekojg 40 hk iav`kldrk

hk4676, cg H`rkoo`ÿi hk Hksgrracca Kstrgtàb`oa y cg Ae`o`ig hk Gsksarìg Nurìh`og hkc
_KTIGIV kekotþgi kc giçc`s`s tàoi`oa ckbgc sadrk kc kstgdcko`l`kita hkc Çrkg hk
Oaiskrvgo`ÿi Tkb`aigc Dasquk hk Vuyg Tg`laih` - X`tgimgyaoo, oaiocuykiha quk cg
prapukstg oukitg oai vgcarks koacÿb`oas, ecarìst`oas, eguiìst`oas, gld`kitgcks,
o`kitìe`oas, khuogt`vas y turìst`oas quk ck oaie`krki `lpartgio`g pgrg su
kstgdcko`l`kita oala ui Çrkg hk Oaiskrvgo`ÿi Tkb`aigc= oaitr`duykiha, ghklçs, g cg
oaiskrvgo`ÿi hk cg kspko`k Vuyg Tg`laih`=

Wuk, cgs çrkgs

praoksa igturgcks pratkb`hgs
hk l`t`bgo`ÿi jay kihkc
g cas kekotas hìg ogld`a
nukbgi uioc`lçt`oa
rac euihglkitgc pgrg kc
y oaitr`duyki
s`bi`e`ogt`vglkitk g rkhuo`r sus `lpgotas= cg d`ah`vkrs`hgh quk àstgs oaiskrvgi
oaist`tuyki ui oalpaikitk ikoksgr`a pgrg uig kstrgtkb`g hk ghgptgo`ÿi gc ogld`a
oc`lçt`oa y s`rvki oala glart`bugharks igturgcks oaitrg cas kekotas hkc oc`lg y atras
hksgstrks, kstgd`c`zgiha kc sukca erkitk g hksc`zgl`kitas hk t`krrg, skrv`o`as oala
rkbucgo`ÿi hkc oc`lg, y gdsaro`ÿi hk cas bgsks hk kekota `ivkrighkra, kitrk atras= y
lgit`kiki cas rkoursas igturgcks sgias y prahuot`vas pgrg quk pukhgi rks`st`r cas
`lpgotas hkc ogld`a oc`lçt`oa y skbu`r praparo`aigiha skrv`o`as gld`kitgcks g cgs
oalui`hghks quk hkpkihki hk kccas pgrg su supkrv`vkio`g=

Wuk, sadrk cg dgsk hk cas kstuh`as tàoi`oas, gsì oala hkc praoksa pgrt`o`pgt`va
hksgrraccgha, sk oaiocuyk quk kc Çrkg hk Oaiskrvgo`ÿi Tkb`aigc Dasquk hk Vuyg
Tg`laih` -X`tgimgyaoo, oukitg oai cas rkqu`s`tas pgrg skr oais`hkrghg oala ui Çrkg

2
 Vcgi Lgkstra
GOT ‟ X`tgimgyaoo

Igturgc Vratkb`hg hk i`vkc rkb`aigc, oaist`tuykiha

oaist`tuykiha ui kspgo`a igturgc ar`kitgha g cg
oaiskrvgo`ÿi hk cg h`vkrs`hgh d`acÿb`og=

Hk oaiearl`hgh oai kc Hkorkta Ckb`scgt`va I¾ 767? y kc Tkbcglkita hk cg Cky hk

Gàrkgs Igturgcks Vratkb`hgs, gpradgha par Hkorkta _uprkla I¾ 6?:-4667-GB= y,
Oai kc vata gpradgtar`a hkc Oaiskna hk L`i`stras=

HKOTKXG>

Grtìouca 7.- Kstgdcko`l`kita hkc Çrkg hk Oaiskrvgo`ÿi Tkb`aigc Dasquk hk Vuyg

Tg`laih`` - X`tgimgyaoo
Tg`laih

Kstgdckokr kc Çrkg hk Oaiskrvgo`ÿi Tkb`aigc Dasquk hk Vuyg Tg`laih` -

X`tgimgyaoo, oai uig supkre`o`k hk _K@_ L@C HA_O@KIXA_ _KXKIXG P HA_
JKOXÇTKG_ P XTK_ L@CIAUKO@KIXA_ LKXTA_ O[GHTGHA_ (5 424,?0
Jg), ud`oghg ki kc h`str`ta hk U`sojaiba, prav`io`g hk U`cogsjuglçi, hkpgrtglkita hk
Gygouoja, hkc`l`tghg hk goukrha g ca sk÷gcgha ki cg lklar`g hksor`pt`vg, c`stgha hk
puitas y lgpg hktgccghas ki kc Gikxa quk earlg pgrtk `itkbrgitk hkc prkskitk Hkorkta
_uprkla.

Grtìouca 4.- Adnkt`vas hkc Çrkg hk Oaiskrvgo`ÿi Tkb`aigc Dasquk hk Vuyg-

X`tgimgyaoo

_ai adnkt`vas hkc Çrkg hk Oaiskrvgo`ÿi Tkb`aigc Dasquk hk Vuyg Tg`laih` -

X`tgimgyaoo
X`tgimgyaoo cas s`bu`kitks>

4.7 Adnkt`va Bkikrgc>

Oaiskrvgr uig lukstrg rkprkskitgt`vg hk dasquks hk Vuyg Tg`laih` ( Vuyg rg`laih``

Jgrls),
gcdkrbg. hk glpc`g `lpartgio`g caogc y igo`aigc, par cgs kspko`ks hk ecarg y eguig quk

4.4 Adnkt`vas Kspkoìe`oas>

g) Vralavkr got`v`hghks quk bkikrki apo`aiks pgrg kc hksgrracca hk ui tur`sla

sastki`dck ki cg zaig, oai kc e`i hk lknargr cg ogc`hgh hk v`hg hk cas padcgharks hk
U`sojaiba.

d) Gskburgr cg oaiskrvgo`ÿi hkc jçd`tgt hk `lpartgitks kspko`ks rkprkskitgt`v

rkprkskitgt`vgs
gs
glkigzghgs> U`ou÷g (U`oubig v`oubig), Oÿihar (Uuctur brypjus), Bgta Gih`ia (Ekc`s
oacaoaca), Oac`drì B`bgitk hk cas gihks (Vgtgbaig b`bgs), kitrk atras.

:
 Vcgi Lgkstra
GOT ‟ X`tgimgyaoo

o) Oaiskrvgr uig `lpartgitk rkskrvg jìhr`og pgrg cg l`oraoukiog hkc rìa U`sojaiba,
oaist`tu`hg par kc rìa Vglpgs y sus tr`dutgr`as y cgs cgbuigs hk Ookuccgooaojg,
Ojgccjugooaojg,
Ojgccjugooaoj g, Aroaooaojg y Oj`igooaojg.

h) Ukcgr par cg oaiskrvgo`ÿi hk cas dasquks rkc`ota hk Wuk÷agcks ( Vacyckp`s spp), y

atrgs oala Xgrg (Ogksgcp`i`g tgrg), Iabgc (Nubcgis ikatrap`og)
ikatrap`og) y M‐acck ( Duhhck`g
`iogig).

Grtìouca ?.- Ghl`i`strgo`ÿi y E`igio`gl`kita

Kc Çrkg hk Oaiskrvgo`ÿi Tkb`aigc Dasquk hk Vuyg Tg`laih` - X`tgimgyaoo skrç

ghl`i`strghg k ìitkbrglkitk e`igio`ghg par kc Bad`kria Tkb`aigc hk Gygouoja, s`i
hklgihgr rkoursas gh`o`aigcks gc Kstgha, s`kiha cgdar hkc _KTIGIV cg supkrv`s`ÿi y
gsksarìg tàoi`og, gsì oala cg ogpgo`tgo`ÿi hkc pkrsaigc hks`bigha par kc Bad`kria
Tkb`aigc hk Gygouoja pgrg cg ghl`i`strgo`ÿi hk cg lkio`aighg Çrkg Igturgc
Vratkb`hg.

Grtìouca 8.- Hkrkojas Ghqu`r`has

Tkspàtksk cas hkrkojas hk prap`khgh y atras hkrkojas ghqu`r`has oai gitkr`ar`hgh gc

kstgdcko`l`kita hkc Çrkg hk Oaiskrvgo`ÿi Tkb`aigc Dasquk hk Vuyg Tg`laih` -
X`tgimgyaoo, y rkbþcksk su knkro`o`a ki grlaiìg oai cas adnkt`vas y e`iks hk orkgo`ÿi
hkc çrkg, gsì oala ki làr`ta g ca iarlgha par cg Cky I¾ 4:577, Cky Bkikrgc hkc
Gld`kitk, cg Cky I¾ 45:?8, Cky hk Çrkgs Igturgcks Vratkb`hgs, su Tkbcglkita
gpradgha par Hkorkta _uprkla I¾ 6?:-4667-GB,kc Vcgi H`rkotar hk cgs Çrkgs
Igturgcks Vratkb`hgs,
Vratkb`hgs, gpradgha par Hkorkta _uprkla I¾ 675-4660-
675-4660-L@IGL,
L@IGL, y tahgs
gqukccgs iarlgs v`ioucghgs g cg lgtkr`g.

Grtìouca ;.- Gpravkojgl`kita hk cas Tkoursas

Tk oursas Igturgcks Tkiavgdcks
Tkiavgdcks

Vrkoìsksk quk gc `itkr`ar hkc Çrkg hk Oaiskrvgo`ÿi Tkb`aigc Dasquk hk Vuyg

Tg`laih`- X`tgimgyaoo,
X`tgimgyaoo, sk pkrl`tk kc usa h`rkota hk cas rkoursas igturgcks rkiavgdcks,
rkiavgdcks,
pr`ar`tgr`glkitk par cg padcgo`ÿi caogc, dgna pcgiks hk lgikna y pcgiks kspkoìe`oas,
gpradghas, supkrv`sghas y oaitracghas par cg gutar`hgh oalpktkitk oai kxokpo`ÿi hkc
gpravkojgl`kita earkstgc lghkrgdck. Cgs apo`aiks hk usa y gpravkojgl`kita hk kstas
rkoursas skrçi hke`i`has ki kc Vcgi Lgkstra hk goukrha g su zai`e`ogo`ÿi.

Grtìouca 5.- Gpravkojgl`kita hk cas Tkoursas

Tk oursas Igturgcks Ia Tkiavgdcks

Kc gpravkojgl`kita hk rkoursas igturgcks ia rkiavgdcks gc `itkr`ar hkc Çrkg hk

Oaiskrvgo`ÿi Tkb`aigc Dasquk hk Vuyg Tg`laih` - X`tgimgyaoo, sk pkrl`t`rç sÿca
ougiha ca oaitklpck su Vcgi Lgkstra gpradgha y gskburk cg oaiskrvgo`ÿi y cas
skrv`o`as gld`kitgcks quk dr`ihg= kstgiha sunkta g cgs iarlgs hk pratkoo`ÿi gld`kitgc

0
 Vcgi Lgkstra
GOT ‟ X`tgimgyaoo

y g cgs c`l`tgo`aiks y rkstr`oo`aiks prkv`stgs ki cas adnkt`vas hk orkgo`ÿi hkc çrkg y su

zai`e`ogo`ÿi. Cg rkgc`zgo`ÿi hk got`v`hghks hk gpravkojgl`kita hk cas rkoursas
igturgcks ia rkiavgdcks rkqu`krk hk cg kvgcugo`ÿi hk su `lpgota gld`kitgc par cg
gutar`hgh oalpktkitk. H`oja Vcgi Lgkstra sk gpradgrç ki ui pcgza ia lgyar hk iukvk
(0) lksks, oaitghas g pgrt`r hk cg v`bkio`g hkc prkskitk Hkorkta _uprkla.

Grtìouca 2.- Hksgrracca hk got`v`hghks gc `itkr`ar hkc çrkg

Vrkoìsksk quk kc kstgdcko`l`kita hkc Çrkg hk Oaiskrvgo`ÿi Tkb`aigc Dasquk hk Vuyg

Tg`laih` - X`tgimgyaoo, ia c`l`tgrç cg knkouo`ÿi hk adrgs hk `iergkstruoturg v`gc a hk
skrv`o`as, gsì oala kc hksgrracca hk got`v`hghks a praykotas ki su `itkr`ar, skg ki
prkh`as hk prap`khgh pþdc`og a pr`vghg quk skgi gpradghas par cg gutar`hgh
oalpktkitk ki kc lgroa hk sus gtr`duo`aiks. H`ojgs got`v`hghks kstgrçi sunktgs g cas
adnkt`vas hk orkgo`ÿi y zai`e`ogo`ÿi y g cgs
c gs iarlgs hk pratkoo`ÿi gld`kitgc.

Kc hksgrracca hk kstgs got`v`hghks skrç hke`i`ha par kc Vcgi Lgkstra hkc Çrkg Igturgc
Vratkb`hg y rkqukr`rçi hk cg kvgcugo`ÿi hkc `lpgota gld`kitgc. Cg gpradgo`ÿi hk cgs
kvgcugo`aiks hkc `lpgota gld`kitgc hk h`ojgs got`v`hghks hkdkrç oaitgr oai cg ap`i`ÿi
prkv`g egvargdck
egvargdck hkc _KTIGIV oala oaih`o`ÿi `ih`s`ih`spkisgdck
pkisgdck pgrg su
su gpradgo`ÿi.

Grtìouca :.- Tkerkiha y U`bkio`g

Kc prkskitk Hkorkta _uprkla skrç rkerkihgha par kc L`i`stra hkc Gld`kitk, y kitrgrç
ki v`bkio`g gc hìg s`bu`kitk hk su pudc`ogo`ÿi ki kc H`gr`a Ae`o`gc Kc Vkrugia.

Hgha ki cg Ogsg hk Bad`kria, ki C`lg, g cas vk`it`tràs hìgs hkc lks hk h`o`kldrk hkc
g÷a has l`c h`kz.

GCGI BGTOÌG VÀTK^

Vrks`hkitk Oaist`tuo`aigc hk cg Tkpþdc`og

GIXAI@A NA_À DTGOM KBB
L`i`stra hkc Gld`kitk

76
 Vcgi Lgkstra
GOT ‟ X`tgimgyaoo

@IXTAH[OO@ßI

Kc kstgdcko`l`kita
oaiskrvgo`ÿi hk ui Çrkg
hk cas Dasquks hk Tg`laih`
hk Vuyg Oaiskrvgo`ÿi Tkb`aigc quk oaitr`duyk g cg
‟ X`tgimgyaoo (GOT - X`tgimgyaoo),
ki cg Vrav`io`g hk U`cogsjuglçi ks uig goo`ÿi quk dusog lknargr cg ogc`hgh hk v`hg hk
cas padcgharks hk cgs oalui`hghks gskitghgs
gskitghgs ki kc h`str`ta hk U`sojaiba, g trgvàs hk cg
oaiskrvgo`ÿi hk kstk `lpartgitk koas`stklgs quk cks dr`ihg skrv`o`as gld`kitgcks y hk
cg pralao`ÿi hk got`v`hghks quk bkikrki apo`aiks pgrg kc hksgrracca hk ui tur`sla
sastki`dck ki cg zaig.

Xrgs hkngr gtrçs hàoghgs hk ksogsg got`v`hgh turìst`og hkd`hg g cas gctas i`vkcks hk
v`ackio`g pacìt`og, Gygouoja ks oais`hkrgha jay ki hìg oala uia hk cas
hkpgrtglkitas quk kstç rkgc`zgiha brgihks kseukrzas pgrg kckvgr su ogc`hgh hk v`hg y
supkrgr su gpgrkitk gdgihaia. Ks ki kstk oaitkxta quk kc Bad`kria Tkb`aigc hk
Gygouoja g trgvàs hk cg Bkrkio`g hk Tkoursas Igturgcks y Bkst`ÿi hkc Lkh`a
Gld`kitk oai kc gpaya hk `ist`tuo`aiks oala Oçr`tgs hkc Vkrþ y kc Eaiha Ìtgca ‟
Vkrugia (E@V) dusog `lpucsgr got`v`hghks koaiÿl`ogs oalpgt`dcks oai cg
oaiskrvgo`ÿi y kc gpravkojgl`kita sastki`dck hk cas rkoursas igturgcks,
`iorklkitgiha cgs ogpgo`hghks y patkio`gc`hghks hk cgs oalui`hghks k `iskrtçihacas
ki kc hksgrracca turìst`oa hk cg rkb`ÿi,

Cg `lpartgio`g hk X`tgimgyaoo rgh`og ki quk>

 Oaiokitrg cg lgyar padcgo`ÿi hk Vuyg Tg`laih` (Vuyg rg`laih`` Jgrls) hkc
Vkrþ, supkrgiha `iocusa g cas oaiao`has dasquks ki kc Vgrquk Igo`aigc
Jugsogrçi y atras.
 Cas dasquks hk puygs prkskitg, ghklçs, `lpartgitks kspko`ks rkprkskitgt`vgs
glkigzghgs> U`ou÷g, Ukigha, Oÿihar, Bgta Gih`ia, Oac`drì B`bgitk hk cas
gihks, kitrk atras.
 Oaist`tuyk kc okitra hk rktkio`ÿi y rkbucgo`ÿi jìhr`og pgrg cg l`oraoukiog hkc
rìa U`sojaiba.
 Ks okitra y rkeub`a hk kspko`ks vkbktgcks igt`vgs `lpartgitks> Wuk÷ag,
Ojgojgs, Xgstgojgojgs,
Xgstgojgojgs, Iabgc, M‐acck, kitrk atrgs.

Kc Dasquk hk Vuyg Tg`laih` - X`tgimgyaoo oala GOT sk kioukitrg ud`ogha

pr`io`pgclkitk ki trks oalui`hghks oglpks`igs> U`sojaiba, Ooaojg y Oogojudgldg,
kc pr`lkra ks kc okitra urdgia-rurgc ogp`tgc hkc h`str`ta hkc l`sla ialdrk. Kc çrkg
gdgrog uig kxtkis`ÿi hk 5 424,?0 Jgs. y sk kioukitrg hkitra hkc h`str`ta hk U`sojaiba,
prav`io`g hk U`cogsjuglçi
U`cogsjuglçi ki cg rkb
rkb`ÿi
`ÿi Gygouoja.
Gygouoja.

77
Vcgi Lgkstra
GOT ‟ X`tgimgyaoo

74
 Vcgi Lgkstra
GOT ‟ X`tgimgyaoo

Ogpìtuca 7>
G_VKOXA_ BKIKTGCK_
HKC GOT - X@XGIMGPAOO

7?
 Vcgi Lgkstra
GOT ‟ X`tgimgyaoo

OGVÌX[CA @

7. G_VKOXA_ BKIKTGCK_ HKC GOT - X@XGIMGPAOO

7.7 [D@OGO@ßI, KZXKI_@ßI P CÌL@XK_

Kc çrkg hk oaiskrvgo`ÿi rkb`aigc

rkb`aigc Dasquk hk Vuyg Tg`laih` - X`tgimgyaoo sk ud`og ki
kc h`str`ta hk U`sojaiba, prav`io`g hk U`cogsjuglçi, ki kc Hkpgrtglkita hk
Gygouoja,, y t`kik uig supkre`o`k
Gygouoja supkre`o`k hk 5424,?0 jg.
jg.

7.7.7 LKLAT@G HK_OT@VX@UG

 Ialdrk > GOT Dasquk hk Vuyg Tg`laih`-

Tg`laih` - X`tgimgyaoo


_upkre`o`k > 5 424,?0 jg

 Cìl`tks > Cg hklgrogo`ÿi hk cas cìl`tks sk rkgc`zÿ ki dgsk g cg Ogrtg

Igo`aigc hk ksogcg7/766,666,
ksogcg7/766,666, kcgdarghg y pudc`oghg
pudc`oghg par kc @ist`tuta Bkabrçe`oa
Igo`aigc - @BI, ut`c`zgiha
ut`c`zgiha cg `iearlgo`ÿi s`bu`kitk>
s`bu`kitk>

Oÿh`ba Ialdrk Hgtul

42 - ÷ Gygouoja RB_ :8
42 - a _gi L`bukc RB_ :8
4: - ÷ Jugiogp` RB_ :8
4: - a Oj`iojkras RB_ :8

 [d`ogo`ÿi pacìt`og> _k rkgc`zÿ ki dgsk g cg `iearlgo`ÿi kcgdarghg par kc

@ist`tuta Igo`aigc hk Kstghìst`og k @iearlçt`og-@IK@.

H`str`ta Vrav`io`g Hkpgrtglkita

Hkpgrtglkita
U`sojaiba U`cogsjuglçi
U`cogsjug lçi Gygouoja

G. Iartk

Vgrt`kiha hkc puita I¾ 7, cìl`tk sur akstk hk cg oaioks`ÿi l`ikrg Ugcck Ukrhk Has
(oÿh`ba 676848462), kc cìl`tk oait`iþg lkh`gitk cìikg rkotg ki h`rkoo`ÿi kstk par kc
l`sla cìl`tk hk cg oaioks`ÿi l`ikrg jgstg cckbgr gc puita I¾ 4.

78
 Vcgi Lgkstra
GOT ‟ X`tgimgyaoo

D. Kstk

Hkshk kc þct`la puita lkio`aigha, kc cìl`tk oait`iþg ki h`rkoo`ÿi surakstk lkh`gitk

cìikgs rkotgs pgsgiha par kc puita I¶ ?, jgstg cckbgr g cg ourvg hk i`vkc hk oatg 8466
hk gct`tuh, puita I¶ 8, pgrg oait`iugr par cg
c g l`slg ourvg hk i`vkc ki h`rkoo`ÿi iarkstk
y surkstk jgstg cckbgr gc cìl`tk hk cg oaioks`ÿi l`ikrg Ugcck Ukrhk (oÿh`ba 67647?565)
puita I¶ ;, pras`bu`kiha par kc l`sla cìl`tk hk cg oaioks`ÿi l`ikrg ki h`rkoo`ÿi sur,
kstk y iartk jgstg cckbgr g cg ourvg hk i`vkc hk oatg 8466 hk gct`tuh, puita I¾ 5, pgrg
oait`iugr par cg l`slg ourvg hk i`vkc ki h`rkoo`ÿi surkstk, surakstk y iarkstk, jgstg
cckbgr gc puita I¾ 2, pras`bu`kiha lkh`gitk cìikgs rkotgs ki h`rkoo`ÿi surkstk pgsgiha
par kc puita I¶ : jgstg cckbgr g cg oaioks`ÿi l`ikrg Igtjgcy C.C. G. (oÿh`ba676780665)
puita I¶ 0, oait`iugiha par kc l`sla cìl`tk hk cg oaioks`ÿi l`ikrg ki h`rkoo`ÿi sur
jgstg cckbgr gc puita I¶ 76, pgrg oait`iugr lkh`gitk cìikg rkotg ki h`rkoo`ÿi iarakstk
jgstg cckbgr gc puita I¾ 77ki cg cgbuig Oj`igooaojg, pras`bu`kiha par cg l`slg
cgbuig par su cgha kstk, pgrg oait`iugr ki h`rkoo`ÿi sur par cg qukdrghg Arooaooaojg
jgstg cckbgr gc puita I¾ 74 ki uig vìg ia ge`rlghg.

Oughra I¾ 67> C`stgha hk Vuitas

Vuita Oaarhkighgs
Oaarhki ghgs [XL
I¾ Kstk Iartk
7 560 228,7277 : ;6: 5??,02?2
4 576 26:,2?70 : ;6: 5??,024:
? 560 25:,8867 : ;65 05;,2666
8 560 77:,2;08 : ;68 :;6,8567
; 576 228,7;76 : ;68 ?87,5748
5 574 228,7;07 : ;6? ?;0,4?67
2 578 7?6,;8:8 : ;66 404,70;5
: 578 4;7,266; : 800 654,0704
0 578 228,6:46 : 80: 5?8,7458
76 578 228,6:7? : 80: 6:2,4;48
77 578 278,7466 : 80: 6:0,8566
74 574 58:,70?; : 80; 64?,;245
7? 560 744,;?40 : 802 5;:,287;
78 560 67;,;450 : 80: 7?0,;;?4
7; 562 :22,4407 : 802 544,7?:0
75 56; 524,?266 : 800 558,5?66
72 562 ;::,2666 : ;65 06:,5466
7: 562 5;6,4?66 : ;62 662,2766
70 560 20;,5766 : ;6: 567,6766

7;
Vcgi Lgkstra
GOT ‟ X`tgimgyaoo

LGVG I¾ 7

75
 Vcgi Lgkstra
GOT ‟ X`tgimgyaoo

O. _ur y _uraks
_urakstk
tk

Vras`bu`kiha hkshk kc þct`la puita lkio`aigha, kc cìl`tk oait`iþg par cg l`slg vìg
ia ge`rlghg ki h`rkoo`ÿi iarkstk y iarakstk jgstg cckbgr gc puita I¾ 7?, pgrg oait`iugr
lkh`gitk cìikg rkotg ki h`rkoo`ÿi iarakstk jgstg cckbgr gc puita I¾ 78, oait`iugiha
lkh`gitk cìikg rkotg ki h`rkoo`ÿi surakstk jgstg cckbgr gc puita I¾ 7; ki kc rìa
U`sojaiba,
U`sojaib a, kc quk oait`iþg gbugs grr`dg jgstg cg oaiecukio`g oai cg qukdrghg X`occa ki
kc puita I¶ 75, pras`bu`kiha gbugs grr`dg par kstg l`slg qukdrghg jgstg cckbgr g uig
cgbuig s`i ialdrk ki kc puita I¶72, pgrg praskbu`r par kc cìl`tk akstk hk cg cgbuig
jgstg cckbgr gc puita I¾ 7: ki uig qukdrghg s`i ialdrk, pgrg oait`iugr gbugs grr`dg
par kstg qukdrghg jgstg cckbgr gc puita I¶ 70, kc cìl`tk oait`iþg lkh`gitk cìikg rkotg
ki h`rkoo`ÿi iarakstk jgstg gcogizgr kc puita I¾ 7 `i`o`a hk cg prkskitk lklar`g
hksor`pt`vg.

Cgs oaarhkighgs kstçi kxprksghgs

kxprksghgs ki praykoo`ÿi [XL. Kc Hgtul hk rkekrkio`g ks kc
RB_ :8, cg zaig hk praykoo`ÿi ks 7:_.

Cg vkrs`ÿi ae`o`gc `lprksg y h`b`tgc hk cas cìl`tks sk kioukitrg ki kc kxpkh`kitk hk

orkgo`ÿi quk sustkitg kc prkskitk Hkorkta _uprkla, kc ougc sk ud`og ki kc gokrva
haoulkitgr`a hkc _KTIGIV= h`oja kxpkh`kitk ki ca suoks`va oaist`tuyk kc pr`io`pgc
haoulkita gc quk sk hkdkrç rkourr`r ki lgtkr`g hk arhkigl`kita tkrr`tar`gc g taha
i`vkc.

7.4 DG_K CKBGC

Kc kstgdcko`l`kita y bkst`ÿi hkc _`stklg Igo`aigc hk Çrkgs Igturgcks Vratkb`hgs par

kc Kstgha (_@IGIVK), gsì oala cg kcgdargo`ÿi y gotugc`zgo`ÿi hk sus pcgiks lgkstras,
kstç rkbucgha par kc lgroa iarlgt`va s`bu`kitk>

Cg Oaist`tuo`ÿi
hkrkoja Vacìt`og
g ui lkh`a hkc Vkrþ,
gld`kitk hkpacìt`og
sgia, cg 700?, quk ki suhkc
igo`aigc grtìouca
lkh`a 4¾, sk÷gcg kc
gld`kitk, kc
usa sastki`dck hk cas rkoursas igturgcks, cg oaiskrvgo`ÿi hk cg h`vkrs`hgh
d`acÿb`og, cgs çrkgs igturgcks pratkb`hgs y cg pralao`ÿi hkc hksgrracca
sastki`dck hk cg Glgzaiìg= y ki su grtìouca 5:¾ kstgdckok quk ks adc`bgo`ÿi hkc
Kstgha pralavkr cg oaiskrvgo`ÿi hk cg h`vkrs`hgh d`acÿb`og y hk cgs çrkgs
igturgcks pratkb`hgs.
 Kc Hkorkta Ckb`scgt`va I¾ 2;2 hkc 7? hk iav`kldrk hk 7007, Cky Lgroa pgrg kc
Orko`l`kita hk cg @ivkrs`ÿi Vr`vghg, quk ki su grtìouca ;8¾ sk÷gcg quk kc
kstgdcko`l`kita hk çrkgs igturgcks pratkb`hgs ia t`kik kekotas rktragot`vas i`
gekotg cas hkrkojas ghqu`r`has oai gitkr`ar`hgh g cg orkgo`ÿi hk cgs l`slgs y
quk kc knkro`o`a hk cg prap`khgh y hk cas hklçs hkrkojas rkgcks ghqu`r`has hkdk
jgokrsk ki grlaiìg oai cas adnkt`vas y e`iks pgrg cas ougcks àstgs eukrai
orkghgs.
72
 Vcgi Lgkstra
GOT ‟ X`tgimgyaoo

 Cg Cky I¾ 45:47 hkc 45 hk nui`a hk 7002, Cky Arbçi`og pgrg kc

Gpravkojgl`kita _astki`dck hk Cas Tkoursas Igturgcks, quk ki kc grtìouca 74¾
sk÷gcg quk ks adc`bgo`ÿi hkc Kstgha ealkitgr cg oaiskrvgo`ÿi hk çrkgs
igturgcks quk oukitgi oai `lpartgitk h`vkrs`hgh d`acÿb`og, pg`sgnks y atras
oalpaikitks hkc pgtr`lai`a igturgc hk cg Igo`ÿi, ki earlg hk çrkgs igturgcks
pratkb`hgs ki ouya çld`ta kc gpravkojgl`kita
gpravkojgl`kita sastki`dck hk cas rkoursas
igturgcks kstgrç sunkta g iarlgt`v`hgh kspko`gc.
 Cg Cky I¾ 45:?8 hkc 8 hk nuc`a hk 7002, Cky hk Çrkgs Igturgcks Vratkb`hgs,
quk, kitrk atrgs oasgs, rkhke`ik cgs ogtkbarìgs kitaioks kx`stkitks, cgs `itkbrg
` itkbrg ki
ui s`stklg (_@IGIVK), kstgdckok sus `istrulkitas hk lgikna y kstgdckok cas
pr`io`p`as par cas quk gotugclkitk sk kstgdckoki y iarlgi cgs GIVs ki kc
Vkrþ.
 Cg Cky 45:?0 hkc 75 hk nuc`a hk 7002, Cky hk Oaiskrvgo`ÿi y
Gpravkojgl`kita _astki`dck hk cg H`vkrs`hgh D`acÿb`og, quk ki kc Xìtuca @U,
grtìouca 7?¾ sk÷gcg quk kc Kstgha pralukvk kc kstgdcko`l`kita k
`lpcklkitgo`ÿi hk lkogi`slas hk oaiskrvgo`ÿi `is`tu hk cg h`vkrs`hgh
d`acÿb`og, tgcks oala cg hkocgrgo`ÿi hk çrkgs igturgcks pratkb`hgs y kc lgikna

rkbucgha hk atras
koas`stklgs, koas`stklgs
kspko`ks y bkiks kiigturgcks, pgrg
su cubgr hk bgrgit`zgr
ar`bki cg oaiskrvgo`ÿi
y pralavkr hk
su ut`c`zgo`ÿi
sastki`dck. Ki kc Xìtuca U, Grtìoucas 47 ¾ y 44¾h`ok quk kc gpravkojgl`kita hk
rkoursas igturgcks ki çrkgs igturgcks pratkb`hgs y ougcqu`kr atrg got`v`hgh quk
sk rkgc`ok hkitra hk cgs l`slgs sÿca pahrç skr gutar`zgha s` rksuctg oalpgt`dck
oai cg ogtkbarìg y cg zai`e`ogo`ÿi gs`bighg, gsì oala oai cas pcgiks hk lgikna
hkc çrkg. Kstgs got`v`hghks ia hkdki paikr ki r`ksba kc oulpc`l`kita hk cas
e`iks y adnkt`vas pr`lgr`as pgrg cas ougcks sk kstgdcko`ÿ kc çrkg.
 Cg Cky I¾ 42?6: hkc 44 hk nuc`a hk 4666, Cky Earkstgc y hk Eguig _`cvkstrk,
quk ki kc grtìouca :¾, `io`sa 8 sk÷gcg quk sk oais`hkrgi çrkgs igturgcks
pratkb`hgs cgs supkre`o`ks ikoksgr`gs pgrg cg oaiskrvgo`ÿi hk cg h`vkrs`hgh
d`acÿb`og y hklçs vgcarks gsao`ghas hk `itkràs gld`kitgc, oucturgc, pg`sgnìst`oa
y o`kitìe`oa, hk oaiearl`hgh
oaiearl`hgh oai ca kstgdcko`ha ki cg Cky I¾
I¾ 45:?8.
 Kc Hkorkta _uprkla 678-4667-GB hkc 65 hk gdr`c hk 4667, Tkbcglkita hk cg
Cky Earkstgc y hk Eguig _`cvkstrk.
 Cg Cky I¾ 4:48; hkc 68 hk nui`a hk 4668, Cky Lgroa hkc _`stklg Igo`aigc hk
Bkst`ÿi Gld`kitgc.
 Kc Hkorkta _uprkla I¾ 6?8-4668-GB hkc 72 hk skt`kldrk hk 4668, quk
ogtkbar`zg cgs kspko`ks glkigzghgs hk eguig s`cvkstrk y prajìdk su ogzg,
ogpturg, tkikio`g, trgispartk a kxpartgo`ÿi hk taha cas kspkoìlkiks, prahuotas
a sudprahuotas hk cgs kspko`ks glkigzghgs.
 Kc Hkorkta _uprkla I¾ 68?-4665-GB hkc 7? hk nuc`a hk 4665, quk ogtkbar`zg
cgs kspko`ks glkigzghgs hk ecarg s`cvkstrk y prajìdk su kxtrgoo`ÿi, oackotg,
tkikio`g, trgispartk
trgispartk y kxpartgo`ÿi oai e`iks oalkro`gcks.
oalkro`gcks.

7:
 Vcgi Lgkstra
GOT ‟ X`tgimgyaoo

 Kc Hkorkta _uprkla I¾ 6:2-4668-VOL hkc 4? hk h`o`kldrk hk 4668,

Tkbcglkita hk ^ai`e`ogo`ÿi
^ai`e`ogo`ÿi Koacÿb`og y Koaiÿl`og (^KK).
 Cg Cky I¶ 4:577 hkc 7? hk aotudrk hk 466;, Cky Bkikrgc hkc Gld`kitk, quk
ki su grtìouca 762 sk÷gcg quk kc Kstgha gskburg cg oait`iu`hgh hk cas praoksas
koacÿb`oas y kvacut`vas gsì oala cg j`star`g y oucturg hkc pgìs, lkh`gitk cg
pratkoo`ÿi hk kspgo`as rkprkskitgt`vas
rkprkskitgt`vas hk cg h`vkrs`hgh d`acÿb`og y hk atras
vgcarks gsao`ghas hk `itkràs oucturgc, pg`sgnìst`oa y o`kitìe`oa, kx`stkitks ki cas
kspgo`as oait`ikitgcks y lgr`ias hkc tkrr`tar`a igo`aigc, g trgvàs hkc _`stklg
Igo`aigc hk Çrkgs Igturgcks Vratkb`hgs ‟ _@IGIVK, rkbucgha hk goukrha g su
iarlgt`v`hgh kspkoìe`og.

Kc kstgdcko`l`kita y bkst`ÿi hk cgs Çrkgs hk Oaiskrvgo`ÿi Tkb`aigc (GOT) kstç

rkbucgha par kc lgroa iarlgt`va s`bu`kitk>

 Cg Cky I¾ 45:?8 hkc ?6 hk nui`a hk 7002, Cky hk Çrkgs Igturgcks Vratkb`hgs,

y su Tkbcglkita (Hkorkta _uprkla I¾ 6?:-4667-GB hkc 44 hk nui`a hk
4667),quk ki sus grtìoucas ?¾ y ;¾, rkspkot`vglkitk, kstgdckoki quk cgs çrkgs

igturgcks pratkb`hgs
Oaiskrvgo`ÿi hk cgs
Tkb`aigc, ghl`i`strgo`ÿi rkb`aigc, skkc hkial`igi
ougcks oalpcklkitgi Çrkgs hk
_`stklg Igo`aigc hk
Çrkgs Igturgcks Vratkb`hgs par kc Kstgha (_@IGIVK) oaiearlghgs sadrk çrkgs
quk t`kiki uig `lpartgio`g koacÿb`og y rkb`aigc s`bi`e`ogt`vg. Gs`l`sla, ki kc
grtìouca 77¾ hk cg Cky sk `ih`og quk cas bad`krias hksokitrgc`zghas g i`vkc
rkb`aigc pahrçi bkst`aigr, gitk kc @ist`tuta Igo`aigc hk Tkoursas Igturgcks
(@ITKIG) cg trgl`tgo`ÿi hk cg orkgo`ÿi hk ui Çrkg hk Oaiskrvgo`ÿi Tkb`aigc
ki su nur`sh`oo`ÿi. Gs`l`sla, ki kc Grtìouca 55¾ hkc Tkbcglkita sk sk÷gcg quk
cgs Çrkgs hk Oaiskrvgo`ÿi Tkb`aigc earlgi pgrtk hkc pgtr`lai`a hk cg Igo`ÿi
y su kstgdcko`l`kita rkspktg cas hkrkojas ghqu`r`has oai gitkr`ar`hgh gc
kstgdcko`l`kita hk cgs l`slgs.
 Kc Hkorkta _uprkla I¾ 676-00-GB hkc 77 hk gdr`c hk 7000, Kstrgtkb`g
Igo`aigc pgrg cgs Çrkgs Igturgcks Vratkb`hgs ‟ Vcgi H`rkotar, quk ki su puita
?, Ogpìtuca @@, sk÷gcg quk cgs Çrkgs hk Oaiskrvgo`ÿi Tkb`aigc (GOT) sai ui
`lpartgitk oalpcklkita hkc _@IGIVK ki cg oaiskrvgo`ÿi `is`tu hk cg
h`vkrs`hgh d`acÿb`og y rkspaihki g rkqukr`l`kitas rkb`aigcks hk oaiskrvgo`ÿi
hk rkoursas hk `lpartgio`g kspko`gc pgrg cg rkb`ÿi y quk taha praoksa hk
orkgo`ÿi hk ui GOT hkdkrç pgsgr ikoksgr`glkitk par ui ou`hghasa praoksa hk
oaisuctg oai cgs padcgo`aiks julgigs caogcks, pgrt`oucgrlkitk s` sk trgtg hk
çrkgs aoupghgs par pukdcas `ihìbkigs. Ki kc puita 2 hkc Ogpìtuca @ sk kstgdckok
quk cg Gutar`hgh Igo`aigc pahrç `ioarpargr gc _@IGIVK gqukccgs çrkgs
rkb`aigcks quk paskgi hklastrghg `lpartgio`g a trgsokihkio`g
trgsokihkio`g igo`aigc.
 Cg Cky I¾ 42:52 hkc 75 hk iav`kldrk
ia v`kldrk hk 4664, Cky Arbçi`og hk cas Bad`krias
Tkb`aigcks, quk ki su grtìouca ;?¾ kstgdckok quk ks euio`ÿi hkc Bad`kria
Tkb`aigc kc prapaikr cg orkgo`ÿi hk Çrkgs hk Oaiskrvgo`ÿi Tkb`aigc y Caogc

70
 Vcgi Lgkstra
GOT ‟ X`tgimgyaoo

ki kc lgroa hkc _`stklg Igo`aigc hk Çrkgs Igturgcks Vratkb`hgs par kc Kstgha

(_@IGIVK).

Kc usa hk rkoursas ia rkiavgdcks ki çrkgs igturgcks pratkb`hgs (GIV) kstç rkbucgha

par kc lgroa iarlgt`va
iarlgt`va s`bu`kitk>


Cg Cky I¾ 45:?8 hkc 8 hk nuc`a hk 7002, Cky hk Çrkgs Igturgcks Vratkb`hgs,
quk ki su grtìouca 42 sk÷gcg quk –kc gpravkoj
gpravkojgl`kita
gl`kita hk rkoursas igturgcks ki
cgs GIV saca pahrç skr gutar`zgha s` rksuctg oalpgt`dck oai cg ogtkbarìg, cg
zai`e`ogo`ÿi gs`bighg y kc Vcgi Lgkstra hkc çrkg= y ia hkd`kiha pkrnuh`ogr kc
oulpc`l`kita hk cas e`iks pgrg cas ougcks sk jg kstgdcko`ha kc çrkg“.
 Kc rkbcglkita hk cg Cky hk Çrkgs Igturgcks Vratkb`hgs, quk ki su grtìouca 77;
`ih`og quk –kc gpravkojgl`kita hk rkoursas igturgcks ia rkiavgdcks gc `itkr`ar
hk cgs GIVs sk pkrl`tk saca ougiha ca oaitklpck su Vcgi lgkstra gpradgha,
kstgiha sunkta g cgs iarlgs hk pratkoo`ÿi gld`kitgc y g cgs c`l`tgo`aiks y
rkstr`oo`aiks prkv`stgs ki cas adnkt`vas hk orkgo`ÿi hkc GIV, su zai`e`ogo`ÿi y
ogtkbar`zgo`ÿi, gsì oala gqukccgs quk sk kstgdckzogi lkh`gitk rksacuo`ÿi
nkegturgc hkc @ITKIG“.
 Cg Cky 45:?0 hkc 75 hk nuc`a hk 7002, Cky hk Oaiskrvgo`ÿi y
Gpravkojgl`kita _astki`dck hk cg H`vkrs`hgh D`acÿb`og, quk ki su grtìouca 44
sk÷gcg quk kc gpravkojgl`kita hk rkoursas igturgcks ki GIVs
GIVs,, y ougcqu`kr atrg
got`v`hgh quk sk rkgc`ok hkitra hk cgs l`slgs, sÿca pahrç skr gutar`zgha s`
rksuctg oalpgt`dck oai cg ogtkbarìg y cg zai`e`ogo`ÿi gs`bighg, gsì oala oai cas
c as
pcgiks hk lgikna hkc çrkg. Hk goukrha oai cg Cky, kstgs got`v`hghks ia hkdki
paikr ki r`ksba kc oulpc`l`kita hk cas e`iks y adnkt`vas pr`lgr`as pgrg cas
ougcks sk kstgdcko`ÿ kc çrkg.
 Cg Cky I¾ 45:47 hkc 45 hk nui`a hk 7002. Cky Arbçi`og pgrg kc
Gpravkojgl`kita _astki`dck hk cas Tkoursas Igturgcks, quk ki su grtìouca
7?hg uig h`spas`o`ÿi s`l`cgr g cg gitkr`ar.

