Definition of tourism Tourism in India KEYMAP

• Tourism has emerged as a key driver of economic • Foreign Tourist Arrivals in India during 2020 decreased to 2.74 million as compared to 10.93 Uttar Pradesh - Attracted 288.7
growth. Top 10 states of the country
million in 2019, registering a negative growth of 74.9%. million tourists (14.14%)
• one of the fastest growing economic sectors account for about 85% of domestic
• The share of India in international tourist arrivals in 2020 was 1.57% Major attractions - Taj Mahal, Agra
• Significant impact on trade, job creation, tourists. About two-third domestic
• Tourism continues to play an important role as a foreign exchange earner for the country. Fort, Fatehpur Sikri and Sarnath
investment, infrastructure development and social tourists come from only five states
• Ranked 34th in the Travel & Tourism -
inclusion. Competitiveness Report 2019 published
• A major source of employment. by the World Economic Forum
According to United Nations World Tourism • In WTTC’s Economic Impact 2019 report,
Organization (UNWTO) India’s Travel & Tourism GDP Maharashtra - Attracted
Tourism is a social, cultural and economic contribution grew by 4.9%, which was 124.27 million tourists (7.40%)
the third-highest after China and Major attractions - Ajanta and
phenomenon which entails the movement of people
Philippines. Ellora Caves, Shirdi, Ashtavinayak AP - 195 million tourists (9.87%)
to countries or places outside their usual and Matheran
• Between 2014 and 2019, India Domestic Tourists: 194.76
environment for personal or business/professional LEGEND
witnessed the strongest growth in the million
purposes.
number of jobs created (6.36 million), Karnataka - 214.50 Foreign Tourists: 0.27 million
followed by China and the Philippines million tourists (10.75%)
Major attractions - Mysore Tamil Nadu - Attracted 391.97
• Classification of Tourism Palace, Hampi, Coorg, and million tourists (23%)
Adventure tourism Beach Tourism Jog falls Major attractions - Meenakshi Temple,
This involves exploration of remote areas and exotic locales and India’s vast coastline and islands provides ample opportunities for fun packed tourism. Brihadeeswarar Temple, Yelagiri Hills
engaging in various activities. Eg: Kerala, Goa, Andaman & Nicobar Islands, Lakshadweep islands attract tourists in
Trekking : Ladakh, Sikkim, and Himalaya. large numbers all around the year.
skiing facilities : Himachal Pradesh and Jammu and Kashmir . Medical tourism GROWTH OF HILL TOURISM
Whitewater rafting: Uttranchal, Assam, and Arunachal Pradesh cost-effective but superior quality healthcare in terms of surgical procedures and • Major revenue earners for any region or country as compared to
Cultural tourism general medical attention. other forms of Tourism. Hill Stations Total tourist Percentage of
India is known for its rich cultural heritage and an element of Wildlife tourism • Reasons including the climate, clean air, unique landscapes and arrival, 2015 total tourists
mysticism, which is why tourists come to India to experience it India has a rich forest cover which has some beautiful and exotic species of wildlife – wildlife, scenic beauty, local culture, history and heritage, and the
for themselves. some of which that are even endangered and very rare. This has boosted wildlife opportunity to experience snow and participate in snow-based or Shillong, Meghalaya 545935 74%
Eg: the Pushkar fair (Rajasthan), Taj Mahotsav (Uttar Pradesh) etc tourism in India. nature-related activities and sports.
Pilgrimage tourism Eg: Sariska Wildlife Sanctuary, Keoladeo Ghana National Park (Rajasthan), and Corbett Darjeeling, west 2482113 3.93%
• Mountain tourism tends to be very unevenly distributed, with a Bengal
India is a country having its identity with different religions. National Park (Uttarkhand). small proportion of locations having significant tourism
India is famous for its temples and that is the reason that Eco tourism infrastructure. Mussoorie, 396702 1.75% SOURCES
among the different kinds of tourism in India, pilgrimage Ecotourism entails the sustainable preservation of a naturally endowed area • Highly desirable to most hill stations because by attracting and Uttarakhand
tourism is increasing most rapidly. • Tourism in india and its
Eg: Kaziranga National Park (Assam), Gir National Park (Gujarat), and Kanha National serving visitors the destination earns “basic” income from other Idukki, kerala 83894 8.6% various types,
Eg: Devi, Golden temple, Char Dham, Mathura Vrindavan etc Park (Madhya Pradesh). parts of the country and globe. International Research
Journal Commerce arts
science
• TOURISM & HOSPITALITY,
Evolution of the Indian tourism and hospitality sector National Tourism Policy 2021 IBEF
• Draft National Tourism
Policy 2021
• Part of the vision of New India on high trajectory of growth and prosperity. Green Tourism – tourism activities that lead to sustainable tourism • https://egyankosh.ac.in/bits
tream/123456789/69410/1
• A holistic framework for sustainable and responsible growth of tourism sector in Green tourism or tourism in green economy /Unit-15.pdf
the country. refers to tourism activities that can be maintained, or sustained, indefinitely in their social, economic, cultural, and
• Architected around five key guiding principles, five national missions and ten environmental contexts:
strategic pillars supported by an Institutional and Governance Framework.
sustainable tourism
• applicable for 10 years from the date of notification unless extended further.
 Various states in  tourism that takes full account of current and future economic, social and environmental impacts, addressing the GROUP 1
 A national various marketing
• The National India declared initiatives to attract needs of visitors, the industry, the environment and host communities.
policy on Ayushi Bhatt
Tourism Policy tourism as an tourists
tourism was
was announced industry  e-Tourist Visa was Key Guiding Principles transport infrastructures and connectivity Firzana Shuja
announced in
in 1982  The Government launched;
• To promote sustainable, responsible and inclusive tourism Kirti kumar
2002  Travel and tourism
• The stressed on • The Policy recognizes that seamless connectivity to the tourist destinations and transport infrastructure can Lakshmi Das
 Online travel sector accounted for • To promote digitalization, innovation and technology in tourism sector
Government private-public Niveda N
formulated a partnership in
portals & low 8.0% of total • To follow a whole of Government approach greatly enhance visitor experience.
cost carrier employment
• Private Sector led growth • Factoring tourism priorities in transport planning Sanat Bhavsar
comprehensive the sector opportunities in 2019
airlines gave a • To promote Ek Bharat Shreshtha Bharat • The Gati Shakti National Master Plan will deploy a geo-spatial digital platform that will provide real-time Swastha I
plan in 1988 to  Government  In 2018, India attained
boost to
promote policies give a third position in the • To follow a destination centric and tourist centric approach information on infrastructure projects across ministries..
domestic
tourism fillip to the hotel world tourism sector • Multi-modal connectivity to major tourist destinations
tourism. after China and US.
industry • Improvement in roadways, railways and airways to facilitate tourism. SCALE
Tourism policy and initiatives NTS
All India Tourist Vehicles MASTERS OF
Swadesh Darshan 2014-15 NIDHI - 2019 Incentives from Ministry of Bharat Darshan Tourist Train-2019 TRANSPORT
E-tourist Visa - 2014 PRASAD - 2015 Authorisation and Permit Rules,
Tourism - 2019-20 2021 PLANNING
IIYEAR
• the integrated development of • The number of tourists arriving • Implemented for enhancing • serve as a common data • Assistance in large revenue- • IRCTC runs a series of Bharat • The MORT&H has introduced III SEMESTER
theme-based tourist circuits on e-Tourist Visa grew 23.6% y- the facilities and infrastructure repository portal to generating projects. Darshan tourist trains aimed at this new scheme in which a
• Government has identified 15 o-y to 2.36 million in 2019. provided at pilgrimage centres understand the geographical • Support to public private taking people to various tourist vehicle operator can
circuits • Foreigners travelling to India across the country. spread of the hospitality partnerships (PPP) in pilgrimages across the country. register online for All India
on e-Tourist Visa will receive a sector, its size, structure and infrastructure development Tourist Authorisation/Permit.
pre-activated BSNL SIM card existing capacity in the such as viability gap funding. • This permit will be issued SCHOOL OF
loaded with talk-time and country. within 30 days of submitting
PLANNING AND
ARCHITECTURE
data. the application. VIJAYWADA

