7733=78:288:= Zluhohvv Frppxqlfdwlrqv Krphzrun &5

Gxh Iulgd|/ Iheuxdu| ;/ 5335

Qdph

Sureohp 4 +58 srlqwv, ^Sureohp 416`

d,
Iru Q @ 6 =

N =3 Vhw ri glvwdqfhv
s s s s 
 5U> :U> :U> 46U> 46U> 7U

 @ FL @ q s q 4 s q q
5 . 5 : . 5 46 . 7
;
? 8=69 gE> q@6
@ = :=66 gE> q @ 6=8 +4,
<=57 gE> q @ 7
Iru Q @ 7 =

Vhws
ri glvwdqfhv
s s s s s 
 :U> :U> 46U> 46U> 4<U> 4<U

 @ FL @ s q s 4 q s q

5 : . 5 46 . 5 4<
;
? :=8: gE> q@6
@ = <=<; gE> q @ 6=8 +5,
45=68 gE> q @ 7
Iru Q @ : =
 N=7

Vhws
ri glvwdqfhv s s s 
 46U> 7U> 4<U> 8U> 5;U> 64U

 @ FL @ s q 4
s q s  s 
46 . 7q . 4< . 8q . 5; q . 64 q
;
? 44=8; gE> q@6
@ = 47=89 gE> q @ 6=8 +6,
4:=;5 gE> q @ 7
Iru Q @ < +zlwkrxw gudzlqj wkh jxuhv,
q s s s s s s r
vhw ri glvwdqfhv  4<U> 4<U> 5;U> 5;U> 6:U> 6:U +7,

 @ FL @ s q s4 q s q

5 4< . 5 5; . 6:
;
? 46=65 gE> q@6
@ = 49=:: gE> q @ 6=8 +8,
53=4< gE> q @ 7
Iru Q @ 45 +zlwkrxw gudzlqj wkh jxuhv,
q s s s r
vhw ri glvwdqfhv  8U> 64U> 64U> 64U> :U +9,

 @ FL @ 4
s q s 
8q . 4< . 7 64 q . :q
;
? 47=9: gE> q@6
@ = 4;=6; gE> q @ 6=8 +:,
55=3< gE> q @ 7
e,
Wr pdlqwdlq  @ 4; gE zh qhhg
Q @ 54 iru q @ 6
Q @ 45 iru p @ 6=8 +;,
Q @ 8 iru q @ 7
f,
Ilj1 4149 lv qrw d suhflvh gldjudp1 Lw lv yhu| gl!fxow wr frpsxwh wkh glvwdqfhv xvlqj wkh jlyhq jxuh1
Rqh zd| ri grlqj wklv lv wr fkdqjh wkh gldjudp zlwk wkh lqwhuihulqj prelohv orfdwhg dw nqrzq srlqw lq wkh
fhoo1 D sduwlfxodu dvvxpswlrqv lv vkrzq ehoorz1

5
 Sureohp 5 +58 srlqwv, ^Sureohp 417`
Dv lw lv ghvfulehg lq wkh sureohp vwdwhphqw/ d kdqgr idloxuh rffxuv zkhq wkh kdqgr fdoo grhv qrw qg
dq lgoh fkdqqho dqg zdlwv lq wkh txhxh iru wt vhfrqgv dqg lv gursshg ehfdxvh qr fkdqqho ehfrphv dydlodeoh
gxulqj wkdw wlph1 Khqfh/
Su+Kdqgr Idloxuh, @ Su +Zdlwlqj pruh wkdq wt v m Kdqgr fdoo lv txhxhg,  Su +Kdqgr fdoo lv txhxhg,
@ Su +Z A wt ,  F +> p,
 
+p   , wt p
@ h{s    p   Sp n +<,
 . p$ 4  p n n
@3
4
$

6
 Wkh suredelolw| ri kdqgr lv sorwwhg iru p @ 8> 43> 48=

Sureohp 6 +58 srlqwv, ^Sureohp 418`

d, Wkh zruvw fdvh F@L rffxuv zkhq wkh preloh lv dw wkh wkh fhoo erxqgdu|/ zklfk lv ghslfwhg lq wkh
sureohp ghqlwlrq1 Ohw xv zulwh F@L iru wklv vlwxdwlrq +q @ 7,1
SW ke kp 5