7.? ADNKX@UA_ HKC GOT-X@XGIMGPAOO

Hk goukrha oai ca h`spuksta par kc Hkorkta _uprkla I¾ 64?-4676-L@IGL, quk

kstgdckok kc Çrkg hk Oaiskrvgo`ÿi Tkb`aigc Dasquk hk Vuyg-X`tgimgyaoo, g
oait`iugo`ÿi sk kxpaiki cas adnkt`vas bkikrgcks y kspkoìe`oas hkc çrkg.

7.?.7 ADNKX@UA BKIKTGC>

Oaiskrvgr uig lukstrg rkprkskitgt`vg hk dasquks hk Vuyg Tg`laih` ( Vuyg rg`laih``

Jgrls), hk glpc`g `lpartgio`g caogc y igo`aigc, par cgs kspko`ks hk ecarg y eguig quk
gcdkrbg.

46
 Vcgi Lgkstra
GOT ‟ X`tgimgyaoo

7.?.4 ADNKX@UA_ K_VKOÌE@OA_>

g) Vralavkr got`v`hghks quk bkikrki apo`aiks pgrg kc hksgrracca hk ui tur`sla

sastki`dck ki cg zaig, oai kc e`i hk lknargr cg ogc`hgh hk v`hg hk cas padcgharks
hk U`sojaiba.

d) Gskburgr cg oaiskrvgo`ÿi hkc jçd`tgt hk `lpartgitks kspko`ks rkprkskitgt`vgs

glkigzghgs> U`ou÷g (U`oubig v`oubig), Oÿihar (Uuctur brypjus), Bgta
Gih`ia (Ekc`s oacaoaca), Oac`drì B`bgitk hk cas gihks (Vgtgbaig b`bgs), kitrk
atras.

o) Oaiskrvgr uig `lpartgitk rkskrvg jìhr`og pgrg cg l`oraoukiog hkc rìa

U`sojaiba, oaist`tu`hg par kc rìa Vglpgs y sus tr`dutgr`as y cgs cgbuigs hk
Ookuccgooaojg, Ojgccjugooaojg,
Ojgccjugooaojg, Aroaooaojg
Aroaooaojg y Oj`igooaojg.

h) Ukcgr par cg oaiskrvgo`ÿi hk cas dasquks rkc`ota hk Wuk÷agcks ( Vacyckp`s

spp), y atrgs oala Xgrg (Ogksgcp`i`g tgrg), Iabgc (Nubcgis ikatrap`og) y
M‐acck (Duhhck`g `iogig).

47
Vcgi Lgkstra
GOT ‟ X`tgimgyaoo

44
 Vcgi Lgkstra
GOT ‟ X`tgimgyaoo

Ogpìtuca 4>
OGTGOXKT@^GO@ßI
GLD@KIXGC P _AO@GC
HKC GOT-X@XGIMGPAOO

4?
 Vcgi Lgkstra
GOT ‟ X`tgimgyaoo

OGV@X[CA @@

4. OGTGOXKT@^GO@ßI GLD@KIXGC P _AO@GC HKC GOT-

X@XGIMGPAOO
4.7 G_VKOXA_ EÌ_@OA_

4.7.7 Oc`lg

Cg kstgo`ÿi lçs okrogig g cg zaig hk kstuh`a y quk ghklçs sk kioukitrg g uig gct`tuh
sklkngitk, ks cg kstgo`ÿi hk _gojgdgldg. Kstg þct`lg pkrtkikok gc Vraykota Kspko`gc
Tìa Ogoj` y talg rkb`stras hkc oc`lg hkshk jgok h`kz g÷as.

Cg zaig prkskitg ui oaitrgstk oc`lçt`oa quk oarrkspaihk gc p`sa `iekr`ar hk cg puig,

haihk cg tklpkrgturg lkh`g giugc oarrkspaihk
oarrksp aihk g 76.4 ¶O oai ui lçx`la hk 74.8 ¶O y
ui lìi`la ghkkikra,
iav`kldrk 2.0 ¶O.
oaiCg tklpkrgturg
rkb`stras lçx`lg
hk 77.? lkh`g
¶O g 74.8 ¶O.lkisugc sk hg
Cas lksks ki casy lksks
hk nui`a hk
nuc`a sai
cas lçs erìas, tki`kiha uig tklpkrgturg lkh`g lkisugc
lkisugc h`gr`g hk
hk 6.04 ¶O dgngiha
jgstg cas -2¶O ki kc lks hk Gbasta. L`kitrgs quk kc rkb`stra hk cgs tklpkrgturgs
lçx`lgs lkh`g gdsacutg h`gr`g ks hk 46.7 ¶O, sus lçx`las vgcarks sk prkskitgi ki kc
lks hk aotudrk oai 4?¶O y ki iav`kldrk oai 4?.?¶O.

Cg glpc`tuh tàrl`og pgrg kstg zaig ks oais`hkrgdcklkitk gctg, hk lçs hk 48¶O hk

(E`burg Ia7).
nui`a g h`o`kldrk (E`burg

Vgrg kstg zaig cas rkb`stras hk prko`p`tgo`ÿi pcuv`gc lkh`g giugc sai hhkk 086.2? ll,
rkb`strçihask ui vgcar lçx`la hk 760: ll ki kc g÷a 4667.

Cas rkb`stras lçs dgnas hk prko`p`tgo`aiks sk h`krai ki kc g÷a 700; oai :7; ll y ki
700: oai :?8.8 ll. Cas lksks hk h`o`kldrk g lgrza prkskitgi lgyar ogit`hgh hk
prko`p`tgo`ÿi quk cas lksks hk nui`a g gbasta, iatçihask ki gcbuias ogsas cg guskio`g
tatgc hk ccuv`gs. Xgld`ài sk jg rkb`strgha ui vgcar lìi`la hk prko`p`tgo`ÿi lkisugc hk
??8 ll ki kc g÷a 4667.

Kc çrkg ks oais`hkrghg oala luy jþlkhg, par ca quk ia prkskitg lksks oai hàe`o`t
jìhr`oas. (E`burg Ia 4). Cg vkcao`hgh hkc v`kita sk lgit`kik ogs` oaistgitk g ca cgrba
hkc g÷a, vgr`giha hk -7 jgstg 4.4 l/s.

48
Vcgi Lgkstra
GOT ‟ X`tgimgyaoo

E`burg Ia7. Ugr`go`ÿi tàrl`og lkh`g lkisugc. Vkrìaha 700; ‟ 466;.

Kstgo`ÿi _gojgdgl
_gojgdgldg.
dg. Gygouoja.

4;
 Vcgi Lgkstra
GOT ‟ X`tgimgyaoo

74 446

77 466

76
7:6

0
756

:
786

2
746
5
766
;

:6
) 8
O
¶
( )
`g
h ? 56 l
k l
(
l i
g
r 4 86 `ÿ
o
tu g
g
r `t
k `p
p 7 46 o
k
r
l
k V
X
6 6
Nuc
Nuc Gba _kp Aot Iav H`o Kik Ekd Lgr
Lgr Gdr Lgy
Lgy Nui
Nui

Lksks

E`burg Ia 4> H`gbrglg Aldratàrl`oa

Aldratàrl`oa.. Vkrìaha 700; ‟ 466;. Kstgo`ÿi
_gojgdgldg. Gygouoja.

4.7.4 Bkacabìg

Kc çrkg hk kstuh`a kstç ud`oghg hkitra hk cas oughrçibucas 42-÷ Gygouoja, 4:-÷
Jugiogp`, 42-a hk _gi L`bukc, y 4:-a hk Oj`iojkras rkspkot`vglkitk, pkrtkiko`kitks
gc @BI. Kc çrkg ki lkio`ÿi oalprkihk uig bkacabìg quk sk pukhk rkekrkio`gr oai cg
ocgs`e`ogo`ÿi rkgc`zghg par kc @IBKLLKX.

Cg oaist`tuo`ÿi hk cas gecargl`kitas oarrkspaihk g uig skoukio`g kstrgt`brçe`og

oaist`tu`hg par ui`hghks skh`lkitgr`gs, `itkrogcgo`aiks hk raogs vacoçi`ogs
skh`lkitgr`gs, raogs vacoçi`ogs y hkpÿs`tas ougtkrigr`as rko`kitks.

45
 Vcgi Lgkstra
GOT ‟ X`tgimgyaoo

Kc ar`bki hk kstgs raogs rkekrkio`g g cg aourrkio`g hk raogs hkc Brupa L`tu,

pkrtkiko`kitks gc Vkrl`gia lkh`a, supkr`ar y Xr`çs`oa `iekr`ar, quk oucl`ig oai cas
praoksas skh`lkitgr`as
skh`lkitgr`as aourr`has hurgitk kc Vgckaza`oa.
Vgckaza`oa.

_adrk kc brupa L`tu, yg ki kc Lksaza`oa, sk hkpas`tgrai ki h`soarhgio`g gibucgr cas

lgtkr`gcks ogcoçrkas hkc Brupa Vuogrç, hkc Xr`çs`oa supkr`ar ‟ Nurçs`oa `iekr`ar quk
ygoki ki gpgrkitk oaioarhgio`g g cg skoukio`g ogcoçrkg hk cg Earlgo`ÿi Ojuiulgya
hk khgh Nurçs`oa lkh`a g cg quk sk sadrkpaik hk oaioarhgitk cg skr`k hal`igitklkitk
ocçst`og hkc Brupa Purg, oud`krtg par ui o`oca hk hkpas`tgo`ÿi hkc orktçoka cgs ogc`zgs
hk cg Earlgo`ÿi Ekrradgldg.
Ekrradgldg.

Cg skoukio`g hkc Vgckÿbkia y Ikÿbkia ks kl`ikitklkitk oait`ikitgc y sk ogrgotkr`zg

par uig suoks`ÿi hk kvkitas vacoçi`oas, tgita cçv`oas oala kxpcas`vas kxpcas`vas
kstruoturgclkitk. Ki kstk o`oca tkotÿi`oa hkstgog uig supkrpas`o`ÿi hk iukvas kvkitas
vacoçi`oas. Cukba ki cg egsk `iog`og oai `itkregsks aourrki lav`l`kitas hk ogrçotkr
kp`rabkiàt`oas quk cckvgi g cg oarh`cckrg hk cas Gihks g cgs gotugcks gcturgs,
oucl`igiha cg skoukio`g hk kvkitas vacoçi`oas quk cckvgi cg j`star`g bkacÿb`og jgstg
kc praoksa hk cgs bcgo`go`aiks, cg ougc hkng cgs bkaearlgs oai cgs ogrgotkrìst`ogs quk
pahklas adskrvgr.
adskrvgr.

Ks `lpartgitk lkio`aigr cg kx`stkio`g hk `itrus`aiks ki kc Vgckÿbkia y Ikÿbkia,

kv`hkio`giha ki kstg çrkg hk kstuh`a cg prkskio`g hkc Oalpckna Wukradgldg hk
kxprks`ÿi dgtacìt`og, kc ougc jgdrìg oaitr`du`ha ki gcbuig lgikrg gc hksgrracca hk cg
hkeckx`ÿi hk Gdgiogy.

Kstruoturgclkitk ki kc çrkg sk jg pah`ha rkoaiaokr pc`kbks gprktghas y egccghas ki cgs

earlgo`aiks nurçs`oa ‟ orktço`ogs quk `ih`ogi jgdkr suer`ha cgs `itkisgs oalprks`aiks
y hkearlgo`aiks hk cg tkotÿi`og hk Gih`ig, gsì oala sk kxprksg kc `itkisa kekota hkc
tkotai`sla sadrk atrgs raogs gc prkskitgr egccgs y pckbgl`kitas.

4.7.? E`s`abrgeìg

Kc çrkg hkc prkskitk

prkskitk kstuh`a oalprkihk
oalprkihk uig zzaigaig hkitra hkc ecgioa Ar`kitgc
Ar`kitgc hk cg
Oarh`cckrg Aoo`hkitgc, gc kstk hk cg h`v`sar`g Oait`ikitgc hk Gbugs, haihk sk hksgrraccg
ui `itkrecuv`a rkb`aigc, cgs lksktgs gct`pcçi`ogs y vgccks.

Kc ecgioa oarh`cckrgia ar`kitgc ks ui rkc`kvk goo`hkitgha, oai gctgs laitg÷gs, lksktgs

y vgccks hk praeuihas pkre`cks kiog÷aighas, ki cg zaig cas p`oas hk cgs laitg÷gs sk
kckvgi par kio`lg hk cas 8466 lsil.

Kc çrkg hk kstuh`a sk kioukitrg ud`oghg sadrk cgs hkial`ighgs lksktgs gct`pcçi`ogs a

Vcgtkgux, cgs ougcks prkskitgi ui lahkcgha bcgo`gr tìp`oa hk kstgs zaigs. Vrkskitgi

42
 Vcgi Lgkstra
GOT ‟ X`tgimgyaoo

vgccks glpc`as cgdrghas par cg goo`ÿi bcgo`gr, oai prkskio`g hk hkpas`tgo`aiks

larrài`ogs cgtkrgcks y eraitgcks, quk sk ud`ogi par kio`l
kio`lgg hk cas ?,;66 g 8,;66 lsil.

Cas Ugccks kx`stkitks ki cg zaig prkskitgs gctgs pkih`kitks ki sus tgcuhks, luojas sai
gibastas y kiog÷aighas, prkskitgiha pkquk÷gs tkrrgzgs ecuv`gcks prahuotas hkc
rktraoksa ki cg ogdkokrgs hk cas rìas, gsì oala tgld`ài ui ocçs`oa lahkcgha bcgo`gr ki
earlg hk –[“. Gcbuias sk jgccgi oacbghas prahuota hk cg bcgo`go`ÿi pck`staoài`og,
prkskitgiha g lkiuha hkpas`tgo`ÿi larrài`og ki sus ecgioas, gsì oala
ecuv`abcgo`grks.

4.7.8 _ukcas

Cas sukcas pukhki ogtkbar`zgrsk skbþi su ogpgo`hgh hk usa y skbþi su ar`bki. Hk kstg
earlg, ki cg zaig kioaitrglas>

G. Var su Ogpgo`hgh hk [sa

_kbþi kc Lgpg hk ogpgo`hgh hk [sa Lgyar hk X`krrgs ( 7), cg prav`io`g hk

U`cogsjuglçi prkskitgi t`krrgs gptgs pgrg ouct`vas ki c`lp`a y pgstas, oai
ogc`hgh gbracab`og dgng, prkskitgiha oala egotar c`l`tgitk gc oc`lg. Vgrg kc
h`str`ta hk U`sojaiba, cgs t`krrgs sai gptgs pgrg prahuoo`ÿi earkstgc y pgstas,
tki`kiha oala egotarks c`l`tgitks gc oc`lg y cg kras`ÿi. (Oughra I a 4).

Oughra Ia 4> Ogpgo`hgh hk [sa Lgyar hk _ukcas hkc GOT - X`tgimgyaoo,

Gygouoja.
Ogc`hgh
X`pa hk _ukca Oÿh`ba ^aig
Gbracab`og
Vgstas hk Ogc`hgh
Lkh`g V4sko-Zsko 7
Lkh`g
Vratkoo`ÿi, pgstas 7
Zsk-V?sk-
pkrlgikitks ‟ Dgng 4
G?sko
Ouct`va C`lp`a ?
Vgstas ki zaigs hk
Dgng Zsk-V?sk 7
Vçrgla
Vgstas tklpargcks ‟ Zsk-V?(t)-
Dgng 7
Ouct`va ki C`lp`a G?sk(r)
Vrahuoo`ÿi Earkstgc Zsk-E?sk*- 7
Dgng
‟ Ouct`va ki C`lp`a G?sko 4

7
AIKTI.70:7. Lgpg hk ogpgo`hgh hk usa Lgyar hk cgs X`krrgs hkc Vkrþ.

4:
 Vcgi Lgkstra
GOT ‟ X`tgimgyaoo

D. Var su Ar`bki

U`sojaiba y U`cogsjuglçi prkskitgi sukcas rkcgt`vglkitk praeuihas,

gro`ccasas hk rkgoo`ÿi ço`hg, oai taias ran`zas pgrhas y quk gs`l`cgi gc brupa
khgeabài`oa hk Vjgkazkls. Gs`l`sla, haihk prkhal`igi lgtkr`gcks
c`tacÿb`oas ogcoçrkas pukhki pgrkokr cas mgstaiazkls, hk taigc`hghks ran`zgs
bkikrgclkitk. Ki cgs çrkgs luy klp`ighgs, gpgrkoki sukcas hkcbghas hgiha
pgsa g cas C`tasacks y g gcbuigs earlgs hk Tkihz`igs gsì oala brupas
trgis`o`aigcks pkrtkiko`kitks
pkrtkiko`kitks g cas Ogld`sacks (hìstr`oas y kutr`oas).

Atrg ocgs`e`ogo`ÿi usghg ks gqukccg prapukstg par cg Arbgi`zgo`ÿi Luih`gc pgrg

cg Gc`lkitgo`ÿi (EGA), skbþi cg ougc tkiklas cas s`bu`kitks t`pas hk sukcas ki
cg zaig (4) (Ukr oughra Ia ?).

Oughra Ia ?> X`pas

X` pas hk _ukcas hkc GOT - X`tgimgyaoo, Gygouoja
Gygouoja..

Caogc`hgh Ocgs`e`ogo`ÿi EGA

Oj`grg Cuv`sa Orÿl`oa
Ojupgs Vjgkazkls Cþv`oa
Oaihargy Ckptasac
Ckptasac Lÿcc`oa
Xgld`ccas Ckptasas Kþtr`oa
Goaora (pgrtk dgng) Cuv`sac Orÿl`oa
Ojaitgog ( pgrtk dgng) I`t`sac Tÿh`oa
Vglpglgrog Ogld`sac Orÿl`oa

* Ocgs`e`ogo`ÿi
Ocgs`e`ogo`ÿi hk sukcas prapuksta par cg EGA.

4.7.; J`hracabìg

Kc çrkg prkskitg ui s`stklg hk rìas tr`dutgr`as y rìas lkiarks quk gc`lkitgi g cas rìas
pr`io`pgcks, quk v`krtki
v`krtki sus gbugs gc rìa Vglpgs (pr`i
(pr`io`pgc
o`pgc gecukitk hkc Tìa Gp
Gpurìlgo).
urìlgo).
Erkoukitklkitk cas rìas ogld`gi hk ialdrk g ca cgrba hk su rkoarr`ha, hk goukrha g cg
caogc`hgh lçs okrogig g su oguok. Cas pr`io`pgcks rìas sai>

G. Tìa Vglpgs

Ar`b`igha ki cg cgbuig hk Ojaocaojg y Arooaooaojg (Jugiogvkc`og), kc Tìa

Vglpgs rkoarrk brgi pgrtk hk cgs prav`io`gs hk Ogibgcca y U`cogsjuglçi,
lgrogiha kc cìl`tk hkpgrtglkitgc oai cg pgrtk iarakstk hk Gpurìlgo.

4
Ogr`tgs- Gygouoja.4665. Ogrgotkrìst`ogs Eìs`ogs k J`hracÿb`ogs hkc Çrkg X`tgimgyao. Haoulkita
tàoi`oa.

40
 Vcgi Lgkstra
GOT ‟ X`tgimgyaoo

Kc oguhgc hkc Tìa Vglpgs ks hk 24 l ?/skb ki àpaog hk kst`gnk, gulkitgiha g

746 l?/skb. Ki cas lksks hk prko`p`tgo`ÿi pcuv`gc. _u kstruoturg j`hrabrçe`og
t`kik paog pkih`kitk, rgzÿi par cg ougc ia sk ck hg usa pgrg cg bkikrgo`ÿi hk
kikrbìg kcàotr`og.

D. Tìa Laygdgldg - U`sojaiba

Kc rìa Laygdgldg ks ui rìa hk lkiar oguhgc quk igok ki cg gct`pcgi`o`k hk

Pgigp`rura (Vrav`io`g hk Ogibgcca), rkoarr`kiha cas h`str`tas hk U`sojaiba y
U`cogsjuglçi. G trgvàs hk su rkoarr`ha, kc rìa ogld`g su ialdrk hk Tìa hk
U`sojaiba g Pgig Pgoa, gc hkskldaogr ki kc rìa Vglpgs. Kstk rìa prkskitg uig
pkih`kitk kckvghg pkra hkd`ha g cg brgi vgr`gd`c`hgh hk su oguhgc, tglpaoa ks
usgha pgrg cg bkikrgo`ÿi hk kikrbìg.

Atras rìas `lpartgitks sai> Tìa Vgccog Lgya, Tìa _gojgdglgdg, Tìa Jugiu
Jugiu, Tìa Ojgiojg`cca, Tìa Lgya Dgldg y Tìa U`sojaiba. Xahas kstas sai
tr`dutgr`as hkc Tìa Vglpgs y lçs ghkcgitk hkc Tìa Gpurìlgo.

Xgld`ài pahklas kioaitrgr iulkrasgs cgbuigs, cgs l`slgs quk sk prkskitgi

ki cgs pgrtks gctgs ki gct`tuhks quk vgi hk cas ?;66 g 8;66 lktras. Gcbuigs hk
kccgs sai> Cgbuig Oj`igooaojg, Cgbuig Arooaooaojg, Cgbuig Vulgooaojg,
Cgbuig Ojgccjugooaojg.

4.4 G_VKOXA_ D@ACßB@OA_

4.4.7 [i`hghks hk Vg`sgnk

_kbþi kc Lgpg Koacÿb`oa? (@ITKIG 7008), cgs zaigs hk v`hg oaitki`hgs ki kc Çrkg
hk Oaiskrvgo`ÿi Tkb`aigc Dasquk hk Vuyg Tg`laih` ‟ X`tgimgyaoo, ud`ogha ki kc
h`str`ta U`sojaiba sai 4>

 Dasquk jþlkha Laitgia _udtrap`ogc (dj-L_) ;:% ? 552.47 Jgs.

 Vçrgla luy jþlkha sudgcp`ia sudtrap`ogc (plj- _g_) ?5% 4 428.85 Jgs.
 Dasquk skoa Laitgia Dgna _udtrap`ogc (ds-LD_) ;% ??6.24 Jgs.

G. Dasquk jþlkha Laitgia _udtrap`ogc (dj-L_)

Koas`stklg hk oc`lg Jþlkha y _kl` Erìa, oai ui pralkh`a hk prko`p`tgo`ÿi

tatgc giugc vgr`gdck kitrk 566 ll. y :66 ll. y uig d`atklpkrgturg lkh`g
giugc quk aso`cg kitrk 76¶O y 5¶O. _k prkvà quk kstk t`pa hk jçd`tgt tkibg
aourrkio`gs erkoukitks hk tklpkrgturgs orìt`ogs a hk oaibkcgo`ÿi (6¶O), oai

?
@ITKIG.7008.Buìg kxpc`ogt`vg hkc Lgpg Koacÿb`oa hkc Vkrþ.

?6
 Vcgi Lgkstra
GOT ‟ X`tgimgyaoo

prkskio`g hk jkcghgs. Gct`tuh`igclkitk sk kioukitrg ud`ogha kitrk ?,666 y

8,666 l. Vaskk uig tapabrgeìg goo`hkitghg, kspko`gclkitk pgrg cg vkrt`kitk hkc
rìa U`sojaiba, oai qukdrghgs jaihgs, haihk sk oaibrkbgi cgs padcgo`aiks hk
Vuyg Tg`laih` (Vuyg rg`laih`` Jgrls).

Ki cgs cghkrgs oai rkc`kvk sugvk sk pukhki jgokr pcgitgo`aiks earkstgcks. Cg

vkbktgo`ÿi igturgc
igturgc grdÿrkg kstç oaist`tu`hg
oaist`tu`hg par dasquks rkc`otas hk quk÷ugcks
(Vacyckp`s sp.), Ojgojgoala (Ksogccai`g rks`iasg.), Xgstg (Ksogccai`g
l`rtycca`hks), kto. y grdustas oala Xgyg ( Dgoojgr`s tr`ouikgtg ), G`rglpa
(Dkrdkr`s sp.), Lutuy (_kiig.), kto. y brgihks kxtkis`aiks hk pgstas igturgcks>
Ekstuog sp. _t`pg sp. Ogcglgbrpast`s sp. y Vag sp.

D. Vçrgla Luy Jþlkha _udgcp`ia _udtrap`ogc (plj ‟ _g_)

Koas`stklg hk oc`lg Luy Jþlkha y Erìa, oai ui pralkh`a hk prko`p`tgo`ÿi

tatgc giugc vgr`gdck kitrk 266 ll. y :66 ll.= y uig d`atklpkrgturg giugc quk
aso`cg kitrk 5¶O y ?¶O, prkv`àihask cg aourrkio`g h`gr`g hk tklpkrgturg hk
oaibkcgo`ÿi (lkiar g 6 aO) . Gct`tuh`igclkitk sk kioukitrg ud`ogha kitrk ?,066
y 8,;66 l., kspko`gclkitk ki kc skotar okitrgc y iarar`kitgc hk cg oarh`cckrg quk
skpgrg cg oukiog hkc rìa U`sojaiba hkc Tìa Vglpgs.

Vrkskitg uig tapabrgeìg paoa goo`hkitghg, oai has rkc`kvks pr`io`pgcks> ccgiurg
gct`pcçi`og hk rkc`kvk aihucgha, y pki`ccgiurg hk rkc`kvk goo`hkitgha. Aerkok
dukigs oaih`o`aiks koacÿb`oas pgrg kc hksgrracca hk bgighkrìgs ki dgsk g cgs
pgsturgs igturgcks gctagih`igs. Kx`stki cgbuigs quk pukhki skr ut`c`zghgs pgrg
cg got`v`hgh p`soìoacg a pgrg skr hkr`vghgs oai e`iks hk `rr`bgo`ÿi.
`rr`bgo`ÿi.

_kbþi kc Lgpg Earkstgc ( 8), kc GOT - X`tgimgyaoo prkskitg oala earlgo`aiks

vkbktgcks> Lgtarrgc jþlkha (zaig dgng) y Vgnaigc/Okspkh hk Vuig (zaig gctg).
gctg) .

O. Dasquk _koa Laitgia Dgna _udtrap`ogc (ds

( ds ‟ LD_)

Koas`stklg hk oc`lg _ud Jþlkha y Xklpcgha Erìa, oai ui pralkh`a hk

prko`p`tgo`ÿi tatgc giugc quk vgrìg kitrk ;66 ll. y :66 ll. y uig
d`atklpkrturg lkh`g giugc vgr`gdck kitrk 72¶O y 77¶O. Gct`tuh`igclkitk kstç
ud`ogha kitrk 4,666 y ?,466 l., aoupgiha tkrrkias hk rkc`kvk sugvk g
eukrtklkitk goo`hkitgha, oaiearlgha par eaihas hk vgccks ecuv`a - gcuv`gcks y
par cghkrgs klp`ighgs.
klp`ighgs.

Cg vkbktgo`ÿi igturgc kstç oaiearlghg par laitk r`dkrk÷a ogrgotkrìst`oa hk cas

vgccks skrrgias. Ks erkoukitk kc ogpucì, lacck, iabgc, kto. Ki tàrl`ias bkikrgcks,

8
@ITKIG.700;.Buìg kxpc`ogt`vg hkc Lgpg Earkstgc.

?7
Vcgi Lgkstra
GOT ‟ X`tgimgyaoo

kstg earlgo`ÿi koacÿb`og aerkok ui gld`kitk egvargdck pgrg kc hksgrracca hk cg

gbr`oucturg y cg bgighkrìg.

LGVG I¾ 64

?4
 Vcgi Lgkstra
GOT ‟ X`tgimgyaoo

4.4.4 Oalui`hghks D`ÿt`ogs

G. Dasquk hk Vuyg Tg`laih` (V uyg r g`laih`` ` Jgrls)

g`laih

Cg Vuyg rg`laih`` ks uig kspko`k kihàl`og hk cas Gihks. Oaiao`hg oala kc

–b`bgitk hk cg puig“ hkd`ha g su brgi tglg÷a, kstg kspko`k earlg uig
oalui`hgh d`ÿt`og luy pgrt`oucgr ki cas pgnaigcks gih`ias. Cg pcgitg orkok ki
rkb`aiks hk paog praeuih`hgh hkhk sukca, pkhrkbasa, paoa julus, lgyarlkitk
ki zaigs hk v`kitas erìas.
_k kioukitrg gsao`ghg g h`vkrsgs kspko`ks hk ecarg oala sai> T`dks ouik`eac`us,
Gbkrgt`ig stkridkrb`gig, Dgoojgr`s ahargtg, Oaculkcc`g adavgtg, _kiig
vkrs`oacar, Drgoj`atul iguh`i``, _t`pg `oju, Vuyg jglgog, _o`rpus r`b`hus,
Duhhck`g oar`gokg,
oar`gok g, apuit`g ecaooasg, Ogcglgbrast`s lgorapjyccg, ekstuog
ek stuog spp,
Dgoojgr`s tr`ouikgtg, kitrk atrgs.

Ki kc çrkg sk pukhk kioaitrgr

kioaitrgr dasquks
dasquks hkisas
hkisas hk Vuyg rg`laih``, cg zaig
oaiao`hg oala X`tgimgyaoo
X`tgimgyaoo ks kc dasquk hk lgyar tglg÷a, oai uig hkis
hkis`hgh
`hgh
;
hk ?66 g 852 `ih`v`huas par jkotçrkg y ki cg oalui`hgh hk _gi Cuogs hk
Ojgiojg`cca (h`str`ta hk Oj`grg) (E`burg I¾ ?), cg hkis`hgh ks hk 0:;.27
`ih`v`huas par jkotçrkg 5 . Xgld`ài kx`stki dasquks hk lkiar tglg÷a ki
Tgoogrgoogy,, _gojgdgldg, Lgigccgsgo, tahas ki kc h`str`ta hk Oj`grg.
Tgoogrgoogy

D. Dasquk hk Wuk÷agcks (Vacyckp`s sp.)

Kstas dasquks kstçi oaist`tu`has par çrdacks hk quk÷agcks ( Vacyckp`s spp .) quk
prkskitgi dgng hkis`hgh hk `ih`v`huas y sk goalpg÷gi erkoukitklkitk hk
brglìikgs. Cas dasquks hk Vacyckp`s sai jçd`tgt pgrg iulkrasgs kspko`ks hk
gvks, kx`st`kiha ui rgiba oait`iþa hk kspko`gc`zgo`aiks, hkshk v`s`tgitks
apartui`stgs (oac`drìs hk okng hk skcvg) jgstg kspko`gc`stgs. _k jg adskrvgha
quk,
cckbgr`iocusa ki çrkgs
g adskrvgrsk luy
jgstg 86pkquk÷gs hkgvks.
kspko`ks hk dasquk (4- ; jg) hk kxtkis`ÿi pukhki

Gcbuigs kspko`ks `lpartgitks sai> Iatjapraotg tgozgiawsm``= Gbcgkgot`s

oupr`pkis`s, Arkaiylpjg iad`c`s, O`iocahks gr`oalgk, Ckptgstjkiurg
xkiatjargx, Orgi`ackuog gcd`ogp`ccg, Gstjkiks attai`s y Gstjkiks v`rbgtg,
Zkiahgoi`s p.pgr`ig, Gtcgpktks rue`bki`s eardks` y Vaasp`zg ogksgr . Hk cgs
ougcks sk kioukitrgi glkigzghgs hk kxt`io`ÿi> Iatjapraotg tgozgiawsm`` y
O`iocahks gr`oalgk.

;
OKHK_. Vralao`ÿi, pratkoo`ÿi y oaiskrvgo`ÿi hkc X`tgimgyao oala zaig hk rkskrvg igturgc y hk cgs
Vuygs
5
hk Tgylaih` oala kspko`ks ki kxt`io`ÿi. Haoulkita tàoi`oa.
KTO@ Xkgl.4667.Tkpartk hk kvgcugo`ÿi prkc`l`igr rkgc`zghg ki kc dasquk hk Vuyg rg`laih`` hk cg
oalui`hgh hk _gi Cuogs hk Ojgiojgycca, h`str`ta hk Oj`grg.

??
 Vcgi Lgkstra
GOT ‟ X`tgimgyaoo

a
E`burg Ioaiskrvg
?> Dasquk
o`ÿihkrkb`aigc
oaiskrvgo`ÿi Vuygs (Dasquk
V uyg r g`la ih`` ` ), ki kc çld`ta h
g`laih
- X`t
X`tgimgyaoo,
gimgyaoo, Gygouoja hkc
kc. çrkg hk
Gygouoja.

E`burg Ia8> Dasquk hk Wuk÷agcks (Vacyckp`s sp.),

sp.), ki kc ççld`ta
ld`ta hkc GOT Q
X`tgimgyaoo,
X`tgimgyaoo, Gygouoja.
Hk ca quk git`buglkitk eukrai brgihks kxtkis`aiks hk dasquks gctagih`ias,
jay ki hìg hkd`ha
rkearkstgo`ÿi oai gkspko`ks
cg eukrtk`itrahuo`hgs
prks`ÿi sadrkoala
kstaskcdasquks rkc`otas,
Kuogc`pta, cg orko`kitk
kc r`ksba hk su

?8
Vcgi Lgkstra
GOT ‟ X`tgimgyaoo

hksgpgr`o`ÿi ks `il`ikitk par ca quk sai ikoksgr`gs cgs goo`aiks hk

oaiskrvgo`ÿi ar`kitghgs g prkskrvgr cg h`vkrs`hgh d`acÿb`og hk cg zaig (E`burg
I¾ 8).

O. Vgnaigc hk Vuig

Oaist`tu`ha par kspko`ks hk Vagokgs hk cas bàikras> Ogcglgbrast`s, _t`pg,

Vkii`sktul, Igsskccg, Vag y Ekstuog = quk gcogizgi gcturg pralkh`a hk ;6ol g
:6ol, gsao`ghas oai kspko`ks hk cas bàikras Dgoojgr`s, Jypskccg, Axgc`s,
Bkit`gig, Ugckr`gig y Egdgokgs kitrk atrgs= oai ksogsg prkskio`g hk eguig
kitalacÿb`og y ari`tacÿb`og. Xgld`ài jgy prkskio`g hk dralkc`gs, kspko`ks hk
arquìhkgs y dkbai`gs (E`burg I¾ ;).

E`burg Ia ;> Vgnaigc hk Vuig, GOT - X`tgimgyaoo, Gygouoja.

Cg eguig s`cvkstrk gsao`ghg gc pgnaigc kstç oaist`tu`hg par cg U`ou÷g (U`oubig

v`oubig), kc ^arra ( C`ogcapkx oucpgkus), kc ^arr`ia a G÷gs ( Oaikpgtus
skl`str`gtus), kc Bgta Laitàs (Ekc`s oacaoaca), cg U`zogojg ( Cgb`h`ul
pkrugiul), kc Vkrh`z (Iatjapraotg spp.) y ki aogs`aiks sk pukhk adskrvgr kc
Oÿihar (Uuctur brypjus) y luy rgrg vkz kc Vulg (Vulg oaioacar).
Kc Vgnaigc kstç prkskitk ki tahg cg pgrtk gctg hkc GOT ‟ X`tgimgyaoo kstç luy
gsao`gha g cg got`v`hgh bgighkrg kxtkis`vg hk cg oalui`hghks caogcks hk
U`sojaiba.
?;
 Vcgi Lgkstra
GOT ‟ X`tgimgyaoo

H. Lgtarrgc Gctagih`ia

Oaiearlghas par kspko`ks hk cas bàikras> Jkspkralkcks, Dgoojgr`s, Tudus,

Atjacad`ul, Dkrdkr`s, Ksogccai`g, Dkrdkr`s, _acgiul, Drgojyatul, Ugcckg,
Cup`ius, Euos`g, Gr`st`bukt`g, Dgrts`g, kto. y atrgs= ogrgotkr`zghas
ogrgotkr `zghas par
prkskitgrsk ki gcbuias skotarks gsao`ghgs oai kspko`ks hk arquìhkgs
pr`io`pgclkitk hkc bàikra Gg= gsì l`sla, prkskitgi sukcas pkhrkbasas
oud`krtas hk gduihgitk vkbktgo`ÿi oksp`tasg.
oksp`tasg.

Kc lgtarrgc jþlkha sk kioukitrgs gsao`ghas g cgs zaig dgng g lkh`g hk cas

dasquks hk Vuyg rg`laih``, tgld`ài gsao`ghas g cgs cghkrgs hk cgs vgr`gs
qukdrghgs hkc GOT Q X`tgimgyaoo (E`burg I¾ 5).

E`burg Ia 5> Lgtarrgc Gctagih`ia, GOT - X`tgimgyaoo, Gygouoja.

4.4.? Ecarg _`cvkstrk

Xaha kc çrkg oukitg oai dukig oadkrturg vkbktgc y uig gctg h`vkrs`hgh ecarìst`og, cg
kvgcugo`ÿi hk ecarg y eguig sk rkgc`zÿ ki trks zaigs hk lukstrka hkitra hkc GOT ‟

X`tgigmyaoo
X`tgigmy
:8 aoo (Oughra
egl`c`gs, I¾ 8), hk kstg
s`kiha Gstkrgokgk, earlg yskEgdgokgkcgs
Vagokgk rkb`strgrai ?4; kspko`ks,
egl`c`gs lçspkrtkiko`kitks
rkprkskitgt`vgsg

?5
 Vcgi Lgkstra
GOT ‟ X`tgimgyaoo

par prkskitgr kc lgyar

lgyar iþlkra hk kspko`ks oala sukck aourr`r ki taha kc gihk
okitrgc.

_kbþi kc Hkorkta _uprkla I¶ 68? - 4665 ‟GB, cgs kspko`ks quk sk kioukitrgi dgna
gcbþi brgha hk glkigzg sk rkpartgi ki kc Oughra I¾ ;.

Oughra Ia 8> ^aigs hk Lukstrka hk Ecarg y Eguig hkc GOT - X`tgimgyaoo.

Gct`tuh
^aigs hk Lukstrka Jçd`tgt Vrkhal`igitk
(lsil)
Oogojudgldg ??66 ‟ 8666 Lgtarrgc gcta gih`ia Vgnaigc
Ooaojg ?466 ‟ 8766 Lgtarrgc gcta gih`ia Vgnaigc
U`sojaiba ?766 ‟ 8466 Lgtarrgc gcta gih`ia Vgnaigc

Oughra Ia ;> Kspko`ks hk ecarg

e carg rkb`strghgs ki kc çrkg skbþi ogtkbarìg hk glkigzg

Vkc`bra Orìt`oa (OT) Ki pkc`bra (KI) Uucikrgdck (U[) Ogs` glkigzgha (IX)
Vacyckp`s `iogig Vuyg rg`laih`` Gcius goul`igtg Goguc`lgcvg kibckr`gig
Vacyckp`s rgoklasg Dkbai`g vk`toj`` Ksogccai`g lyrt`cca`hks Dgoojgr`s bki`stkcca`hks
Duhhckng `iogig Mrglkr`g cgppgokg Ksogccai`g rks`iasg Ogitug dux`eac`g
Ksogccai`g pkihucg Oaculkcc`g adavgtg
Vkrkz`g oakrucksokis Nubcgis ikatrap`og
Vkrkz`g p`iigt`e`hg _gcv`g appas`t`ecarg
Ojcargkg rkt`oucgtg Xkoalg sglduo`eac`g

Iatg> Cg c`stg oalpcktg hk kspko`ks sk kioukitrg ki kc Gikxa 4.

4.4.8 Eguig s`cvkstrk

G. Gvks
Cgs gvks sai kc brupa lknar rkprkskitgha ki cg zaig. _k kioaitrgrai ui tatgc
hk ;5 kspko`ks pkrtkiko`kitks g 44 egl`c`gs, hk cgs ougcks sÿca kc oÿihar (Uuctur
brypjus) y Xjkr`st`ous lkcgiap`ssk kioukitrgi ki ogtkbarìg hk glkigzg.
Gcbuigs kspko`ks hk `lpartgio`g sai kc –Jugoa oalþi“ ( Iyot`oargx
iyot`oargx),
iyot`oargx ), cg –Vkrh`z oarh`cckrgig“ (Iatjapraotg arigtg)
arigtg) y kc –Oac`drì
b`bgitk“ (Vgtgbaig b`bgs). Cg c`stg oalpcktg hk kspko`ks sk kioukitrg ki kc
Gikxa 4.