Transport Infrastructure Plan for tourists in Hilly region: Dehradun, Mussoorie TOURISM – DEFINITION, TYPES, POLICIES 1
 CASE STUDIES KEYMAP
Over Tourism and its Impacts Crowding and Social Interference Theory
Over tourism is defined as “destinations where hosts or guests, locals or visitors, feel that there are too many visitors and the quality of live in • The social interference theory assumes that a traveler's behavior is
the area or the quality of the experience has deteriorated unacceptably” motivated by a specific goal (seeking spirituality, taking holy dip, etc.) Behavioural
Privacy
Constraints
• Subsequently, the traveller would negatively evaluate the crowd when
Drivers of Over tourism Impacts of Over tourism Social Perceived
his/her motivation to visit the event gets obstructed by the presence of
Stimulation Control
Economy other travellers.
• However, it is equally crucial to note that nationalities play an important
Stakeholder’s high pressure role in forming negative evaluations of crowding (Sun and Budruk, 2015).
Rising Incomes
on economic returns Personal
Social setting
• The paper analyses the impact of setting (social, and physical), tourist characteristics characteristics
Social Temporal satisfaction, and crowding.
Evaluation of
SUGGESTED SOLUTIONS TO MANAGE AND REDUCE THE NEGATIVE EFFECT impact of
Media driven sensationalism Strong seasonality
OF CROWDING Physical setting LEGEND
The development of local’s attitude in four phases
setting
Services Rejuvenation Prior Information and characteristics
Adequate Infrastructure Crowding
Poor destination Consolidation
Advertisements
Low cost carriers
management Stagnation

