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BIOSTATISTICS For Pharmacy Students

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Shivsharan B. Dhadde
Krishna Institute of Pharmacy, Krishna Vishwa Vidyapeeth (Deemed to be University), Karad
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Biostatistics
For Pharmacy Students

Shivsharan B. Dhadde
Department of Pharmacology
D.S.T.S. Mandal’s College of Pharmacy
Solapur, Maharashtra-413 004
INDIA
 Foreword
I am delighted to write the foreword for the book “BIOSTATISTICS for
Pharmacy Students” authored by Shri. Shivsharan B. Dhadde. In this book,
the author covered the subject right from the introduction to hypothesis
testing using various parametric and non-parametric tests. The speciality of
the author I found in this lucid book is his simple, crystal clear communique
making even the complex statistical concepts most palatable with suitable
pharmaceutical examples. Inclusion of a good number of pharmaceutical and
health science-related solved statistical problems makes the book truly
effective. Stepwise elucidations of statistical problems is another speciality of
the book that makes it a true practical guide to understand the statistical
techniques easily. Multiple-choice questions, short answer questions and long
answer questions including statistical problems thoughtfully incorporated in
the book will help the reader for the self- assessment of the learning.

I am sure this book will serve as a primer for academicians and trust they
use this book as primary or additional reference material. The book certainly
caters to the needs of UG and PG students of pharmacy, on the other hand, it
also is a valuable source for medical and other paramedical students. I
congratulate and wish the author a huge success for this book and his future
endeavour.

Dr R. Y. Patil
PRINCIPAL
D.S.T.S. Mandal’s College of Pharmacy,
Solapur-413004, Maharashtra, India.,

Ex-Director
Board of College & University Development,
P.A.H. Solapur University, Solapur
Maharashtra, India
 Preface
Biostatistics is one of the most essential subjects need to be thoroughly
studied by pharmacy and other biomedical researchers. Understanding the
essential concepts, practices and knowledge of statistics is important to
analyze the research data confidently. Statistical knowledge helps the
researcher in using the proper methods to collect the data, employ the correct
analyses and effectively present the results. Moreover, statistics allows the
researcher to understand a subject much more deeply.
In this book, the reader will learn about many facets of the field of statistics.
We will start with an overview of statistics. Then we will move on the
necessary skills and knowledge about the different types of data and how to
summarize data both graphically and numerically. Importantly reader will
understand how to discover the relationship between the variables. After
that, we go to the next level and learn about population and how to estimate
their properties using samples and proceed onto more advanced statistical
studies such as regression analysis and hypothesis testing.
This book is focused on the concepts and practices that are required for
performing the statistical analysis and interpret the results correctly. Now a
day’s numerous software are available for performing statistical activities.
The software will give errorless statistical analysis report quickly, but
researchers not conveniently learn how the different statistical equations are
used for statistical analysis. In this book, the hand solved statistical problems
are illustrated in an easy stepwise way. The hand solved problems will act as
a practical guide for the reader to understand the complex equations run
behind the screen when we run statistical software for analysis.
This book is prepared by referring to robust scientific articles and standard
reference books. Book is reader-friendly, complex statistical concepts are
elaborated in simple and easy language.
I hope that this book will be helpful for the graduate and postgraduate
students and teachers of pharmacy and other biomedical researchers.
Every care has been taken to ensure that the book is free from errors but
absolute perfection is usually unattainable. Hence, errors if any may please
be communicated to me.

Shivsharan B. Dhadde
sharanpharma@hotmail.com
 Table of Contents
Foreword
Preface
CHAPTER 1 Introduction to Biostatistics 1-20
 Statistics and Biostatistics
− Sources of data
− Variables
− Measurement and scales
− Sampling and statistical inference
 Frequency distribution
− Frequency tables
− Frequency distribution graphs
CHAPTER 2 Measures of Central Tendency 21-32
 Mean
 Median
 Mode
 Skewness
 Measures of skewness

CHAPTER 3 Measures of Dispersion 33-43

 Dispersion
 Range
 Interquartile range
 Variance
 Coefficient of variation
 Standard deviation
 Standard error
CHAPTER 4 Correlation Analysis 44-61
 Correlation
 Karl Pearson’s coefficient of correlation
 Multiple correlation

CHAPTER 5 Regression Analysis 62-83

 Simple regression
 Curve fitting by least-squares method
 Fitting lines y= a + bx and x = a + by
 Multiple regression
 Standard error of regression
CHAPTER 6 Probability 84-97
 Introduction
 Objective probability
 Subjective probability
 Bayesian methods
 Elementary properties of probability
 Probability distributions
 Binomial distribution
 Normal distribution
 Poisson’s distribution
CHAPTER 7 Population and Sample 98-116
 Introduction
 Types of sampling designs
 Characteristics of good sample
 Types of errors in sampling

CHAPTER 8 Hypothesis Testing, Type I & II Errors 117-127

 Introduction
 Characteristics of a good hypothesis
 Types of hypotheses
 Type I (α) and type II (β) errors
 P value

CHAPTER 9 Statistical Analysis-Parametric Tests 128-154

 Student t-Test
 Z-Test
 Analysis of variance (ANOVA)

CHAPTER 10 Statistical Analysis-Non Parametric Tests 155-175

 Wilcoxon Rank Sum test
 Mann-Whitney U test
 Kruskal-Wallis test
 Friedman test

MCQ Answer Key 176

Appendix-1: Statistical Formulas 177-181
Appendix-2: Statistical Tables 182-195
Subject Index 196-197
 SCIENTISTS WHO SIGNIFICANTLY CONTRIBUTED
TO THE BIOSTATISTICS

Francis Galton Weldon Walter Ronald Fisher

16 Feb 1822- 17 Jan 1911 31 Oct 1832- 20 Sep1885 17 Feb 1890 – 29 Jul 1962

Frank Wilcoxon Milton Friedman Wilson Wallis

2 Sep 1892 – 18 Nov 1965 31 Jul 1912 – 16 Nov 2006 5 Nov1912 – 12 Oct 1998

John Tukey William Kruskal Charles Dunnett

16 Jun 1915 – 26 Jul 2000 10 Oct 1919-21 Apr 2005 24 Aug 1921 – 18 May 2007

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