?2
 Vcgi Lgkstra
GOT ‟ X`tgimgyaoo

E`burg Ia 2> Kspko`ks hk Gvks hkc GOT - X`tgimgyaoo, Gygouoja. @zqu`krhg>

Gbcg
G bcgk
kgot`
ot` s ou
oup
pr` pkii`s, Hkrkojg> Xurhus eusogtkr .
ii`s,

D. Lglìekras

Ki ca quk rke`krk g cas lglìekras, tgi sÿca sk kioaitrgrai aoja kspko`ks, hk cgs
ougcks sk kioukitrgi ogtkbar`zghas oala kspko`k hk pratkoo`ÿi kc Vulg ( Vulg
oaioacar) y cg U`ou÷g (U`oubig v`oubig). Gikxa 4.

O. Vkoks

Hurgitk cg kvgcugo`ÿi hk oglpa, sk kstuh`grai cas koas`stklgs cÿt`oas y

càit`oas hk cgs oalui`hghks hk Oogojudgldg, Ooaojg y U`sojaiba. Gikxa 4.

_k kioaitrgrai has kspko`ks igt`vgs> Xr`ojalyotkrus sp. –Dgbrk“ y Arkst`g sp.

–Ojaquk“ (E`burg I¾ :), cgs ougcks jgi h`sl`iu`ha iatgdcklkitk su padcgo`ÿi
hkd`ha g cg `itrahuoo`ÿi
` itrahuoo`ÿi hk kspko`ks kxÿt`ogs
kxÿt`ogs oala cg truojg y kc pknkrrky.

E`burg Ia :> Kspko`ks hk pkoks igt`vas hkc GOT - X`tgimgyaoo, Gygouoja.

@zqu`krhg> Ar
Ark
kst sp,, Hkrkojg> Xr`ojalyotkrus sp.
st`` g sp

?:
 Vcgi Lgkstra
GOT ‟ X`tgimgyaoo

H. Gie`d`as y Tkpt`cks

Cas rksuctghas oalprkihki cas koas`stklgs cÿt`oas, càit`oas, zaigs jþlkhgs y

tahgs cgs earlgo`aiks vkbktgcks hk cgs oalui`hghks hk Oogojudgldg, Ooaojg
y U`sojaiba. Gikxa 4.

_k rkpartg cg prkskio`g hk kspko`ks `lpartgitks oala kc Xkclgtad`us nkcsm``

–Mgr`g“, Xgojyikl`s pkruv`gig –Ouckdrg“ y C`acgklus wgcmkr`
wgcm kr` –_umuccumuy“
(E`burg I¾ 0).

E`burg Ia 0> Kspko`ks hk Jkrpktaeguig hkc GOT - X`tgimgyaoo, Gygouoja.

@zqu`krhg> X gojyik
gojyikl`s
l`s pk
pkrr uv` gig y Hkrkojg> X kcl
uv`gig clg
gta
tad nkcsm``` –Mgr`g“.
d` us nkcsm`

4.? G_VKOXA_ _AO@AKOAIßL@OA_

4.?.7 Çld`ta hk @iecukio`g hkc GOT ‟ X`tgimgyaoo.

Kc GOT‟X`tgimgyaoo, ud`ogha ki kc h`str`ta hk U`sojaiba t`kik `iecukio`g sadrk cgs

padcgo`aiks v`ioucghgs g trks prav`io`gs (Gikxa
(Gikxa 7)>

G. Çld`ta hkc GOT‟X`tgimgyao

Kc GOT‟X`tgimgyaoo oalprkihk cas tkrr`tar`as hk ? oalui`hghks oglpks`igs,

Ooaojg, Oogojudgldg y U`sojaiba quk t`kik ui tatgc hk :48 v`v`kihgs (Hgtas
kst`lghas hkc Okisa 4662 ‟ @IK@).

 ^aig hk @iecukio`g H`rkotg

_k oais`hkrgi gc h`str`ta hk U`sojaiba h`rkotglkitk v`ioucgha gc GOT ‟

X`tgimgyaoo.
X`tgimgya oo. Kstg çrkg, quk pukhk euio`aigr
e uio`aigr oala uig ^aig hk Glart`bugl`kita,
kstç sunktg gc usa `itkisa y h`rkota hk cas d`kiks y skrv`o`as gld`kitgcks quk aerkok

kc GOT ‟ X`tgimgyaoo,
hksgrracca hk got`v`hghksoala ks kc usa
turìst`ogs, hkatras.
kitrk pgstas, gbug, ck÷g, usa hk pg`sgnks pgrg kc

?0
 Vcgi Lgkstra
GOT ‟ X`tgimgyaoo

 ^aig hk @iecukio`g @ih`rkotg

Hkd`ha g cg `lpartgio`g hk cas Dasquks hk Vuyg Tg`laih` ud`ogha ki kc h`str`ta

hk U`sojaiba, sk t`kik uig `iecukio`g quk cckbg jgstg cg l`slg o`uhgh hk
Gygouoja ‟ Juglgibg. Ksta sk hkdk pr`io`pgclkitk g quk cg ogp`tgc hkc
hkpgrtglkita hk Gygouoja sk dkike`o`g hk cg prahuoo`ÿi gbrapkougr`g hk cas
okitras padcghas v`ioucghas gc GOT ‟ X`tgimgyaoo, oala cg bgighkrìg y tur`sla.

4.?.4 Hklabrgeìg

G. Vadcgo`ÿi

Cg padcgo`ÿi hkc h`str`ta hk U`sojaiba rkprkskitg kc 6.52% hkc tatgc hk cg

rkb`ÿi Gygouoja.

D. I`vkc hk U`hg

_kbþi kc Lgpg
kioukitrg hk aoja
kitrk cas Vadrkzg kcgdargha par
hkpgrtglkitas lçsEAIOAHK_ (4665), Gygouoja sk
padrks hkc pgìs.

Kc Vrabrglg hk cgs Igo`aiks [i`hgs pgrg kc Hksgrracca (VI[H) tgld`ài

oais`hkrg quk Gygouoja ks uia hk cas hkpgrtglkitas lçs padrks, ia sÿca hkc
Vkrþ s`ia tgld`ài hk Glàr`og Cgt`ig. Vgrg lkh`r kc i`vkc hk padrkzg, kstg
`ist`tuo`ÿi jg orkgha kc Ìih`ok hk Hksgrracca Julgia (@HJ), quk ks ui
`ih`oghar sao`gc kstghìst`oa oalpuksta par trks pgrçlktras> v`hg cgrbg (lkh`hg
ki dgsk g cg
c g kspkrgizg hk v`hg gc igokr), khuogo`ÿi (lkh`hg ki dgsk g cg tgsg hk
gcegdkt`zgo`ÿi) y i`vkc hk v`hg (lkh`hg ki dgsk gc VD@ pkr oçp`tg)= y ouyas
vgcarks hk rkekrkio`g sai cas s`bu`kitks> gcta (7-6.:), lkh`a (6.200-6.;) y dgna
(6.800-6.?). Vgrg kc ogsa hk cas h`str`tas hk Gygouoja, cas vgcarks rkeckngi ui
@HJ lkh`a, okrogia gc dgna.
_kbþi kc okisa caogc rkgc`zgha par cas kstgdcko`l`kitas hk _gcuh hk U`sojaiba
ki kc 4660, cgs 6? oalui`hghks hkc h`str`ta hk U`sojaiba quk pkrtkikoki gc
GOT Dasquk hk Vuyg Tg`laih`-X`tgimgyaoo prkskitgi uig padcgo`ÿi tatgc hk
788? jgd`tgitks,
jgd`tgitks, `itkbrgha par
par 862 egl`c`gs. _k kst`lg quk kc kc 80.2;% hk cg
padcgo`ÿi oaisulk
oaisulk gbug ia skburg.

Atra `ih`oghar hkc gcta brgha hk padrkzg ki cg zaig ks cg tgsg hk hksiutr`o`ÿi,

t ahas cas h`str`tas (pgrg kc g÷a 7000) (2).
cg ougc vgrìg hk 86 g ;5% ki tahas

2
.- EAIOAHK_. 4665. Lgpg hk Vadrkzg.

86
Vcgi Lgkstra
GOT ‟ X`tgimgyaoo

O. Got`v`hghks Koaiÿl`ogs y Vrahuot`vgs

Ki kc h`str`ta y okitras padcghas v`ioucghas gc GOT ‟ X`tgimgyaoo kc

hksgrracca koaiÿl`oa y prahuot`va t`kik oala pr`lkrg eukitk hk `ibrksas kc
gpravkojgl`kita h`rkota hk cas rkoursas igturgcks. Kstgs got`v`hghks
hktkrl`igi cg koaialìg hk cg zaig, ia adstgitk kc @IK@ (Okisa 466;) sÿca
rkb`strg quk kc parokitgnk hk pkrsaigs quk sk hkh`ogi g got`v`hghks koaiÿl`ogs
v`ioucghgs g cas rkoursas igturgcks ks dgna oai rkspkota gc tatgc hk cg padcgo`ÿi.

Cgs pr`io`pgcks got`v`hghks koaiÿl`ogs v`ioucghgs g cas rkoursas igturgcks sai>

 Ogzg

Ks uig got`v`hgh prgot`oghg hk lgikrg erkoukitk par gcbuias padcgharks hk cg

zaig. _k rkgc`zg pr`io`pgclkitk ki cgs gcturgs (tgld`ài kitrk rahgcks hk Vuyg),
sgcva hurgitk cg tklparghg ki quk cas vkighas ( Ahaoa`ckus v`rb`i`gius) dgngi
jgo`g cas ouct`vas (kikra, ekdrkra y lgrza), ki cgs ougcks sk pukhk adtkikr

p`kzgs hk
kspko`k lçsogokrìg luyskokrog
oat`zghg, hk cgs ojgorgs.
ogzg tgld`ài Ghklçs oucpgkus
zarra ( C`ogcapkx hkc vkigha, quk ks
), hkd`ha cg
g cas
hg÷as quk kstg kspko`k prahuok ki cgs bgcc`igs y atras gi`lgcks lkiarks.
Xgld`ài sk rkb`strg ogokrìg hk zarr`ccas ( Oaikpgtus sp.), v`zogojg (Cgb`h`ul
pkruv`giul), pkrh`z (X`iglalus sp.). Jugsjug a Jugccgtg ( Ojcakapjgbg
lkcgiaptkrg), gsì oala gcbuias Vgtas Gih`ias ( Gigs sp, vgr`gs kspko`ks).
Xahgs cgs kspko`ks sai ogzghgs ut`c`zgiha cg ksoapktg, jaihg a oai cg gyuhg hk
pkrras.

Cgs e`igc`hghks sai hk gc`lkitgo`ÿi (Ukigha, Vkrh`z, U`zogojg), pratkoo`ÿi hk

bgigha y gi`lgcks lkiarks (^arra) y hk ouct`vas
ouct `vas (Ukigha, ^arr`cca).


Vksog

Cg pksog ks uig got`v`hgh `lpartgitk pgrg cgs egl`c`gs hk cg zaig, cgs ougcks
kxtrgki truojgs ki cas rìas
rì as y r`gojukcas, pr`io`pgclkitk ki cas lksks skoas a hk
paog ccuv`g. Cas padcgharks pksogi ut`c`zgiha gtgrrgyg, gizukca y g lgia.
Gcbuigs vkoks jgoki usa hk kxpcas`vas (oalui`hgh hk U`sojaiba). Cg pksog
oai oudk (dgrdgsoa) ks prgot`oghg par pkrsaigs earçikgs hk lgikrg aouctg g cas
padcgharks hk cg zaig, cas
c as ougcks cg oais`hkrgi uig earlg hk pksog pkrnuh`o`gc
pgrg cas pkoks. Ki cg cgbuig hk Vulgooaojg
Vulgooaojg (@it`jugtgig) y ki gcbuias
r`gojukcas sk pksog kc pknkrrky (oai gizukca). Cas padcgharks sk hkh`ogi luy
paoa g cg pksog
pksog hkc Dgbrk
Dgbrk y Ojaook.

87
 Vcgi Lgkstra
GOT ‟ X`tgimgyaoo

 Bgighkrìg

_k orìgi vgogs, avkngs, okrhas y ogdgccas y ki gcbuias ogsas ogdrgs. Kitrk cas
gi`lgcks lkiarks jgy luy paogs `i`o`gt`vgs gutÿialgs hk or`gizg hk ouyks.

Kc pgstarka sk hksgrraccg tgita ki cgs gcturgs, hurgitk cg s`kldrg oala ki cgs

pgrtks dgngs (pgrokcgs)
(pgrokcgs) hurgitk cgs oaskojg
oaskojgs.
s.

Cas prahuotas hkr`vghas hk cg bgighkrìg sai bkikrgclkitk pgrg oaisula

egl`c`gr> cgig, ogrik, quksa, pkcckna.

 Gbr
G br`` ou
ouct
cturg
urg

Cg gbr`oucturg ks uig got`v`hgh `lpartgitk pkra par ca bkikrgc ks sÿca hk

gutaoaisula. Cas ouct`vas sai bkikrgclkitk cas l`slas ki tahg kc çrkg oai cg
kxokpo`ÿi hkc lgìz (^kg lgys), quk sk prahuok ki cgs oalui`hghks lçs dgngs
(U`sojaiba,, Waojg).
(U`sojaiba

Kstas ouct`vas sai> pgpg ( _acgiul tudkrasul), jgdg (U`o`g egdg), grdkng
(V`sul sgt`vul), aog (Axgc`s tudkrasg), accuoa (Accuous tudkrasul), lgsjug
(Xrapgoacul tudkrasul), og÷`jug (Ojkiapah`ul og÷`jug), qu`iug
(Ojkiapah`ul qu`iag), okdghg (Jarhkul vucbgrk), tr`ba (Xr`t`oul vucbgrk),
kitrk atras.

Cgs oglpg÷gs hk s`kldrg vgi hk hk skpt`kldrk g iav`kldrk y cgs hk oaskojg hk

ekdrkra g nuc`a. Cg got`v`hgh gbrìoacg sk rkgc`zg oai cg gyuhg hk yuitgs, trgdgna
lgiugc y trgotar (pr`lkr dgrdkoja). _k usg ghklçs git`pgrgs`tgr`as quìl`oas.

Gcbuigs oalui`hghks suerki kc pradcklg hk ksogskz hk gbug (p. kn.

Vgccoogogiojg y G÷gyogiojg) y cg prahuoo`ÿi gbrìoacg hkpkihk kstr`otglkitk
hk cg ccuv`g kstgo`aigc.

 L` ik
ikrì
rì g

Kx`stk uig ogitkrg hk cgngs hk p`khrgs gihks`tg euio`aigiha ki Vuroupgtg

(G÷gyogiojg ‟ Vgccoogogiojg).
Vgccoogogiojg).

Ki cgs gcturgs hk U`sojaiba (okrras Wgccgi, Vutpusqg) jgy prkskio`g hk l`igs

quk ia kstçi euio`aigiha gotugclkitk. _kbþi kc rkb`stra hkc @ist`tuta
Bkacÿb`oa L`ikra Lktgcþrb`oa (@IBKLLKX :), sk rkb`strg uig sacg apkrgo`ÿi

:
.- www.`ibkllkt.bad.pk
84
Vcgi Lgkstra
GOT ‟ X`tgimgyaoo

l`ikrg ki cg zaig hk glart`bugl`kita hkc GOT ‟ X`tgimgyaoo, quk rkspaihk gc

ialdrk hk –L`cki`a“.

 Grtk
G rtksg
sgiìg
iìg

Ki tahg kc çrkg sk tknki ergzghgs, lgitgs, paiojas, ojgc`igs, lkh`gs y atras

grtìoucas oai cgig hk avkng. Kc tk÷`ha ks oai pcgitgs t`itÿrkgs (iabgc, tgrg kto.)
y tgld`ài t`itgs s`itàt`ogs. Kc tkn`ha sk rkgc`zg oai tkcgr a ogccjug.

_k prgot`og tgld`ài kc tgccgha hk lghkrg pgrg prahuoo`ÿi hk ouojgrgs y atras

`istrulkitas hk usa oat`h`gia y gbrìoacg.

H. [sa Gotugc hk cas Tkoursas Igturgcks Tkiavgdcks

Lkh`gitk uig skr`k hk tgcckrks rkgc`zghas par kqu`pa hk praeks`aigcks hkc

Vraykota –Oaiskrvgo`ÿi, lgikna sastki`dck hk cg d`ah`vkrs`hgh y ealkita hkc
koatur`sla ki cgs oalui`hghks oglpks`igs hk Oj`grg y U`sojaiba “ sk

rkgc`zgrai kioukstgs,
usas pr`io`pgcks hk casc`stgs hk kspko`ks
rkoursas y lgpgs oaluigcks pgrg hktgccgr cas
hk cg zaig.

 [sa hk K sp
spk
ko`k
o` ks E arkstg
arkstgcks
cks

Cg lghkrg prav`kik tgita hk cas dasquks igturgcks (Gc`sa ‟ Gcius goul`igtg,

Ojgojgoalg ‟ Duhhck`g sp., Lutuy ‟ _kiig vkrs`oacar, Wuk÷ugc ‟ Vacyckp`s
`iogig, Wu`sjugr ‟ Duhhck`g sp., Vuyg ‟ Vuyg rg`laih``) oala hk cgs
pcgitgo`aiks egl`c`grks y oaluigcks (Kuogc`pta ‟ Kuogcyptus spp, y V`ia ‟
V`ius rgh`gtg ). Cgs kspko`ks lghkrgdcks lçs þt`cks sai kc Kuogc`pta y kc Gc`sa
y sai usghgs pgrg oaistruoo`ÿi hk ogsgs, lukdcks kto. Cgs jkrrgl`kitgs hk
cgdarks (yubas, tgoccgs, lgibas, ogccjugs, kto.) hk usa oat`h`gia sai prahuo`hgs
oai lghkrg hk Ojgojgoala, Kuogc`pta y Gc`sa.
Cgs pcgitgs lçs usghgs pgrg ck÷g sai kc Kuogc`pta, Gc`sa, Ojgojgoala,
W`w`iojg. G pgrtk hk cas okroas v`vas, ki cas quk sk ut`c`zg Vuyg, Wukiug y
Kuogc`pta, guiquk kstg þct`lg kspko`k ks `itrahuo`hg. Ki i`ibuia hk cas ogsas
sk hg lgikna g cg lgyarìg hk cgs pcgitgs (pahgs, rgcka), guiquk sk jg
`hkit`e`ogha quk gcbuigs pkrsaigs paskki pkquk÷as v`vkras oai kspko`ks
earkstgcks pgrg rkpaikr cg oadkrturg ck÷asg.

Cas padcgharks ge`rlgi quk sk hkh`ogi g cg rkearkstgo`ÿi, sadrktaha hk

Kuogc`pta ki sus
sus pgrokcgs y ki cas dasquks oaluigcks (lks hk kikra). Cg
kxtrgoo`ÿi hk lghkrg sk prçot`og taha kc g÷a y oai lgyar `itkis`hgh hurgitk
cas lksks hk gbasta y skpt`kldrk (gclgokigl`kita y egkigs).

8?
 Vcgi Lgkstra
GOT ‟ X`tgimgyaoo

Vksk g su glpc`a usa, ki ui saca ogsa sk lkio`aigi kc @oju y cg Lgtgrg (par

knklpca. tkojgha, ghadk kto.)

Cg Vuyg (Vuyg rg`lai`h``) tgld`ài ks ut`c`zghg pgrg lukdcks (dgiogs, kstgitks,

hkoargha, kiojgpgha kto.), oaistruoo`ÿi (v`bgs, m`asoas kto.), gharias y nukbas
(saldrkras, cçlpgrgs,
cçlpgrgs, tgldarks, bu`tgrrgs
bu`tgrrgs kto.), ck÷g y okroas v`vas.
v`vas.

Ki tahg kc çrkg v`s`tghg cas padcgharks lkio`aigi uias ;6 s`t`as hk Vuyg hk

h`ekrkitk `lpartgio`g y lgbi`tuh.

Ki cas þct`las 86 g÷as, kc usa hk cg Vuyg jg dgngha, s`kiha rkklpcgzghg par kc

Kuogc`pta y kc Gc`sa. G kstk egotar y qu`zçs g atras sk hkdk kc gulkita hk Vuyg
ki tahas skotarks v`s`tghas.

 K spk
spko`
o`ks
ks usgh
usghgs
gs k
ki
i atrgs got`
got`v`
v`hg
hghk
hkss

Lkh`o`igcks> Ki cgs caogc`hghks v`ioucghgs gc çrkg hk oaiskrvgo`ÿi rkb`aigc

Dasquk
pgrg X`tgimgyaoo,
rklkh`gr Gygouoja,
pradcklgs hk sgcuh.jgy ui usa erkoukitk
Kc oaiao`l`kita hk kspko`ks
hk kstgs pcgitgs yvkbktgcks
sus usas
kstç d`ki h`str`du`ha ki cg padcgo`ÿi.

Oughra Ia 5> Vcgitgs hk [sa Lkh`o`igc

Ialdrk [sa Ialdrk [sa

oalþi oalþi
_gcv`g Kinugbuks duogcks Ukrrus Lgiojgs ki cg ogrg
Jugccjug _araojk Tkl`ccg Lgc hk cg v`stg y aìha
M`lsgmuojus Lgc hk r`÷aiks Jugju`ccgy Lgc hk g`rk
Oj`ioj`coalg @iecglgo`ÿi hkc þtkra V`ioup`iou Wu`tg jaibas
Lgroa Hacar hk kstÿlgba Xgqsgig Arqu`ccgs hkc ogdkcca
B`rg Dg÷as hk bacpks R`ccoa Xulkegoo`ÿi
Vgojgtgrg H`grrkg `iegit`c Ouccy Lgc hk bgrbgitg
Pgjugrsuqu Lgc hk cg v`stg V`ip`i`ccg Hacar hk lukcg
Xgiogr Xas Luccgog Lgc gc`kita, oagbucg ckojk
Ogduccg Tkulgt`sla Luojmu Hkspgrgs`tgo`ÿi
Vutgng Orko`l`kita hk ogdkccas Art`bg Hacar hk ogdkzg
Oacg hk ogdgcca Lgc hk jìbgha, r`÷aiks

X`itÿrkgs> Kx`stki pcgitgs usghgs oala oacargitks hk tkn`has> Iabgc ( Nuibcgis

ikatrap`og), Xgioar, Xgrg (Ogksgcp`i`g tgrg), Tgqu`rgqu`.

Lkcìekrgs> Cg gp`oucturg sk kioukitrg ki uig egsk `io`p`kitk y pukhk tkikr

dukigs pkrspkot`vgs pgrg kc eutura= kstg got`v`hgh pukhk g cg vkz oaitr`du`r ki
88
Vcgi Lgkstra
GOT ‟ X`tgimgyaoo

cg oaio`kit`zgo`ÿi sadrk cg `lpartgio`g hkc ksogpa ecargc hk cg Vuyg. Cgs

pr`io`pgcks kspko`ks hk ecarg usghgs pgrg kstg got`v`hgh sai> Xgoosgig,
Ojucculgy, Vuyg, X`t`rog, Kuogc`pta, Hurgzia, Lacck, Xalda, Ogota,
Ojgojgoalg.

K. Tkorka y Xur`sla

Hurgitk cas þct`las 44 g÷as sk jg kv`hkio`gha ui orko`l`kita ki cg ogit`hgh hk

v`s`tgitks quk grr`dgi g cg o`uhgh hk Juglgibg, hk kstgs o`ergs, saca kc ?6%
v`s`tgi cgs zaigs hk U`cogsjuglçi y U`sojaiba. Ia adstgitk ksta, cg ogit`hgh
tatgc hk pkrsaigs quk hkocgrgi quk sk hkh`ogi g got`v`hghks hk Jatkcks y
Tkstgurgitks (Hgta hkc @IK@, okisa 466;) sai paogs. Ksta kxpc`og cg rgzÿi par
cg ougc kstgs got`v`hghks gþi ia sk hksgrraccgi dgna kstçihgrks
kstç ihgrks oalkro`gcks y hk
ogc`hgh.

Cas rkoursas
rkoursas turìst`oas hk cgs prav`io`gs hk U`cogsjuglçi y Juglgibg
Juglgibg sai
luy `lpartgitks. _u pg`sgnk y kitaria igturgc t`kiki ui kiarlk patkio`gc pgrg

kc hksgrracca
Juglgibg,
Juglgib g, qukhkgcdkrbg
got`v`hghks
ghklçsturìst`ogs, kspko`gclkitk
ui r`oa eacmcark ki oucturgc.
y pgtr`lai`a cg prav`io`g hk

Cas v`s`tgitks hk cg zaig sai pr`io`pgclkitk tur`stgs igo`aigcks (06%), caogcks

(5%) y kxtrginkras (8%) kc brupa
brupa hk khghks ks glpc`a
glpc`a (hk cas 75 g cas 56 g÷as
hk khgh).

Cas tur`stgs igo`aigcks, v`s`tgi cg zaig ki brupas hk ? g 4; pkrsaigs, t`kiki ui

bgsta pralkh`a hk 56 sacks par hìg ougiha vgi par kstg rutg, ia t`kiki ui
`itkràs kspko`gc, s`ia kspkrgi cg `iearlgo`ÿi quk dr`ihgi cas buìgs hk tur`sla,
l`kitrgs quk cas lçs nÿvkiks dusogi got`v`hghks lçs h`içl`ogs oala
ogl`igtgs y hkpartks.

Xgld`ài sk jgi prkskitgha ogsas hk tur`stgs `itkrksghas ki cg adskrvgo`ÿi hk

gv`eguig ki cg rutg y kc dasquk, y adskrvgo`ÿi hk pgtr`lai`a oucturgc v`va oai
buìgs kspko`gc`zghas.

[ig earlg `lpartgitk pgrg kc hksgrracca turìst`oa jg s`ha cg rkgc`zgo`ÿi hk

ougtra Koa ‟ lgrgtaiks g trgvàs hk cas Dasquks hk Vuyg ki U`sojaiba. Kstas
kvkitas, oaivaoghas y oaarh`ighas par Kro` Xkgl Aicus, sk rkgc`zgrai ki cas
g÷as 700:, 7000, 4667, 4662,
4662, 4676 y 4674.
4674. Lgrgtÿi hk gprax`lghg
gprax`lghglkitk
lkitk 47
ml hk cgrba, kitrk cas ?,78; y 8,466 lsil, v`kik ogptgiha cg gtkio`ÿi hk
hkpart`stgs igo`aigcks y kxtrginkras, lav`c`zgiha `lpartgitks rkoursas
turìst`oas pgrg cg zaig.

8;
 Vcgi Lgkstra
GOT ‟ X`tgimgyaoo

E. Tkoursas Grqukacÿb`oas U`ioucghas

Kc GOT ‟ X`tgimgyaoo ki su ^aig hk Glart`bugl`kita a `iecukio`g `ih`rkotg,

prkskitg cgs s`bu`kitks zaigs grqukacÿb`ogs hk `lpartgio`g, jgd`kiha luojgs
quk ia kstçi pukstgs ki vgcar>

 Oainuita Grqukacÿb`oa hk U`cogsjuglçi

Oais`hkrgha kc okitra ghl`i`strgt`va lçs `lpartgitk hk cas @iogs,

U`cogsjuglçi sk kioukitrg ud`ogha g 772 Ml. hk cg o`uhgh hk Gygouoja y g
uig gct`tuh hk ?826 l.s.i.l. _u ialdrk git`bua jgdrìg s`ha R`ccmg Juglgi
quk s`bi`e`og "Jgcoÿi _gbrgha".

Oais`stk ki ui brupa hk rkstas grqukacÿb`oas hk uig o`uhgh `iog`og, oaistru`hg

gc lçs pura kst`ca grqu`tkotÿi`oa ousquk÷a. Cas luras jgi s`ha kh`e`oghas oai
dcaquks hk p`khrg
p`khrg ksoucp`hg pgrg
pgrg cabrgr ui kiognk
kiognk pkrekota.

Kstgs oaistruoo`aiks
hk h`itkcks laiulkitgcks
laiacìt`oas, ghklçs hkkstçi gharighgs
i`ojas oai pukrtgs
y jarigo`igs. trgpkza`hgcks
Gcbuias luras
prkskitgi tgccgs ki gcta rkc`kvk hk skrp`kitks y atras gi`lgcks. Cas pr`io`pgcks
skotarks grqukacÿb`oas hk U`cogsjuglçi sai> Kc Xklpca hkc _ac y Cg Cuig, Kc
[sjia a V`rçl`hk Okrklai`gc, Mgccgiog a Vgcgo`a hk Xupgo @iog Pupgiqu`.

 O al
alp
pckna gr
grquk
qukacÿ
acÿb`
b` oa h
hk
k @ it`jugt gig ( 0)
it` jugtgig

[d`ogha ki cg cgbuig hk Vulgooaojg, tgld`ài ki cg prav`io`g hk

U`cogsjuglçi. Kstk oalpckna grqukacÿb`oa oaikotg g Gygouoja oai kc Oçpgo
×gi, par ca quk rko`kitklkitk jg s`ha puksta ki vgcar par kc @IO. Vgrg kc g÷a
4665, kc @IK@ rkb`strg lçs hk 5:6 `ibrksas g kstk s`t`a grqukacÿb`oa.

 U`sojaiba

_k kioukitrg g 0: Ml. hk cg o`uhgh hk Gygouoja, s`bu`kiha cg rutg ge`rlghg

Gygouoja-U`cogsjuglçi,
Gygouoja-U `cogsjuglçi, pgsgiha par kc pgrgnk hk Oaiharqaojg, jgstg cckbgr g
cg caogc`hgh hk U`sojaiba y hk gccì g U`cogsjuglçi. Oaistg hk ui pgcgo`a,
tarrkÿi, dg÷as hk @iog y cg p`khrg hk 72 çibucas.

0 Oçr`tgs-Vkrþ. 4665. H`gbiÿst`oa turìst`oa hk cgs oalui`hghks `itkbrgitks hk cas h`str`tas hk U`sojaiba
y Oj`grg pgrg kc praykota hk OGVX[T hkc oaivki`a Ogr`tgs ‟ E@V. Haoulkita Xàoi`oa.

85
Vcgi Lgkstra
GOT ‟ X`tgimgyaoo

82
 Vcgi Lgkstra
GOT ‟ X`tgimgyaoo

Ogpìtuca ?>
ADNKXA_ HK OAI_KTUGO@ßI
HKC GOT -X@XGIMGPAOO

8:
 Vcgi Lgkstra
GOT ‟ X`tgimgyaoo

OGV@X[CA @@@

?. ADNKXA_ HK OAI_KTUGO@ßI HKC GOT‟X@XGIMGPAOO

?.7 GIÇC@_@_ HK CA_ ADNKXA_ HK OAI_KTUGO@ßI

Cas adnktas hk oaiskrvgo`ÿi sai oalpaikitks kspkoìe`oas hk cg h`vkrs`hgh d`acÿb`og

hk ui cubgr hktkrl`igha. Cg ut`c`hgh hk `hkit`e`ogr adnktas hk oaiskrvgo`ÿi kstç
rkekr`hg g oaiokitrgr kseukrzas pgrg cg oaiskrvgo`ÿi
oaiskrvgo`ÿi ki kstas kcklkitas ocgvks, g cg vkz
quk pkrl`tki lkh`r cg kekot`v`hgh hk tgcks kseukrzas y goo`aiks. Cas adnktas hk
oaiskrvgo`ÿi sk ocgs`e`ogi ki kspko`ks, oalui`hghks igturgcks y s`stklgs koacÿb`oas
(Xjk Igturk Oaiskrvgioy, 4666).

Vgrg cg kcgdargo`ÿi hkc prkskitk Vcgi Lgkstra, sk jg skbu`ha cg lktahacabìg hk

Vcgi`e`ogo`ÿi pgrg cg Oaiskrvgo`ÿi hk Çrkgs (VOG) hksgrraccghg par Xjk Igturk
Oaiskrvgioy (XIO), lkh`gitk cg ougc, y ki dgsk g cas h`vkrsas kvkitas hk oaisuctg
oai `ivkst`bgharks, praeks`aigcks y padcgo`ÿi caogc, sk jgi `hkit`e`ogha cas adnktas hk
oaiskrvgo`ÿi pgrg kc Çrkg hk Oaiskrvgo`ÿi Dasquk hk Vuyg Tg`laih` - X`tgimgyaoo
sk÷gcghas ki kc oughra 2. Gpc`ogiha cg lktahacabìg VOG sk `hkit`e`ograi cas
s`bu`kitks adnktas hk oaiskrvgo`ÿi
oaiskrvgo`ÿi pr`ar`zghas>

Oughra I¾ 2. Adnktas hk Oaiskrvgo`ÿi hkc GOT ‟ X`tgimgyaoo, Gygouoja.

Oalui`hghks
_`stklgs Koacÿb`oas Kspko`ks
Koacÿb`ogs
Tkoursas Jìhr`oas Dasquk hk Vuyg Tg`laih` Kspko`ks hk Lglìekras Glkigzghas
Ouct`vgrks Igt`vas Vgnaigc hk Vuig Kspko`ks Ukbktgcks Ck÷asgs Igt`vgs
Kspko`ks hk Gvks Gctagih`igs
Vkoks Igt`vas

?.7.7 Dasquk hk V uyg r g` laih

aih`` `

Cas dasquks hk puygs (Vuyg rg`laih``) oaist`tuyki uig oalui`hgh d`ÿt`og luy
`lpartgitk yg quk oukitg oai uig brgi vgr`khgh hk arbgi`slas kitrk cas quk hkstgogi
cgs gvks y cas lglìekras pkquk÷as quk kioukitrgi ki cgs pcgitgs hk puyg su eukitk hk
gc`lkita, rkeub`a y s`t`as skoas pgrg rkprahuoo`ÿi.
Cg pcgitg orkok ki rkb`aiks g`scghgs hk sukca pkhrkbasa y luy paoa julus,
lgyarlkitk ki zaigs hk v`kitas erìas, oaitr`duykiha ki cg earlgo`ÿi hk sukcas,
rktkio`ÿi hk gbug y pratkoo`ÿi hk cg kras`ÿi hurgitk cg àpaog ccuv`asg.

_k kioukitrg gsao`ghg g h`vkrsgs kspko`ks hk ecarg oala T`dks ouik`eac`us, Gbkrgt`ig

stkridkrb`gig, Dgoojgr`s ahargtg, Oaculkcc`g adavgtg, _kiig vkrs`oacar,
vkrs`o acar, Drgoj`atul

80
 Vcgi Lgkstra
GOT ‟ X`tgimgyaoo

iguh`i``, _t`pg `oju, Vuyg jglgog, _o`rpus r`b`hus, Duhhck`g oar`gokg, apuit`g
ecaooasg, Ogcglgbrast`s lgorapjyccg, ekstuog spp, Dgoojgr`s tr`ouikgtg , luojg
jkrdçokgs quk praspkrgi par kc kekota iahr`zg cg Vuyg rg`laih``.

Ugr`gs kspko`ks hk gvks kioukitrgi ki cgs puygs ui cubgr hk g i`hgo`ÿi kitrk cas
kspgo`as c`drks hk sus brgihks jangs ksp`iasgs, ki cg pgrtk gp`ogc ougiha y ki cas
ksogpas ecargcks ougiha kstas yg kstçi skoas ( Oacgptks rup`oacg). Cg pcgitg cks
oaie`krk uig pratkoo`ÿi oaitrg vkrtkdrghas prkhgharks y hkc jaldrk.

Gcbuigs hk cgs kspko`ks hk gvks rkb`strghgs sai> Vgtgbaig b`bgs, Gstjkiks h‐ard`iy`,
Lktr`apkc`g lkcgiaptkrg, ^aiatr`oj`g ogpkis`s, Vjryb`cus bgy`, Arkatraoj`cus kstkccg,
_p`ius gtrgtus, Xrabcah`tks gkhai y Dutka pako`caojraus.
Ckptgstjkiurg gih`oacg, _p`ius

Kx`stki tgld`ài gvks quk sukcki erkoukitgr cas rahgcks hk Vuygs, oala sai>
Iatjapraotg arigtg, Ugikccus rkspckihkis, Lktgccurg pjakdk, Arkatraoj`cus stkccg,
Lktr`apkc`g lkcgiaptkrg, ^aiatr`oj`g ogpkis`s, Vjryb`cus bgy`, Egcoa spgrvkr`us,
Uuctur brypjus, X`iglat`s pkitcgih`` , kitrk atrgs.

Kitrk cg eguig gsao`ghg (oai kxokpo`ÿi hk cgs gvks, yg lkio`aighgs) kioaitrglas g

cas lglìekras> Cyogcapkx oucpgkus, Ahaoa`ckus v`rb`i`gius, Ekc`s oacaoaca, U`oubig
v`oubig, Cgb`h`ul pkrugiul, Gmahai sp. y g cas rkpt`cks Xgojylki`s pkruv`gig,
C`acgklus sp.

Luojgs hk kstgs kspko`ks sk kioukitrg ki kstgha hk glkigzg skbþi cg [i`ÿi

@itkrigo`aigc pgrg cg Oaiskrvgo`ÿi hk cg Igturgckzg ([@OI) y cg Oaivkio`ÿi
@itkrigo`aigc pgrg kc Oalkro`a hk Kspko`ks Glkigzghgs (O@XK_), oala oaiskouki
oaiskoukio`g
o`g
hk cgs `itkis`vgs quklgs rkgc`zghgs par cas cubgrk÷as. Cg Vuyg Tg`laih`` ks
oais`hkrghg oala pkc`brasg par cas padcgharks caogcks, hkd`ha g quk kc bgigha sk
qukhg eço`clkitk kirkhgha kitrk cgs jangs ksp`iasgs `lp`h`kiha su c`dkrgo`ÿi.
Ghklçs, cg kspko`k ks tgcghg ki gcbuias cubgrks pgrg gpravkojgr cg làhucg oala
lghkrg y oaiekoo`aigr dgioas, cktrkras, kto. Ki U`sojaiba y Ojgiojg`cca jgy cg
orkkio`g hk quk cg quklg dkike`o`grç cg prapgbgo`ÿi hk cg pcgitg, ca ougc skbþi
T`vkrg76 ia ks o`krta. Gcbuias padcgharks (@ccgpgsoog, Vgccoogogiojg, Wu`sugrogiojg)
rkpartgi quk ki su ktgpg –ghuctg“ cg Vuyg klpadrkok cas pgstas.

Ki kc çrkg sk pukhk kioaitrgr

kioaitrgr dasquks hkisas hk Vuyg rg`laih``, cg zaig oaiao`hg
oala X`tgimgyaoo ks kc dasquk hk lgyar tglg÷a, oai uig hkis`hgh hk ?66 g 852
`ih`v`huas par jkotçrkg77 y ki cg oalui`hgh hk _gi Cuogs hk Ojgiojg`cca (h`str`ta hk
Oj`grg), cg hkis`hgh ks hk 0:;.27 `ih`v`huas par jkotçrkg 74. Xgld`ài kx`stki dasquks
76
T`vkrg,O. Vuyg Tg`laih`` Jgrls.70:;. Dacktìi hk C`lg ?:>:;-07.
77

OKHK_.
Vuygs Vralao`ÿi,
hk Tgylaih` pratkoo`ÿi
oala kspko`ksy oaiskrvgo`ÿi hkc X`tgimgyao
ki kxt`io`ÿi. Haoulkita oala zaig hk rkskrvg igturgc y hk cgs
tàoi`oa.
74
KTO@ Xkgl.4667.Tkpartk hk kvgcugo`ÿi prkc`l`igr rkgc`zghg ki kc dasquk hk Vuyg rg`laih`` hk cg
oalui`hgh hk _gi Cuogs hk Ojgiojgycca, h`str`ta hk Oj`grg.

;6
 Vcgi Lgkstra
GOT ‟ X`tgimgyaoo

hk lkiar tglg÷a ki Tgoogrgoogy, _gojgdgldg, Lgigccgsgo, tahas ki kc h`str`ta hk

Oj`grg. Kstgs hkis`hghks oaitrgstgi s`bi`e`ogt`vglkitk oai gqukccgs rkb`strghgs pgrg kc
Vgrquk Igo`aigc Jugsogrçi7? quk rkpartg ui lçx`la hk 4; @ih/Jg, pgrg kc ogsa hkc
GOT ‟ X`tgimgyaoo kc pralkh`a ks ?:8 @ih/Jg.