Effective Management Tourist

No. of Tourists
Development Route Guidance
(cleaning, maintenance) attraction
• The quality of visitor experience can be an important factor in Decline

decisions about restricting numbers. Involvement • Social Behavior of tourists is also found to influence the perception of crowding, hence the following strategies are recommended:
• Offering an ‘authentic’ or ‘natural’ experience can greatly increase Exploration

the perceived value of the destination and, correspondingly, the Regulating Social Behaviour Group wise tourist Coexistence of tourists and
amount of money spent per tourist. Tourism Area cycle of Evaluation of Tourists management Strategies Residents

Technology and Crowd Management at Events: a Case Study of Kumbh Festival Pedestrianization Of Commercial Street Into A Successful Socioeconomic Realm” - A Tourist guides’ perspective of
in India Case Of Predestination Walking Activity Recognition Of M.G.Marg, Gangtok, India Demarketing Taj Mahal
• Religious tourism is an important integral part of the tourism sector in India. • Gangtok, the capital and largest town of Sikkim, located in the South Eastern districts of the • The popularity of the monument has led to an increasing number of challenges for the
• It includes pilgrimage sites, tourists who are religious or spiritual, visitors to religious Sikkim has developed as a linear town due to physiological limitations. city as well as for the Taj Mahal itself: SOURCES
events, and participants in ceremonial processions. • M.G.Marg or Mahatma Gandhi Marg located in the heart of Gangtok stretches to a length of
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jdm
• This traditional kind of tourism has long been a component of mass tourism. 350 m and is the hub of almost all commercial activities of Gangtok. Discolouring of the monument m.2021.100619
• 2,00,000 tourists/ year https://www.researchgate.ne
t/publication/361947348
KUMBHA MELA 2021 • Average 10,000 vehicles is catered by the city’s transportation network. Overcrowding https://www.researchgate.ne
t/publication/361947348
• Kumbha Mela reflects the sociocultural significance of the Hinduism religion. Culturally Pedestrianization Increased vehicular traffic https://www.researchgate.ne
t/publication/339794916
rich, and spiritually inclined, the Kumbh festival attracts people from diverse backgrounds. https://arrow.tudublin.ie/ijtgr
• The Kumbh festival faced widespread criticism from India and abroad for being conducted • Pedestrianization and walkability is one of the key indicators of efficient city planning with
Increased Pollution /vol2/iss1/4
amid the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic. the following advantages: http://edupediapublications.
org/journals/index.php/JSMa
• Thousands of people did not adhere to COVID-19 protocols, and inadequate crowd DEMARKETING TAJ MAHAL P/
monitoring steps caused an overwhelming situation. Reduce emission and energy usage
AIM
• Promoting Other monuments
Increased safety for visitors, especially elders in Agra
• Ensuring the safety of the staff and visitors General GROUP 1
• Combatting the risks of public health and accidents; and children • Time cap
and KIRTI KUMAR
• Improving visitors’ quality of experience. 2210600064
Improved visitor experience
RECOMMENDED STRATEGIES SWASTHA I
• Increased Entry fee 2210600072
Types of pedestrianisation
Demarketing Selective • Price differentiation with
1) Incorporating ICT with Demarketing strategies
strategies respect to tourist typology
Part time Pedestrian
• Implementing demarketing strategies using the 7P’s of the marketing mix to Full time Pedestrian streets Traffic Calming streets
streets
ensure destination management and enhance tourist’s experience
• Vehicle entry – Fully • Vehicle entry – Only at • Reduce dominance and
2) Using ICT to monitor crowd at sub zones restricted specified time periods speed of vehicles
• On-street parking is • Woonerf concepts – • Not including Taj Mahal in
• Sub zone management is a prerequisite for more extensive management of • Only Emergency vehicle SCALE
restricted Netherlands Ostensible the Uttar Pradesh Tourism
massive events like Kumbha Mela at different places of rituals separately allowed
• Road is paved for • Traffic calming measures Brochure MASTERS OF
• Fully covered pavement TRANSPORT
for walking vehicular use employed PLANNING
3) Foot mapping and Crowd Surveillance IIYEAR
Beautification project - M.G.Road III SEMESTER
• The use of foot mapping devices in mega-events such as Kumbh is another ICT • In 2018, Archaeological Survey of India (ASI) first increased the entry fees to the
based solution to monitor the crows, and consequently avoid stampedes • According to CMP Gangtok, out of the 90379 trips, 38475 trips, i.e., 42.57% trips are walk monument and charged additional entry fees to enter the Mausoleum.
trips. • Then, a new vantage point to view the Taj Mahal was opened by Agra Development
4) Mobile app Registration • After converting to full time pedestrian streets, 86% of the tourists visiting the road are more Authority (ADA) and further the ticket prices were revised.
satisfied with the improved aesthetic experience. • Further, time cap of three hours was laid and tourists were not allowed to stay after that.
• This will help achieve accuracy in calculating the number of visitors to better • Also, 82% of the stakeholders gave positive response to the conversion saying they have • Also, demarketing as a measure was seen as a positive initiative regarding the quality of SCHOOL OF PLANNING
AND ARCHITECTURE
monitoring and restricting the excess benefitted from the project. tourism and was seen as economically viable by the tour guides. VIJAYWADA