 @ FL @ k SW kekp 5 SW Uk7ekp 5 SW kekp 5 l

+ ,

5 GU 7 . G7 . G U 7
+
+
,
, + ,
+
+
. ,
,

U 7

@ k l
5 +G  U, . G . +G . U,
7 7 7

@ k
4 l +43,
7
. GU  .
G 
5 U 4 U .4
G 7 7

s s
Iru foxvwhu vl}h Q @ 7/G@U @ 6Q @ 451 Li zh vxevwlwxwh wkh ydoxh ri G@U lqwr +-,/ wkhq zh rewdlq wkh
zruvw fdvh F@L dv  
F
L zruvw
@ 46=9: @ 44=69 gE +44,

e, Qrz/ wkh dqwhqqd khljkw ri wkh vhuylqj edvh vwdwlrq lv lqfuhdvhg wr 73 p zkloh wkh rwkhu edvh vwdwlrqv
dqwhqqd khljkwv duh 63 p1 Qrwh wkdw wkh
s glvwdqfh ehwzhhq wkh vhuylqj edvh vwdwlrq dqg wkh lqwhuihulqj edvh
vwdwlrqv uhpdlq wkh vdph/ l1h1 G @ U 6Q 1 Ohw wkh qhz udglxv ri wkh vhuylqj edvh vwdwlrq eh U3 1 Wkhq wkh
F@L ehfrphv
F
@ 45  49 k 7
4
G 7
l
< 5 G .4 
L G 
U3 4 . U3 . U3
7

@ 45  49 k
4
< 5  U s45  4 .  U s45 .  U s45 . 4
7 7 7
l +45,
U 3 U U 3 3

Zh fdq vroyh wkh deryh htxdwlrq e| xvlqj PDWODE ru dq| rwkhu vriwzduh ri |rxu fkrlfh wr rewdlq wkh vdph
F@L dv lq sduw +d,1 Zkhq zh vroyh lw/ wkh qhz fhoo udglxv U @ 4=448:U/ l1h1 wkh fhoo udglxv lv hqodujhg1
3

f, Ohw xv fdoo wkh edvh vwdwlrq zkrvh dqwhqqd khljkw lqfuhdvhg wr 73 p dv KEV1 Ehfdxvh ri wkh v|pphwu|
ri wkh sureohp/ zh zloo frqvlghu wkuhh glhuhqw fdvhv iru wkh srvlwlrq ri wkh preloh= l, preloh lv G  U dzd|
irup KEV/ ll, preloh lv G dzd| irup KEV/ lll, preloh lv G . U dzd| irup KEV1 Khqfh/ zh duh jrlqj wr

7
rewdlq wkuhh glhuhqw fhoo udgll iru wkh iroorzlqj htxdwlrqv
F
@  
4
   7  7
L
5 UG4  . UG4 . 4 4 4
7

3
7
. 3
49
<
G
U34 . G
U34

@ 
4 
 7 
5 UG5  4 . UG5 . 4 . UG5  . UG5 
7
49 7 7
3 3 3 3
<

@  4 +46,
      

5 UG6 . UG6  4 .
7 7 7

U6 . 4 . UG6 . 4
7 G 49
3 3 3 3
<

s
zkhuh/ rqfh djdlq/ G @ 45U1 Wkh vroxwlrq iru wkh deryh htxdwlrq fdq eh rewdlqhg qxphulfdoo| dqg duh
U3 @ 3=<85U> U3 @ 3=<;9U>
4 5
U3 @ 3=<<8U
6
+47,
Wkh qhz fhoo vkdsh lv jlyhq dv

#


# #

#



Sureohp 7 +58 srlqwv, ^Sureohp 41:`

d, Wkh qxpehu ri fkdqqhov shu fhoo lq wkh wkuhh v|vwhpv duh 48/ 433 dqg 931 Wkh Huodqj0E eorfnlqj
suredelolw| lv vkrzq khuh1

e, Wkh wud!f ordglqj rhuhg s shu fhoo duh  @ <=34> ;:=<:> 7<=97/ iru V|vwhp D> E> F / uhvshfwlyho|1
Dvvxph wkh fhoo qxpehu lv F dqg wkh wrwdo qxpehu ri xvhuv lv N 1 Vlqfh wkh wud!f ordglqj rhuhg e| hdfk
xvhu lv 3=4 HuLdqjv/ wkh wud!f ordglqj rhuhg shu fhoo lv  @ =FN 1 Wkh qxpehu ri xvhuv lq V|vwhp D/ E dqg
3 4

F duh 69373/ 76<;8/ 7<973/ uhvshfwlyho|1