?.7.4 Kspko`ks hk Lglìekras Glkigzghas

Kc kstuh`a hk oglpa rkgc`zgha par kc kqu`pa hk `ivkst`bgharks hk cg [i`vkrs`hgh

Igo`aigc _gi Or`stÿdgc hk Juglgibg
Juglgibg y hk cg Gsao`go`ÿi Vra Eguig _`cvkstrk hk
Gygouoja pkrl`t`ÿ `hkit`e`ogr cas pr`io`pgcks lglìekras quk erkoukitgi cas dasquks
U` sojaiba (Oughra Ia :).
hk Vuyg Tg`laih`` ‟ X`tgimgyaoo hkc h`str`ta hk U`sojaiba

Oughra Ia :. T`qukzg
T` qukzg lgstazaacÿb
lgstazaacÿb`og
`og ki kc GOT - X`tgimgyaoo. Gygouoja ‟ 4665.
IALDTK IALDTK
EGL@C@G H._. I¶ 6?8-4668-GB
O@KIXÌE@OA OAL[I
Okrv`hgk J`ppaoglkcus git`skis`s Xgrumg Uucikrgdck (U[)

Oglkc`hgk U`oubig v`oubig U`ou÷g Uucikrgdck (U[)

Vulg oaioacar Vulg Ogs` glkigzgha (IX)
Ekc`hgk
Arkg`curus ngoad`tg Asqa, bgta gih`ia Ki Vkc`bra (KI)

Cgs kspko`ks hk lglìekras oai gcbþi i`vkc hk glkigzg sai>

Ki Vkc`bra (KI). Asqa a Bgta Gih`ia (Arkg`curus ngoad`tg), sk jgi rkb`strgha

vkst`b`as hk kstg kspko`k, lgs ia `ih`v`huas ki cg zaig, sk sgdk par rkekrkio`g
hk cas padcgharks caogcks, quk kstg kspko`k kstç salkt`hg g eukrtk prks`ÿi hk
ogzg. Ki gcbuias caogcks oalkro`gcks hk cg zaig ks pas`dck vkr su p`kc.

Uucikrgdck (U[). Dgna kstk i`vkc hk glkigzg sk jgi `hkit`e`ogha g cg Xgrumg

(J`ppaoglkcus git`skis`s ) y g cg U`ou÷g (U`oubig v`oubig). Vgrg kc ogsa hk cg
Xgrumg (J`ppaoglkcus git`skis`s) ia sk jgi oaiskbu`ha rkb`stras i` vkst`b`as,
pkra par rkekrkio`g hk cas padcgharks caogcks sk sgdk quk jgy oastuldrk hk
ogzgr kstgr kspko`k, sadrk taha ki cgs qukdrghgs lçs gctgs.

Ogs` Glkigzgha (IX). Dgna kstk i`vkc hk glkigzg sk jgi `hkit`e`ogha gc

Vulg (Vulg oaioacar), kspko`k rkb`strghg par sus vkst`b`as ki cg zaig hk
kstuh`a, gsì oala par cgs
cg s rkekrkio`gs hk cas padcgharks caogcks.

7?
.- Mcaji Or`ppki ‟ _U_ _.G. 700:. Kstuh`a hkc _tgtus Vadcgo`aigc hkc Tahgc hk Vuyg Tg`laih`` (Vuyg
a _gitÿi) hk cg zaig hk Ogrpg ki kc Vgrquk Igo`aigc Jugsogrçi. Vraykota Gitgl`ig

;7
 Vcgi Lgkstra
GOT ‟ X`tgimgyaoo

?.7.? H`spai`d`c`hgh hkc Tkoursa Jìhr`oa

Cg `lpartgio`g hkc rkoursa jìhr`oa ki cg zaig hktkrl`ig ki brgi lkh`hg cg ogc`hgh hk

v`hg y cg ogpgo`hgh hk prahuoo`ÿi hkc çrkg. Var kstg rgzÿi, ks quk kc s`stklg
j`hracÿb`oa v`ioucgha gc dasquk hk Vuyg rg`laih`` ‟ X`tgimgyaoo ud`ogha kitrk cas
h`str`tas hk U`sojaiba ks oais`hkrgha oala ui saca Adnkta hk Oaiskrvgo`ÿi.
Oaiskrvgo`ÿi.

Kc s`stklg j`hracÿb`oa v`ioucgha gc GOT ‟ X`tgimgyaoo pkrtkikok g cg oukiog hkc Tìa

Vglpgs. @i`o`gclkitk, kstk rìa v`gng hk Kstk ‟ Akstk, y gtrgv`ksg kc h`str`ta hk Ogibgcca,
haihk talg kc ialdrk hkc h`str`ta. Cukba, kc rìa sk ogld`g hk h`rkoo`ÿi y v`gng hk _ur
‟ Iartk, pgrg hkskldaogr ki kc Tìa Gpurìlgo.

Kc pr`io`pgc gecukitk hkc Tìa Vglpgs ks kc Tìa U`sojaiba. Guiquk kstk rìa ks
gc`lkitgha par `iiulkrgdcks r`gojukcas, pkrlgikitks y kstgo`aigcks, y vgr`as hk kstas
tr`dutgr`as igoki ki cgs ougtra cgbuigs y julkhgcks quk sk kioukitrgi ki GOT -
X`tgimgyaoo.

Ki ougita g ycgs
pkrlgikitks cgbuigs, kcquk
kstgo`aigcks, çrkgoaitr`duyki
oait`kik uig
g cg`lpartgitk
rkbucgo`ÿi rkh
hkc hk oukrpas
s`stklg hk gbug,
j`hrabrçe`oa.
Hk goukrha g cas trgdgnas hk rkoaiao`l`kita ki kc çrkg sk pukhki `hkit`e`ogr cgs
s`bu`kitks cgbuigs>

 Cgbuig Ookuccgooaojg
 Cgbuig Ojgccjugooaojg
 Cgbuig Aroaooaojg
 Cgbuig Oj`igooaojg

?.7.8 Kspko`ks Ukbktgcks Ck÷asgs Igt`vgs

Cgs kspko`ks vkbktgcks ck÷asgs igt`vgs t`kiki kspko`gc `lpartgio`g, tgita ki cgs
rkcgo`aiks koacÿb`ogs, oala ki cgs ikoks`hghks koaiÿl`ogs hk cas padcgharks caogcks.
Kstgs kspko`ks kstçi sunktgs gc usa oaistgitk, quk pukhk skr hkshk lahkrgha jgstg
`itkisa, hkpkih`kiha hk cg zaig. _kbþi cg Ocgs`e`ogo`ÿi Ae`o`gc hk Kspko`ks
Glkigzghgs hk Ecarg _`cvkstrk prapukstg par kc Hkorkta _uprkla I¶ 68? - 4665 ‟GB,
hkitra hk cgs ogtkbarìgs
ogtkbarìgs hk glkigzg sk t`kik cgs s`bu`kitks kspko`ks>
kspko`ks>

Vkc`bra Orìt`oa (OT) Vacyckp`s `iogig Muitj

Uucikrgdck (U[)
Ogs` glkigzgha (IX)
Vacyckp`s rgoklasg Tu`z & Vgv.
Gcius goul`igtg Muitj sudsp.goul`igtg
Oaculkcc`g adavgtg Tu`z & Vgv.
Ksogccai`g lyrt`cca`hks C. e. vgr. lyrt`cca`hks
Ksogccai`g rks`iasg (Tu`z & Vgv.) Vkrs.
Dgoojgr`s bki`stkcca`hks (Cgl.) Vkrs.

;4
 Vcgi Lgkstra
GOT ‟ X`tgimgyaoo

Oughra Ia 0> C`stg Oalpcktg hk kspko`ks ck÷asgs igt`vgs v`ioucghgs gc GOT -

X`tgimgyaoo.
K_VKO@K IALDTK OALÞI EGL@C@G

Dgoojgr`s cgt`eac`g Oj`cog G_XKTGOKGK

Dgoojgr`s tr`ouikgtg Xgyg G_XKTGOKGK
Gr`st`bukt`g vkrs`oacar G_XKTGOKGK
Dkrdkr`s sp. Xgimgr DKTDKT@HGOKGK
Ugcckg st`pucgr`s W`cq`lsg KCGKAOGTVGOKGK
Gcius goul`igtg Gc`sa DKX[CGOKGK
_kiig luct`bcgihucasg Lutuy EGDGOKGK
_kiig vkrs`oacar Lutuy EGDGOKGK
Ksogccai`g lyrt`cca`hks Xgstg BTA__[CGT@GOKGK
Ksogccai`g rks`iasg Ojgojgoalg BTA__[CGT@GOKGK
Vacyckp`s `iogig W‐ku÷g TA_GOKGK
Vacyckp`s rgoklasg W‐ku÷g TA_GOKGK
?.7.; Gvks Igt`vgs Gctagih`igs

Hurgitk cas lukstrkas hk eguig quk sk rkgc`zÿ, sk `hkit`e`ograi vgr`as brupas hk gvks
quk sai rkprkskitgt`vgs hk cas jçd`tgts v`ioucghas gc GOT ‟ X`tgimgyaoo ud`ogha ki kc
h`str`ta hk U`sojaiba. Kc lukstrka hk gvks h`a ui tatgc hk ;5 kspko`ks, ki 44 egl`c`gs.
_ÿca uig kspko`k `hkit`e`oghg prkskitg gcbþi i`vkc hk glkigzg ( Uuctur brypjus, Ki
Vkc`bra ‟ KI). Cgs gvks `hkit`e`oghgs pukhki gbrupgrsk
gbrupgrsk ki brupas hk ``lpartgio`g>
lpartgio`g>

 Gvks hk ^aigs Gctgs> Ki kstk brupa sk rkoaiaok gc Oÿihar Gih`ia (Uuctur

brypjus) oala cg lçs `lpartgitk, y sk ck pukhk vkr ki cgs zaigs lçs gctgs, ki
cgs çrkgs oai raogs y gogit`cghas.

 Gvks v`ioucghgs g cas Dasquks hk Vuyg> Ki kstk brupa sk pukhk rkoaiaokr gc

Oac`drì B`bgitk (Vgtgbaig b`bgs), g cgs pkrh`oks gih`igs ( X`iglalus sp.), y g
cas ogrp`itkras hk t`krrg ( Oacgptks rup`oacg).

 Gvks v`ioucghgs g cas Oukrpas hk Gbug > Kstk brupa hk gvks sk v`ioucgi g cas
julkhgcks y atras oukrpas hk gbugs (par knklpca, rìas). Cgs kspko`ks lçs
s`bi`e`ogt`vgs hk kstk brupa sai cas pgtas ( Gigs ecgv`rastr`s, Gigs bkarb`og,
Gigs puig, Gigs spkoucgr`ahks, Ax`ura ekrrub`ikg), cas Ogrghr`earlks, oala
sai cg Bgv`atg _krrgig (Cgrus skrrgius ), Vcgykras (Ojgrghr``s sp.)= cgs bgrzgs
Iyot`oargx iyot`oargx)= cas bru`earlks, oala cg Bgcckrktg Gih`ig ( Euc`og
(grhks`gog ), Vaccg hk Gbug ( Bgcc`iucg ojcarapus) y kc Tgsoÿi Vcal`za

;?
 Vcgi Lgkstra
GOT ‟ X`tgimgyaoo

(Vgrh`rgccus sgibu`iackitus)= y kc þi`oa ^glducc`har rkb`strgha ki cg Cgbuig

Valgoaojg (Taccgih`g raccgihs).

?.7.5 Vgnaigc hk Vuig

Kc hkial`igha Vgnaigc hk Vuig kstç oalprkih`ha kitrk cas ?,466 g8,666 l.s.i.l.
Kstg earlgo`ÿi vkbktgc `ivacuorg cgs zaigs hk v`hg Dasquk jþlkha laitgia
sudtrap`ogc (dj-L_) y kc Vçrgla luy jþlkha sudgcp`ia sudtrap`ogc (plj-_g_). Cg
Ukbktgo`ÿi ks pr`io`pgclkitk jkrdçokg y ks hal`ighg par cas bàikras>
Ogcglgbrast`s, Gbrast`s, _t`pg, Igsskccg, Vgspgcul, Vag y Ekstuog = quk gcogizgi
gcturg pralkh`a hk ;6ol g :6ol, gsao`ghas oai kspko`ks hk cas bàikras Dgoojgr`s,
Axgc`s, Bkit`gig, Lujckldkrb`g, y atrgs Egdgokgs pkquk÷gs.

Cg vkbktgo`ÿi igturgc kstç oaiearlghg par cg lgyar pgrtk hk cgs kspko`ks hk cg

earlgo`ÿi gitkr`ar, cgs quk prkskitgi ui duki brgha hk hksgrracca y hkis`hgh. Ki cg
lgyarìg hk cgs qukdrghgs sk adskrvg uig tup`hg vkbktgo`ÿi oaiearlgiha
oaiearlgiha ui vkrhghkra
laitk r`dkrk÷a, oai kspko`ks jkrdçokgs, grdust`vgs
grdust`vgs y grdÿrkgs. Jgo`g kc i`vkc supkr`ar,

?,;66 ‟ ?,566
earrgnkrgs, l.s.i.l.,
kitrk cgs vgi gpgrko`kiha
quk hkstgogi cgs Ekstuogs,cgsOgcglgbrast`s,
prghkrgs igturgcks
Vags, hk
kto.brglìikgs
Kitrk cas
pr`io`pgcks ouct`vas sk kioukitrgi> pgpg, tr`ba,
tr`ba, okdghg, lgìz, accuoa, aog, grvkng, jgdg,
lgsjug, jartgc`zgs y pgstas ouct`vghas.

Hkd`ha gc sadrkpgstarka gc quk kstç sunkta kstgs çrkgs, jgi gpgrko`ha kspko`ks
`ivgsargs oala kc bgrdgio`cca (Gstrgbgcus spp.), pgoa-pgoa (Go`gojik pucv`igtg),
oÿihar okdaccg, kto., cgs quk h`sl`iuyki
h`sl`iuyki cg ogc`hgh earrgnkrg hk cas
c as pgst`zgcks. Xgld`ài
sk kioukitrgi h`skl`ighgs ki kc çrkg, kspko`ks grdust`vgs y grdÿrkgs, hk cas bàikras
Vacyckp`s, Duhhckng y Ksogccai`g.

?.7.2 Vkoks Igt`vas

Ki ca rkcgo`aigha g cas pkoks igt`vas, ks paog cg `iearlgo`ÿi oai cg quk sk oukitg

sadrk cgs has þi`ogs kspko`ks rkb`strghgs> Arkst`g sp, y Xr`ojalyotkrus sp. Ca quk sì sk
sgdk ks quk kstgs kspko`ks usgi cas oursas hk gbug hk cg zaig, y quk kstçi suer`kiha
uig eukrtk glkigzg par `itrahuoo`ÿi hk kspko`ks kxÿt`ogs, oala ks cg Xruojg y kc
Vknkrrky hk r`a.

?.7.: Ouct`vgrks Igt`vas

Hk cg l`slg lgikrg, sk sgdk paoa hk cg h`vkrs`hgh hk ouct`vgrks igt`vas,

kspko`gclkitk hk cgs Vgpgs s`cvkstrks y skl`-s`cvkstrks,
skl` -s`cvkstrks, ghklçs hk cg `ilkisg vgr`khgh
hk atrgs kspko`ks ouct`vghgs. Cg paog `iearlgo`ÿi oai quk sk oukitg ks quk kstçs sk
kioukitrgi glkigzghgs
glkigzghgs par kc laiaouct`va hk kspko`ks
kspko`ks lçs oalkro`gcks, skldrghgs
skldrghgs
ki su lgyarìg par gbr`ouctarks earçikas.

;8
 Vcgi Lgkstra
GOT ‟ X`tgimgyaoo

?.4 GIÇC@_@_ HK GLKIG^G_ HK CA_ ADNKXA_ HK OAI_KTUGO@ßI

Ki kc lgroa hkc praoksa hkc VOG, cg `hkit`e`ogo`ÿi hk glkigzgs g cas adnktas hk

oaiskrvgo`ÿi ks ui praoksa cgrba, y hkdk skr oait`iua, hk lgikrg quk kstà rkspgchgha
hk ui s`stklg hk lai`tarka quk pkrl`tg kc skbu`l`kita hk cgs glkigzgs. Kstk praoksa
rkqu`krk hk luojg `iearlgo`ÿi dgsk (cìikg dgsk hkc kstgha hk cgs padcgo`aiks hk cgs
kspko`ks glkigzghgs,
glkigzghgs, kitrk atrgs).

Ki dgsk g cas kstuh`as hk oglpa, y g cg `iearlgo`ÿi oalp`cghg, sk pukhk ge`rlgr quk

kc kstgha hk oaiskrvgo`ÿi hkc Dasquk hk Vuyg Tg`laih` ‟ X`tgimgyaoo, ud`ogha ki kc
h`str`ta hk U`sojaiba ks dukia. _`i kldgrba, ks urbkitk kc hksgrracca hk got`v`hghks
oai adnkt`vas kstrgtàb`oas pgrg l`t`bgr y gpravkojgr cas `lpgotas bkikrghas par kc
`iorklkita hkc tur`sla, quk sk p`kisg skrç cg pr`io`pgc got`v`hgh koaiÿl`og ki cg
rkb`ÿi ki cas prÿx`las g÷as, y g cg ikoks`hgh hk `iorklkitgr cg eraitkrg gbrìoacg. Kc
usa hksarhkigha y ia sastki`dck hk cas rkoursas jg cckvgha g quk sk bkikrki glkigz
glkigzgs
gs
sadrk cas adnktas hk oaiskrvgo`ÿi. @iocusa gqukccgs oais`hkrghgs oala glkigzgs
patkio`gcks hkdki
hkdki skr adskrvghgs
adskrvghgs ou`hghasglkitk.
ou`hghasglkitk.
Ki cas tgcckrks hk kcgdargo`ÿi hkc Vcgi Lgkstra, cgs glkigzgs `hkit`e`oghgs eukrai cgs
quk sk lukstrg ki kc Oughra Ia 76.

Hkc giçc`s`s hk glkigzgs, sk pukhk `hkit`e`ogr quk cg Wuklg, skg hk cas pgnaigcks hk
puig a hk cgs Vuygs, y kc orko`l`kita hksarhkigha
hksarhkigha hk cg gbr`oucturg, sai cgs quk t`kiki
uig lgyar `io`hkio`g sadrk cas adnktas hk oaiskrvgo`ÿi. Cukba, cgs got`v`hghks hk tgcg
s`i rkearkstgo`ÿi, oaitgl`igo`ÿi oai gbraquìl`oas, y ogokrìg `ckbgc, sai ca quk aoupgi
kc skbuiha cubgr ki kc rgim`ib hk cgs glkigzgs.

Gigc`zgiha kstg `iearlgo`ÿi hkshk atrg pkrspkot`vg, sk pukhk rkoaiaokr quk cgs
kspko`ks ck÷asgs igt`vgs sai kc adnkta hk oaiskrvgo`ÿi lçs glkigzgha (; glkigzgs ca
gekotgi hk lgikrg h`rkotg). Cg skbuihg pas`o`ÿi ki brgha hk glkigzg ca aoupgi vgr`as
adnktas hk oaiskrvgo`ÿi> Dasquk hk Vuygs, Tkoursa Jìhr`oa, Vgnaigc hk Vuig,
Kspko`ks hk Lglìekras Glkigzghas,
Glkigzghas, y cgs Kspko`ks hk Vkoks Igt`vas. Ki kstk giçc`s`s
giçc`s `s
ks `itkrksgitk rkoaiaokr quk kc Adnkta hk Oaiskrvgo`ÿi v`ioucgha g ouct`vgrks igt`vas
ks kc quk rko`dk lkias glkigzgs. Ksta ks hkd`ha g quk ks ui adnkta luy kspkoìe`oa y
quk sk oaiokitrg ki uig pkquk÷g zaig. Ghklçs, kstk ks kc adnkta oai lkiar
`iearlgo`ÿi, hkd`ha g quk ia kx`stki trgdgnas hk `hkit`e`ogo`ÿi hk cgs kspko`ks y
vgr`khghks hk cas ouct`vas igt`vas.

;;
 Vcgi Lgkstra
GOT ‟ X`tgimgyaoo

Oughra Ia 76> Giçc`s`s hk Glkigzgs g cas Adnktas hk Oaiskrvgo`ÿi pr`ar`zghas pgrg kc GOT ‟ X`tgimgyaoo, Gygouoja.

ADNKXA_ HK
OAI_KTUGO@ßI GLKIG^G_
Oaitgl`igo`ÿi par Ogigc`zgo`ÿi pgrg Ogptgo`ÿi hk anas hk
Tkoursas Jìhr`oas gbraquìl`oas r`kba gbug
Ouct`va `itkis`va hk
Ouct`vgrks igt`vas kspko`ks y vgr`khghks
lçs rkitgdcks

Vgnaigc hk Vuig Bgighkrìg

hk gi`lgcksialkiarks
ghkoughg _adrkpgstarka a
sadrkogrbg gi`lgc Wuklg hk pgnaigcks

Ukbktgo`ÿi hk Glpc`go`ÿi hk kspgo`as

Xgcg s`i rkearkstgo`ÿi Wuklg hk lgtarrgcks
Kxtrgoo`ÿi Vcgitgs `itrahuo`hgs
kspko`ks igt`vgs hk ouct`va skckot`vg gckcapçt`ogs
@iorklkita hk cg Xgcg pgrg earrgnk y Kxpgis`ÿi
Dasquk hk Vuygs Wuklg hk puygs
got`v`hgh bgighkrg grtksgiìg gbrìoacg
Gvks Ogzg hk gvks (vkitg y
Hkstruoo`ÿi hk jçd`tgt Ogzg pgrg gharias
rkprkskitgt`vgs oaisula)
Oaitgl`igo`ÿi hkc gbug @itrahuoo`ÿi hk truojg [sa hk kxpcas`vas
Vkoks igt`vas oai gbraquìl`oas y pknkrrky dgrdgsoa
Ogzg `ckbgc hk cg eguig Ogld`a hk oaihuotg
Lglìekras Ogzg hk ogriìvaras pgrg Kxpgis`ÿi
s`cvkstrk pgrg p`kcks y par `itrahuoo`ÿi hk
glkigzghas pratkbkr cg bgighkrìg gbrìoacg
ogrik gi`lgcks halàst`oas

Vcgi Lgkstra
GOT ‟ X`tgimgyaoo

?.4.7 Wuklgs

Cgs quklgs ki cgs h`ekrkitks zaigs v`ioucghgs gc GOT ‟ X`tgimgyaoo, ud`ogha ki kc

h`str`ta hk U`sojaiba, sk hg par ui oainuita hk rgzaiks quk h`e`krki skbþi cg
caogc`hgh. Cgs pr`io`pgcks quklgs `hkit`e`oghgs sai>

 Wuklg hk Vuyg Tg`laih`. Cg quklg hk cgs pcgitgs hk Vuyg Tg`laih`

rkspaihk g cg ikoks`hgh hk cas padcgharks caogcks hk rkhuo`r kc iþlkra hk
`ih`v`huas hk kstg kspko`k, quk ki gcbuigs zaigs hal`ig tahg cg oadkrturg hkc
çrkg. Ki luojas hk cas ogsas, kstg quklg sk hg pgrg kc`l`igr cg pgrtk `iekr`ar
hk cg Vuyg,
Vuyg, oai cg e`igc`hgh quk kc bgigha ia sk qukhk kibgiojgha.
kibgiojgha.

 Wuklg hk Vgnaigc hk Vuig. Cg quklg hk cas pgnaigcks hk cg puig ks luy

prgot`oghg ki ogs` tahg cg s`krrg pkrugig.
pkrugig. Ki cas lksks hk aotudrk ‟ iav`kldrk,
cgs oalui`hghks oglpks`igs
oglpks`igs bgighkrgs
bgighkrgs quklgi cas pgstas oai cg e`igc`hgh hk
quk kstk orkzog lçs t`kria y gduihgitk cukba hk cgs ccuv`gs (kikra ‟ gdr`c). Kc
lgyar pradcklg hk kstgs quklgs ks quk ia sai oaitracghgs, par ca quk kc
eukba oaisulk uig brgi ogit`hgh hk d`algsg, gekotgiha ki luojas ogsas, cgs
pcgitgs quk gþi kstçi dgna cg earlg hk skl`ccgs a ducdas ki kc sukca.
sukca.
  Wuklg hk Çrkgs Dasoasgs. Ki cgs pgrtks dgngs hk cgs cghkrgs, ki kc eaiha hk
cgs qukdrghgs haihk jgy oursas hk gbug lçs a lkias pkrlgikitk, sk earlgi
pkquk÷as Dasquks T`dkrk÷as, cas quk lgit`kiki uig h`vkrs`hgh ``lpartgitk
lpartgitk hk
kspko`ks ck÷asgs igt`vgs. Kstas dasquks sai oaistgitklkitk quklghas, oai cg
e`igc`hgh hk gdr`r iukvgs çrkgs gbrìoacgs, a çrkgs hk pgstarka.

?.4.4 Orko`l`kita Hksarhkigha

Hksarhkigha hk cg Gbr`oucturg

Cgs oaistgitks hklgihgs hkc lkrogha hk prahuotas gbrìoacgs, gsì oala cg padrk
prahuoo`ÿi gbrìoacg hk cg zaig, cg dþsqukhg
dþsqukhg hk iukvas tkrrkias eàrt`cks, jgi lat`vgha
quk kc orko`l`kita hk cg gbr`oucturg skg hksarhkigha, pkrnuh`ogiha pr`io`pgclkitk cgs
çrkgs hk dasquks r`dkrk÷as y cg pgrtk dgng hk cas Dasquks hk Vuyg Tg`laih`.

?.4.? Xgcg s`i Tkearkstgo`ÿi

[i jkoja `itkrksgitk ki cgs qukdrghgs hkc GOT ‟ X`tgimgyaoo, ks cg prkskio`g hk

Dasquks T`dkrk÷as, oai uig `lpartgitk ogit`hgh hk kspko`ks ck÷asgs igt`vgs, oala
sai cgs Wuk÷ags (Vacyckp`s sp.), Gc`sas (Gcius goul`igtg), Ojgojgoalas (Ksogccai`g
rks`iasg), Xgstg (Ksogccai`g lyrt`cca`hks ), kitrk atras. Cg hklgihg hk lghkrg, pgrg kc
usa oala oaldust`dck (ck÷g), pgrg cg oaistruoo`ÿi hk v`v`kihgs y cg kcgdargo`ÿi hk
jkrrgl`kitgs, ks orko`kitk=
orko`kitk= y cg egctg hk tkoiacabìg y oastuldrks hk rkearkstgo`ÿi hk
cas padcgharks oaitr`duyki g quk kstas dasquks sk kioukitrk luy rkhuo`has,

Vcgi Lgkstra
GOT ‟ X`tgimgyaoo

`iorklkitçihask cg pkrh`hg hk oadkrturg vkbktgc, cg kras`ÿi y cg hkearkstgo`ÿi hk

dasquks rkc`otas.

Cg tgcg s`i rkearkstgo`ÿi tgld`ài sk lgi`e`kstg g trgvàs hk cg sgog hk ksogpas hk Vuyg

rg`laih`` pgrg su usa ki cg oaistruoo`ÿi hk v`v`kihgs
v`v`kihgs,, kiojgpks y dgiqu`tas= s`kiha
uig hk cgs glkigzgs quk gekotg h`rkotglkitk cg h`spkrs`ÿi hk skl`ccgs, rkeub`a pgrg
gi`lgcks s`cvkstrks y cg dkcckzg ksoài`og hkc Dasquk hk X`tgimgs. Atra hk cas usas hkc
ksogpa hk cg Vuyg rg`laih``, sk hg ougiha kstk gþi sk kioukitrg ki pckig ecargo`ÿi, cgs
ougcks sai tuldghgs y klpckghgs oala earrgnk pgrg kc bgigha, kstk jkoja sk
`iorklkitg ki cas lksks hk skqu`g par cg ksogsks hk pgstas= gekotgiha cg earlgo`ÿi hk
cg skl`ccg hk cg X`tgimg y cg gc`lkitgo`ÿi hk cg eguig s`cvkstrk pr`io`pgclkitk gvks k

`iskotas.
?.4.8 Ogzg @ckbgc

Cg ogokrìg `ckbgc ks atrg hk cgs glkigzgs quk gekotgi lçs hk ui adnkta hk

oaiskrvgo`ÿi> Gvks hk @lpartgio`g Koacÿb`og y Kspko`ks hk Lglìekras Glkigzghas.
Cg ogokrìg `ckbgc sk lgi`e`kstg hk h`ekrkitks lgikrgs sadrk oghg uia hk kstas adnktas
hk oaiskrvgo`ÿi>
oaiskrvgo`ÿi>
  Ogokrìg pgrg Gharias> Vr`io`pgclkitk hk gvks, cgs quk sai h`skoghgs pgrg skr
usghgs oala gharias ki cgs ogsgs. Xgld`ài, sk sgdk quk cas Bgtas Gih`ias
(Ekc`s oacaoaca) tgld`ài suerki hk prks`ÿi hk ogzg par sus p`kcks, cgs quk sai
usghgs pgrg got`v`hghks rkc`b`asgs y prap`gs hkc eacocar caogc.
c aogc.
 Ogzg pgrg Oaisula. Ki cas tgcckrks hk kvgcugo`ÿi rurgc, sk puha oaie`rlgr
quk cg bkitk hk cg zaig gþi t`kik jçd`tas hk oaisula hk kspko`ks s`cvkstrks. _k
jg `hkit`e`ogha quk kccas oaisulki Vgtas _`cvkstrks, Bgisa _krrgia, gsì oala
o`krtas lglìekras lgyarks (par knklpca> Xgruog a Ukigha). Kstk t`pa hk
ogokrìg ks skckot`vg, y ia ks bkikrgc`zghg.

 Ogokrìg pgrg Oalkro`a @ckbgc. Kstk t`pa hk ogzg sk hg pr`io`pgclkitk sadrk

cgs padcgo`aiks hk U`ou÷gs (U`oubig v`oubig). _k sgdk quk jgy o`krta
lav`l`kita hk ogzgharks eurt`vas quk prks`aigi kc çrkg. Ksta jg bkikrgha
lgckstgr ki cg padcgo`ÿi caogc, qu`àiks t`kiki paogs pas`d`c`hghks hk jgokr ui
gpravkojgl`kita sastki`dck
sastki`dck hk cg U`ou÷g.

?.4.; _adrkpgstarka

Kc sadrkpgstarka, kitkih`ha oala cg sadrk ogrbg gi`lgc ki cgs çrkgs hk pgstas

igturgcks, quk aogs`aig cg pàrh`hg hk prahuot`v`hgh y cg ogpgo`hgh hk rkbkikrgt`vg. Kc
sadrkpgstarka sk hg pr`io`pgclkitk ki cas Vgnaigcks hk Vuig y cas Lgtarrgcks,

;:

Vcgi Lgkstra
GOT ‟ X`tgimgyaoo

tki`kiha ui `lpgota eukrtk ki cgs çrkgs quk qukhgi cukba hk cg quklg y c`lp`g hk cas
dasquks r`dkrk÷as.

?.4.5 @itrahuoo`ÿi hk Kspko`ks Kxÿt`ogs

Kstg glkigzg gekotg g has adnktas hk oaiskrvgo`ÿi> g cas dasquks r`dkrk÷as oai
kspko`ks ck÷asgs igt`vgs, cas ougcks kstçi s`kiha rkklpcgzghas par Kuogc`ptas
(Kuogcyptus sp.) y par kc M`muya ( Vkii`sktul ocgihkst`iul)= y cgs padcgo`aiks hk
pkoks igt`vas
igt`vas oai cg s`kldrg h`rkotg hk Xruojgs
Xruojgs ki rìas y cgbuigs.

Ki gldas ogsas, cg `itrahuoo`ÿi hk cgs kspko`ks kxÿt`ogs sk hkdk pr`io`pgclkitk g cg

ikoks`hgh hk lknargr
eço`c prahuoo`ÿi cg prahuot`v`hgh.
y rks`stkio`g Kc Kuogc`pta
oala lghkrg par skr uig kspko`k
pgrg oaistruoo`aiks, taoaikslghkrgdck hk
pgrg l`ikrìg
y ck÷g= cg Xruojg pgrg kc oaisula `itkria.

?.4.2 Bgighkrìg Ia Ghkoughg oai Gi`lgcks Lkiarks

Guiquk cg bgighkrìg kxtkis`vg oai gi`lgcks lkiarks gþi ia kstç luy h`euih`hg ki cg
zaig, yg sk pukhki gprko`gr gcbuias hg÷as quk sk prahuoki par cg goo`ÿi hk ogdrgs y
ojgiojas, cas quk pgrg dusogr su gc`lkita rklukvki cgs ogpgs supkr`arks hkc sukca,
pkrh`kiha cg prahuot`v`hgh
prahuot`v`hgh hk cas l`slas, k `lp`h`kiha su rkoupkrgo`ÿi
rkoupkrgo`ÿi g pgrt`r hk cas
ducdas y tudàroucas kitkrrghas.
kitkrrghas.

?.4.: Kxtrgoo`ÿi _kckot`vg hk Kspko`ks Ck÷asgs

Kstg glkigzg prks`aig pr`io`pgclkitk g cgs kspko`ks ck÷asgs igt`vgs, sadrk taha g
o`krtgs kspko`ks quk sai luy dusoghgs par gcbuigs ogrgotkrìst`ogs, oala kc Gc`sa, kc
Macck, kitrk atras.

?.4.0 Ogld`a hk Oaihuotg par cg Vrkskio`g hk Gi`lgcks Halàst`oas

Kstg glkigzg ia sÿca ogk sadrk gqukccgs kspko`ks hk lglìekras glkigzghas quk sai
oais`hkrghas ui pkc`bra pgrg kc bgigha, oala ks kc ogsa hkc Vulg ( Vulg oaioacar), kc
^arra (C`ogcapkx oucpgkus) y hkc Bgta Gih`ia (Ekc`s oacaoaca), s`ia quk tgld`ài oai
atrgs kspko`ks hk lglìekras ia glkigzghas, oala kc Ukigha Oacg Dcgiog
(Ahaoa`ckus v`rb`i`gius), kc ougc dgng g cgs ojgorgs g oalkr lgìz nusta gitks hk cg
oaskojg.

?.4.76 Oaitgl`igo`ÿi par [sa hk Gbraquìl`oas

Kstk pradcklg sk jgok lgi`e`ksta ki has adnktas hk oaiskrvgo`ÿi v`ioucghas> kc

s`stklg j`hracÿb`oa (rkh hk rìas, cgbuigs y hklçs oukrpas hk gbug), y sadrk cgs
kspko`ks hk pkoks igt`vas. Kstk pradcklg suokhk pr`io`pgclkitk ki cgs pgrtks gctgs hk

;0

Vcgi Lgkstra
GOT ‟ X`tgimgyaoo

cg oukiog, Ojgiojg`cca, Vgsgoogiojg, @ccgpgsoog, kitrk atras s`t`as, haihk cg gbr`oucturg

ks tgi padrk, quk cas gbr`ouctarks sk vki adc`bghas g usgr uig lgyar ogit`hgh hk
gbraquìl`oas sadrk sus pgrokcgs gbrìoacgs. Kc kxoksa hk kstas gbraquìl`oas e`ctrg par
cas oguoks hk gbug, oaitgl`igiha cas oursas hk gbug, y oai kcca g cas pkoks.

?.4.77 [sa hk Xàoi`ogs @igprap`ghgs

@igprap`ghgs pgrg cg Vksog (dgrdgsoa y Kxpcas`vas
Kxpcas`vas))

Guiquk cg pksog ki cas oukrpas hk gbug v`ioucghas gc Dasquk hk Vuyg Tg`laih` ‟

X`tgimgyaoo
X`tgimgyaoo ud`ogha ki kc h`str`ta hk U`sojaiba, ks uig got`v`hgh pr`io`pgc
pr`io`pgclkitk
lkitk pgrg
gutaoaisula, sk jg hktkotgha zaigs haihk kstg sk rkgc`zg oai sustgio`gs tÿx`ogs, oala
sai kc Oudk (Dgrdgsoa/Tatkiaig).
(Dgrdgsoa/Tatkiaig). @iocusa, ki apartui`hghks, sk jg hktkotgha kc usa hk

h`igl`tg pgrg cg pksog.

Gldgs tàoi`ogs hk pksog sai gctglkitk hkstruot`vgs, puh`kiha gekotgr par cgrbas
pkr`ahas cg ogc`hgh hkc gbug ki cas rìas y cgbuigs, grrgsgi oai tahg cg oalui`hgh
j`hrad`acÿb`og quk jgd`tgi ki kstas oukrpas hk gbug.

Kstg glkigzg ia sÿca gekotg g cgs padcgo`aiks hk pkoks `itrahuo`has, s`ia tgld`ài g
cas pkoks igt`vas, quk ia sai oais`hkrghas pgrg oaisula, hkd`ha g quk sai luy
pkquk÷gs, cas pkoks igt`vas sai luy gprko`gha par cas i`÷as hk cg zaig, qu`kiks saca
cas pksogi par h`vkrs`ÿi.

?.4.74 Ogigc`zgo`ÿi hk Gbug pgrg T`kba hk Oglpas Gbrìoacgs

Kstg glkigzg sÿca gekotg gc _`stklg J`hracÿb`oa, y sk hg oai lgyar `itkis`hgh ki cgs
pgrtks gctgs hk cg oukiog. Cg hkr`vgo`ÿi hkc gbug par lkh`a hk ogigcks pgrg kc r`kba
kstç kstrkojglkitk c`bghg g cg kxpgis`ÿi hk cg eraitkrg gbrìoacg. Kstg got`v`hgh jg
gekotgha hk tgc lgikrg cas oursas hk gbug, quk ki gcbuias ogsas, cas pkquk÷as
r`gojukcas kstgo`aigcks sukcki skr hksv`ghas ogs` ki su tatgc`hgh, hkngiha s`i gbug gc
prap`a oguok igturgc, y oai kcc
kcca,
a, gekotgiha g cgs kspko`ks hk gi`lgcks y vkbktgcks quk
sukcki usgr kstk jçd`tgt.

?.4.7? Kras`aigiha cg H`vkrs`hgh Bkiàt`og hk cas Ouct`vgrks Igt`vas

Kstg glkigzg ca bkikrg kc ogld`a hk ouct`vas igt`vas par kspko`ks/vgr`khghks quk

kx`bk kc lkrogha, gekotgiha pr`io`pgclkitk gc adnkta hk oaiskrvgo`ÿi –Ouct`vgrks
Igt`vas“. Jgstg cg gotugc`hgh sk hksoaiaok kc tatgc hk cg vgr`khgh hk pgpgs igt`vgs y
atras ouct`vas s`l`cgrks, sk sgdk quk cg prks`ÿi par cg prahuoo`ÿi hk Vgpg Dcgiog, jg
jkoja quk vgr`as gbr`ouctarks gcqu`cki sus t`krrgs g tkrokras pgrg quk kstas s`kldrki y
oaskojki kstg vgr`khgh, `lpgotgiha ikbgt`vglkitk ki cg ogc`hgh hkc sukca,
kras`aigiha cg h`vkrs`hgh bkiàt`og hk cas ouct`vgrks igt`vas y pkrh`kiha tgld`ài cas
oaiao`l`kitas trgh`o`aigcks hk uig gbr`oucturg koacÿb`og.

56

Vcgi Lgkstra
GOT ‟ X`tgimgyaoo
 57

Vcgi Lgkstra
GOT ‟ X`tgimgyaoo

Ogpìtuca 8>
VCGI K_XTGXÀB@OA
 54

Vcgi Lgkstra
GOT ‟ X`tgimgyaoo

OGVÌX[CA @U

8. VCGI K_XTGXÀB@OA

8.7 U@_@ßI

Gc 467: kc Çrkg hk Oaiskrvgo`ÿi Tkb`aigc Dasquk hk Vuyg Tg`laih` - X`tgimgyaoo

ks ui lahkca hk oaiskrvgo`ÿi, dgsgha ki cg bkst`ÿi rkb`aigc ke`o`kitk hk su
d`ah`vkrs`hgh, kc gpravkojgl`kita rkspaisgdck
rkspaisgdck hk sus rkoursas igturgcks y cg
pgrt`o`pgo`ÿi hk cas gotarks sao`gcks oalpralkt`has oai kc hksgrracca julgia y kc
lgitki`l`kita hk cas skrv`o`as gld`kitgcks, s`kiha kstk ui hkst`ia turìst`oa hkhk
`lpartgio`g quk bkikrg dkike`o`as rkgcks g cg padcgo`ÿi caogc y rkb`aigc

8.4 ADNKX@UA_ K_XTGXÀB@OA_

 7. Oaiskrvgr cg h`vkrs`hgh d`acÿb`og hkc GOT‟X`tgimgyaoo g pgrt`r hk cg
rkhuoo`ÿi y l`t`bgo`ÿi hk `lpgotas sadrk cgs glkigzgs y cgs eukitks hk prks`ÿi
sadrk cas adnktas hk oaiskrvgo`ÿi, y pralavkr kc duki lgikna hk sus rkoursas
igturgcks hk laha quk ki su oainuita, bgrgit`oki kc kqu`c`dr`a hk cas
koas`stklgs kx`stkitks hkc GOT, gskburgiha cg h`spai`d`c`hgh hk cas rkoursas
jìhr`oas, cg pratkoo`ÿi y oaiskrvgo`ÿi hk sus jçd`tgts y hk sus kspko`ks.

4. Hksgrraccgr got`v`hghks pgrg `iokit`vgr kc tur`sla, pkrl`t`kiha cg bkikrgo`ÿi

hk dkike`o`as koaiÿl`oas tgita pgrg kc GOT-X`tgimgyaoo oala pgrg cg
padcgo`ÿi caogc. Var atra cgha, kc hksgrracca hk cg `ivkst`bgo`ÿi o`kitìe`og y cg
khuogo`ÿi gld`kitgc hkdki eartgckokr cg sastki`d`c`hgh hkc çrkg.