Transport Infrastructure Plan for tourists in Hilly Region: Dehradun, Mussoorie Case Study 2
MAJOR TOURIST ZONES OF UTTARAKHAND ACCORDING TOURISM MASTER PLAN FOR UTTARAKHAND 2008-2027 DEMARCATION OF TOURISM ZONE PROFILES OF UTTARAKHAND

ZONE 1 ZONE 2 ZONE 3 ZONE 4 ZONE 5 ZONE 6 ZONE 7

• Kedarnath Town
• Dehradun • Nainital • New Tehri Town • Badrinath Town
• Musoorie • Ramnagar • Gangotri • Champawat Town • The Valley of • The Yamunotri
• Kempty Falls • Kaladhungi • Harsil Township • Abbott Mountain
• Pauri town Flowers National Char Dham
• Dhanaulti • Corbett national • Dayara Bugyal • Pancheshwar
• Khirsu Park • Tons River
• Chamba park • Uttarkashi Town • Almora
• Lansdowne • Rudra pragag • Jaunsari Tribal
• Haridwar • Mukteshwar • Chinyalisaur • Ranikhet
• Rural villages • Karna prayag Villages
• Rishikesh • Bhowali • Tehri Lake • Bageshwar
• Devprayag • Nandprayag • Jaunsari Tribal
• Rajaji national Park • Ramgarh • New Tehri Town: town..etc.
• Srinagar town • Vishnuprayag Villages

MAJOR TOURIST SPOTS IN DEHRADUN MUSSORIE PERCENTAGE DISTRIBUTION OF TOURIST COMPARATIVE ESTIMATES OF TOURIST VISITS IN UTTARAKHAND
CIRCUIT BY SOURCE OF ATTRACTION Year Uttarakhand Dehradun Mussoorie
(Million)
NAME OF TOURIST SPOT TYPE OF TOURIST SPOT Total tourist Total tourist % share Growth Total tourist % share Growth
• Bhatta Falls Scenic beauty factor factor
• Kempty Falls Scenic beauty
2016 31776581 1807383 5.6 2795125 8.7 SOURCES
• George everest Trekking
• Company Garden Scenic beauty 2017 34723199 2146489 6.1 1.18 2795973 8.0 1.00 % SHARE OF TOURIST FOOTFALL
• Hathipaon Wildlife and nature trails 2018 36852204 2484289 6.7 1.15 2872025 7.7 1.02 DOMESTIC FOREIGN
• Gun hill Adventure/ Entertainment 1. Impacts of tourism
2019 39225740 2905303 7.4 1.16 3023839 7.7 1.05 development on the physical
• Mussoorie lake Adventure/ entertainment environment of Mussoorie,
• Camel's Back road Wildlife and nature trails Broad categories • Spiritual centres 2020 7874765 593567 7.5 .80 1016337 12.9 0.33 a hill station in the lower
Himalayan range of India-
• Mall road Entertainment/shopping (from above table) • Wildlife and nature Journal of mountain science
2021 20018115 2867782 14.32 4.83 1229808 6.14 1.21
• Scenic beauty trails 2018
• Laal tibba scenic point Trekking 2. Air action Plan 2020, UPCB,
• Adventure sports • Trekking Gov of Uttarakhand
• Jharipaani falls Scenic beauty 3. Weatherspark.com
• Happy valley (Landour area) Wildlife and nature trails • The annual rate of growth of total tourist visits in Uttarakhand during the period 2016 to 2017 is 9 percent and from 2017 to 2019 , it 4. TVC- Primary
5. Mussoorie municipal
• Dhanaulti- Botanical garden Scenic beauty is stagnant at 6 %. corporation

• Landour clock tower Heritage • However, there is a drop in the tourist footfall in 2020 due to covid. 2022 year footfall is yet to be calculated by the year end.
• However, the percentage share of tourist in Dehradun has drastically increased from the year 2019 t0 2021 from 7 % to 14%.
• Mussoorie heritage centre Heritage • The share of tourist population in Mussoorie in the covid yar is 12.9 % which is almost 5% higher that the year 2019.
• Jwalaji temple Spiritual centre GROUP 1
• Benog wild life sanctuary Wildlife and nature trails Percentage Distribution of Tourists by Activity
• Mussoorie adventure park Adventure/ Entertainment Status
PERCENTAGE DISTRIBUTION OF TOURIST BY PURPOSE OF VISIT
• Buddha temple in Dalai hill Trekking
• Paltan Bazaar Shopping
• Robbers cave Scenic beauty 7%
own buisness
AYUSHI BHATT-
• Sahastradhara waterfalls Scenic beauty 13% 28% AVERAGE DURATION OF STAY OF TOURISTS 2210600057
• Tapkeshwar Spiritual centre Executive

• Buddha temple Spiritual centre

7% Employee / worker TOTAL TOURISTS DOMESTIC
• Asan barrage Scenic beauty Retired
7%
• Dehradun zoo Wildlife and nature trails student
SCALE
• Khalanga war museum Heritage other
38%
• Shikhar falls Scenic beauty
• Uttarakhand war memorial Heritage EVALUATION OF TOURIST FACILITIES IN UTTARAKHAND MASTERS OF
Percentage Distribution of Tourists by Travel TRANSPORT
• Dehradun mussoorie ropeway Adventure / Entertainment Pattern
PLANNING
• In terms of activity status, over 38 percent of the foreign II YEAR
tourists visiting Uttarakhand belonged to the category of Alone III SEMESTER
employee/worker while about 28.2 percent was engaged in 1% 13%
own business. 20% with spouse
with family
• The students and executives constituted about 12.7 percent 14%
and 7.1 percent respectively. The percentage distribution of with family and spouse
SCHOOL OF
tourists by activity status. 9% with friends PLANNING AND
• More than 40% domestic tourist visit with family / friends for 3% with friends and family ARCHITECTURE
40%
religious or sight seeing purpose. VIJAYWADA
other

TRANSPORT INFRASTRUCTURE PLAN FOR TOURIST IN HILLY REGION : DEHRADUN, MUSSOORIE UTTARAKHAND AS A TOURIST DESTINATION 03
 TOURISM AND ECONOMY GROWTH RATE – LAND USE LAND COVER ANALYSIS
KEYMAP
UTTARAKHAND STATE
• The main growth drivers in the economy have been identified as hill
agriculture with emphasis on horticulture including aromatic and
medicinal plants (promoted by AYUSH) and tourism to improve
productivity and create sustainable livelihood, especially for people in
the higher reaches of the state.