?. @lpcklkitgr ui lahkca hk bkst`ÿi pgrt`o`pgt`vg kitrk cg padcgo`ÿi caogc, kc

Oal`tà hk Bkst`ÿi, y cgs `ist`tuo`aiks pþdc`ogs
pþdc`ogs y pr`vghg
pr`vghgs.
s. Oai kc adnkt`va hk
hksgrraccgr lkogi`slas hk sastki`d`c`hgh e`igio`krg, gsì oala cg pgrt`o`pgo`ÿi

hk cg padcgo`ÿi ki kc cabra hk cgs lktgs trgzghgs.

5?

Vcgi Lgkstra
GOT ‟ X`tgimgyaoo

Oughra I¾ 77> Adnkt`vas kstrgtàb`oas, rksuctghas kstrgtàb`oas, `ih`ogharks, lkh`as hk vkr`e`ogo`ÿi hkc GOT ‟ X`tgimgyaoo, Gygouoja.

Adnkt`vas Kstrgtàb`oas Tksuctghas kstrgtàb`oas @ih`ogharks Lkh`as hk vkr`e`ogo`ÿi

7. Oaiskrvgr cg h`vkrs`hgh d`acÿb`og
hkc GOT‟X`tgimgyaoo g pgrt`r hk cg
rkhuoo`ÿi y l`t`bgo`ÿi hk `lpgotas
sadrk cgs glkigzgs y cgs eukitks hk
prks`ÿi sadrk cas
cas adnktas hk
oaiskrvgo`ÿi, y pralavkr kc duki
lgikna hk sus rkoursas igturgcks hk
laha quk ki su oainuita, bgrgit`oki
kc kqu`c`dr`a hk cas koas`stklgs
kx`stkitks hkc GOT, gskburgiha cg
h`spai`d`c`hgh
h`spai`d`c` hgh hk cas rkoursas
jìhr`oas, cg pratkoo`ÿi y
oaiskrvgo`ÿi hk sus jçd`tgts y hk sus
kspko`ks.
4. Hksgrraccgr got`v`hghks pgrg
`iokit`vgr kc tur`sla, pkrl`t`kiha cg
bkikrgo`ÿi hk dkike`o`as
koaiÿl`oas tgita pgrg kc GOT-
•Tkhuoo`ÿi hk cg supkre`o`k
glkigzghg k `lpgotghg,
l`i`l`zgo`ÿi hk cgs eukitks hk
prks`ÿi, iarlgs
iarlgs oaitki`kiha cgs
rkstr`oo`aiks.
•Cg sgcuh hk cg d`ah`vkrs`hgh hkc
GOT‟X`tgimgyaoo sk lgit`kik y
lknarg, hkd`ha g cg rkhuoo`ÿi hk cg
prks`ÿi julgig sadrk kc çrkg.
•_k lgit`kik cg oadkrturg gotugc hkc
dasquk hk puygs rg`laih` ki kc
GOT, y sk pralukvki lkogi`slas
pgrg kc lgitki`l`kita
lgitki`l`kita hk cas
dasquks.
•Cgs padcgo`aiks hk v`ou÷g sk
`iorklkitgi oala kekota hk su
lgikna ki gld`kitks igturgcks y
okitra eguiìst`oas. _k adskrvg cg
prkskio`g hk vkighas kiki kc GOT‟
X`tgimgyaoo.
•_k hksgrraccg cg oalkro`gc`zgo`ÿi hk
prahuotas ia lghkrgdcks
lghkrgdcks hkc dasquk
dasquk
oai vgcar gbrkbgha, gsì oala hk
pcgitgs ariglkitgcks
ariglkitgcks y lkh`o`igcks
prapgbghgs.
•Kc tur`sla koacÿb`oa y v`vkio`gc sk
hksgrraccg hk lgikrg sastki`dck y
eartgckok atrgs got`v`hghks oala cg
grtksgiìg.
•Gc tkrokr g÷a kc ìih`ok hk
Tkpartk Giugc hkc _`stklg Igo`aigc
oaiskrvgo`ÿi hk cas rkoursas
hk @iearlgo`ÿi Gld`kitgc ‟ _@I@G
igturgcks skrç hk 6.?6.
‟ L@IGL.
•Gc tàrl`ia hkc ?¶ g÷a, sk rkhuok ki
ui ?6% cg quklg `ih`sor`l`ighg hk
cgs h`ekrkitks zaigs v`ioucghgs gc
•Kvgcugo`ÿi hk @lpgota (Kx ‟ Vast y
dasquk hk puyg rg`laih`
rg`laih` ‟
Cìikg hk dgsk).
X`tgimgyaoo oala cg quklg hk puyg
@iearlks y kstuh`as hk cg Gbkio`g
rg`laih`, quklg hk pgnaigc hk puig
Gbrgr`g U`cogsjuglçi y H`rkoo`ÿi
y quklg hk çrkgs dasoasgs.
Tkb`aigc hk Gbr`ouctur
Gbr`oucturg.
g.
•Gc tàrl`ia hkc ?¶ g÷a, sk rkhuok ki
Lklar`g giugc hk rkb`stra hk
ui ?6% cg ogzg `ckbgc hk cg eguig
prahuoo`ÿi gbrìoacg
gbrìoacg y earkstgc hk cg
s`cvkstrk (ogokrìg pgrg gharias, ogzg
H`rkoo`ÿi Tkb`aigc hk Gbr`oucturg.
pgrg oaisula y ogokrìg
ogokrìg pgrg
oalkro`a `ckbgc).
@iearlk, eatas.
•Gc tàrl`ia hkc 7¶ g÷a sk oukitg oai ßrhkiks hk pgba par cas skrv`o`as.
ui okitra hk bkst`ÿi y lgikna hkc Vkrsaigc oaitrgtgha pgrg cg
çrkg hk oaiskrvgo`ÿi rkb`aigc. ogpgo`tgo`ÿi ki bkst`ÿi y lgikna hk
GOT.
Gc ?¶ g÷a hk apkrgo`ÿi kc ;6% hk
egl`c`gs hkc çrkg hk oaiskrvgo`ÿi
Tkpartk hkc @IK@.
rkb`aigc jgi lknargha sus ``ibrksas
ibrksas
koaiÿl`oas.
 Vcgi Lgkstra
GOT ‟ X`tgimgyaoo

X`tgimgyaoo oala pgrg cg padcgo`ÿi
caogc. Var atra cgha, kc hksgrracca hk
cg `ivkst`bgo`ÿi o`kitìe`og y cg
khuogo`ÿi gld`kitgc hkdki
eartgckokr cg sastki`d`c`hgh hkc çrkg.
•_k pralukvk ui rkb`stra hk lgrog •@iearlk, eatas.
hk prahuotas arbçi`oas, gsì oala hk •Gc tàrl`ia hkc pr`lkr g÷a kc ;6% ßrhkiks hk pgba par cas skrv`o`as.
prahuotas turìst`oas y –suvki`rks“
–suvki`rks“ hk cg padcgo`ÿi hkc Çrkg hk Vkrsaigc oaitrgtgha pgrg cg
gvgcghas par kc GOT-X`tgimgyaoo y Oaiskrvgo`ÿi Tkb`aigc, ogpgo`tgha ogpgo`tgo`ÿi ki oaiskrvgo`ÿi hk
cas gotarks oalpralkt`has. ki khuogo`ÿi gld`kitgc sadrk cg rkoursas igturgcks.
•Cg padcgo`ÿi caogc t`kik y oaiskrvgo`ÿi hk cg ecarg y eguig
e guig
hklukstrg uig lgyar igt`vg ki kc GOT.
rkspaisgd`c`hgh
rkspaisgd`c` hgh gld`kitgc, prahuota
hk cg khuogo`ÿi gld`kitgc earlgc y
ia earlgc, y hk ui lgyar
oaiao`l`kita hk cg d`ah`vkrs`
d`ah`vkrs`hgh.
hgh. •Gc tàrl`ia hkc pr`lkr g÷a kc ;6% •@iearlk, eatas.
•Cg `ivkst`bgo`ÿi o`kitìe`og y hk cg padcgo`ÿi hkc Çrkg hk ßrhkiks hk pgba par cas skrv`o`as.
trgh`o`aigc sk rkgc`zg hk lgikrg Oaiskrvgo`ÿi Tkb`aigc, oai lgyar Vkrsaigc oaitrgtgha pgrg cg
pgrt`o`pgt`vg,
pgrt`o`pgt`vg, y sus rksuctghas ssai
ai oaio`kio`g koacÿb`og. skis`d`c`zgo`ÿi ki oaio`kio`g
h`euih`has g i`vkc igo`aigc k gld`kitgc.
`itkrigo`aigc.

•Cas lkogi`slas hk pgrt`o`pgo`ÿi •_k oukitg oai kc Oaiskna hk

?. @lpcklkitgr ui lahkca hk
bkst`ÿi pgrt`o`pgt`vg kitrk cg
padcgo`ÿi caogc,
caogc, kc Oal`tà hk
Bkst`ÿi, y cgs `ist`tuo`aiks pþdc`ogs
y pr`vghgs. Oai kc adnkt`
adnkt`va
va hk
hksgrraccgr lkogi`slas hk
sastki`d`c`hgh
sastki`d`c`hgh e`igio`krg, gsì oala cg
pgrt`o`pgo`ÿi hk cg padcgo`ÿi kkii kc
cabra hk cgs lktgs trgzghgs.
caogc pgrg gpaygr cg pcgi`e`ogo`ÿi,
talg hk hko`s`aiks y skbu`l`kita
sk bu`l`kita hk
cg bkst`ÿi hkc GOT jgi s`ha
kstgdcko`has y euio`aigi ki
oaarh`igo`ÿi oai kc Oal`tà hk
Bkst`ÿi hkc GOT‟X`tgimgyaoo.
•Cg pgrt`o`pgo`ÿi hk arbgi`zgo`aiks
hkc skotar pr`vgha oaitr`duyk y
eartgckok cg bkst`ÿi hkc GOT ‟
X`tgimgyaoo.
•Ghkoughgs prçot`ogs prahuot`vgs
oai oaihuotgs gl`bgdcks oai kc
lkh`a igturgc.
Ghl`i`strgo`ÿi Xr`pgrt`tg kitrk kc
Ghl`i`strgo`ÿi
Bad`kria Tkb`aigc hk Gygouoja,
Lui`o`pgc`hgh
Lui`o`pgc`hgh H`str`tgc hk •Gotg hk vgc`hgo`ÿi hkc Vcgi Lgkstra
U`sojaiba y cas rkprkskitgitks hk hkc GOT ‟ X`tgimgyaoo, U`sojaiba.
cgs oalui`hghks hkc çld`ta hkc
GOT- X`tgimgyaoo
•Gc tàrl`ia hkc pr`lkr g÷a kc 766%
•@iearlk, eatas.
cgs oalui`hghks oukitgi oai okitras
ßrhkiks hk pgba par cas skrv`o`as y
hk prahuoo`ÿi hk truojgs, lgikna hk
ghqu`s`o`ÿi hk d`kiks.
v`ou÷gs y skrv`o`a turìst`oa.

5;

Vcgi Lgkstra
GOT ‟ X`tgimgyaoo

8.? C@IKGL@KI
C@IKGL@KIXA_
XA_ K_XTGXÀB@OA_

8.?.7 C`ikgl`kitas kstrgtàb`oas bkikrgcks

Vgrg cabrgr ui ghkougha i`vkc hk pratkoo`ÿi y lgikna hk cas adnktas hk oaiskrvgo`ÿi

hkc GOT‟X`tgimgyaoo ks prko`sa skbu`r ui oainuita hk c`ikgl`kitas kstrgtàb`oas, cgs
l`slgs quk sk lkio`aigi g oait`iugo`ÿi>

 Grt`oucgr kc GOT-X`tgimgyaoo g cg Bkrkio`g hk Tkoursas Igturgcks y gc

_`stklg Tkb`aigc hk Çrkgs Igturgcks Vratkb`hgs (_@TGIV) hk cg Tkb`ÿi
Gygouoja.

Vgrg ksta ks ikoksgr`a hksgrraccgr y lgitkikr uig v`s`ÿi `itkbrgc y hk cgrba

pcgza ki kc lgikna hkc çrkg hk oaiskrvgo`ÿi, ealkitgiha cg pgrt`o`pgo`ÿi hk
gutar`hghks pacìt`ogs y skotar`gcks. Hkdk praourgrsk oaitgr oai ui kitaria
`ist`tuo`aigc sue`o`kitklkitk `iearlgha y oalpralkt`ha oai cas `itkrksks y cas
adnkt`vas hkc GOT‟X`tgimgyaoo. Kstg kstrgtkb`g supaik quk cg nkegturg hkc
GOT‟X`tgimgyaoo tkihrç quk gotugr ki cas i`vkcks lçs gctas hk cg h`rkoo`ÿi y
 talg hk hko`s`aiks hk cg rkb`ÿi, gcogizgr uig prkskio`g `ist`tuo`aigc sÿc`hg y
praykotgr uig `lgbki egvargdck. H`ojg nkegturg tkihrç quk `iearlgr
hktgccghglkitk y hk lgikrg apartuig g su `istgio`g supkr`ar, pgrg quk kstg
pukhg gpaygr hkd`hglkitk kstk praoksa y gotugr oaiskoukitklkitk
oaiskoukitklkitk g i`vkc
okitrgc.

 Vralavkr cg `ivkst`bgo`ÿi o`kitìe`og .

Cgs `ivkst`bgo`aiks o`kitìe`ogs kstçi ki cg dgsk hk cg talg hk hko`s`aiks

ghkoughgs pgrg kc lgikna hk ui çrkg igturgc pratkb`hg= cg gctkrigt`vg ks talgr
hko`s`aiks ki dgsk g supas`o`aiks y ui oaiao`l`kita ksogsa. Oai kstk adnkt`va
ki lkitk, cg nkegturg hkc GOT-X`tgimgyaoo, hkdkrç paikr kc çrkg, ki cg lkh`hg
hk ca pas`dck, g h`spas`o`ÿi hk cas `ivkst`bgharks, y lçs gui, talgr lkh`hgs
pgrg pralavkr cg `ivkst`bgo`ÿi
`ivkst`bgo`ÿi ki kc çrkg y gtrgkr g `ivkst`bgharks igo
igo`aigcks
`aigcks y
kxtrginkras. Xgld`ài ki cg lkh`hg hk ca pas`dck, sk hkdk praourgr gckitgr g cas
o`kitìe`oas g rkgc`zgr `ivkst`bgo`aiks quk oaitr`duygi g gcogizgr cas adnkt`vas
hkc çrkg y quk pkrl`tgi lkh`r cg kekot`v`hgh hk cgs goo`aiks hk pratkoo`ÿi y
lgikna hk cas adnktas hk oaiskrvgo`ÿi `hkit`e`oghas. _`i kldgrba, ia sk
hkdkrç hksgckitgr cgs `i`o`gt`vgs hk `ivkst`bgo`ÿi ki kc çrkg, gsì kstgs ia
s`bi`e`quki gpgrkitklkitk ui dkike`o`a pgrg kc çrkg.

 Kstgd`c`zgr cg got`v`hgh julgig ki cg ^[K y cg ^G.

Ks prko`sa gdarhgr cg pradcklçt`og rkcgo`aighg gc usa hk cgs t`krrgs tgita ki cg

^aig hk [sa Kspko`gc oala ki cg ^aig hk Glart`bugl`kita. _k hkdk dusogr

Vcgi Lgkstra
GOT ‟ X`tgimgyaoo

oai e`rlkzg cabrgr cg kstgd`c`zgo`ÿi hk cgs got`v`hghks julgigs ki gldgs

zaigs, ki kspko`gc cg gbr`oucturg l`brgtar`g. Ki ksk skit`ha, hkdk praourgrsk
quk cgs got`v`hghks julgigs sk hksgrraccki sadrk t`krrgs oai cg hkd`hg gpt`tuh,
gsì oala kv`tgr cg quklg y tgcg `ih`sor`l`ighg quk sk rkgc`zg pgrg jgd`c`tgr
iukvgs t`krrgs gbrapkougr`gs. Ki ksk skit`ha, kc sgikgl`kita eìs`oa y ckbgc hk
cas cìl`tks hkc GOT-X`tgimgyaoo ks ui oalpaikitk euihglkitgc hk kstk
c`ikgl`kita kstrgtàb`oa.

 Vralavkr kc hksgrracca arhkigha y pcgi`e`ogha hk iukvgs got`v`hghks

koaiÿl`ogs .

Cg
cas pralao`ÿi
adnkt`vas hk
hkcgot`v`hghks koaiÿl`ogsy gctkrigt`vgs,
GOT-X`tgimgyaoo hkdki dgsgrskhkdkrçi
ki kstgr
sus c`bghgs
vkitgngsg
oalpgrgt`vgs. Ki kspko`gc, ks ikoksgr`a gpravkojgr cgs apartui`hghks hkc
koatur`sla y tur`sla v`vkio`gc, dusogiha bkikrgr rkoursas e`igio`kras quk
dkike`o`ki g cg padcgo`ÿi
padcgo`ÿi caogc.

Ghklçs hk cg pcgi`e`ogo`ÿi kspkoìe`og hk cgs got`v`hghks oaiorktgs, kstg

 kstrgtkb`g `lpc`og cg earlucgo`ÿi y gpradgo`ÿi hk iarlgs y rkbucgo`aiks
gprap`ghgs y cas rkspkot`vas pcgiks hk lgikna. Ks prko`sa pralavkr tgld`ài cg
`ivkrs`ÿi pr`vghg ki kstgs got`v`hghks koaiÿl`ogs, guiquk bgrgit`zgiha
s`klprk cg pgrt`o`pgo`ÿi hk cg padcgo`ÿi gckhg÷g hk cas dkike`o`as bkikrghas.
bkikrghas.


Vralavkr cg pgrt`o`pgo`ÿi o`uhghgig.

Vgrt`kiha hk cg prkl`sg hk quk cg oaiskrvgo`ÿi hkdk skr pgrtk hk ui oaiskisa

oackot`va y ia uig `lpas`o`ÿi, ks prko`sa pralavkr uig lgyar pgrt`o`pgo`ÿi hk
cg padcgo`ÿi caogc, gutar`hghks pacìt`ogs y skotar`gcks, arbgi`zgo`aiks brkl`gcks
y atrgs `ist`tuo`aiks ki cg bkst`ÿi hkc GOT-X`tgimgyaoo. Kstas brupas hk
`itkràs hkdkrçi bkikrgr ui praoksa pgrt`o`pgt`va hk talg hk hko`s`aiks ki
oaarh`igo`ÿi oai kc Oal`tà hk Bkst`ÿi, ca quk pkrl`t`rç lgtkr`gc`zgr uig
pgrt`o`pgo`ÿi rkgc y s`bi`e`ogt`vg ki cg bkst`ÿi
bkst`ÿi hkc GOT-X`tgimgyaoo.
GOT-X`tgimgyaoo.

 Hksgrraccgr uig `itkrgoo`ÿi oait`iug oai cg padcgo`ÿi hk cgs çrkgs

gckhg÷gs (zaig hk `iecukio`g).

Ks `lpartgitk bkikrgr uig got`tuh egvargdck ki cg padcgo`ÿi, uig lgyar

pgrt`o`pgo`ÿi y ui gcta i`vkc hk gpaya
gpaya pgrg kc çrkg. Vgrg kcca, ks prko`sa
prko`sa kstgr ki
oaitgota pkrlgikitk oai cg padcgo`ÿi, hksgrraccgiha uig bglg hk got`v`hghks,
hkshk kc ealkita y pralao`ÿi hk praykotas hk hksgrracca sastki`dck, jgstg cg
trgisl`s`ÿi y h`eus`ÿi hk cas vgcarks hkc GOT-X`tgimgyaoo y cas dkike`o`as
quk dr`ihg.

52

Vcgi Lgkstra
GOT ‟ X`tgimgyaoo

Cg prkskio`g hkc pkrsaigc ki kc oglpa, ki oaitgota oaistgitk oai cg padcgo`ÿi

gckhg÷g gc GOT-X`tgimgyaoo hkdk `hkit`e`ogr ikoks`hghks hk cg padcgo`ÿi y
apartui`hghks pgrg iukvgs got`v`hghks oainuitgs.

 Vralavkr y hksgrraccgr uig lgyar oaio`kio`g ki cg padcgo`ÿi sadrk cg

`lpartgio`g y dkike`o`as hkc GOT-X`tgimgya
GOT-X`tgimgyaoo
oo

Ks ikoksgr`a rkgc`zgr ui eukrtk trgdgna hk khuogo`ÿi y oalui`ogo`ÿi gld`kitgc.

Cas kseukrzas hkdki dusogr oalpcklkitgr cas oaitki`has gld`kitgcks quk sk
aerkoki ki cgs ksoukcgs g trgvàs hk lgtkr`gcks khuogt`vas, gyuhgs h`hçot`ogs y
praykotas ksoacgrks=
ksoacgrks= tgld`ài hkdk dusogrsk
dusogrsk ui`earl`zgr y rkearzgr cg ogpgo`hgh
hk cas haokitks pgrg hksgrraccgr cg tklçt`og
t klçt`og gld`kitgc.
8.?.4 C`ikgl`kitas kstrgtàb`oas sadrk
sadrk usa hk rkoursas ia rkiavgdcks

Kc usa hk rkoursas igturgcks ia rkiavgdcks ia ks oalpgt`dck oai cas adnkt`vas hk

orkgo`ÿi hkc Çrkg hk Oaiskrvgo`ÿi Tkb`aigc
Tkb`aigc Dasquk hk Vuyg Tg`laih` - X`tgimgyaoo.
Xgc oala kstç kstgdcko`ha ki cg iarlg quk orkg gc GOT-X`tgimgyaoo, cas adnkt`vas hkc
 çrkg sai –Oaiskrvgr uig lukstrg rkprkskitgt`vg hk dasquks hk Vuyg rg`laih``, hk
glpc`g `lpartgio`g caogc y igo`aigc, par cgs kspko`ks hk ecarg y eguig quk gcdkrbg “ y
–Gskburgr cg oaiskrvgo`ÿi hkc jçd`tgt hk `lpartgitks kspko`ks rkprkskitgt`vgs
glkigzghgs> U`ou÷g (U`oubig v`oubig), Oÿihar (Uuctur brypjus), Bgta Gih`ia (Ekc`s
oacaoaca), Oac`drì B`bgitk hk cas
c as gihks (Vgtgbaig b`bgs), kitrk atras“.

Ki ui çrkg pratkb`hg hk koas`stklgs erçb`cks gih`ias quk oaiskrvg uig `lpartgitk

rkskrvg jìhr`og pgrg cg l`ora oukiog hkc rìa U`sojaiba, oaist`tu`hg par kc rìa Vglpgs y
sus tr`dutgr`as y cgs cgbuigs hk Ookuccgooaojg, Ojgccjugooaojg, Aroaooaojg y
Oj`igooaojg, ki kstas koas`stklgs cg kxtrgoo`ÿi hk rkoursas igturgcks ia rkiavgdcks,
tgcks oala l`ikrgcks y atras, ia rksuctg oalpgt`dck oai i`ibuia hk cas has adnkt`vas
pgrg cas ougcks euk orkghg kc
kc çrkg.

Hk goukrha oai cg Cky hk Çrkgs Igturgcks Vratkb`hgs (I¾ 45:?8), cgs çrkgs hk
oaiskrvgo`ÿi rkb`aigc pkrtkikoki g cg ogtkbarìg hk çrkgs hk usa h`rkota, y par tgita
susokpt`dcks hk skr adnkta hk kxpcatgo`ÿi hk rkoursas ia rkiavgdcks. _`i kldgrba, cg
l`slg cky bgrgit`zg kc rkspkta g cgs c`l`tgo`aiks y rkstr`oo`aiks prkv`stgs ki cas
adnkt`vas hk orkgo`ÿi hkc çrkg igturgc pratkb`hg, quk oala sk jg v`sta, ia sai
oalpgt`dcks oai kc usa hk rkoursas ia rkiavgdcks. H`ojg cky tgld`ài kstgdckok quk kc
usa hk rkoursas igturgcks saca skrç pkrl`t`ha s` kx`stk oalpgt`d`c`hgh oai su
zai`e`ogo`ÿi. Hk goukrha gc prkskitk pcgi, i`ibuig hk cgs zaigs hkc GOT‟X`tgimgyaoo
rksuctg oalpgt`dck oai cg kxtrgoo`ÿi hk rkoursas igturgcks ia rkiavgdcks.
rkiavgdcks.

5:

Vcgi Lgkstra
GOT ‟ X`tgimgyaoo

E`burg Ia 76> U`s`ÿi hkc Çrkg hk Oaiskrvgo`ÿi Tkb`aigc Dasquk hk Vuyg Tg`laih` ‟ X`tgimgyaoo gc 467:.
 50

Vcgi Lgkstra
GOT ‟ X`tgimgyaoo

26
 Vcgi Lgkstra
GOT ‟ X`tgimgyaoo

Ogpìtuca ;>

VTABTGLG_ HK LGIKNA

27
 Vcgi Lgkstra
GOT ‟ X`tgimgyaoo

OGVÌX[CA U

;. VTABTGLG_ HK LGIKNA

Cg `lpcklkitgo`ÿi hk cas prabrglgs y sud prabrglgs pcgitkghas hke`i`rçi cg

kekot`v`hgh hk cgs kstrgtkb`gs prapukstgs ki kstk Vcgi Lgkstra, yg quk àstgs hke`iki cgs
goo`aiks hk lgikrg arhkighg, pgrg adtkikr gsì ui duki lgikna ki cg bkst`ÿi hkc GOT
oulpc`kiha oai cas adnkt`vas hk orkgo`ÿi.

Cas prabrglgs sk hksgrraccgi g trgvàs hk goo`aiks quk gotþgi sadrk cgs eukitks hk
prks`ÿi y àstgs sai lkh`dcks, kstgdcko`kiha
kstgdcko`kiha `ih`ogharks adnkt`vglkitk vkr`e`ogdcks g
trgvàs hkc t`klpa, ca quk lastrgrç cg kekot`v`hgh hk cg l`i`l`zgo`ÿi hk cgs eukitks hk
prks`ÿi y hk glkigzg sadrk cas adnktas hk oaiskrvgo`ÿi y rkoursas igturgcks hkc çrkg
hk oaiskrvgo`ÿi rkb`aigc
.
Kc GOT-X`tgimgyaoo t`kik oala adnkt`va pr`io`pgc Oaiskrvgr uig lukstrg
rkprkskitgt`vg hk dasquks hk Vuyg rg`laih``, hk glpc`g `lpartgio`g caogc y igo`aigc,
par cgs kspko`ks hk ecarg y eguig quk gcdkrbg. Vgrg su oulpc`l`kita, sk hke`ik uig
kstruoturg prabrglçt`og quk oais`hkrg trks brgihks knks> Oaiskrvgo`ÿi hk Tkoursas,
[sa Vþdc`oa y Gpaya g cgc g Bkst`ÿi, cas ougcks prkskitgi sud prabrglgs y goo`aiks g skr
knkoutghgs ki ui pkr`aha hk o`ioa g÷as> 4678 ‟ 4670.
Cg bkst`ÿi hkc GOT - X`tgimgyaoo `rç hksgrraccgiha h`ojgs goo`aiks g trgvàs hk sus
pcgiks apkrgt`vas giugcks (VAG), hkitra hk sus gcogioks prksupukstg
prksupukstgcks
cks y/a hk atrg
ìihack oala praykotas hk `ivkst`bgo`ÿi, kitrk atras.

;.7 VTABTGLG HK OAI_KTUGO@ßI HK TKO[T_A_

Kstk prabrglg t`kik kc adnkt`va kstrgtàb`oa hk oaiskrvgr cg h`vkrs`hgh d`acÿb`og hkc

GOT‟X`tgimgyaoo g pgrt`r hk cg rkhuoo`ÿi y l`t`bgo`ÿi hk `lpgotas sadrk cgs
glkigzgs y cgs eukitks hk prks`ÿi sadrk cas adnktas hk oaiskrvgo`ÿi, y pralavkr kc
duki lgikna hk sus rkoursas igturgcks hk laha quk ki su oainuita, bgrgit`oki kc
kqu`c`dr`a hk cas koas`stklgs kx`stkitks hkc GOT, gskburgiha cg h`spai`d`c`hgh hk cas
rkoursas jìhr`oas, cg pratkoo`ÿi y oaiskrvgo`ÿi hk sus jçd`tgts y hk sus kspko`ks.
kspko`ks .

;.7.7 _udprabrglg hk Vratkoo`ÿi

Kc adnkt`va hk kstk sudprabrglg ks bgrgit`zgr cg oaiskrvgo`ÿi hk cg h`vkrs`hgh

d`acÿb`og, ki kspko`gc hk cas adnktas hk oaiskrvgo`ÿi, prkv`i`kiha y l`t`bgiha cgs
glkigzgs quk pahrìgi gekotgrcas, `lpcklkitgiha lkogi`slas hk oaitrac y v`b`cgio`g,
y pralav`kiha cg pgrt`o`pgo`ÿi arbgi`zghg
arbgi`zghg hk cg padcgo`ÿi
padcgo`ÿi caogc.

24
 Vcgi Lgkstra
GOT ‟ X`tgimgyaoo

Oughra I¾ 74> Goo`aiks, `ih`ogharks y rkspaisgdcks pgrg kc _udVrabrglg hk

Vratkoo`ÿi.

Tkspaisgdcks k
Goo`aiks @ih`oghar / Lktg
`ivacuorghas

H`sk÷gr k `lpcklkitgr
s`stklg hk ui
oaitrac y v`b`cgio`g - 6? bugrpgrquk ogpgo`tghas.
@lpcklkitgo`ÿi ogpgo`tghas.
hk uig skhk Nkek -GOT-
X`tgimgyaoo,
pkrlgikitk hkc GOT-
GOT- ghl`i`strgt`vg y oaistruoo`ÿi Oal`tà hk Bkst`ÿi,
X`tgimgyaoo, g trgvàs hk hk 6? pukstas hk oaitrac ki kc Arbgi`zgo`aiks hk
bugrhgpgrquks,, bugrhgpgrquks
bugrhgpgrquks GOT. Dgsk.
vacuitgr`as, `iergkstruoturg,
kqu`pas, lav`c`zgo`ÿi apkrgt`vg
y ogpgo`tgo`ÿi.

Gpaygr g cgs padcgo`aiks - Gotgs y goukrhas kitrk cas

c as Nkek -GOT-
caogcks, sadrk cg dgsk hk cas
c as padcgharks y kc Nkek - GOT - X`tgimgyaoo,
oal`tàs oaluigcks kx`stkitks ki X`tgimgyaoo. Oal`tà hk Bkst`ÿi,
sus `i`o`gt`vgs hk pgrt`o`pgo`ÿi
pgrt `o`pgo`ÿi - _k oukitg oai kc Oaiskna
Oaiskna hk gutar`hghks
ki kc oaitrac y v`b`cgio`g hkc Ghl`i`strgo`ÿi Xr`pgrt`tg kitrk oaluigcks y
GOT-X`tgimgyaoo, kc Bad`kria Tkb`aigc hk brupas
earlgc`zçihacas, ogpgo`tçihacas,
ogpgo`tçihacas, Gygouoja, Lui`o`pgc`hgh arbgi`zghas.
dr`ihçihacks gpaya
gpaya cabìst`oa, H`str`tgc hk U`sojaiba y cas
hgiha rkspgcha ckbgc ki sus rkprkskitgitks hk cgs
goo`aiks k `itkbrçihacas ki kc oalui`hghks hkc çld`ta hkc
s`stklg hk oaitrac y v`b`cgio`g. GOT- X`tgimgyaoo.

Hklgrogo`ÿi hk cas cìl`tks hkc - 67 @iearlk `iocuykiha lgpgs Nkek -GOT -

GOT - X`tgimgyaoo oai kc gpaya y eatas, gotgs hk goukrha. X`tgimgyaoo,
y pgrt`o`pgo`ÿi hk cgs -74 J`tas `istgcghas. padcgo`ÿi
padcgo`aiks oac`ihgitks
oac`ihgitks gc -Gotgs hk oac`ihgio`g k oac`ihgitk gc GOT,
l`sla. `istgcgo`ÿi. gutar`hghks caogcks,
-Tkoaiao`l`kita par pgrtk hk prav`io`gcks y
cg
GOTpadcgo`ÿi hk cas cìl`tks hkc
- X`tgimgyaoo. rkb`aigcks.

Kcgdargo`ÿi k `lpcklkitgo`ÿi - Giçc`s`s tr`lkstrgc, sklkstrgc Nkek -GOT -

hkc _`stklg hk Oaitrac y y giugc hk cas rksuctghas hk cg X`tgimgyaoo,
U`b`cgio`g ‟ _OU- GOT - `lpcklkitgo`ÿi hkc _OU- L`i`stkr`a
X`tgimgyaooo (rutgs hk pgtruccgnk,
X`tgimgyao GOT (lgpg, kvgcugo`ÿi hk cgs Vþdc`oa, Vahkr
lgpg hk `iergoo`aiks
`i ergoo`aiks t`p`e`oghgs, got`v`hghks `cìo`tgs, rkhuoo`ÿi a Nuh`o`gc,
dgsk hk hgtas hk hk `iergoo`aiks k `iorklkita, iþlkra hk gutar`hghks caogcks
`iergotarks, kstgha hkc praoksa praoksas oai a s`i skitkio`g).
skitkio`g). y brupas
nuh`o`gc y ghl`i`strgt`va, - Tkhuoo`ÿi ki ;6% hk cgs arbgi`zghas.
praoksa hk rkoupkrgo`ÿi
rkoupkrgo`ÿi y/a
y/a got`v`hghks `cìo`tgs.
rkbkikrgo`ÿi hk cgs çrkgs
gekotghgs, skbu`l`kita par
`lçbkiks sgtkc`tgcks).

2?
 Vcgi Lgkstra
GOT ‟ X`tgimgyaoo

H`sk÷gr k `lpcklkitgr cg - H`sk÷a y ghkougo`ÿi hk Nkek -GOT-

rkegoo`ÿi y sk÷gc`zgo`ÿi hk
ogl`ias hk gooksa jgo`g kc
GOT- X`tgimgyaoo. Cg
`istgcgo`ÿi hk pgikcks y cktrkras
khuogt`vas, `iearlgt`vas, y
rkstr`ot`vas ki cubgrks
pr`ar`zghas hkc GOT.
GOT.
ogl`ias hk jkrrghurg hkitra X`tgimgyaoo,
hkc GOT> Tutg U`sojaiba - Oal`tà hk Bkst`ÿi,
dasquk X`tgimgyaoo,
X`tgimgyaoo, oai uig Arbgi`zgo`aiks hk
caib`tuh hk ogl`ia hk Dgsk.
jkrrghurg hk 4;.;2 ml y cg rutg
Dasquk Ojgiojgycca oai 7.2?
Ml hk h`stgio`g.
- _k `istgcgrç 46 cktrkras hk
sk÷gc`zgo`ÿi, 75 l`rgharks y
pgrgharks turìst`oas, 64 ogrtkcks
hk lgpg `itkrprktgt`va hkc
GOT, 64 ogrtkcks hk hgtas hkc
çrkg y 64 hk d`kivki`hg.

;.7.4 _udprabrglg hk Lgikna hk Tkoursas

Kstk sudprabrglg t`kik kc adnkt`va hk pralavkr kc lgikna hk rkoursas igturgcks

ar`kitghas g su rkoupkrgo`ÿi y usa sastki`dck, hk lgikrg quk sk oaiv`krtgi ki
gctkrigt`vgs prahuot`vgs pgrg cg padcgo`ÿi caogc y tkibgi gooksa gc lkrogha.

Oughra I¾ 7?> Goo`aiks, `ih`ogharks y rkspaisgdcks pgrg kc _udVrabrglg hk

Lgikna hk Tkoursas.

Tkspaisgdcks k
Goo`aiks @ih`oghar / Lktg
`ivacuorghas
Vralavkr y ar`kitgr cg - 26% hk padcgharks hkc Nkek -GOT -
pgrt`o`pgo`ÿi hk cg padcgo`ÿi
padcgo`ÿi caogc
caogc GOT `hkit`e`oghas ki kc X`tgimgyaoo,
arbgi`zghg y oai gc`gizgs lgikna hk cas rkoursas Lui`o`pgc`hgh,
kstrgtàb`ogs, ki kc lgikna hk cas igturgcks. Oal`tà hk Bkst`ÿi y
h`ekrkitks rkoursas igturgcks (ia - _k hksgrraccg cg Arbgi`zgo`aiks
Arbgi`zgo`ai ks hk
lghkrgdcks, eguig, pg`sgnks) hkc oalkro`gc`zgo`ÿi hk pcgitgs Dgsk, padcgo`ai
GOT-X`tgimgyaoo,, hk goukrha g
GOT-X`tgimgyaoo ariglkitgcks y lkh`o`igcks caogc.
su zai`e`ogo`ÿi. prapgbghgs..
prapgbghgs

@lpucsgr cg gpc`ogo`ÿi hk tàoi`ogs - Tkoupkrgo`ÿi hk Nkek -GOT-

hk rkoupkrgo`ÿi hk koas`stklgs koas`stklgs hkbrghghas X`tgimgyaoo,
X`tgimgy aoo, Oal`tà
hkbrghghas y s`cvapgstar`cks ki lkh`gitk tàoi`ogs hk Bkst`ÿi, Gbkio`g
cgs zaigs oais`hkrghgs oala hk s`cvapgstar`cks, ki ui çrkg Gbrgr`g -
rkoupkrgo`ÿi, y rkearkstgr a hk 7,646 jgs. U`cogsjuglgi,
egvarkokr cg rkbkikrgo`ÿi igturgc - @iearlk haoulkitgha oai gutar`hghks
ki zaigs oais`hkrghgs oala eatas y lgpgs hkc praoksa oaluigcks y brupas

zaigs hk rkoupkrgo`ÿi. -hkTkoupkrgo`ÿi

rkbkikrgo`ÿi.hkc 86% hk arbgi`zghas.
cgs çrkgs hkearkstghgs.
hkearkstghgs.

28
 Vcgi Lgkstra
GOT ‟ X`tgimgyaoo

Ogpgo`tgr ki h`sk÷a, bkst`ÿi k - _k rkgc`zgrç 6? kvkitas hk Nkek -GOT -

`lpcklkitgo`ÿi y lai`tarka hk Oursa Xgcckr ki Lgikna X`tgimgyaoo, brupas
pcgiks hk lgikna hk
hk rkoursas, g _astki`dck hk Tkoursas arbgi`zghas,
cas brupas hk padcgharks Igturgcks. Arbgi`zgo`aiks
Arbgi`zgo`ai ks hk
`itkrksghas y arbgi`zghas. Dgsk.

Ogpgo`tgr g cas brupas `itkrksghas - 64 tgcckrks hk ogpgo`tgo`ÿi Nkek -GOT,

ki bkst`ÿi klprksgr`gc ki pcgiks prahuot`vg giugcks.
giugcks. Gbkio`g Gbrgr`g -
hk ikbao`as y gctkrigt`vgs - Gpc`ogiha praykotas U`cogsjuglgi,
prahuot`vgs quk hki vgcar prahuot`vas y koacÿb`oas _KIGI_G,
gbrkbgha g prahuotas Oalpgt`dcks oai cas Arbgi`zgo`aiks
Arbgi`zgo`ai ks hk
pravki`kitks hkc lgikna
lgikna hk adnkt`vas hkc GOT. Dgsk, padcgo`ai
rkoursas igturgcks. caogc.

@hkit`e`ogr cas kspgo`as - Oaitgr oai zaigs hk usa Nkek -GOT,

bkabrçe`oas pgrg kc kspko`gc y hk usa h`rkota quk Gbkio`g Gbrgr`g -
gpravkojgl`kita hk rkoursas par pkrl`tg hksgrraccgr U`cogsjuglgi,
pgrtk hk cas brupas
brupas arbgi`zghas,
arbgi`zghas, ke`o`kitklkitk cgs Oal`tà hk Bkst`ÿi,
ki dgsk g cg zai`e`ogo`ÿi got`v`hghks hk Arbgi`zgo`aiks
Arbgi`zgo`aiks hk
kstgdcko`hgo,pgrg
X`tgimgyaoo,
X`tgimgyao kc GOT ‟su
y oaarh`igr gpravkojgl`ki
gpravkojgl`kita
hk cas rkoursas ta sastki`dck
igturgcks. Dgsk,
caogc. padcgo`ÿi
gooksa.

2;
Vcgi Lgkstra
GOT ‟ X`tgimgyaoo

25

Vcgi Lgkstra
GOT ‟ X`tgimgyaoo
 22

Vcgi Lgkstra
GOT ‟ X`tgimgyaoo

2:

Vcgi Lgkstra
GOT ‟ X`tgimgyaoo

;.4 VTABTGLG HK [_A VÞDC@OA

Kstk prabrglg t`kik kc adnkt`va hk hksgrraccgr got`v`hghks pgrg `iokit`vgr kc tur`sla,

pkrl`t`kiha cg bkikrgo`ÿi hk dkike`o`as koaiÿl`oas tgitat gita pgrg kc GOT-X`tgimgyaoo
oala pgrg cg padcgo`ÿi caogc. Var atra cgha, kc hksgrracca hk cg `ivkst`bgo`ÿi o`kitìe`og
o`kitìe`og
y cg khuogo`ÿi gld`kitgc hkdki eartgckokr cg sastki`d`c`hgh hkc çrkg.