LEGEND

-0.1 - -0.6

Contribution of tourism sector: Legends

-0.1 - -0.6
-0.2 - 0.2

• Gross State Domestic Product (GSDP) - 4.4 %

-0.1 - 0.6
Polygons 0.6 - 1.0
NDVI_2008_Classified
• Employment - 2 % Value
-0.6 - -0.2

Contribution of Dehradun:
• Gross Domestic Product (SGDP) – 2.78% , including indirect
contributions – 5.83%
• Direct Employment – 4.59 %, Indirect contributions – 8.27%
Budget allocated and contribution towards GSDP of tourism sector of
Uttarakhand NDBI (Normalized Difference in Built-up Index) 2009 indicates that the NDVI (Normalized Difference in Vegetation Index) 2009 indicates that
• the Normalize Difference Build-up Index value lies between -1 to +1. • the higher values of NDVI is 0.7 and greater which shows that the particular area is covered
• The lowest value -0.62 shows that there is no built-up exists in that particular areas by dense vegetations or some times tropical rainforests. SOURCES
• as we reaching around -0.4 to -0.1 there seems to forming densely populated built- up gradually. • -0.1 to 0.1 represent barren land covered by rocks and sands
• Uttarakhand Tourism
• The overall scenario represents that the densely populated built up has value of 0.3 within the • 0.2 to 0.5 represent the shrubs and grasslands Development Master
Dehradun city and as we go upwards this trends seems to be declining. • -1 to 0 represents water bodies in the regions Plan 2007-2022
• https://www.ibef.org/
states/uttarakhand-
presentation#
• https://www.jetir.org/
papers/JETIR2102036.
pdf
• https://www.namastei
ndiatrip.com/festivals-
in-mussoorie.html
Development of tourism in Uttarakhand • Bhuvan / ISRO

India is currently 12th highest tourist destination of the country.

The aim of the government is to make Uttarakhand the third favorite
tourist destination of the country by 2030.
GROUP 1
STRENGTH WEAKNESS
• Natural resources and pilgrimage sites. • Unplanned growth in Religious tourism
• High literacy rates and low crime rates • Inappropriate cellular and telecom
• High employment generating capacity infrastructure SWASTHA I
of the tourism sector • Inadequate accommodation facilities 2210600072
• Potential to build the village economy by
preventing migration KIRTI KUMAR
2210600064
OPPORTUNITY THREAT
• Making home-stays popular: focus on • Poor connectivity- The inadequate
connecting village to the world physical infrastructure due to the tough
• Development of theme based circuits to terrain hinder and lack of investment
promote world class tourism tourism development to its full potential.
• Ensure balanced regional development • Disaster prone areas
of the hills and the plain areas of the • Unsustainable tourism growth strategies SCALE
state. can potentially harm the highly sensitive -0.1 - -0.6
• The ongoing construction of all weather and diverse eco-system of the state. -0.6 - -0.2
MASTERS OF
TRANSPORT
road and development of Rishikesh-
PLANNING
Karnprayag Railway Project will give a big IIYEAR
boost to tourism and the economy. III SEMESTER
Festivals as strategies to attract tourists
Autumn Early 10 days - To attract tourists in Autumn - by NDBI (Normalized Difference in Built-up Index) 2019 indicates that the NDVI (Normalized Difference in Vegetation Index) 2019 indicates that
Festival September government • Represents that southern part of the region seems to be gradually accommodating more no. of • the values of NDVI is lies from -1 to 1 in general , however the there is significant growth of
built up . population in Mussoorie and Dehradun region.
Summer March-June During peak tourist season to educate about • The city core areas of Dehradun is even more densely populated compared to previous years with • It is inferred that the growth has been taking place especially in southern west and North SCHOOL OF PLANNING
festival culture - by government an increase of 0.15. direction over the last decade due to which decline in vegetation can be seen. AND ARCHITECTURE
• Using (Band 5 – Band 4) / (Band 4+ Band 5) , the value has been calculated for both years. • Using (Band 4 – Band 3) / (Band 4+ Band 3) , the value has been calculated for both years. VIJAYWADA

Transport Infrastructure Plan for tourists in Hilly Region: Dehradun, Mussoorie Tourism Economy and Growth rate 4
 CLIMATE AND TOURIST FOOTFALL
KEYMAP
TEMPERATURE PRECIPITATION SUMMARY
Cold season • Wet day considered – 0.04 inches rain/day • Driest month – November – 0.6 days Based on this score, the best times of year to visit Mussoorie for general outdoor tourist
Hot season
• November 29 to February 23 (2.9 • Wetter season - June 20 to September 18 • Average rainfall in August – 10.9” activities are:
• April 24 to July 6 (2.4 months)
months) • Wettest month – August – 19.2 days • Average rainfall in November – 0.2 “ • From Late April to late June and
• Average High - 88˚F (31 ˚C)
• Average High - 58˚F (14 ˚C) • From early September to early October,
• Average low - 65˚F (18 ˚C)
• Average low - 36˚F (2 ˚C) • Peak score in the third week of May.
• Hottest month – June
• Hottest month – January