;.4.7 _udprabrglg hk Xur`sla

Kc adnkt`va hk kstk sudprabrglg ks gpaygr kc hksgrracca hkc tur`sla sastki`dck ki kc

GOT-X`tgimgyaoo,
GOT-X`tgimgy aoo, pralav`àihaca oala ui hkst`ia turìst`oa hk `lpartgio`g rkb`aigc y
igo`aigc.
Oughra I¾ 78> Goo`aiks, `ih`ogharks y rkspaisgdcks pgrg kc _udVrabrglg hk
Xur`sla.

Tkspaisgdcks k
Goo`aiks @ih`oghar / Lktg
`ivacuorghas
@hkit`e`ogr s`t`as oai
patkio`gc turìst`oa, prapaikr
prapaikr
ui pcgi hk hksgrracca hk cas
l`slas y pcgi`e`ogr cg
pgrt`o`pgo`ÿi hk cgs
oalui`hghks y padcgo`aiks
gckhg÷gs.
Kstgdckokr goukrhas oai cgs
ae`o`igs hk tur`sla (rkb`aigc
y lui`o`pgc) y VralVkrþ pgrg
pralao`aigr gc GOT-
GOT-
X`tgimgyaooo ki oìroucas
X`tgimgyao
turìst`oas igo`aigcks k
`itkrigo`aigcks.
Oaarh`igr oai klprksgs
pr`vghgs y apkrgharks hk
tur`sla cg `iocus`ÿi hkc GOT-
X`tgimgyaoo ki sus pgquktks
turìst`oas oai hkst`ia g
Gygouoja.
Vcgi Lgkstra
GOT ‟ X`tgimgyaoo
Eartgcko`l`kita hk
ogpgo`hghks ki bkst`ÿi y
prkstgo`ÿi hk skrv`o`as
skrv`o`as
turìst`oas h`r`b`has g cg
padcgo`ai caogc y prkstghargs
hk skrv`o`as turìst`oas pgrg kc
hksgrracca hk got`v`hghks
turìst`ogs.
Tkgc`zgr kstuh`as hk
- Lgpka hk cas rkoursas Nkek -GOT -
turìst`oas ki kc çld`ta hkc GOT X`tgimgyaoo,
X`tgimgya oo, Oal`tà
hk X`tgimgyao. hk Bkst`ÿi, BTG y
- 67 Vcgi hk usa Xurìst`oa. padcgo`ÿi
- GOT bkikrgiha `ibrksas par arbgi`zghg.
tur`sla.
- Gotarks `ivacuorghas
Vralao`aigiha cas rkoursas
turìst`oas hkc GOT.
- Kstgdckokr oaivki`as oai Nkek -GOT -
h`vkrsgs gbkio`gs hk v`gnks, X`tgimgyaoo,
X`tgimgyaoo, Oal`tà
trgispart`stgs y oçlgrg hk hk Bkst`ÿi,
oalkro`a. H@TOKX[T,
Oçlgrg hk
Oalkro`a,
pralatarks turìst`oas
y padcgo`ÿi
arbgi`zghg.
- Oaitgr oai uig rkh hk Nkek -GOT -
klprksgs ogpgo`tghgs y quk X`tgimgyaoo,
X`tgimgyaoo, Oal`tà
s`rvgi hk gc`ghgs pgrg kc hk Bkst`ÿi,
hksgrracca hk got`v`hghks H@TOKX[T,
turìst`ogs sastki`dcks. Vralatarks turìst`oas
y padcgo`ÿi caogc.
20
- _k arbgi`zgrç 68 kvkitas hk Nkek -GOT, Oal`tà
ogpgo`tgo`ÿi g `itàrprktks caogcks hk Bkst`ÿi,
(g ar`kitgharks turìst`oas). H@TOKX[T,
- 6? tgcckrks hk ogpgo`tgo`ÿi ki prkstghargs hk
oaio`kio`g y oucturg turìst`og. skrv`o`as tur`st`oas y
- 6? tgcckrks hk ogpgo`tgo`ÿi ki padcgo`ÿi caogc.
caogc.
ogc`hgh hk gtkio`ÿi h`r`b`hg g
jaspkhgnks y rkstgurgitks.
- 6? kvkitas hk tgcckr hk
rkvgcargo`ÿi hk cg `hkit`hgh
oucturgc
- 6? tgcckrks hk ogpgo`tgo`ÿi ki
bkst`ÿi l`oraklprksgr`gc g
prkstgharks hk skrv`o`as
skrv`o`as
turìst`oas.
- 67 gsao`go`ÿi pgrg kc hksgrracca
hkc tur`sla y oaiskrvgo`ÿi hk
t`tgimgyaoo.
- Kstuh`a hk ogpgo`hgh hk ogrbg Nkek -GOT -
ogpgo`hgh hk ogrbg turìst`og a cìl`tk hk ogld`a gokptgdck hkc X`tgimgyaoo, Oal`tà
X`tgimgyaoo,
ki cgs zaigs ki quk pukhg GOT. hk Bkst`ÿi,
hksgrraccgrsk kstg got`v`hgh ki padcgo`ÿi
kc GOT-X`tgimgyaoo.
GOT-X`tgimgyaoo. arbgi`zghg.

;.4.4 _udprabrgl
_udprabrglgg hk Oaio`kio`g Gld`kitgc

Kc adnkt`va hk kstk sudprabrglg ks bkikrgr ki cg padcgo`ÿi caogc lat`vgo`ÿi y

hklgihg hk uig lknar ogc`hgh gld`kitgc, ki kspko`gc par cgs glkigzgs hk cg
oaitgl`igo`ÿi, kc hktkr`ara hk cg d`ah`vkrs`hgh y kc `lpgota hk kstas sadrk cg sgcuh
julgig.

Oughra I¾ 7;> Goo`aiks, `ih`ogharks y rkspaisgdcks pgrg kc _udVrabrglg hk

Oaio`kio`g Gld`kitgc.

Tkspaisgdcks k
Goo`aiks @ih`oghar / Lktg `ivacuorghas
Kstgdckokr kstrgtkb`gs kspkoìe`ogs - 6? kvkitas hk oursa tgcckr Nkek -GOT -
pgrg kc hksgrracca hk cg khuogo`ÿi hk khuogo`ÿi gld`kitgc. X`tgimgyaoo,
X`tgimgy aoo, Oal`tà
gld`kitgc ki kc çld`ta hk - 67 lgiugc hk khuogo`ÿi hk Bkst`ÿi,
`iecukio`g hkc GOT-X`tgimgyaoo.
GOT-X`tgimgyaoo. gld`kitgc. Lui`o`pgc`hgh hk
- H`eus`ÿi y khuogo`ÿi g U`sojaiba,
trgvàs hk 64 tgcckrks hk Bugrhgpgrquks
tìtkrks y sao`a hrglgs. Uacuitgr`as,
padcgo`ÿi caogc.

:6

Vcgi Lgkstra
GOT ‟ X`tgimgyaoo

Oglpg÷gs hk skis`d`c`zgo`ÿi,
skis`d`c`zgo`ÿi, - 6? kvkitas hk Nkek -GOT -
h`eus`ÿi y goo`ÿi, gokrog hk cgs skis`d`c`zgo`ÿi lkh`gitk X`tgimgyaoo,
X`tgimgyaoo, Oal`tà
got`v`hghks quk hg÷gi cg sgcuh lkh`as lgs`vas hk hk Bkst`ÿi,
julgig y gc gld`kitk (lgikna hk oalui`ogo`ÿi. Lui`o`pgc`hgh hk
rks`huas sÿc`has, l`ora rkcckias, U`sojaiba,
cktr`i`zgo`ÿi, ogc`hgh hk gbug y padcgo`ÿi caogc.
caogc.
sukcas, y oaitgl`igo`ÿi).

Kcgdargo`ÿi k `lpcklkitgo`ÿi hkc - VKG-GOT ‟X`tgimgyaoo Nkek -GOT -

Vcgi hk Khuogo`ÿi Gld`kitgc ‟ gpradgha.
VKG - GOT - X`gtgimgyaoo - Haokitks ogpgo`tghas y
kieaquk earlgc y ia earlgc oai pralav`kiha prçot`ogs
prçot`ogs
cas s`bu`kitks tklgs> ogpgo`tgo`ÿi gld`kitgcks ki sus
g haokitks, lgiugc hk khuogo`ÿi `ist`tuo`aiks khuogt`vgs.
gld`kitgc pgrg lgkstras y - Dr`bghgs Koacÿb`ogs
ogpgo`tgo`ÿi kspko`gc`zghg ki ksoacgrks ki ;6% hk cgs
prçot`ogs gld`kitgcks.
gld`kitgcks. `ist`tuo`aiks khuogt`vgs hkc
h`str`ta hk U`sojaiba.
X`tgimgyaoo, AIB,
Oal`tà hk Bkst`ÿi,
pcgitg haokitk
oalpralkt`hg (ki
cas i`vkcks hk
pr`lgr`g, skouihgr`g)
skouihgr`g)
y padcgo`ÿi caogc.

Oaistru`r k `lpcklkitgr - 67 Okitra Grtksgigc k Nkek -GOT -

`iergkstruoturg pgrg kc hksgrracca @itkrprktgo`ÿi Xurìst`og. X`tgimgyaoo,
hk cg khuogo`ÿi gld`kitgc
gld`kitgc (okitra - 45 cktrkras hk sk÷gcàt`og. Lui`o`pgc`hgh,
hk `itkrprktgo`ÿi, ogl`ias Oal`tà hk Bkst`ÿi y
`itkrprktgt`vas, kto). Arbgi`zgo`aiks
Arbgi`zgo`ai ks hk
Dgsk.

;.4.? _udprabrgl
_udprabrglgg hk @ivkst`bgo`ÿi

Kstk sudprabrglg t`kik kc adnkt`va hk pralavkr y h`euih`r cg `ivkst`bgo`ÿi

rkcgo`aighg g cas adnktas hk oaiskrvgo`ÿi y sus glkigzgs, y ki tklgs quk pralukvgi
kc usa `itkbrgc y h`vkrs`e`ogha hk cg d`ah`vkrs`hgh.

Oughra I¾ 75> Goo`aiks, `ih`ogharks y rkspaisgdcks pgrg kc _udVrabrglg hk

@ivkst`bgo`ÿi.

Tkspaisgdcks k
Goo`aiks @ih`oghar / Lktg `ivacuorghas
Kcgdargo`ÿi k `lpcklkitgo`ÿi - 67 Vcgi hk @ivkst`bgo`ÿi, Nkek -GOT -
hkc Vcgi hk @ivkst`bgo`ÿi
@ivkst`bgo`ÿi Tkbcglkita hk usa, Lgpg X`tgimgyaoo,
(c`stgha hk `ivkst`bgo`ai
` ivkst`bgo`aiks
ks hk çrkgs pr`ar`zghgs y ui`vkrs`hghks,
pr`ar`tgr`gs, rkstr`oo`aiks C`stgha hk tklgs hk `ist`tutas y okitras
hk usa, `hkit`e`ogo`ÿi `ivkst`bgo`ÿi. hk @ivkst`bgo`ÿi,
hk çrkgs y tklgs pr`ar`tgr`as AIBs.
hk `ivkst`bgo`ÿi - adnktas hk
oaiskrvgo`ÿi, kitrk atras).

:7

Vcgi Lgkstra
GOT ‟ X`tgimgyaoo

Vralavkr kc lai`tarka hk cg - 67 `iearlk hkc kstgha Nkek -GOT -

v`gd`c`hgh hk cas adnktas hk gotugc hk cas adnktas hk X`tgimgyaoo,
oaiskrvgo`ÿi y hk cgs lkh`hgs hk oaiskrvgo`ÿi,, giugc.
oaiskrvgo`ÿi `ivkst`bgharks y
oaitrac hk cas praoksas hk - Jkrrgl`kitg hk lai`tarka `ist`tuo`aiks
`itkrvkio`ÿi h`rkotg ki kc GOT- quk pkrl`tg hktkrl`igr kc o`kitìe`ogs.
X`tgimgyaoo. kstgha hk kvacuo`ÿi hkc
GOT.

_usor`d`r oaivki`as hk - 68 oaivki`as oai Nkek -GOT -

oaapkrgo`ÿi pgrg cg `ivkst`bgo`ÿi ui`vkrs`hghks igo`aigcks, X`tgimgyaoo,
oai ui`vkrs`hghks k `ist`tutas hk okitras hk `ivkst`bgo`ai, ui`vkrs`hghks
`ivkst`bgo`ÿi. AIBs, kto. pþdc`ogs y pr`vghgs,
- 4 tks`stgs giugcks igo`aigcks k
`itkrigo`aigcks,
`ivkst`bgharks y
tks`stgs.

Kstgdckokr lkogi`slas quk - 26% hk padcgharks hkc Nkek -GOT ‟

pralukvgi cg pgrt`o`pgo`ÿi
pgrt`o`pgo`ÿi caogc GOT `hkit`e`oghas ki cgs X`tgimgyaoo,
ki cgs goo`aiks hk `ivkst`bgo`ÿi. got`v`hghks hk `ivkst`bgo`ÿi
` ivkst`bgo`ÿi.. `ivkst`bgharks,
 `ist`tuo`aiks
o`kitìe`ogs y
padcgo`ÿi
arbgi`zghg.

Vralavkr `ivkst`bgo`aiks sadrk kc - 67 Vcgi Lgikna hk Nkek -GOT -

`lpgota hk cgs got`v`hghks
prahuot`vgs ki cg vkbktgo`ÿi,
vkbktgo`ÿi,
sukcas, gbugs y eguig hkc GOT-
X`tgimgyaoo,
X`tgimgyao o, gsì oala ki cg
koaialìg caogc.
Tkoursas hk cg ^[K, 67 X`tgimgyaoo,
Tkbcglkita hk usa, c`stgha padcgharks hk ^[K,
^[K,
hk got`v`hghks prahuot`vgs `ivkst`bgharks y
sastki`dcks, goukrhas kitrk arbgi`zgo`aikss hk
arbgi`zgo`aik
cas padcgharks hk cg ^[K y dgsk.
Nkek - GOT ‟X`tgimgyaoo.

Kvgcugo`ÿi y lai`tarka hk cg - 67 `iearlk, eatas hk cg Nkek -GOT -

^aig hk Tkoupkrgo`ÿi. vkcao`hgh hk rkbkikrgo`ÿi y X`tgimgyaoo,
giçc`s`s kspgo`gc y tklpargc `ivkst`bgharks,
hk cg ecarg y eguig. ui`vkrs`hghks y
tks`stgs.

:4

Vcgi Lgkstra
GOT ‟ X`tgimgyaoo
 :?

Vcgi Lgkstra
GOT ‟ X`tgimgyaoo

:8

Vcgi Lgkstra
GOT ‟ X`tgimgyaoo
 :;

Vcgi Lgkstra
GOT ‟ X`tgimgyaoo

:5

Vcgi Lgkstra
GOT ‟ X`tgimgyaoo

;.? VTABTGLG HK EATXGCKO@L@KIXA G CG BK_X@ßI

Kstk prabrglg t`kik oala adnkt`va hk `lpcklkitgr ui lahkca hk bkst`ÿi pgrt`o`pgt`vg

kitrk cg padcgo`ÿi caogc, kc Oal`tà hk Bkst`ÿi, y cgs `ist`tuo`aiks pþdc`ogs y pr`vghgs.
Oai kc adnkt`va hk hksgrraccgr lkogi`slas hk sastki`d`c`hgh e`igio`krg, gsì oala cg
pgrt`o`pgo`ÿi hk cg padcgo`ÿi ki kc cabra hk cgs lktgs
lktgs trgzghgs.

;.?.7 _udprabrgl
_udprabrglgg hk Vcgi`e`ogo`ÿi y Apkrgo`aiks

Kc adnkt`va hk kstk sudprabrglg ks bgrgit`zgr cg bkst`ÿi hkc GOT-X`tgimgyaoo,

eartgcko`kiha kc Oal`tà hk Bkst`ÿi y su kstruoturg euio`aigc y apkrgt`vg pgrg kc
hksgrracca hk tahas cas prabrglgs.
Oughra I¾ 72> Goo`aiks, `ih`ogharks y rkspaisgdcks pgrg kc _udVrabrglg hk
Vcgi`e`ogo`ÿi y Apkrgo`ai
Apkrgo`aiks.
ks.

Tkspaisgdcks k
Goo`aiks @ih`oghar / Lktg
 `ivacuorghas
Grlai`zgr cas lkogi`slas - Cg ghl`i`strgo`ÿi hkc GOT ks Nkek -GOT -
ckbgcks hk cg ghl`i`strgo`ÿi pgrt`o`pgt`vg X`tgimgyaoo,
ui lahkca hk bkst`ÿi pgrt`o`pgt`vg
rkb`aigc y cgs euio`aiks hkc oai kc `ivacuorgl`
` ivacuorgl`kita
kita hk cgs Oal`tà hk Bkst`ÿi,
Oal`tà hk Bkst`ÿi g e`i hk gutar`hghks y arbgi`zgo`aiks
ar bgi`zgo`aiks BTG,
quk egvarkzogi uig bkst`ÿi caogcks. Lui`o`pgc`hgh y
ke`o`kitk hkc GOT- - Gotgs hk rkui`aiks, goukrhas y Arbgi`zgo`aiks hk
X`tgimgyaoo. pcgi hk trgdgna giugc
giugc hkc Oal`tà Dgsk.
Bkst`ÿi hkc GOT gpradgha par
sus l`kldras.

Tkgc`zgr cg pcgi`e`ogo`ÿi - Tkih`o`aiks lkisugcks, Nkek -GOT -

apkrgt`vg y bkst`ÿi hk bgstas tr`lkstrgcks, sklkstrgcks y giugcks X`tgimgyaoo,
euio`aigcks rkqukr`has pgrg kc y kc dgcgiok eìs`oa
eì s`oa e`igio`kra. Oal`tà hk Bkst`ÿi
euio`aigl`kita hkc GOT- y Arbgi`zgo`aiks
Ar bgi`zgo`aiks
X`tgimgyaoo. hk Dgsk.

Ogpgo`tgr gc pkrsaigc hkc - 68 oursas hk ogpgo`tgo`ÿi Nkek -GOT -

GOT-X`tgimgyaoo ki bkst`ÿi giugcks gc pkrsaigc. X`tgimgyaoo,
hk çrkgs pratkb`hgs y - Vgsgitìg k `itkrogld`as hkc Oal`tà hk Bkst`ÿi,
pralavkr `itkrogld`a hkhk pkrsaigc hkc GOT. _KTIGIV,
kxpkr`kio`gs oai atrgs çrkgs bugrhgpgrquks,
pratkb`hgs. ui`vkrs`hghks k
`ist`tutas hk
ogpgo`tgo`ÿi.
H`sk÷gr k `lpcklkitgr kc - 67 `iearlk giugc hkc dgcgiok hk Nkek -GOT -
s`stklg hk lai`tarka y cg bkst`ÿi hkc GOT. X`tgimgyaoo,
kvgcugo`ÿi hk cg bkst`ÿi hkc Oal`tà hk Bkst`ÿi.
GOT-X`tgimgyaoo.

:2

Vcgi Lgkstra
GOT ‟ X`tgimgyaoo

;.?.4 _udprabrgl
_udprabrglgg hk Vgrt`o`pgo`ÿi Vþdc`og

Kstk sudprabrglg t`kik oala adnkt`va, pralavkr y eartgckokr cg pgrt`o`pgo`ÿi hk cg

padcgo`ÿi ki gpaya
gpaya g cg bkst`ÿi
bkst`ÿi hkc GOT-X`tgimgyaoo.
GOT-X`tgimgyaoo.

Oughra I¾ 7:> Goo`aiks, `ih`ogharks y rkspaisgdcks pgrg kc _udVrabrglg hk

Vgrt`o`pgo`ÿi Vþdc`og.

Tkspaisgdcks k
Goo`aiks @ih`oghar / Lktg
`ivacuorghas
Ogpgo`tgr gc Oal`tà hk Bkst`ÿi 65 tgcckrks hk ogpgo`tgo`ÿi g Nkek -GOT-
(OB)
tklgshkc GOT-X`tgimgyaoo
rkcgo`aighas g cg ki cas l`kldras
Bkst`ÿi hkc Oal`tà hk
ki tklgs X`tgimgyaoo y
Oal`tà hk Bkst`ÿi.
oaiskrvgo`ÿi y skbu`l`kita hk cg rkcgo`aighas g cg
bkst`ÿi hkc çrkg. oaiskrvgo`ÿi y lgikna hkc
GOT.

_usor`d`r goukrhas hk - Gc`gizgs y oaivki`as oai Nkek - GOT -

oaarh`igo`ÿi y gpaya g cg bkst`ÿi `istgio`gs pþdc`ogs y X`tgimgyaoo, Oal`tà
X`tgimgyaoo,
hkc GOT-X`tgimgyaoo oai pr`vghgs v`ioucghgs
v`ioucghgs gc GOT. hk Bkst`ÿi,
`ist`tuo`aiks rkcgo`aighgs gc çrkg ui`vkrs`hghks,
(lui`o`pgc`hghks, _KTIGIV, `ist`tuo`aiks
AIBs, brkl`as y atras). pþdc`ogs y pr`vghgs,
kto.

Earlgo`ÿi hk dr`bghgs koacÿb`ogs - ;6% hk cgs `ist`tuo`aiks Nkek - GOT -

(praeksarks, kstuh`gitks y khuogt`vgs oukitgi oai X`tgimgyaoo,
X`tgimgy aoo, Oal`tà
padcgharks caogcks)
caogcks) pgrg kc gpaya
gpaya Dr`bghgs koacÿb`ogs hk Bkst`ÿi,
hkc oaitrac y v`b`cgio`g hk rkoaiao`hgs par cg Nkek - arbgi`zgo`aikss hk
arbgi`zgo`aik
got`v`hghks `cìo`tgs, rkoupkrgo`ÿi GOT. dgsk k `ist`tuo`aiks
`ist`tuo`aiks
hk kspgo`as hkbrghghas lkh`gitk - Vadcgo`ÿi kstuh`git`c khuogt`vgs.
cg khuogo`ÿi gld`kitgc kitrk oalpralkt`hg, trgdgngiha y
atras. lastrgiha rksuctghas
pas`t`vas ki cg oaiskrvgo`ÿi
oaiskrvgo`ÿi
y rkoupkrgo`ÿi hk cas
dasquks puyg
puyg rg`laih`, kto.

Vrabrglg hk Bugrhgpgrquks - 68 Bugrhgpgrquks Nkek ‟ GOT -

Uacuitgr`as (BU) - Vrgot`ogitks Uacuitgr`as par g÷a. X`tgimgyaoo,
oai pcgiks hk `ivkst`bgo`ÿi gc -64 tks`stgs giugcks. Arbgi`zgo`aiks
Arbgi`zgo`ai ks hk
`itkr`ar hkc çrkg y pgrt`o`pgo`ÿi hk - BU ogpgo`tghas y dgsk, ui`vkrs`hghks
ui`vkrs`hghks k
padcgharks caogcks.
caogcks. oaio`kit`zghas ki `ist`tuo`aiks
oaiskrvgo`ÿi hk cas rkoursas okitìe`ogs.
igturgcks.

::

Vcgi Lgkstra
GOT ‟ X`tgimgyaoo

;.?.? _udprabrgl
_udprabrglgg hk _astki`d`c`hgh E`igio`krg

Kc adnkt`va hk kstk sudprabrglg ks gskburgr kc e`igio`gl`kita ghkougha pgrg cg

bkst`ÿi hkc GOT-X`tgimgyaoo y kc hksgrracca hk sus prabrglgs.

Oughra I¾ 70> Goo`aiks, `ih`ogharks y rkspaisgdcks pgrg kc _udVrabrglg hk

_astki`d`c`hgh E`igio`krg.

Tkspaisgdcks k
Goo`aiks @ih`oghar / Lktg
`ivacuorghas
@ioarpargr ki kc prksupuksta hk cg - Vcgiks oaiokrtghas hkc Nkek - GOT -
rkb`ÿi cas eaihas
apkrgt`v`hgh ki kcpgrg
GOT- cg Bad`kria Tkb`aigc
Lui`o`pgc`hgh y hk
H`str`tgc X`tgimgyaoo, BTG,
Oal`tà hk Bkst`ÿi
X`tgimgyaoo. U`sojaibaa pgrg got`v`hghks
U`sojaib y Lui`o`pgc`hgh.
hk oaiskrvgo`ÿi ki kc çld`ta
hkc GOT -X`tgimgyaoo.

Kcgdargr ui pcgi hk sastki`d`c`hgh - 67 Vcgi hk _astki`d`c`gh Nkek - GOT -

e`igio`krg hkc GOT-X`tgimgyaoo.
GOT-X`tgimgyaoo. E`igio`krg oai kstrgtkb`gs X`tgimgyaoo,
kspkoìe`ogs. Oal`tà hk Bkst`ÿi
y arbgi`zgo`aiks hk
dgsk.

Kstgdckokr lkogi`slas pgrg cg - 67 Kstuh`a tàoi`oa hk Nkek - GOT -

ogptgo`ÿi hk eaihas hk `ibrksas
prap`as bkikrghas
bkikrghas par kc
gpravkojgl`kita hk cas rkoursas
igturgcks, kc usa hk kspgo`as par
`iergkstruoturg v`gc y skrv`o`as,
kitrk kccas cas skrv`o`as
gld`kitgcks, pr`io`pgclkitk cas
bkikrghas par rkoursas jìhr`oas,
tur`sla, rkorkgo`ÿi k
`ivkst`bgo`ÿi.
vgcargo`ai koaiÿl`og hk cas X`tgimgyaoo,
rkoursas igturgcks quk Oal`tà hk Bkst`ÿi.
pkrl`tgi kc oadra par
par cas
d`kiks y skrv`o`as
skrv`o`as
gld`kitgcks hkc GOT.
- @iearlks hk ogpgotgo`ÿi
ogpgotgo`ÿi hk
`ibrksas koaiÿl`oas prap`as
par usa turìst`oa.

Kcgdargr y prkskitgr praykotas - 67 praykota k `ivkrs`ÿi Nkek - GOT -

pgrg adtkio`ÿi hk
hk eaihas, tgita pudc`og> –Lknargl`kita hkc X`tgimgyaoo,
hkc _I@V oala hk cg
c g oaapkrgo`ÿi koas`stklg hkc çrkg hk Oal`tà hk Bkst`ÿi
`itkrigo`aigc. oaiskrvgo`ÿi rkb`aigc dasquk Bad`kria Caogc,
hk puyg Tg`laih` - rkb`aigc y
X`tgimgyaoo,
X`tgimgy aoo, h`str`ta hk BTTIBLG.
U`sojaiba,
U`sojaib a, prav`io`g hk
U`cogsjuglgi - Gygouoja“
Oasta tatgc hk `ivkrs`ai
_/. 5, ?06,72:.57.
Oÿh`ba _I@V I¾ 47;;0?

:0

Vcgi Lgkstra
GOT ‟ X`tgimgyaoo

;.?.8 _udprabrgl
_udprabrglgg hk Eartgcko`l`kita hk Ogpgo`hghks Caogcks

Kc adnkt`va hk kstk sudprabrglg ks oaitr`du`r gc eartgcko`l`kita hk cgs arbgi`zgo`aiks

caogcks, kspko`gclkitk hk gqukccgs `itkrksghgs ki hksgrraccgr prçot`ogs sastki`dcks.

Oughra I¾ 46> Goo`aiks, `ih`ogharks y rkspaisgdcks pgrg kc _udVrabrglg hk

Eartgcko`l`kita
Eartgcko`l`ki ta hk Ogpgo`hghks Caogcks.

Tkspaisgdcks k
Goo`aiks @ih`oghar / Lktg `ivacuorghas
Ogpgo`tgr g cgs - @istgcgo`ÿi hk 64 çrkgs Nkek -GOT, BTG,
arbgi`zgo`aiks caogcks ki eguiìst`ogs pgrg cg Oal`tà hk Bkst`ÿi,
h`sk÷a y bkst`ÿi hk praykotas rk`itrahuoo`ÿi y lgikna AIBs.
prahuot`vas. sastki`dck hk v`ou÷gs ki kc
GOT, 64 kvkitas hk
ogpgo`tgo`ÿi ki lgikna.
 - 6; ogpgo`tgo`aiks ki cg
prahuoo`ÿi hk truojgs
truojgs hkitra
hkc GOT hk X`tgimgya
X`t gimgyaoo.
oo.

@lpucsa hk cg ogpgo`tgo`ÿi gc - 64 tgcckrks hk pgo`tgo`ÿi Nkek - GOT, Oal`tà hk

padcghar caogc ki s`stklgs
s`stklgs prahuot`vg giugcks.
giugcks. Bkst`ÿi, AIBs,
`itkbrgcks
got`v`hghkshkkoaiÿl`ogs
lgikna y Lui`o`pgc`hgh.
sastki`dcks.

H`igl`zgr kc hksgrracca hk cg - 64 Ogpgo`tgo`ÿi ki iukvgs Nkek hkc GOT, @I@G,

got`v`hgh gbrapkougr`g tkoiacabìgs prahuot`vgs Gbkio`g Gbrgr`g
lkh`gitk cg `itrahuoo`ÿi hk gbrìoacgs y prahuotas U`cogsjuglgi,
tkoiacabìgs c`lp`gs, goarhks trgisearlghas. Bad`krias Caogcks y
oai cas e`iks hkc çrkg, Oalui`hghks
gs`l`sla hgr ui vgcar Oglpks`igs.
gbrkbgha g cas prahuotas
prahuo`has ki cg zaig.
zaig.

06

Vcgi Lgkstra
GOT ‟ X`tgimgyaoo
 07

Vcgi Lgkstra
GOT ‟ X`tgimgyaoo

04

Vcgi Lgkstra
GOT ‟ X`tgimgyaoo
 0?

Vcgi Lgkstra
GOT ‟ X`tgimgyaoo

08

Vcgi Lgkstra
GOT ‟ X`tgimgyaoo
 0;

Vcgi Lgkstra
GOT ‟ X`tgimgyaoo
 05

Vcgi Lgkstra
GOT ‟ X`tgimgyaoo

Ogpìtuca 5>
^AI@E@OGO@ßI
 02

Vcgi Lgkstra
GOT ‟ X`tgimgyaoo

OGVÌX[CA U@

5. ^AI@E@OGO@ßI

Kc Çrkg hk Oaiskrvgo`ÿi Tkb`aigc Dasquk hk Vuyg Tg`laih` ‟ X`tgimgyaoo kstç

suer`kiha uig gctkrgo`ÿi hk sus rkbìlkiks igturgcks, pàrh`hg brghugc hk cg oadkrturg
vkbktgc y hkbrghgo`ÿi hk sus jçd`tgts hkd`ha g quk cg padcgo`ÿi, oaiso`kitk a
`ioaiso`kitklkitk, `iorklkitg kc iþlkra hk bgigha ki kc çrkg hk oaiskrvgo`ÿi,
glpc`g cg eraitkrg gbrìoacg, rkgc`zg got`v`hghks hk quklg hk lgtarrgcks y pgnaigcks
pgrg adtkikr earrgnk
earrgnk y rkgc`zg ogzg `ih`sor`l`ighg.

Cg zai`e`ogo`ÿi quk sk prkskitg g oait`iugo`ÿi t`kik kc adnkt`va hk oaitr`du`r g

oaitracgr y lgikngr kc usa hk rkoursas hkitra hkc çrkg oai kc e`i hk prkvki`r kc
hktkr`ara quk v`kik aourr`kiha. Cg zai`e`ogo`ÿi hk ui çrkg igturgc pratkb`hg ks

kitkih`hg
ki oalahkc
kc çld`ta cg rkprkskitg
r kprkskitgo`ÿi
o`ÿi kspgo`gc
çrkg (@ITKIG, hk cgs
466;). _k kstrgtkb`gs
trgtg hk hkui oaiskrvgo`ÿi y lgikna
praoksa h`içl`oa y
pgrt`o`pgt`va hk cg hke`i`o`ÿi hkc usa hk ui tkrr`tar`a, klpckgiha h`st`itas or`tkr`as,
or`tk r`as,
skbþi cas adnkt`vas hkc çrkg pratkb`hg. Ki ksk skit`ha, cg zai`e`ogo`ÿi ks uig
jkrrgl`kitg hk pcgi`e`ogo`ÿi sulglkitk þt`c ki kc lgikna hk çrkgs pratkb`hgs, prkv`stg
ki cg Cky hk Çrkgs Igturgcks Vratkb`hgs, ki ouya grtìouca 4?¾ sk sk÷gcg quk oghg çrkg
igturgc pratkb`hg hkdk skr zai`e`oghg hk goukrha g sus rkqukr`l`kitas y adnkt`vas.

Oaiorktglkitk, cas adnkt`vas hk cg zai`e`ogo`ÿi hk ui GIV sai>

 Kstruoturgr kc kspgo`a pgrg sgt`segokr cas rkqukr`l`kitas hk oaiskrvgo`ÿi,

lgikna y usa sastki`dck hk cg d`ah`vkrs`hgh.

Kstgdckokr cgs h`st`itgs zaigs hk lgikna, hke`i`kiha cgs got`v`hghks y
kspko`e`ogiha cgs rkstr`oo`aiks quk sk hklgihgrç ki oghg uig hk kccgs.
 Vrapaikr kstrgtkb`gs hk oaiskrvgo`ÿi, lgikna y usa sastki`dck hk oghg cubgr
skbþi cg zai`e`ogo`ÿi kstgdcko`hg.
 Oaitr`du`r gc arhkigl`kita kspgo`gc y/a tklpargc hk cgs got`v`hghks hkc GIV.
 Vrapaikr lkogi`slas hk oaitrac hk gooksa pgrg oghg zaig.
 Cg zai`e`ogo`ÿi ia `itkitg okrrgr cas cìl`tks hkc çrkg pratkb`hg g cg goo`ÿi
julgig pgrg su oaiskrvgo`ÿi, s`ia quk dusog pralavkr su usa rgo`aigc, hk
goukrha g cgs gpt`tuhks hk cgs h`ekrkitks zaigs quk cg oalpaiki gsì oala hk
cas adnkt`vas hkc çrkg.

G oait`iugo`ÿi sk hksor`dki cas or`tkr`as ut`c`zghas pgrg cg prapukstg hk zai`e`ogo`ÿi

hkc GOT-X`tgimgyaoo.
GOT-X`tgimgyaoo.
 0:

Vcgi Lgkstra
GOT ‟ X`tgimgyaoo

G. Ckbgcks

a Ki dgsk g cg ogtkbarìg, adnkt`va hk orkgo`ÿi y s`tugo`ÿi hkc GOT.

a ^aigs pkrl`t`hgs y usas pkrl`t`has skbþi ogtkbarìg> ki ui çrkg hk
oaiskrvgo`ÿi rkb`aigc par skr ui çrkg igturgc hk usa h`rkota, sk
pkrl`tki s`ktk t`pas hk zaigs> hk Vratkoo`ÿi Kstr`otg (VK), hk [sa
_`cvkstrk (_), hk [sa Xurìst`oa y Tkorkgt`va (XT), hk [sa Kspko`gc
([K), hk Tkoupkrgo`ÿi (TKO), hk Gpravkojgl`kita H`rkota (GH) k
J`stÿr`oa ‟ Oucturgc (JO).
a Hkrkojas giokstrgcks y ghqu`r`has hk cgs oalui`hghks.

D. Igturgcks y sao`gcks

a Vr`ar`hghks hk oaiskrvgo`ÿi ki dgsk g cg ud`ogo`ÿi hk cas ougtra

adnkt`vas hk oaiskrvgo`ÿi
oaiskrvgo`ÿi `hkit`e`oghas pgrg
pgrg kc GOT-X`tgimgyaoo.
GOT-X`tgimgyaoo.
a H`içl`og igturgc> ki cas koas`stklgs hkc GOT-X`tgimgyaoo `itkrv`kiki
praoksas koacÿb`oas h`içl`oas y pkrlgikitks `iecu`has par cg
ogptgo`ÿi hk ikdc`igs, cgs prko`p`tgo`aiks ki cg pgrtk gctg (daekhgcks y
pgnaigcks), kitrk atras.
atras.
a H`içl`og oucturgc> padcgo`ÿi oai hkrkoja hk usa hkc rkoursa giokstrgc,
kxpkotgt`vgs hkc usa hk tkrr`tar`a y cas rkoursas.

Ki dgsk g cas or`tkr`as hksor`tas sk prapaik 65 zaigs pgrg kc GOT-X`tgimgyaoo, cg

^aig hk Vratkoo`ÿi Kstr`otg ia ks oais`hkrg par ia skr oalpgt`dck oai cgs got`v`hghks
trgh`o`aigcks hk cas cgs oalui`hghks oglpks`igs quk sk kioukitrgi ud`oghgs ki kc
kitaria y hkitra hkc GOT ‟ X`tgimgyaoo.

Oughra I¾ 47> Or`tkr`as pgrg cg zai`e`ogo`ÿi

Or`tkr`as hk zai`e`ogo`ÿi Hktgcck

- Ogrgotkrìst`ogs e`s`abrçe`ogs hkc GOT.
- _krv`o`as gld`kitgcks sastki`dcks
- Glkigzgs y r`ksbas igturgcks
- ^aigs hk v`hg
Gld`kitgcks - Vraoksas koacÿb`oas a euio`aigl`kita
hk koas`stklgs
- Adnktas hk oaiskrvgo`ÿi
- Oaih`o`aiks gld`kitgcks quk hkdki
lgitkikrsk.
Gitrÿp`oas - Glkigzgs y r`ksbas gitrÿp`oas
- Gooks`d`c`hgh

_ao`a koaiÿl`oa y oucturgc [sa gbrìoacg

- Hkrkojas gotugc hk cas rkoursas
hk usueruota
igturgcks
 00

Vcgi Lgkstra
GOT ‟ X`tgimgyaoo

Oughra I¾ 44> O`rtkr`as `itkbrghas pgrg cg zai`e`ogo`ÿi

z ai`e`ogo`ÿi hk Çrkg hk Oaiskrvgo`ÿi
Tkb`aigc X`tgimgyaoo.

^ai`e`ogo`ÿi Or`tkr`as `itkbrghas

^aig s`cvkstrk (_)
^aig hk rkoupkrgo`ÿi
(TKO)
^aig hk usa kspko`gc ([K)
^aig hk gpravkojgl`kita
h`rkota (GH)
^aig hk usa turìst`oa y
rkorkgt`va (XT)
^aig j`stÿr`og - oucturgc
(JO)
- Vatkio`gc`hgh hk usa
- Vraoksas koacÿb`oas hk euio`aigl`kita hk koas`stklgs
- Jgd`tgtgs oai kspko`ks kihkl`ogs
- ^aigs haihk jgi s`ha pkrturdghas
- Got`v`hghks quk `lpc`ogi cg trgisearlgo`ÿi hkc
koas`stklg ar`b`igc.
- _krv`o`as gld`kitgcks sastki`dcks.
- Or`tkr`as sao`akoaiÿl`oas, oucturgcks y pacìt`oas
- Gcta brgha hk kxpkotgt`vgs hk usa hk cas rkoursas.
-- _krv`o`as
Ogpgo`hghgld`kitgcks sastki`dcks.
hk rkoupkrgo`ÿi (rks`stkio`g y rks`ckio`g hk
koas`stklgs)
- Vrkskio`g y kv`hkio`g hk lgi`ekstgo`aiks oucturgcks a
s`t`as grqukacÿb`oas ia ikoksgr`glkitk
ikoksgr`glkitk rkoaiao`has par
kc L`i`stkr`a hk Oucturg.

5.7 ^AIG _@CUK_XTK (_)

5.7.7 Hke`i`o`ÿi

^aigs quk jgi suer`ha paog a iucg `itkrvkio`ÿi julgig y ki cgs quk prkhal`ig kc
ogrçotkr s`cvkstrk= pkra quk sai lkias vucikrgdcks quk cgs çrkgs `iocu`hgs ki cg ^aig
hk Vratkoo`ÿi Kstr`otg. Ki kstgs zaigs ks pas`dck, ghklçs hk cgs got`v`hghks hk
ghl`i`strgo`ÿi y oaitrac, cg `ivkst`bgo`ÿi o`kitìe`og, khuogo`ÿi y cg rkorkgo`ÿi s`i
`iergkstruoturg pkrlgikitk i` vkjìoucas latar`zghas. (Grtìouca 4?¶, Cky hk Çrkgs
Igturgcks Vratkb`hgs,
Vratkb`hgs, Cky 45:?8).

5.7.4 Ogrgotkrìst`ogs

Cg zaig sk kioukitrg h`v`h`hg ki

ki has sud zaigs (_7-_4), par cg got`v`hgh turìst`og.
turìst`og.
Çrkgs quk gui lgit`kiki sus vgcarks igturgcks oalpcktg a rkcgt`vglkitk `itgotas,
haihk cas dasquk hk –X`tgimgs“ Vuyg rg`laih`` kstçi ki pckia orko`l`kita.
Vgrg cg zai`e`ogo`ÿi hk zaig s`cvkstrk sk jg oais`hkrgha ki pr`lkr cubgr cas or`tkr`as hk
lgroa hk ogrçotkr gld`kitgc oai e`iks hk oaiskrvgo`ÿi. Cas kspgo`as quk sk
oais`hkrgi oala zaig s`cvkstrk sai dçs`oglkitk cas pgnaigcks y julkhgcks. Ks cg zaig
 766

Vcgi Lgkstra
GOT ‟ X`tgimgyaoo

hk lgyar kxtkis`ÿi hkc GOT-X`tgimgyaoo, kxtkih`àihask sadrk uig supkre`o`k hk 4

046 jkotçrkgs quk rkprkskitg kc 82% hkc GOT. Gikxa 7.