LEGEND

Wet Days - Mussoorie

Average Hourly Temperature - Mussoorie

• Average Comfortable timings – 8 AM to 6 PM
Wet Days - Dehradun

Dehradun SOURCES
https://weatherspark.com/
HUMIDITY y/109664/Average-
Weather-in-Mussoorie-
• We base the humidity comfort level on the dew point, as it determines whether perspiration India-Year-Round

will evaporate from the skin, thereby cooling the body.

• Muggier period - from June 22 to September 18 (2.9 months)
• Most muggy days – August – 21.7 days

GROUP 1
Month wise Domestic Tourists (AC Neilson Tourism Statistics
Average Hourly Temperature - Dehradun 2005-06) SWASTHA I
300000 2210600072
• Average Comfortable timings – 8 AM to 6 PM
• However, unlike Mussoorie during the peak season between April to June, the 250000
noon temperature is too hot for any tourist activities in Dehradun. 200000
150000
100000
Dehradun 50000
0

SCALE

MASTERS OF
TRANSPORT
Dehradun Mussoorie PLANNING
IIYEAR
Mussoorie vs Dehradun: III SEMESTER
• Comparing the comprehensive climate data and the tourist arrival data from the 2005-06
report, we can observe that both are well associated.
• Although Mussoorie is just 30 kms from Dehradun, the hilly terrain offers a distinctive
climate more attracting more tourists.
• As seen the peak season for Mussoorie is between April-June, however for the peak season SCHOOL OF PLANNING
for Dehradun is between December-March. AND ARCHITECTURE
VIJAYWADA

Transport Infrastructure Plan for tourists in Hilly Region: Dehradun, Mussoorie Climate and Tourist Footfall 5
Regional setting Regional Connectivity Tourist Destinations within100kms from the study area KEYMAP
Keymap Regional Connectivity Map
Sankri

Yamunotri

Barkot
Talwara
Chakrata Uttarkashi

Nagthat Roorkee
Roorkee
Jalandar Roorkee
Kalsi Danaulti Kantal

Shimla Tehri
Ludhiana Maldevata
Roorkee
Srinagar LEGEND
Chandigarh
Rishikesh Pauri
Patiala
Dehradun
India Uttarakhand Dehradun District Saharanpur
Kurukshetra Haridwar
Map showing Study Area along with administrative divisions Roorkee

Kalagarh Tiger Reserve

Pithoragarh
Haryana

Meerut Pantnagar

New Delhi
Air Connectivity
Airports having direct flight from DED
Bareily Jolly Grant Airport
Dehradun is served
by Dehradun Airport, also
Buffer(meters) Aligarh SOURCES
known as Jolly Grant Airport.
The airport is 27 kilometres • Comprehensive Mobility
from the city centre and lies Plan For Dehradun -
in Doiwala. The Delhi Rishikesh – Haridwar
Metropolitan Area(2019)
nearest international Lucknow
Lucknow • Draft Zonal Development
Road Network and Terminals airport is in New Delhi. Allahabad Varanasi Plan(2015) – Zone 8
Currently, there are 12 • https://www.flightconnec
tions.com/flights-to-
domestic flights to Ahmedabad