G. ^aig s`cvkstrk ‟ (_7)

Cg _7 oudrk
oudrk cgs pgrtks lkh`gs y gctgs hkc cgha iartk oarrkspaih`kitk
oarrkspaih`kitk g cg oa
oalui`hgh
lui`hgh
hk U`sojaiba, kstç rkprkskitghg par zaigs hk v`hg hk dasquk jþlkha Laitgia
_udtrap`ogc y kc pgrgla luy jþlkha-_udgdgcp`ia _udtrap`ogc (pl-_g_), cas pçrglas
hk kstg zaig sk kioukitrgi
kioukitr gi ud`oghas ki cg pgrtk gctg ki cgs ogdkokrgs hk oukiog hk kstg
kstg
zaig, sai oais`hkrghgs hk gcta vgcar koacÿb`oa s`kiha `ijkrkitks gc euio`aigl`kita y
prahuot`v`hgh hk cas koas`stklgs igturgcks, sk oalpartgi oala oacojaiks gouìekras.
Ki kstg zaig kx`stki 64 cgbuigs oaist`tu`hgs par ookjuccgooaojg y ojgccjugooaojg, hkc
ougc sk gdgstkok hk gbug cgs oalui`hghks hk cg pgrtk dgng y sus ghygokitks, ghklçs
pkrl`tk kc hksgrracca
hksgrracca hk sus got`v
got`v`hghks
`hghks gbr`oacgs.

Ki kstg çrkg prkskitg uig tapabrgeìg paoa goo`hkitghg, oai has rkc`kvks hk ccgiurg
gct`pcçi`og hk rkc`kvk aihucgha, y pki`ccgiurg hk rkc`kvk goo`hkitgha oaist`tuykiha cas
pgnaigcks hk puig, gsao`ghg g kstç cg eguig s`cvkstrk oaist`tu`hg par cg U`ou÷g
(U`oubig v`oubig), kc ^arra (C`ogcapkx oucpgkus), kc ^arr`ia a G÷gs ( Oaikpgtus
skl`str`gtus), kc Bgta Laitàs (Ekc`s oacaoaca), cg U`zogojg ( Cgb`h`ul pkrugiul), kc
Vkrh`z (Iatjapraotg spp.) y ki aogs`aiks sk pukhk adskrvgr kc Oÿihar (Uuctur
brypjus)) y luy
brypjus lu y rgrg vkz kc Vulg ( Vulg oaioacar), y hk ecarg Oaist`tu`ha par kspko`ks
hk Vagokgs hk cas bàikras> Ogcglgbrast`s, _t`pg, Vkii`sktul, Igsskccg, Vag y
Ekstuog= gsao`ghas oai kspko`ks hk cas bàikras Dgoojgr`s, Jypskccg, Axgc`s, Bkit`gig,
Ugckr`gig y cg prkskio`g hk dralkc`gs, kspko`ks hk arquìhkgs y dkba
dkbai`gs
i`gs

D. ^aig _`cvkstrk ‟ (_4)

Cg _4 oudrk cgs pgrtks lkh`gs y gctgs hkc skotar oarrkspaih`kitk g cg oalui`hgh hk

Waoojg y Oogojudgldg, rkprkskitgha ki su lgyar pgrtk par kc dasquk jþlkha
Laitgia _udtrap`ogc, ki kstg zaig sk `hkit`e`og uig oais`hkrgdck padcgo`ÿi hk Vuygs
rg`laih` ki ktgpg nuvki`c
n uvki`c hk padcgl`kita hk kstgs çrkgs, ghklçs sk ud`ogi has cgbuigs
cg Aroaooaojg y Oj`igooaojg `lpartgitk rkskrvg jìhr`og hkc h`str`ta hk U`sojaiba.

Ki kstg zaig ks pas`dck rkgc`zgr `ivkst`bgo`ÿi sadrk cas adnktas hk oaiskrvgo`ÿi hk

ecarg y eguig gs` oala> (Vuyg rg`laih``, Vacyckp`s rgoklasg, Duhhckng `iogig ,

Ksogccai`g rks`iasg, U`oubig v`oubig, Ekc`s oacaoaca, Iatjapraotg spp, kto.) kspko`ks
quk kstçi ki pkc`bra hk kxt`io`ÿi, oai e`iks hk pratkoo`ÿi, oaiskrvgo`ÿi y
rkoupkrgo`ÿi hk cgs kspko`ks y koas`stklgs `lpgotghas.
` lpgotghas.

Ogdk lgi`ekstgr quk kstg zaig _4 gh`gokitks g cgs cgbuigs Aroaooaojg y Oj`igooaojg
sk oais`hkrg cg supkre`o`k
supkre`o`k hk cgs oaiok
oaioks`aiks
s`aiks l`ikrgs, quk ki
ki cg gotugc`hgh ia rkgc`zg
i`ibþi t`pa hk got`v`hgh.
 767

Vcgi Lgkstra
GOT ‟ X`tgimgyaoo

5.7.? Adnkt`vas

• Vrkskrvgr cas koas`stklgs, jçd`tgts y kspko`ks ki kc kstgha igturgc, gskburgiha cas

praoksas koacÿb`oas y kvacut`vas igturgcks prap`as hkc çrkg, lgitki`kiha cg dkcckzg
ksoài`og.
•Bgrgit`zgr cg ogc`hgh hkc rkoursa jìhr`oa hk cgs ogdkokrgs hk oukiog, gsì oala
lgitkikr cas gtr`dutas y ogc`hghks igturgcks kskio`gcks hkc gld`kitk g cgrba pcgza.
• Ego`c`tgr y pralavkr cgs `ivkst`bgo`aiks o`kitìe`ogs y kc lai`tarka gld`kitgc, oala
pr`io`pgcks got`v`hghks
got`v`hghks gsao
gsao`ghgs
`ghgs gc lgikna
lgikna hk cas rkoursas.
rkoursas.
• Gskburgr ui kspgo`a igturgc pgrg cg khuogo`ÿi gld`kitgc
gld`kitgc hk cgs euturgs bkikrgo`aik
bkikrgo`aiks.
s.

5.7.8 Iarlgs hk usa

 Ia kstçi pkrl`t`hgs cgs got`v`hghks julgigs tgcks oala cg gbr`oucturg,

bgighkrìg, ogzg, pksog, rkoackoo`ÿi hk prahuotas ia lghkrgdcks i` lghkrgdcks
a kxtrgoo`ÿi hk rkoursas ki bkikrgc, oai kxokpo`ÿi hk cgs oackoo`aiks quk sk
rkgc`oki oai e`iks hk `ivkst`bgo`ÿi. Cgs got`v`hghks julgigs kx`stkitks g cg
gotugc`hgh sk rkhuo`rçi pgucgt`iglkitk.
 Wukhg praj`d`hg cg `itrahuoo`ÿi hk kspko`ks gouçt`ogs kxÿt`ogs ki cg cgbuig hk
Ookuccgooaojg y Ojgccjugooaojg y atras oukrpas hk gbug haihk jgyg
jg yg prkskio`g
hk pkoks igt`vas oala cg Arkstj`g sp. y kc Xr`ojalyotkrus sp.
 _k pkrl`tki y pralukvki cgs got`v`hghks hk `ivkst`bgo`ÿi o`kitìe`og, cgs
l`slgs quk kstgrçi sunktgs g cg prkskitgo`ÿi hk ui praykota hk `ivkst`bgo`ÿi y
g su gpradgo`ÿi par cg Nkegturg hkc GOT - X`tgimgy
X`t gimgyaoo.
aoo.
 _k pkrl`tki got`v`hghks hk tur`sla, `itkrprktgo`ÿi, rkorkgo`ÿi y khuogo`ÿi
gld`kitgc, s`klprk y ougiha ia gctkrki hk cgs oaih`o`aiks s`cvkstrks hk cg zaig.
 Cas cubgrks hk v`s`tg, cas puitas hk gooksa y kc iþlkra hk v`s`tgitks hkdkrçi
skr gutar`zghas par cg gutar`hgh rkb`aigc oalpktkitk.

Ia kstç pkrl`t`hg cg oaistruoo`ÿi hk `iergkstruoturg pkrlgikitk pgrg tur`sla,
tgcks oala gcdkrbuks.
 Vukhki hke`i`rsk zaigs kspkoìe`ogs pgrg kstgdckokr oglpglkitas y rkeub`as
pgrg `ivkst`bgharks
`ivkst`bgharks y tur`stgs.
 Hk orkgrsk çrkgs turìst`ogs a hk `ivkst`bgo`ÿi hkitra hk kstg zaig, sk ikoks`tgrç
oaitgr oai pcgiks hk s`t`as turìst`oas y hk `ivkst`bgo`ÿi, cas quk pkrl`t`rçi
lai`tarkgr cas `lpgotas
` lpgotas ikbgt`vas
ikbgt`vas patkio`gcks hkr`vghas hk kstgs got`v`hghks.
 Kc goaih`o`aigl`kita hk kstgs çrkgs sk c`l`tgrç g sk÷gc`zgo`ÿi, skihkras
kcklkitgcks y s`t`as hk oglpglkita dçs`oas.
dçs`oas.
 764

Vcgi Lgkstra
GOT ‟ X`tgimgyaoo

LGVG I¾ ?> ^aig _`cvkstrk hkc GOT ‟ X`tgimgyaoo.

5.4 ^AIG HK TKO[VKTGO@ßI (TKO)

5.4.7 Hke`i`o`ÿi

^aig trgis`tar`g, gpc`ogdck g çld`tas quk par ogusgs igturgcks a `itkrvkio`ÿi julgig,
jgi suer`ha hg÷as `lpartgitks y rkqu`krki ui lgikna kspko`gc pgrg rkoupkrgr su
ogc`hgh y kstgd`c`hgh gld`kitgc, y gs`bigrck cg zai`e`ogo`ÿi quk oarrkspaihg g su
igturgckzg. (Grtìouca 4?¶, Cky hk Çrkgs Igturgcks Vratkb`hgs, Cky 45:?8).

5.4.4 Ogrgotkrìst`ogs

Kstg zaig tgld`ài sk kioukitrg h`v`h`hg ki has sudzaigs (TKO7 y TKO4), s`kiha cg
TKO7 uig skoo`ÿi pkquk÷g ud`ogha ki kc cgha Iartk. _k ogrgotkr`zgi par cg kx`stkio`g
hk pgrokcgs gbrapkougr`gs kstgdcko`hgs hkshk gitks hk cg orkgo`ÿi GOT X`tgimgyaoo,
76?

Vcgi Lgkstra
GOT ‟ X`tgimgyaoo

tgld`ài sk oais`hkrg oala zaigs hk rkoupkrgo`ÿi g cgs çrkgs quk jgi suer`ha o`krtg
`itkis`hgh hk got`v`hgh bgighkrg hkd`ha gc sadrkpgstarka gc quk kstç sunkta kstgs çrkgs.
quk jgi bkikrgha kc hktkr`ara y cg pàrh`hg hk cg oadkrturg vkbktgc, kxtrgoo`ÿi hk
rkoursas lghkrgdcks y ia lghkrgdcks oala kspko`ks ck÷asgs igt`vgs oala kc Gcius
goul`igtg, Ksogccai`g lyrt`cca`hks, Vacyckp`s `iogig, kto.

_k trgtg hk çrkgs quk par cg hkstruoo`ÿi hk cg oadkrturg vkbktgc prahuota hk cg

kxpgio`ÿi gbr`oacg y cg bgighkrìg kstçi suer`kiha ogld`as ia goarhks oai cg gpt`tuh hk
usa hk su sukca. Cg supkre`o`k quk gcogizg kstg zaig ks hk 524.68 jkotçrkgs y
rkprkskitg kc 77% hkc GOT-X`tgimgyaoo. Gikxa 7.

Kitrk cas adnktas hk oaiskrvgo`ÿi quk kioaitrglas ki kstg zaig kstçi kc gbug, cas
dasquks rkc`otas hk cgs
c gs qukdrghgs, cas lgtarrgcks y cg eguig s`cvkstrk quk jgd`tgi kstk
t`pa hk earlgo`aiks.

Hkd`ha gc sadrkpgstarka gc quk kstç sunkta kstgs çrkgs

5.4.? Adnkt`vas

 Hktkikr cg hkearkstgo`ÿi y gctkrgo`ÿi hk cas koas`stklgs ar`b`igcks aogs`aighg

par cgs got`v`hghks julgigs, skgi kstgs gbrìoacgs, kxtrgoo`ÿi hk lghkrg hk
kspko`ks igt`vgs y cg rkoackoo`ÿi hk prahuotas ia lghkrgdcks, pratkb`kiha g
kstas koas`stklgs hk got`v`hghks iukvgs hk kstk t`pa.
 @hkit`e`ogr, kvgcugr y hke`i`r kc tglg÷a hk cgs pgrokcgs gbrìoacgs, pcgitgo`aiks
hk kuogc`pta, gpt`tuh hkc sukca, earlgs hk ouct`va y pkrlgikio`g hk cas usugr`as
hk cg t`krrg.
 Bgrgit`zgr cg rkoupkrgo`ÿi hk cas koas`stklgs gctkrghas g trgvàs hk goo`aiks hk
rkstgurgo`ÿi koacÿb`og y prçot`ogs hk oaiskrvgo`ÿi hk sukcas.


Kvgcugr cg oaih`o`ÿi hk kstg zaig g e`i hk atarbgrck uig zai`e`ogo`ÿi

pkrlgikitk.
 Vralavkr kc hksgrracca hk got`v`hghks khuogt`vgs y hk `ivkst`bgo`ÿi.

5.4.8 Iarlgs hk usa

 Ia kstç pkrl`t`ha glpc`gr a jgd`c`tgr iukvgs çrkgs pgrg cg rkgc`zgo`ÿi hk

got`v`hghks gbrapkougr`gs, earkstgcks oai kspko`ks `itrahuo`hgs, i` kxtrgoo`ÿi
hk lghkrg hk kspko`ks igt`vgs.
 Cgs çrkgs oais`hkrghgs hkitra hk kstg zaig skrçi hkd`hglkitk kvgcughgs par kc
nkek y pkrsaigc hkc GOT-X`tgimgyaoo
GOT-X`tgimgyaoo oai kc e`i hk hktkrl`igr sus cìl`tks
cìl` tks y cas
lknarks praokh`l`kitas hk rkoupkrgo`ÿi, `ivacuorgiha g cg padcgo`ÿi caogc.
 _k rkearkstgrç ougiha cg rkpadcgo`ÿi igturgc ia skg pas`dck.
 768

Vcgi Lgkstra
GOT ‟ X`tgimgyaoo

 Cg rkpadcgo`ÿi `ihuo`hg sk jgrç oai kspko`ks igt`vgs ut`c`zgiha pcgitaiks

prahuo`has ki v`vkra hkc cubgr,
cubgr, ki ogsa hk ia skr pas`dck sk aptgrg
aptgrg par kspko`ks
erutgcks a earkstgcks quk ia tkibgi oalpartgl`kita gckcapçt`ogs y/a
apartui`stgs.
 G lkh`hg quk kstgs çrkgs vgygi s`kiha rkoupkrghgs y cas r`ksbas hk kras`ÿi hk
sukcas h`sl`iuygi, pgsgrçi
pgsgrçi g earlgr pgrtk hk atrg zaig hk goukrha g su gpt`tuh,
oaih`o`ÿi y adnkt`vas hkc çrkg pratkb`hg.
 Vgrg cg rkoupkrgo`ÿi hk çrkgs oac`ihgitks oai cgs adrgs hk `iergkstruoturg v`gc k
`itkroaikx`ÿi kcàotr`og, sk hkdkrç gotugr skbþi cgs rkoalkihgo`aiks hk sus
rkspkot`vas pcgiks hk lgikna gld`kitgc gpradghas par cg gutar`hgh skotar`gc
oalpktkitk y oai ap`i`ÿi egvargdck hk cg gutar`hgh rkb`aigc oalpktkitk.
oalpktkitk.
 Ia sk pkrl`t`rç cg gpkrturg
gpkrturg hk iukv
iukvgs
gs vìgs ogrrazgdcks.
 Cg got`v`hgh gbrìoacg y earkstgc prkskitk hkdkrç ar`kitgrsk par cas s`bu`kitks
pr`io`p`as>

- Ia glpc`gr i` jgd`c`tgr iukvgs çrkgs pgrg rkgc`zgr cg got`v`hgh gbrìoacg y

- earkstgc
Ghaptgroai kspko`ks
s`stklgs kxÿt`ogs. oai prçot`ogs hk oaiskrvgo`ÿi hk sukcas.
gbraearkstgcks
- Vrgot`ogr uig gbr`oucturg arbçi`og y oai kspko`ks igt`vgs.
- Ia hksgrraccgr got`v`hghks bgighkrgs quk gctkrki cg ogpgo`hgh rkbkikrgt`vg hk
cg oadkrturg vkbktgc.

 Ia kstç pkrl`t`ha kc gskitgl`kita

gskitgl`kita hk
hk iukvas padcgharks ki cg zaig.
zaig.
 Kc usa hk rkoursas ia lghkrgdcks sk kekotugrç lkh`gitk pcgiks hk lgikna.
 Cgs kspko`ks hk ecarg y eguig s`cvkstrk oais`hkrghgs ki vìgs hk kxt`io`ÿi ia
pahrçi skr kxpcatghgs,
kxpcatghgs, y sk
sk pralavkrç su rkoupkrgo`ÿi.
 Ia kstç pkrl`t`ha kc gpravkojgl`kita
gpravkojgl`kita hk rkoursas lghkrgdcks hk kspko`ks
igt`vgs.

Cg got`v`hgh turìst`og y rkorkgt`vg sk hksgrraccgrç dgna cg lahgc`hgh hk
oaioks`aiks, hgiha pgrt`o`pgo`ÿi prkekrkitk g cgs padcgo`aiks caogcks.
 Cg `lpcklkitgo`ÿi hk `iergkstruoturg hk tur`sla y rkorkgo`ÿi hkdkrç kstgr
prko`sghg ki sus
sus rkspkot`vas
rkspkot`vas pcgiks hk s`t`a.
s`t`a.
 Cgs got`v`hghks hk `ivkst`bgo`ÿi hkdki oaitgr oai ui praykota hk `ivkst`bgo`ÿi
gpradgha par cg gutar`hgh rkb`aigc oalpktkitk, pralav`àihask `ivks
`ivkst`bgo`aiks
t`bgo`aiks
quk gpayki gc lknar usa hk cg t`krrg y kc lgikna hk rkoursas ia lghkrgdcks y
hk eguig.
 76;

Vcgi Lgkstra
GOT ‟ X`tgimgyaoo

LGVG I¾ 8> ^aig hk Tkoupkrgo`ÿi hkc GOT ‟ X`tgimgyaoo.

5.? ^AIG HK [_A K_VKO@GC ([K)

5.?.7 Hke`i`o`ÿi

Kspgo`as aoupghas par gskitgl`kitas julgias prkkx`stkitks gc kstgdcko`l`kita hkc

Çrkg Igturgc Vratkb`hg, a ki cas quk par s`tugo`aiks kspko`gcks, aourrk gcbþi t`pa hk
usa gbrìoacg, pkougr`a, gbras`cvapgstar`c u atrgs got`v`hghks quk `lpc`ogi cg
trgisearlgo`ÿi hkc koas`stklg ar`b`igc (Grtìouca 4?¶, Cky hk Çrkgs Igturgcks
Vratkb`hgs, Cky 45:?8).

5.?.4 Ogrgotkrìst`ogs

Kstg zaig oalprkihk gct`tuh`igclkitk cg pgrtk lçs dgng hkc GOT-X`tgimgyaoo

oarrkspaihk cg cg zaig hk v`hg hk dasquk skoa Laitgia Dgna _udtrap`ogc, haihk sk
kioukitrg ud`oghg cgs oalui`hghks U`sojaiba, Ooaojg y Oogojudgldg y hksgrraccgi
765

Vcgi Lgkstra
GOT ‟ X`tgimgyaoo

got`v`hgh gbrìoacg kstgo`aigc cg pr`io`pgc got`v`hgh koaiÿl`og quk t`kik kstk skotar
lkh`gitk kc ouct`va hk pgpg, lgìz, qu`iug, kto ia rkgc`zgiha i`ibþi t`pa hk lgikna
tkoi`e`ogha, ghklçs hk got`v`hghks earkstgcks oai kuogc`pta, bgighkrìg kxtkis`vg y ki
gcbuias skotarks erut`oucturg= tki`kiha oala cìl`tk `iekr`ar hk cg ^aig y hkc GOT-
X`tgimgyaoo cg ogrrktkrg vko`igc quk uik cg o`uhgh hk U`cogsjuglçi g cg o`uhgh hk
Gygouoja, su oaie`burgo`ÿi s`buk cg cìikg hk cg ogrrktkrg. _k kxt`kihk sadrk uig
supkre`o`k hk 864.52 jkotçrkgs y rkprkskitg kc 5% hkc GOT-X`tgimgya
GOT-X`tgimgyaoo.
oo. Gikxa 7.

5.?.? Adnkt`vas

 Bgrgit`zgr quk kc knkro`o`a hk cas hkrkojas prkkx`stkitks g cg orkgo`ÿi hkc

GOT-X`tgimgyaoo, rkgc`oki got`v`hghks ki cg zaig oais`hkrgiha cg ogpgo`hgh
hk rks`stkio`g y rks`ckio`g hk kstas koas`stklgs, quk pkrl`tg rkoupkrgr cg
supkre`o`k hkearkstghg oai cg pgrt`o`pgo`ÿi got`vg hk cg padcgo`ÿi `ilkrsg ki cg
^[K, jgo`kiha ui usa rgo`aigc hk cas rkoursas oai got`v`hghks oalpgt`dcks oai
cas adnkt`vas hk orkgo`ÿi.
 Vralavkr prçot`ogs hk lgikna rgo`aigc oai kc e`i hk ia gctkrgr cas koas`stklgs
o`rouihgitks.
 Vralavkr tgcckrks hk ogpgo`tgo`ÿi y hk `lpcklkitgo`ÿi hk praykotas hk
lgikna y tkoi`e`ogo`ÿi ki got`v`hghks gbrapkougr`gs, oai kc e`i hk kckvgr cg
ogc`hgh hk v`hg caogc.
 Gskburgr cas rksuctghas hk cg bkst`ÿi g trgvàs hkc lai`tarka hk cgs got`v`hghks
gitrÿp`ogs.
 Vralavkr got`v`hghks turìst`ogs y rkorkgt`vgs oai cg pgrt`o`pgo`ÿi prkekrkitk hk
cg padcgo`ÿi caogc
c aogc arbgi`zghg.

5.?.8 Iarlgs hk usa


Ia sk pkrl`t`rç kc `ibrksa hk iukvas `il`brgitks
`il` brgitks gc GOT-X`tgimgy
GOT-X`tgimgyaoo
aoo y g cg
^aig hk [sa Kspko`gc.
 Cas dasquks hk kspko`ks igt`vgs ud`oghas ki cgs qukdrghgs y/a eukrg hk cas
c`ihkras hk cgs pgrokcgs gbrìoacgs ia hkdki skr tgcghas. _ÿca sk pkrl`tk kc usa
hk rglgs ogìhgs ki oaih`o`aiks igturgcks, pgrg usa egl`c`gr hk padcgharks
caogcks klpghraighas, y oai goukrhas a oalpral`sas hk oaiskrvgo`ÿi y usa.
 Kc usa hkc gbug g trgvàs hk kldgcsks/daogtalgs hkdk bgrgit`zgr kc oguhgc
koacÿb`oa, skbur`hgh y ui i`vkc hk pg`sgnk, oai cg e`igc`hgh hk hgrck
sastki`d`c`hgh gc hksgrracca hk cas koas`stklgs gouçt`oas r`dkrk÷as y cas
gsao`ghas, gsì oala kc hksgrracca hk got`v`hghks prahuot`vgs. Cas
daekhgcks/puqu`gcks dgna i`ibþi or`tkr`a hkdki skr pkrturdghas par
`iergkstruoturgs oala ogigcks hk r`kba, ogptgo`ÿi hk gbug patgdck, hrkignks
pgrg pgstarka y atras, sgcva goo`aiks a praykotas quk gyuhki ki cg
 762

Vcgi Lgkstra
GOT ‟ X`tgimgyaoo

rkoupkrgo`ÿi hk daekhgcks oai e`iks hk oaskojg hk gbug y oaiskrvgo`ÿi hk

d`ah`vkrs`hgh.
 Cg got`v`hghks gbrìoacgs sk hksgrraccgrg pr`io`pgclkitk oai kspko`ks igt`vgs,
ar`kitçihask jgo`g uig gbr`oucturg arbçi`og, sk hkc`l`tgrçi cgs çrkgs hk trgdgna
y sk e`rlgrgi gotgs hk goukrhas a oalpral`sas hk oaiskrvgo`ÿi y usa.

Kc pgstarka sk hksgrraccg kv`tgiha kc hktkr`ara hk cg ogpgo`hgh prahuot`vg hkc
rkoursa, cg gctkrgo`ÿi hkc ràb`lki j`hracÿb`oa hk cg oukiog, oai kc oalpral`sa
hk cas usugr`as g kv`tgr kc sadrk pgstarka, sk prapaihrçi tàoi`ogs
s`cvapgstar`cks y hk ratgo`ÿi hk pgstas, oai kc e`i hk rkhuo`r pgucgt`iglkitk cgs
eukitks hk prks`ÿi. Cas usueruotugr`as hk cas pgstas igturgcks, hkdki kstgr
hkd`hglkitk klpghraighas par cg ghl`i`strgo`ÿi hkc GOT-X`tgimgy
GOT-X`tgimgyaoo.
aoo.
 _aca sk hksgrraccgrçi praykotas v`gcks oalpcklkitgr`as hk lknargl`kita g
gqukccgs vìgs yg kx`stkitks. Ks `ih`spkisgdck cg pgrt`o`pgo`ÿi hkc pkrsaigc hkc
GOT ki cg supkrv`s`ÿi hk cg apkrgo`ÿi, lgitki`l`kita y/a lknargl`kita hk cgs
`iergkstruoturgs v`gcks gc `itkr`ar hkc GOT-X`tgimgyaoo.
GOT-X`tgimgyaoo.
 Cgs `iergkstruoturgs y apkrgo`ÿi turìst`ogs quk sk `lpcklkitki a rkgc`oki ki

kstg zaig, hkdki sunktgrsk g cgs iarlgs hk usa kst`pucghgs.

LGVG I¾ ;> ^aig hk [sa Kspko`gc hkc GOT ‟ X`tgimgyaoo.
 76:

Vcgi Lgkstra
GOT ‟ X`tgimgyaoo

5.8 ^AIG HK GVTAUKOJGL@KIXA H@TKOXA (GH)

5.8.7 Hke`i`o`ÿi

^aigs hkst`ighgs g cg ut`c`zgo`ÿi h`rkotg hk cgs kspko`ks vkbktgcks y gi`lgcks

s`cvkstrks, `iocuykiha cg pksog, ki cgs ogtkbarìgs hk lgikna quk oaitklpcgi tgcks usas
y skbþi cgs oaih`o`aiks hktkrl`ighgs a sk÷gcghgs pgrg oghg GIV. _k pkrl`tki
got`v`hghks pgrg cg khuogo`ÿi, `ivkst`bgo`ÿi y rkorkgo`ÿi. Cgs zaigs hk
gpravkojgl`kita h`rkota saca pahrçi skr kstgdcko`hgs ki çrkgs ocgs`e`oghgs oala hk
usa h`rkota (Grtìouca 4?¶, Cky hk Çrkgs Igturgcks Vratkb`hgs, Cky 45:?8).

5.8.4 Ogrgotkrìst`ogs

Kstg zaig tgld`ài sk kioukitrg h`v`h`hg ki has sudzaigs (GH7 y GH4) par rgzaiks hk
usa turìst`oas, rkprkskitghas par kc pgrgla luy jþlkha _udgcp`ia _udtrap`ogc ki cgs
pgrtks gctgs hk earlgo`ÿi pgnaigc hk puig quk ki cg gotugc`hgh aerkok dukigs
oaih`o`aiks koacÿb`oas pgrg kc hksgrracca hk bgighkrìgs ki dgsk g cgs pgsturgs
igturgcks gctagih`igs cg vkbktgo`ÿi ks pr`io`pgclkitk jkrdçokg y ks hal`ighg par cas
bàikras> Ogcglgbrast`s, Gbrast`s,
Gbrast`s, _t`pg, Igsskccg, Vgspgcul,
Vgspgcul, Vag y E
Ekstuog
kstuog
Ki ui çrkg hk usa h`rkota, oala ks kc ogsa hkc GOT-X`tgimgyaoo, sk pkrl`tk kc
gpravkojgl`kita hk cas pgstas gctagih`ias pgrg kc `iorklkita hk cg eguig s`cvkstrk
oala cg tgruog, vkigha, v`ou÷g, pgrg su pastkr`ar gpravkojgl`kita, gsì l`sla kc usa
hk lgikrg sastki`dck hkc ksogpa a Oaioa hk cgs X`tgimgs y kspko`ks vkbktgcks ck÷asgs
cas ougcks hkdkrçi gpravkojgrsk lkh`gitk pcgiks hk lgikna gpradghas. Kstk usa hk casc as
rkoursas hkdkrç skr rkgc`zgha pr`ar`tgr`glkitk par cgs padcgo`aiks caogcks, ki gqukccas
cubgrks y hk gqukccas rkoursas hke`i`has par cas pcgiks hk lgikna rkspkot`vas. Kstg
zaig sk kioukitrg ud`ogha cg pgrtk Kstk y _urkstk hkc GOT-X`tgimgyaoo y t`kik uig
supkre`o`k hk 222.0: jkotçrkgs y rkprkskitg kc 74% hkc GOT-X`tgimgyaoo. Gikxa
Gikxa 7.

Or`tkr`as ut`c`zghas pgrg hke`i`r cgs ^aigs hk Gpravkojgl`kita H`rkota

- Çrkgs hk dgng a lkh`g vucikrgd`c`hgh, skbþi cgs glkigzgs `hkit`e`oghgs.
- Gcta brgha hk kxpkotgt`vgs hk usa hk cas rkoursas.
- [sa gotugc hk rkoursas goarhk g cas adnkt`vas hkc GOT ‟ X`t
X`tgimgya
gimgyaoo.
oo.

5.8.? Adnkt`va

 Vrap`o`gr kc usa sastki`dck hk cas rkoursas igturgcks oala ecarg y eguig oai
e`iks oalkro`gcks y hk suds`stkio`g, hk goukrha g pcgiks hk lgikna.

5.8.8 Iarlgs hk [sa

 _k `iokit`vgrç cgs got`v`hghks hk `ivkst`bgo`ÿi pgrg pralavkr apo`aiks hk

 lgikna hk rkoursas ia lghkrgdcks y hk eguig s`cvkstrk.
760

Vcgi Lgkstra
GOT ‟ X`tgimgyaoo

 Cgs got`v`hghks hk kxtrgoo`ÿi hk rkoursas earkstgcks ia lghkrgdcks oai e`iks

oalkro`gcks sk rkgc`zgi dgna pcgiks hk lgikna gpradghas y supkrv`sghas par cg
gutar`hgh oalpktkitk hkc bad`kria rkb`aigc.
 Kstç pkrl`t`ha kc usa hk rkoursas ia lghkrgdcks y hk eguig s`cvkstrk oai e`iks
hk suds`stkio`g, lkh`gitk gutar`zgo`aiks hghgs prkv`glkitk par cg gutar`hgh
oalpktkitk rkb`aigc.
 Ia kstç pkrl`t`hg cg ogzg i` rkoackoo`ÿi hk kspko`ks hk ecarg y eguig quk sk
kioukitrki ki gcbþi brgha hk glkigzg a jgstg quk ia sk tkibg kv`hkio`g hk su
rkoupkrgo`ÿi pgrg skr gpravkojgha lkh`gitk pcgiks hk lgikna.
 Ia kstçi pkrl`t`hgs cgs
cgs got`v`hghks gbrapkougr`gs.
gbrapkougr`gs.
 Wukhg praj`d`hg cg `itrahuoo`ÿi hk kspko`ks gouçt`ogs kxÿt`ogs ki cgs cgbuigs
hk Aroaooaojg y Oj`igooaojg y ki cas oukrpas hk gbug gbug haihk kstgs kspko`ks
kspko`ks
prkkx`stìgi g cg orkgo`ÿi hkc GOT-X`tgimgyaoo,
GOT-X`tgimgyaoo, hk `bugc earlg cg kxtrgoo`ÿi
skrç pkrl`t`hg þi`oglkitk oai e`iks hk oaisula egl`c`gr hk pgrtk hk
padcgharks caogcks (par cg vìg hk oarhkc a og÷g hk pksogr), ki gcbuias ogsas s`
cg got`v`hgh t`kik patkio`gc sk hksgrraccgrç cg pksog hkpart`vg, tki`kiha ki

oais`hkrgo`ÿi quk àstg iaghkdk

kstg got`v`hgh oaitr`duyk gekotgr cas usas
cg krrgh`ogo`ÿi hk cg ykspko`k
oastuldrks. Ogdk `ih`ogr quk
kxÿt`og.

LGVG I¾ 5> ^aig hk [sa Kspko`gc hkc GOT ‟ X`tgimgyaoo.

 776

Vcgi Lgkstra
GOT ‟ X`tgimgyaoo

5.; ^AIG HK [_A X[TÌ_X@OA P TKOTKGX@UA (XT)

5.;.7 Hke`i`o`ÿi

_ai kspgo`as quk t`kiki rgsbas pg`sgnìst`oas gtrgot`vas pgrg cas v`s`tgitks y, quk par su
igturgckzg, pkrl`tki ui usa rkorkgt`va oalpgt`dck oai cas adnkt`vas hkc çrkg. Ki kstgs
zaigs sk pkrl`tk kc hksgrracca hk got`v`hghks khuogt`vgs y hk `ivkst`bgo`ÿi, gsì oala
`iergkstruoturg hk skrv`o`as ikoksgr`as pgrg kc gooksa, kstghìg y h`serutk hk cas
v`s`tgitks, `iocuykiha rutgs hk gooksa ogrrazgdcks, gcdkrbuks y usa hk vkjìoucas
latar`zghas.

5.;.4 Ogrgotkrìst`ogs

Kstg zaig kstç oaist`tu`hg pr`io`pgclkitk par cas dasquks hk t`tgimgs

t `tgimgs y padcgo`aiks hk
v`ou÷gs, cas ougcks sai adnktas hk oaiskrvgo`ÿi y pr`io`pgcks oalpaikitk hk kstas
koas`stklgs quk kio`krrg uig h`vkrs`hgh d`acÿb`og quk earlgi uig dkcckzgs ksoài`ogs
luy s`ibucgrks, hgiha rkgcok g kstg zaig, ogl`ias hk jkrrghurg trgh`o`aigcks, cgs
ougcks oalpaiki uia hk cas pr`io`pgcks o`rou`tas turìst`oas ud`oghas ki cg pgrtk okitrgc
hkc GOT, sk `i`o`g ki kc skotar oaiao`ha caogclkitk oala Oogccgoo (Vgnaigc), pgsgiha
par zaig oaiao`hg oala X`tgimgyaoo,
X`tgimgyaoo, haihk sk kioukitrg kc dasquks lçs hkisas hk
Vuyg rg`laih`` , oai uig hkis`hgh hk ?66 g 852 `ih`v`huas par jkotçrkg y tkrl`ig ki
cgs oalui`hghks hk U`sojaiba (ogp`tgc hk h`str`ta) y Vgoojg, padcgo`aiks quk kstçi
hkh`oghgs g cg got`v`hgh gbrìoacg y bgighkrìg hk gi`lgcks lkiarks, ki pkquk÷gs
pgrokcgs quk ki su lgyarìg ia pgsgi hk lkh`g jkotçrkg, rahkghgs hk okroas v`vas a
p`rogs= t`kiki oala ogrgotkrìst`ogs bkalareacÿb`ogs ui tkrrkia lahkrghglkitk
lahkrghglkitk
goo`hkitgha oai pkquk÷gs qukdrghgs quk ki sus ar`ccgs prkskitgi pkquk÷as
dasquko`ccas hk pcgitgs igt`vgs. Gs`l`sla ki kc cubgr sk kioukitrg uig –Ojuccpg“ hk
oaistruoo`ÿi prkj`spçi`og oai e`iks sgoras= earlgo`aiks bkalareacÿb`ogs oala kc

Oglpgigyaoo
Oglpgigy aooy ygcangl`kita
gc`lkitgo`ÿi Tul` Ojgog
Ojgog (Vukitkpar
aerko`has hk
hk cas
V`khrg) y sk pukhk
padcgharks caogcks.kioaitrgr
kioai trgruig
X`kik skrv`o`as hk
supkre`o`k
hk 7 806.26 jkotçrkgs y rkprkskitg kc 48% hkc GOT-X`tgimgyaoo. Gikxa 7.

Cas kspgo`as quk sk oais`hkrgi oala zaig hk usa turìst`oa y rkorkgt`va sai cas ksok-
igr`as quk yg v`kiki s`kiha usghas pgrg tur`sla oaivkio`aigc par>
- Vrkskio`g hk ksokigr`as pg`sgnìst`oas oai rkoaiao`ha patkio`gc hk usa koaturìst`oa.
- Gooks`d`c`hgh y oaikot`v`hgh.
- [sa turìst`oa y rkorkgt`va gotugc y hklgihg patkio`gc

Or`tkr`as ut`c`zghas pgrg hke`i`r cgs ^aig hk [sa Xurìst`oa y Tkorkgt`va

- Çrkgs hk dgng a lkh`g vucikrgd`c`hgh.
- Gctkrigt`vgs hk usa pgrg cg padcgo`ÿi caogc.
- [sa rkorkgt`va a turìst`oa gotugc.
- Kxpkotgt`vgs hk usa rkorkgt`va a turìst`oa.

777

Vcgi Lgkstra
GOT ‟ X`tgimgyaoo

5.;.? Adnkt`vas

 Vralavkr got`v`hghks hk t`pa turìst`oa y rkorkgt`va, rkspktgiha cas kstçihgrks

gld`kitgcks y egvarko`kiha cgs `i`o`gt`vgs caogcks.
 Dr`ihgr ui kspgo`a pgrg kc h`serutk hk cg igturgckzg y skis`d`c`zgo`ÿi gsì oala
cg apartui`hgh hk ealkitgr eukitks hk trgdgna oai gsao`go`aiks hk padcgharks
oala apkrgharkss turìst`oas y prkstgharks hk skrv`o`as, ca quk pkrl`t`rç kc
hksgrracca koaiÿl`oa y kc lknargl`kita hk cg ogc`hgh hk v`hg caogc.
 L`i`l`zgr cgs eukitks hk prks`ÿi g trgvàs hk cg prkstgo`ÿi hk skrv`o`as
sastki`dcks y rkspaisgdcks.
 Vrap`o`gr cg kcgdargo`ÿi k `lpcklkitgo`ÿi hkc Vcgi hk [sa Xurìst`oa.
 Vrap`o`gr cgs oaioks`aiks y gutar`zgo`aiks pgrg cg prkstgo`ÿi hk skrv`o`as
turìst`oas skbþi ca kstgdcko`ha par kc rkbcglkita hk Çrkgs Igturgcks Vratkb`hgs
y sus iarlgs hk hksgrracca, hgiha apartui`hgh g cgs arbgi`zgo`aiks caogcks, ki
i`ibþi ogsa cg oaioks`ÿi atarbgrç hkrkojas hk prap`khgh a usueruota sadrk cas
rkoursas igturgcks, prahuotas a sudprahuotas ki kc çld`ta hk cg oaioks`ÿi.
 Oaitr`du`r g cg guta sastki`d`c`hgh hkc GOT lkh`gitk kc oadra par `ibrksa g cas
gtrgot`vas turìst`oas, oais`hkrgiha quk cg ghl`i`strgo`ÿi hkc GOT -
X`tgimgyaoo rkbucgrç cgs tgr`egs par cas skrv`o`as dr`ihghas oai e`iks turìst`oas
y rkorkgt`vas hkitra hkc Vgrquk, oai l`rgs g apt`l`zgr cgs pas`d`c`hghks hk
gooksa g kstas skrv`o`as par cas h`ekrkitks t`pas hk v`s`tgitks y skblkitas hk
lkrogha, ki kspko`gc par oaitgr oai ui lkogi`sla hk pratkoo`ÿi gc
oaisul`har.
 Vkrl`t`r cg adskrvgo`ÿi hk cg gv`eguig kx`stkitk ki kc dasquk hk X`tgimg y cas
dasquks hk Ojgojgs y lgtarrgcks ud`oghas ki cgs qukdrghgs.

5.;.8 Iarlgs hk [sa

Ki kstg
gctkrk zaig sk igturgc,
kc kitaria pkrl`t`rçoaicg cgs
`ivkst`bgo`ÿi y cg `istgcgo`ÿi
s`bu`kitks rkstr`oo`aiks>
rkstr`oo`aiks> hk `iergkstruoturg quk ia

 Cg got`v`hgh turìst`og hkdkrç oaitgr oai kc pkrl`sa y supkrv`s`ÿi hk cg Nkegturg

hkc GOT - X`tgimgyaoo.
 _k pkrl`t`rç cg oackotg dgna supkrv`s`ÿi.
 Cas brupas hk v`s`tgitks ia hkdkrçi kxokhkr cgs ogpgo`hghks hk ogrbg
kst`pucghgs par oghg o`rou`ta y gtrgot`va.
 Cas v`s`tgitks talgrçi prkoguo`aiks ikoksgr`gs pgrg kc `ibrksa ki oaih`o`aiks
ghvkrsgs.HK O[XKTUA
oc`lçt`ogs ghvkrsgs.HK
 Cas v`s`tgitks hkdkrçi oaitgr oai kc skrv`o`a hk ui buìg caogc turìst`oa, qu`kiks
hkdki kstgr gorkh`tghas par cg Nkegturg hkc GOT - X`tgimgyaoo y hkdkrçi skbu`r
cgs iarlgs hk oaihuotg kstgdcko`hgs par kc GOT.
 774

Vcgi Lgkstra
GOT ‟ X`tgimgyaoo

 Cgs oaistruoo`aiks kstgrçi rkbucghgs hk goukrha g cgs kspko`e`ogo`aiks hkc Vcgi

hk [sa Xurìst`oa y kc Vcgi hk [sa Vþdc`oa hkc GOT - X`tgimgyaoo, glpc`ghas y
rkbucghas par kc Tkbcglkita hk [sa Xurìst`oa y Tkorkgt`va.
 Cas kstuh`gitks hk oackb`a sÿca pahrçi `ibrksgr oai su tutar, s`kiha àstk,
rkspaisgdck hk cg `itkbr`hgh eìs`og hk cas kstuh`gitks y oai buìg gorkh`tgha par
cg Nkegturg hkc GOT - X`tgimgyaoo.

LGVG I¾ 2> ^aig hk [sa Xurìst`oa P Tkorkgt`va hkc GOT ‟ X`tgimgyaoo.

 77?

Vcgi Lgkstra
GOT ‟ X`tgimgyaoo

5.5 ^AIG J@_XßT@OA - O[CX[TGC (JO)

5.5.7 Hke`i`o`ÿi

_ai çld`tas quk oukitgi oai vgcarks j`stÿr`oas a grqukacÿb`oas `lpartgitks y ouya
lgikna hkdk ar`kitgrsk g su lgitki`l`kita, `itkbrçihacas gc kitaria igturgc. Ks
pas`dck `lpcklkitgr ego`c`hghks hk `itkrprktgo`ÿi
`itkrprktgo`ÿi pgrg cas v`s`tgitks y padcgo`ÿi caogc.
_k pralavkrçi ki h`ojgs çrkgs cg `ivkst`bgo`ÿi, got`v`hghks khuogt`vgs y usa
rkorkgt`va, rkspktgiha sus vgcarks oucturgcks.

5.5.4 Ogrgotkrìst`ogs

Kc GOT-X`tgimgyaoo ks pgrtk hk ui tkrr`tar`a quk jg s`ha hal`igha par luojgs

oucturgs prkj`spçi`ogs, kx`st`kiha ki cas rkhkharks hkc GOT ‟ X`tgimgyaoo (zaig hk
`iecukio`g `ih`rkotg) brgihks kxtkis`aiks oai rkstas grqukacÿb`oas, s`kiha cas lçs
`lpartgitks>

Oughra I¾ 4?> _`t`as grqu`acÿb`oas ki cg zaig hk `iecukio`g hkc GOT -

X`tgimgyaoo.
I¶ _`t`as Grqukacÿb`oas
67 Laiulkitas `iog`oas @it`wgtgig
64 Dg÷as hkc `iog
6? Cg p`khrg hk 72 gibucas
68 Laiulkitas `iog`oas U`cogsjuglçi
6; Kc usia a p`rçl`hk okrklai`gc
okrklai`gc
65 Kc tklpca hkc sac y cg cuig
62 Mgccgiog a Vgcgo`a hk Xupgo @iog Pupgiqu`.
6: Ogsg Jgo`kihg hk Vulgooaojg
60 Oaivkita hk Valgooaojg

76 Xgldas
Hkitra hkc GOT ‟ X`tgimgyaoo sk pukhk kioaitrgr uig Ojuccpg Vrkj`spçi`og quk jg
s`ha jugqukgha, g cg gotugc`hgh ia kx`stk i`ibþi rkpartk o`kitìe`oa hkc rksta
grqukacÿb`oa= tgld`ài pahklas kioaitrglas vgr`as rkstas hk –Xgldas y Oarrgcks“
prkj`spçi`oas g ca cgrba hk cas okrras, ki cg zaig
zaig gctg hkc GOT.
GOT.
Var kc brgha hk `lpartgio`g saca sk rkpartg kc çld`ta hkc GOT cg –Ojuccpg
Vrkj`spçi`og“= s`kiha kstg zaig cg lçs
l çs pkquk÷g hk cgs gitkr`arks, oudr`kiha sacglkitk
0 jkotçrkgs y rkprkskitgiha saca kc 6.67% hkc GOT-X`tgimgyaoo.
GOT-X`tgimgyaoo. Gikxa 7.
Var kc pgsa hkc t`klpa, y cg `ih`ekrkio`g hk padcgharks y hkc Kstgha, kstas s`t`as
grqu`acÿb`oas sk jgi `ha hktkr`argiha y pkrh`kiha pgrtk hk su gtrgot`va ar`b`igc, y lçs
gþi su vgcar oala pgrtk hk cg earlgo`ÿi hk cg `hkit`hgh igo`aigc. Ks par kstk lat`va
quk sk oais`hkrg
l`slas, `lpartgitk
ia sÿca par su vgcar cg pratkoo`ÿi,
oucturgc oaiskrvgo`ÿi
s`ia tgld`ài par skryuikc`lpartgitk
lgitki`l`kita hk cas
gtrgot`va hk
pr`lkr arhki, bkikrghar
bkikrghar hk eukitks caogcks hk trgdgna hk earlg sastki`dck
sastki`dck ki kc t`klpa.
t`klpa.

778

Vcgi Lgkstra
GOT ‟ X`tgimgyaoo

Adnkt`va

 Vratkbkr y oaiskrvgr cubgrks oais`hkrghas sgbrghas, lçb`oa-rkc`b`asas y/a hk

gcta vgcar oucturgc par cg padcgo`ÿi caogc.

5.5.? Iarlgs hk usa

 _k pkrl`tk kc usa trgh`o`aigc hk kstgs zaigs par cg padcgo`ÿi caogc.
 _k pkrl`tki got`v`hghks khuogt`vgs y hk usa rkorkgt`va, oai gutar`zgo`ÿi hk cg
Nkegturg hk cg GOT-X`tgimgyaoo
GOT-X`tgimgyaoo ki oaarh`igo`ÿi oai kc Oal`tà hk Bkst`ÿi.
 _k pkrl`tki `ivkst`bgo`aiks grqukacÿb`ogs prkv`g
prkv`g gutar`zgo`ÿi hk cg Nkegt
Nkegturg
urg
ki oaarh`igo`ÿi oai cg H`rkoo`ÿi Tkb`aigc hk Oucturg y kc Oal`tà hk Bkst`ÿi
 Kstç praj`d`hg cg kxtrgoo`ÿi hk rkstas grqukacÿb`oas y/a oucturgcks.

LGVG I¾ :> ^aig hk [sa J`stÿr`oa - Oucturgc hkc GOT ‟ X`tgimgyaoo.

 77;

Vcgi Lgkstra
GOT ‟ X`tgimgyaoo
 775

Vcgi Lgkstra
GOT ‟ X`tgimgyaoo

Ogpìtuca 2>
K_XT[OX[TG AVKTGX@UG
P VTK_[V[K_XA
 772

Vcgi Lgkstra
GOT ‟ X`tgimgyaoo

OGVÌX[CA U@@

2. K_XT[OX[TG AVKTGX@UG P VTK_[V[K_XA

Cg Bkrkio`g hk Tkoursas Igturgcks y Bkst`ÿi hkc Lkh`a Gld`kitk hkc Bad`kria

Tkb`aigc hk Gygouoja ks qu`ki kstg ogrba hk cg ghl`i`strgo`ÿi hkc GOT-X`tgimgyaoo
jgstg cg `lpcklkitgo`ÿi hk Nkegturg hkc GOT, h`ojg `istgio`g oukitg oai ui Vkre`c
gpradgha, hkial`igha –Lknargl`kita hkc Koas`stklgs hkc Çrkg hk Oaiskrvgo`ÿi
Dasquk hk Vuyg Tg`laih` ‟ X`tgimgyaoo, H`str`ta hk U`sojaiba, Vrav`io`g hk
U`cogsjuglçi - Gygouoja“, oai Oÿh`ba _I@V I¾ 47;;0? quk sk kioukitrg ki cg egsk
hk kcgdargo`ÿi hkc kxpkh`kitk tàoi`oa.

Kc pkre`c oukitg oai ui prksupuksta hk _/ 5 ?06 72:.57, quk sk hkst`igrç pgrg cg

`lpcklkitgo`ÿi hkc Vcgi Lgkstra k `i`o`gr cg ghl`i`strgo`ÿi hkc GOT-X`tgimgyaoo g
trgvàs hk uig Nkegturg, gs`l`sla rkgc`zgr bkst`aiks pgrg ogptgr eukitks hk oaapkrgo`ÿi
caogc, igo`aigc a `itkrigo`aigc quk oaitr`duygi ki cg oaiskrvgo`ÿi hk kstk `lpartgitk
koas`stklg.
Oughra Ia 48> Vrksupuksta pgrg cg @lpcklkitgo`ÿi hkc Vcgi Lgkstra hkc GOT-
X`tgimgyaoo.

Vrabrgl
Vrabrglgg y _udprab
_udprabrglg
rglg Oastas _/.
7 Oaiskrvgo`
Oaiskrvgo`ÿiÿi hk Tkoursas 8 428 ?7?.0?
7.7 Vratkoo`ÿi :27 252.?7
7.4 Lgikna hk rkoursas ? 864 ;85.54
4 [sa Vþdc`oa 260 885.85
4.7 Xur`sla 57? 605.45
4.4 Oaio`kio`g gld`kitgc 8? 665.76
4.? @ivkst`bgo`ÿi ;? ?88.76
? Eartgcko`l`kita hk cg bkst`ÿi 847 ;55.66
?.7 Vcgi`e`ogo`ÿi y apkrgo`aiks 7:? 507.66
?.4 Vgrt`o`pgo`ÿi pþdc`og ;2 ?55.66
?.? _astki`d`c`hgh e`igio`krg 744 2:6.66
?.8 Eartgcko`l`kita hk ogpgo`hghks caogcks ;2 240.66
8 Atras Bgstas :58 :;4.44
8.7 Kcgdargo`ÿi hk kxpkh`kitk tàoi`oa y kstuh`as hke`i`t`vas 746 666.66
8.4 Bgstas Bkikrgcks ;86 ;?4.58
8.? Bgstas hk _upkrv`s`ÿi ?% 754 7;0.20
754 7;0.20
8.8 @lprkv`stas ?%
 Oasta Xatgc 5 ?06 72:.57

77:

Vcgi Lgkstra
GOT ‟ X`tgimgyaoo

D@DC@ABTGE@G

7. Xjk Igturk Oaiskrvgioy, 4664. Lgiugc hk pcgi`e`ogo`ÿi pgrg cg oaiskrvgo`ÿi hk

s`t`as y cg lkh`o`ÿi hkc àx`ta ki oaiskrvgo`ÿi. _kbuihg Kh`o`ÿi, Nui`a hk 4666. 5;
p.
4. L`i`stkr`a hk @ihustr`g Xur`sla k @itkbrgo`ÿi (L@X@IO@). E`ojg hk Tkoursas
Xurìst`oas.
?. AIKTI, 7020. Vcgi Dçs`oa hk Vratkoo`ÿi Gld`kitgc hkc Jugccgbg Okitrgc y Dgna
Lgya.
8. Drgom, G & O.Lkih`acg.4666.Koacabìg hkc Vkrþ.

;. Ogr`tgs- Gygouoja.4665.
X`tgimgyao.
X`tgimgyao. Ogrgotkrìst`ogs Eìs`ogs k J`hracÿb`ogs hkc Çrkg
Haoulkita tàoi`oa.
5. Oçr`tgs- Gygouoja.4665. Gvgioks hk cg kvgcugo`ÿi hk ecarg y eguig hk
X`tgimgyaoo.
X`tgimgyaoo. Haoulkita tàoi`oa.
2. Oçr`tgs-Gygouoja.4665. [d`ogo`ÿi y usa hk cas rkoursas igturgcks ki U`sojaiba,
Ojgiojg`cca y oalui`hghks gckhg÷gs.
:. Oçr`tgs-Gygouoja.4665. Ogckihgr`as hk got`v`hghks prahuot`vgs hk cgs
oalui`hghks hk Oj`grg y U`sojaiba.
0. Oçr`tgs-Gygouoja.4665. Kioukstgs hk usa hk rkoursas hk cgs oalui`hghks hk
Oj`grg y U`sojaiba.
76. Oçr`tgs-Vkrþ. 4665. H`gbiÿst`oa turìst`oa hk cgs oalui`hghks `itkbrgitks hk cas
h`str`tas hk U`sojaiba y Oj`grg pgrg kc praykota hk Ogptur hkc oaivki`a Ogr`tgs ‟
E@V. Haoulkita Xàoi`oa.
77. OKHK_. Vralao`ÿi, pratkoo`ÿi y oaiskrvgo`ÿi hkc X`tgimgyaoo oala zaig hk
rkskrvg igturgc y hk cgs Vuygs hk Tgylaih` oala kspko`ks ki kxt`io`ÿi.
Haoulkita tàoi`oa.
74. KTO@ Xkgl.4667.Tkpartk hk kvgcugo`ÿi prkc`l`igr rkgc`zghg ki kc dasquk hk Vuyg
rg`laih`` hk cg oalui`hgh hk _gi Cuogs hk Ojgiojg`cca, h`str`ta hk Oj`grg.
7?. KTO@ Xkgl-O@HKO.4664. Vrapukstg hk `ioarpargo`ÿi hkc dasquk hk Vuyg
rg`laih`` –X`tgimg“ hk X`tgimgya
X`tgimgyaoo
oo gc _@IGIVK.
78. Eaioahks
Eaioahks.4665.
.4665. Lgpg hk Vadrkzg.

770

Vcgi Lgkstra
GOT ‟ X`tgimgyaoo

7;. @ihgoaojkg, G. Gygouoja Oalpkt`t`va.

75. @IK@.466;. Z Okisa hk Vadcgo`ÿi y U hk U`v`kihg.
72. @ITKIG.7008.B
@ITKIG.7008.Buìg
uìg kxpc`ogt`vg hkc Lgpg Koacÿb`oa hkc Vkrþ.

7:. @ITKIG.700;.B
@ITKIG.700;.Buìg
uìg kxpc`ogt`vg hkc Lgpg Earkstgc.
70. AIKTI.70:7
AIKTI.70:7.. Lgpg hk ogpgo`hgh hk usa Lgyar hk cgs X`krrgs hkc Vkrþ.
46. Arhgyg, G. 4664. Kc Tkta hk cg Vratkoo`ÿi y Oaiskrvgo`ÿi hkc X`tgimgyao oala
zaig hk rkskrvg y hk cgs Vuygs hk Tgylaih` oala kspko`ks ki kxt`io`ÿi.
[i`vkrs`hgh Igo`aigc hk _gi Or`stÿdgc hk Juglgibg.
47. VI[H.466
VI[H.4665.
5. Ìih`ok hk hksgrracca Julgia.
44. T`vkrg, O. Vuyg Tg`laih`` Jgrls.70:;. Dacktìi hk C`lg ?:>:;-07.
4?. _`stklg Igo`aigc hk Vcgi`e`ogo`ÿi.70::.Vcgi L`ora rkb`aigc hk Hksgrracca hk
U`cogsjuglçi.
48. Ukikra & hk Lgokha.70:?. Tkc`otas hk Dasquks ki cg Vuig hkc Vkrþ. Dacktìi hk
C`lg ?6> 70-45.
 746

Vcgi Lgkstra
GOT ‟ X`tgimgyaoo

GIKZA_
 747

Vcgi Lgkstra
GOT ‟ X`tgimgyaoo

GIKZA 7
 744

Vcgi Lgkstra
GOT ‟ X`tgimgyaoo

GIKZA 4
K_VKO@K_ TKB@_XTG_ JG_XG KC 467? KI KC GOT ‟ X
X@XGIMGPAO
@XGIMGPAOO,
O, GPGO[OJA.

ECATG

BKIKTA P K_VKO@K IALDTK OALÞI EGL@C@G H_ I¾ 68? - 4665 -GB

Dalgrkg `ivacuorasg (Jkrdkrt)
(Jkrdkrt) Dgmkr GC_XTAKLKT@GOKGK
Dalgrkg huco`s (Jaamkr)
(Jaamkr) Dkguvkrh GC_XTAKLKT@GOKGK
Gzarkccg orkigtg (Tu`z & Vgv.) Vkrs.
Vkrs. GV@GOKGK
Kryib`ul jul`ck Ogv. GV@GOKGK
Jyhraoatyck daigr`kis`s Oall.
Oall. kx Cgl. GV@GOKGK
Arkalyrrj`s gih`oacg (Muitj) Jaam. e. GV@GOKGK
Gojyraoc`ik gcgtg (Muitj) HO.
HO. G_XKTGOKGK
Gojyraoc`ik rglas`ss`lg Dr`ttai kx Tusdy G_XKTGOKGK
Gbkrgt`ig stkridkrb`gig (HO.)
(HO.) T.L. M`ib & J. Tad. Lgrlgm`ccg G_XKTGOKGK
Dgoojgr`s bki`stkcca`hks (Cgl.) Vkrs.
Vkrs. M`lsg muoju G_XKTGOKGK Ogs` glkigzgha (IX)
Dgoojgr`s ahargtg Muitj
Muitj G_XKTGOKGK
Dgoojgr`s sgc`o`eac`g (Tu`z & Vgv.) Vkrs. Oj`cog G_XKTGOKGK
Dgoojgr`s stkridkrb`gig _tkuh. G_XKTGOKGK
Dgoojgr`s tr`ouikgtg ea.gibustg Ougtrko.
Ougtrko. Xgyg G_XKTGOKGK
Dgoojgr`s tr`ouikgtg vgr.radustg Ougtrko. Xgyg G_XKTGOKGK
Dgoojgr`s ui`ecarg (Tu`z & Vgv.)
Vgv.) Vkrs. G_XKTGOKGK
Dkccag p`ptackp`s (Rkhh.) Ogdrkrg
Ogdrkrg G_XKTGOKGK
D`hkis gih`oacg Muitj G_XKTGOKGK
Kryib`ul jul`ck Ogv. G_XKTGOKGK

74?

Vcgi Lgkstra
GOT ‟ X`tgimgyaoo

Bglaojgktg glkr`ogig (L`cc.) Rkhh. G_XKTGOKGK

Bglaojgktg purpurkg (C.) Ogdrkrg G_XKTGOKGK
Bigpjgc`ul haldkygiul HO. G_XKTGOKGK
Jypaojgkr`s tgrgxgoa`hks (Rgcp.)
(Rgcp.) Dkitj. & Jaam. e. G_XKTGOKGK
Car`ogr`g brgvkackis (_oj. D`p.)
D`p.) Rkhh. G_XKTGOKGK
Lut`s`g goul`igtg vgr.d`oacar Ogdrkrg
Ogdrkrg Oj`ioj`coalg G_XKTGOKGK
Vgrgikpjkc`us avgtus Rkhh. G_XKTGOKGK
Vgrgikpjkc`us ui`ecarus Vakpp.
Vakpp. & Kihc. G_XKTGOKGK
Vkrkz`g luct`ecarg (Juld. & Daipc.)
Daipc.) Ckss. G_XKTGOKGK
Vkrkz`g p`iigt`e`hg (Juld. & Daipc.) Rkhh. G_XKTGOKGK
V`oras`g caib`eac`g H. Hai G_XKTGOKGK
_kiko`a drkv`sogpus HO. G_XKTGOKGK
_kiko`a ogihacc`` Rkhh. G_XKTGOKGK
_kiko`a oaih`lkitgr`us Ogdrkrg G_XKTGOKGK
_kiko`a ruhdkom`gkeac`us Lkyki & Rgcp. Tkl`ccg G_XKTGOKGK
_tkv`g lgodr`hk` D. Tad`isai G_XKTGOKGK
Xgrgxgoul aee`o`igck Rkdkr `i R`bb. H`kitk hk ckÿi G_XKTGOKGK
U`bu`krg cgiokacgtg Dr`tt. G_XKTGOKGK
Rkrikr`g iud`bkig Muitj G_XKTGOKGK
Rkrikr`g pyblgkg B`cc`ks kx Jaam. & Gri. G_XKTGOKGK
Dkrdkr`s oallutgtg K`ojckr DKTDKT@HGOKGK
Dkrdkr`s cutkg Tu`z & Vgv. Ojkqoj` DKTDKT@HGOKGK
Gcius goul`igtg Muitj sudsp.goul`igtg Gc`sa DKX[CGOKGK Uucikrgdck (U[)
Ogpskccg dursg-pgstar`s (C.) Lkh`m. DTG__@OGOKGK
Vuyg ekrrub`ikg (Tu`z & Vgv.)
Vgv.) C.D. _l. Gojupg DTALKC@GOKGK
Vuyg jglgtg C.D. _l.
_l. DTALKC@GOKGK
Vuyg paihkrasg C.D. _l.
_l. DTALKC@GOKGK

748

Vcgi Lgkstra
GOT ‟ X`tgimgyaoo

Vuyg rg`laih`` Jgrls X`tgimg DTALKC@GOKG

DTALKC@GOKGK
K Ki pkc`bra (KI)
Apuit`g ecaooasg _gcl-Hyom Jugrgooa OGOXGOKGK
Apuit`g suducgtg (Lukjckipe.) Kibkcl. Cang OGOXGOKGK
Jypskcg rki`earl`s (Muitj) O.
O. Vrksc OGLVGI[CGOKGK
Grkigr`g stgihcky` Dgkji` & N. E.
E. Lgodr`hk OGTPAVJPCCGOKGK
Ogrh`aiklg rglas`ss`lg (Rk`ilgii) Ikcsai & N.E. Lgodr. [muojgpgm`ojqgi OGTPAVJPCCGOKGK
Oaculkcc`g adavgtg Tu`z & Vgv. OAC[LKCC@GOKGK
OAC[LKCC@GOKGK Uucikrgdck (U[)
Orgssucg oaiigtg (Tu`z & Vgv.) Dkrbkr OTG__[CGOKGK
Oypkrus er`durbkis`s Dakomc. OPVKTGOKGK
Oypkrus sksckr`a`hks Muitj OPVKTGOKGK
_o`rpus okriuus Ugjc OPVKTGOKGK
_o`rpus r`b`hus Dakomc. OPVKTGOKGK
Vkrikttyg prastrgtg (Ogv.) _ckulkr
_ckulkr KT@OGOKGK
Bguctjkr`g drgojydatrys HO. Lgojg lgojg KT@OGOKGK
Gstrgbgcus bgrdgio`cca Ogv. EGDGOKGK
Hkslah`ul ikalkx`ogiul G. Brgy EGDGOKGK
Cup`ius l`orapjyccus Hksv.
Hksv. EGDGOKGK
Cup`ius pkruv`gius [cdr. EGDGOKGK
Cup`ius p`pkrsl`tj`gius N.E.
N.E. Lgodr. EGDGOKGK
_kiig luct`bcgihucasg (Ngoq.) J._. @rw`i & Dgrikdy Lutuy EGDGOKGK
_kiig vkrs`oacar (Lkyki kx N. Uabkc) J._. @rw`i & Dgrikdy
Lutuy EGDGOKGK
vgr.vkrs`oacar
Xr`eac`ul glgd`ck Muitj vgr.glgd`ck EGDGOKGK
Xr`eac`ul rkpkis C. EGDGOKGK
Bkit`gig skh`eac`g Muitj V`ingoj` BKIX@GIGOKGK
Bkit`gikccg krikst`` (Dr`q.) Egdr`s kx N._. Vr`ibck BKIX@GIGOKGK
Krah`ul o`outgr`ul (C.) C'Jàr`t`kr.
C'Jàr`t`kr. kx G`tai Gung gung BKTGI@GOKGK

74;

Vcgi Lgkstra
GOT ‟ X`tgimgyaoo

Krah`ul lgcgoa`hks (C.)

(C.) C'Jàr`t`kr`t`kr Gung gung BKTGI@GOKGK
Bkrgi`ul lacck C. BKTGI@GOKGK
Bkrgi`ul skss`c`ecarul Ogv. BKTGI@GOKGK
Ksogccai`g lyrt`cca`hks C. e. vgr.lyrt`cca`hks BTA__[CGT@GOKGK
BTA__[CGT@GOKGK Uucikrgdck (U[)
Ksogccai`g rks`iasg (Tu`z & Vgv.)
Vgv.) Vkrs. Ojgojgoalg BTA__[CGT@GO
BTA__[CGT@GOKGK
KGK Uucikrgdck (U[)
Artjrasgitjus aoo`ssgpuibus (Tu`z Capkz kx Mcgtt) H`kcs @T@HGOKGK
H`st`oj`g lusoa`hks Ikks & Lkyki N[IOGOKGK
Cuzucg rgoklasg Hksv. N[IOGOKGK
Ckpkoj`i`g lkyki`` (Rgcpkrs) Kpc`ib Vglpg sgcv`g CGL@GOKGK
Cklig vgch`v`gig Vj`c. CKLIGOKGK
Og`apjarg o`rs``eac`g O. Vrksc CAG_GOKGK
Iatatr`ojk grbkitkg G.R. J`cc LGCUGOKGK
Iatatr`ojk caib`rastr`s (Rkhh.) G.R.
G.R. J`cc LGCUGOKGK
Drgojyatul iguh`i`` Xr`gig
Xr`gig Oj`rgoo LKCG_XALGXGOKGK
Akiatjkrg raskg G`tai Pgjugrsuooa AIGBTGOKGK
Axgc`s ogcgojgokis`s T. Miutj AZGC@HGOKGK
Axgc`s cgt`eac`g Muitj AZGC@HGOKGK
Vgss`ecarg tr`eac`gtg vgr.tr`eac`gtg VG__@ECATGOKGK
Vgss`ecarg tr`skotg Lgstkrs Vuru puru VG__@ECATGOKG
VG__@ECATGOKGK
K
Vcgitgba cglprapjyccg V`cb.
V`cb. VCGIXGB@IGOKGK
Vcgitgba c`ikgr`s Muitj VCGIXGB@IGOKGK
Vcgitgba lgnar C. VCGIXGB@IGOKGK
Vcgitgba tuducasg Hkoik VCGIXGB@IGOKGK
Go`gojik pucv`igtg Dkitj. VAGOKGK
Gbrast`s drkv`oucl`s J`tojo. VAGOKGK
Dralus ogtjgrt`ous vgr.ogtjgrt`ous
vgr.ogtjgrt`ous VAGOKGK
Dralus cgigtus Muitj VAGOKGK

745

Vcgi Lgkstra
GOT ‟ X`tgimgyaoo

Ogcglgbrast`s glakig (V`cb.) V`cb. VAGOKGK

Ogcglgbrast`s gitai`gig (Br`skd.) _tkuh. kx J`tojo. VAGOKGK
Ogcglgbrast`s jktkrapjyccg (Rkhh.) V`cb. VAGOKGK
Ogcglgbrast`s juldacht`gig _tkuh. VAGOKGK
Ogcglgbrast`s lgorapjyccg (V`cb.) V`cb. VAGOKGK
Ogcglgbrast`s r`bksokis (N. Vrksc) _or`di. VAGOKGK
Ogcglgbrast`s r`b`hg (Muitj) Xr`i. kx _tkuh. VAGOKGK
Ogcglgbrast`s v`ouigrul (Rkhh.) V`cb. VAGOKGK
Oartghkr`g nudgtg (Ckl.) _tgpe VAGOKGK
H`ssgitjkc`ul lgousgi`kisk (K.J.C.
(K.J.C. Mrgusk) T.O. Eastkr & C.D. _l. VAGOKGK
H`ssgitjkc`ul pkruv`giul (Ikks
(Ikks & Lkyki) V`cb. VAGOKGK
Ekstuog hac`ojapjyccg N. Vrksc VAGOKGK
Ekstuog artjapjyccg V`cb. VAGOKGK
Ekstuog pgrv`pgi`oucgtg J`tojo. VAGOKGK
Ekstuog r`bksokis (N. Vrksc) Muitj VAGOKGK
Igsskccg gspcuih`` J`tojo. VAGOKGK
Igsskccg drgojypjyccg (J`tojo.) Dgrmwartj VAGOKGK
Igsskccg `ioaisp`oug (N. Vrksc)
Vrksc) Dgrmwartj VAGOKGK
Igsskccg luoraigtg (Muitj)
(Muitj) T.R. Vajc VAGOKGK
Igsskccg pud`ecarg (Xr`i. & Tupr.) Hksv. VAGOKGK
Vgspgcul tudkrasul Lkz VAGOKGK
Vkii`sktul wkdkrdgukr` Lkz VAGOKGK
V`ptaojgkt`ul pgi`oa`hks (Cgl.)
(Cgl.) Hksv. VAGOKGK
Vag jarr`hucg V`cb. VAGOKGK
Vag pskuhagkqu`bculg
pskuhagkqu`bculg Xavgr VAGOKGK
Vacypabai kcaibgtus Muitj
Muitj r`vkrg hk rìa VAGOKGK
Vacypabai `itkrruptus Muitj
Muitj VAGOKGK

742

Vcgi Lgkstra
GOT ‟ X`tgimgyaoo

_paradacus `ih`ous (C.) T. Dr. VAGOKGK

_t`pg jgis-lkykr` V`cb. VAGOKGK
_t`pg `oju (Tu`z & Vgv.) Muitj @oju VAGOKGK
_t`pg adtusg (Ikks & Lkyki) J`tojo. VAGOKGK
Laii`ig sgc`o`eac`g Tu`z & Vgv. vgr.sgc`o`eac`g
vgr.sgc`o`eac`g Oaiharpg s`sgi VACPBGCGOKGK
Lujckidkrb`g egst`b`gtg (N. Vrksc)
Vrksc) Jkirgrh VACPBGCGOKGK
Lujckidkrb`g c`bucgr`s (Jgom.) J`tojo.
J`tojo. VACPBGCGOKGK
Lujckidkrb`g r`b`hg (Muitj)
(Muitj) Xr`i. VACPBGCGOKGK
Lukjckidkom`g vacogi`og (Dkitj.) Kihc.
Kihc. VACPBAIGOKGK
Vacypabai kcaibgtus Muitj
Muitj VACPBAIGOKGK
Ocklgt`s pkruv`gig HO. TGI[IO[CGOKGK
Gcojkl`ccg h`pcapjyccg H`kcs TA_GOKGK
Gcojkl`ccg p`iigtg Tu`z & Vgv.
Vgv. TA_GOKGK
Jkspkralkcks ouikgtg C`ihc. TA_GOKGK
Vacyckp`s `iogig Muitj Ooku÷g TA_GOKGK Ki Vkc`bra Orìt`oa (OT)
Vacyckp`s rgoklasg Tu`z & Vgv. Ooku÷g TA_GOKGK Ki Vkc`bra Orìt`oa (OT)
Xktrgbcaoj`i or`stgtul (Dr`ttai) Tatjlgckr TA_GOKGK
_gx`ergbg lgbkccgi`og Va`r. _GZ@ETGBGOKGK
Ogcokacgr`g oaiaogrpg Vkiikcc _OTAVJ[CGT@GOKGK
Ogcokacgr`g oarh`eac`g Lacgu _OTAVJ[CGT@GOKGK
Ogcokacgr`g eckxuasg sudsp.eckxuasg _OTAVJ[CGT@GOKGK
Ogcokacgr`g sogp`ecarg (Tu`z & Vgvai) Dkitj. _OTAVJ[CGT@GOKGK
Ogcokacgr`g tr`cadgtg sudsp.jkrzab`gig (Mrgkizc.) Lacgu _OTAVJ[CGT@GOKGK
Ogst`cckng okrragig Khw`i _OTAVJ[CGT@GOKGK
Ogst`cckng e`ss`eac`g C. e. _OTAVJ[CGT@GOKGK
_grgojg puiotgtg Tu`z & Vgv. _ACGIGOKGK
[rt`og koj`igtg Dkitj. [TX@OGOKGK

74:

Vcgi Lgkstra
GOT ‟ X`tgimgyaoo

[rt`og tr`ojgitjg (Rkhh.) Gokvkha & Igvgs [TX@OGOKGK

Ugckr`gig l`oraptkr`ig Rkhh. Jugyigour` UGCKT@GIGOKGK
C`pp`g ekrrub`ikg Muitj UKTDKIGOKGK
Ukrdkig dkrtkr`` ea.dkrtkr`` UKTDKIGOKGK

LGL@EKTA_

ATHKI EGL@C@G BKIKTA P K_VKO@K IALDTK OAL[I H._. I¶ 6?8-4668-GB

Grtyahgotycg Okrv`hgk Ahaoa`ckus v`rb`i`gius Ukigha br`s

Oj`ioj`cc`hgk Cgb`h`ul pkruv`giul U`zogojg
Tahkit`g
Lareat`pa 7 Var `hkit`e`ogr [muojg, rgtÿi
Ekc`hgk Vulg oaioacar Vulg Ogs` glkigzgha (IX)
Ogriìvarg
Ekc`hgk Ekc`s oacaoaca asqa, bgta gih`ia
Ogriìvarg Lustkc`hgk Lustkcg erkigtg Oalghrkng
Ogriìvarg Ogi`hgk Vskuhgcapkx oucpgkus ^arra gih`ia
H`hkcpj`larpjg H`hkcpj`hgk H`hkcpjys gcd`vkitr`s Oogrgojupg, zgr`bukyg

740

Vcgi Lgkstra
GOT ‟ X`tgimgyaoo

VKOK_
ATHKI EGL@C@G BKIKTA P K_VKO@K IALDTK OAL[I KOA_@_XKLG

_`cur`earlks Vybu``hgk Xr`ojalyotkrus sp. Dgbrk Cÿt`oa

_gclai`earlks _gclai`hgk Aioarrjyiojus l`m`ss Xruojg Cÿt`oa
Gtjkr`i`earlks Gtjkr`i`hgk Ahaitkstjks daigr`kis`s Vknkrrky grbkit`ia Càit`oa y cÿt`oa
Oypr`iahait`earlks. Oypr`iahait`hgk Arkst`g sp Ojaqk Cÿt`oa

JKTVKXAEG[IG

EGL@C@G BKIKTA P K_VKO@K IALDTK OALÞI H_. 6?8-4668-GB

GI[TG
OKTGXAVJTP@HGK Xkclgt d`us nkcsm`` Tgig, mgr`g --
_XTGDALGIX@HGK Vckurahklg lgrlargtul Nglpgta --
D[EAI@HGK Tj`ikccg sp`iucasg Nglpgta --
GLVJ@BIGXJAHAIX@HGK Bgstratkog lgrsup`gtg nglpgta --
TKVX@C@G
OAC[DT@HGK Xgojyikl`s pkruv`gig ouckdrg skrrgig --
XTAV@H[T@HGK C`acgklus wgcmkr` Cgbgrt`ng --
XTAV@H[T@HGK C`acgklus sp Cgbgrt`ng --
BPLIAVJXGCL@HGK Vraotaparus pgojyurus Ccgucc`mgioju --
CKVXAXPVJCAV@HGK Ckptatypjcaps sp. Ouckdrg o`kbg --

7?6

Vcgi Lgkstra
GOT ‟ X`tgimgyaoo

GUK_

ATHKI EGL@C@G BKIKTA P K_VKO@K IALDTK OALÞI H_. 6?8-4668-GB

Oac`drì oarusogis Arknkv`acktg vkitr`gzuc --
Gbcgkgot`s oupr`pkii`s V`ogecar ran`za gih`ia --
GVAH@EATLK_ XTAOJ@C@HGK Vgtgbaig b`bgs V`ogecar b`bgitk --
Arkaiylpjg iad`c`s Laitgֈz dgrduha --
Oakc`bkig oakc`bkig Oac`drì `iog draiokgha --
Oaculdg lgoucasg Ououcì --
OAC[LD@EATLK_ OAC[LD@HGK Lktr`apkc`g lkcgpiaptkrg Xartac`tg gc`ikbg --
Lktr`apkcc`g oko`c`gk Ogsogdkc`tg ---
GOO@V@XT@HGK Bkrgiagktus lkcgiackuous Gbu`cg br`s --
Egcoa spgrvkr`us Okriìogca --
EGCOAI@EATLK_ EGCOAI@HGK
Vjgcoadakius lkbgcaptkr us Oj`ig c`ihg
lkbgcaptkrus --
OGXJGTX@HGK Uuctur brypjus Oÿihar KI
Gigs ecgv`rastr`s Vgta sutra --
Gigs bkarb`og Vgta sutra a nkrbai --
GI_KT@EATLK_ GIGX@HGK Gigs puig Vgta hk puig --
Gigs spkoucgr`a`hks pgta oarh`cckrgia
oarh`cckrgia --
Axyurg ekrrub`ikg Vgta rgig --
OJGTGHT@@HGK Ugikccus rkspckihks C`quk c`quk --
Ogc`hr`s dg`rh`` Vcgykr`ta hk dg`rh --
OJGTGHT@@EATLK_
_OACAVGO@HGK Ogc`hr`s lkcgiatas Vcgykra pkotargc --
Xr`ibg ecgv`pks Vcgykra pgtg glgr`ccg --

7?7

Vcgi Lgkstra
GOT ‟ X`tgimgyaoo

lkiar
Vcgykra pgtg glgr`ccg
Xr`ibg lkcgiackuog --
lgyar
CGT@HGK Cgrrus skrrgius Bgv`atg gih`ig --
TKO[TU@TA_XT@
J`lgitapus lkcgiurus
lkcgiurus O`bók÷ukcg hars`dcgioa --
HGK
GTHK@HGK Iyot`oargx iyot`oargx Jugoa --
O@OAI@EATLK_ XJTK_M@ATI@XJ@
Vckbgh`s r`hbwgy` Pgigv`oa --
HGK
Bgcc`iucg ojcarapus Vaccg hk gbug --
BT[@EATLK_ TGCC@HGK Euc`og grhks`gog Bgccgrktg gih`ig --
Artybaigx sgibu`iackitus Tgsoÿi pcal`za --
Gmgoccu, ogrp`itkra
V@O@EATLK_ V@O@HGK Oacgptks rup`oacg --
skrrgia
VAH@O@VKH@EATLK_ VAH@O@VKH@HGK Taccgih`g raccgih ^glducc`har p`lpacca --
Iatjapraotg pkitcgih`` Vkrh`z hk cg puig --
X@IGL@EATLK_ X@IGL@HGK
Iatjapraotg arigtg Vkrh`z oarh`cckrgig --
OAX@IB@HGK Glpkc`ai rudraor`stgtus Oat`ibg hk orkstg rang --

Ogtglki`g `iarigtg _kl`cckra

_kl`cckra s`lpck
hk oacg --
Ogtglki`g gigc`s
dgihkghg --
^aiatr`oj`g ogpkis`s barr`ÿi glkr`ogia --
KLDKT@^@IGK
VG__KT@EATLK_ _`ogc`s ac`vgsokis Wu`ccust` --
Oj`r`bók hk cala
_`ogc`s urapyb`gc`s
dr`ccgitk
--
 Vjryb`cus puikis`s Er`ib`ca pkrugia --
Ogrhukc`s lgbkccgi`og N`cbukra kiogpuojgha --
ET@IB@CC@HGK
Ogrhukc`s gtrgtg N`cbukra ikbra --

7?4

Vcgi Lgkstra
GOT ‟ X`tgimgyaoo

Xurhus oj`bugioa Oj`jugoa, ^arsgc --

X[TH@IGK
Xurhus eusogtkr ^arsgc brgihk --
XTABCAHPX@HG Ojkooacca, Ouogrgojkra
K
Xrabcahytks gkhai
oalþi
--
E[TIGT@@HGK Gstjkiks lahkstg Ogigstkra oarh`cckrgia --
V`iojg ecar hk bgrbgit
bgrbgitgg
H`bcassg druiik`vkitr`s
ikbrg --
XJTG[V@IGK
Xjrgup`s daigr`kis`s Xgibgrg --
Aojtjakog ckuoapjrys V`tgna hk okng dcgiog --
XPTGII@HGK U`uh`tg ikbrg hk gcg
Mi`packbus gtkrr`lus dcgiog --
Duda v`rb`i`gius Duja glkr`ogia --
_XT@B@EATLK_ _XT@B@HGK _pkatyta oui`oucgr`g Ckojuzg tkrrkstrk --
Ckojus`tg dkrrub`iasg,
Bcguo`h`ul pkrugiul
Vgog pgog --

7??