dehradun-ded
Dehradun.
Library Bus Stand Annual passenger traffic at DED airport.
Jolly Grant Airport
Picture Palace Bus Station
Mussoorie Roadways Bus
Station
ISBT Terminal GROUP 1
Direct destinations AYUSHI
LAKSHMI
Railway Connectivity FIRZANA
Dehradun Terminal railway station KIRTI
Dehradun Terminal railway station is a railway NIVEDHA
station in Dehradun, Uttarakhand, India, on the SANAT
Clock Tower Northern line of the Northern Railway network. It
SWASTHA
is owned by Indian Railways.
• It is the last station on the Northern railway line
NH 7 • in the area.
Delineation of the study area Administrative divisions Ambala-Dehrdun Rishikesh Rd NH 7 • The nearest airport to the station is the Jolly Grant Airport, about 24 kilometers
from the station.
Levels Area Population Wards • The Inter State Bus Terminal (ISBT) is at the distance of 5.7km from the station.
Method: Superimposition of map layers
MASTERS OF
Features considered: MDDA Planning Area 505.39 sq.km 9, 37,597 Road Connectivity TRANSPORT
1. Administrative Boundary : PLANNING
Mussoorie Municipal 50.98 sqkms 30,118 13 Dehradun lies on the National Highway 7, National Highway 307 which
• Uttarakhand Metropolitan Area Council
IIYEAR
connects it to states Punjab, Haryana, Himachal Pradesh, and Uttar Pradesh. III SEMESTER
• MDDA Planning Boundary
• Dehardun Tehsil Dehradun Municipal 211.63 Sq.km 574840 100 Towards • Has radial pattern originating from city core (i.e. Clock tower). Rajpur road,
2. Road Network Corporation Clock Tower
Rishikesh Haridwar road, Saharanpur road and Chakrata road are forming the major
Haridwar travel corridors which originate from the city core.
3. Major Tourist Destinations in and
around Dehardun.
Census Town 150360 • NH-7 passes through the city connecting Rishikesh and Haridwar in the
Surrounding Rural 242.78 sq km 182279 east to Himachal Pradesh in the western side. SCHOOL OF PLANNING
Areas • NH-307 connects the city with Saharanpur in the S-W and Roorkee in the AND ARCHITECTURE
VIJAYWADA
south.

Transport Infrastructure Plan for tourists in Hilly region: Dehradun, Mussoorie INTRODUCTION STUDY AREA 6
 Existing Transport System
KEYMAP
Rail Network: Public transport route and bus stop map Transport Facility in Mussoorie
• Planning area covers around 20 Km of broad gauge lines which connect Dehradun city to
Local Transport facilities in Mussoorie are:
Haridwar, Udham Singh Nagar, Ram Nagar, Haldwani etc. cities of the state.
a. Cycle Rickshaws: it is maily available along the mall road where private vehicles
• According to MDDA survey, per day around 15000 passengers travel through the train and
are restricted from 4:30 to 10:30 PM.
around 1/3rd of the goods transportation are done through goods trains from Dehradun.
b. Taxi services: Taxi services are available for major tourist destinations in and
Road Network: around Uttarakhand from Mussoorie. Major taxi stands are locate at Library
• Important roads in the city are Kaulagarh road, Raipur road, and Sahastradhara road, Kanwli Chowk and Picture Palace.
Road, New Cantonment Road, Subhash Road and East Canal Road. c. Cable car & Rope Way : is available in Gunhill which costs Rs100 per person to
• The traffic carrying capacities are low due to limited widths, intense land use and and fro which takes around 10 minutes.
encroachments. d. Rental Bikes are available at Rs 500- 700 per day.
Public Transport
MULTI LEVEL CAR PARKING
• Uttarakhand Transport Corporation has a fleet of 430 buses in Dehradun for intra-city and 300 four-wheeled vehicles

inter-city travels.
and 60 two-wheeled vehicles. LEGEND
• The city bus service area is within Dehradun Town Boundary.
• 800-850 bus schedules that originate daily from these terminals.
• 300 tourist buses also come to the city daily during the peak tourist season. AYUSHI
LAKSHMI
• About 300 City Buses operate all around the city on 15 routes. FIRZANA

• Electric buses run on 3 route with 46 stoppage, fully Air-conditioned and GPS enabled, CCTV KIRTI
NIVEDHA
Bus stand
and taxi
SANAT
cameras, ITS display, viable message display boards and wheel chair space. SWASTHA
stand

Tourist Buses
• Tourist buses with 25 – 30 seater run on fixed routes, with fixed rate and the services are
Library Chowk bus stand Picture palace bus stand Multi level car Parking
provided for tourist destinations where footfall is more for example Sahastradara waterfalls.
• Mini buses are with 15 – 20 seater permitted on fixed routes and fixed fare basis for intra-
city trips within the city. They do not have proper terminal facilities or amenities for
passengers. The services are provided.to Tourist destinations with lesser footfall for example City bus (intra city) Electric bus UTC bus (inter city)
Tapkeshwar Temple.

Private Taxis
• Private Taxis are located near railway station in front of Mussoorie Roadways Bus stand in ISSUES IDENTIFIED SOURCES
Dehradun.
• https://ueppcb.uk.go
• Traffic and Transport v.in/files/air_22.pdf
Intermediate Public Transport (IPT)  Currently operating flights at Jolly Grant Airport are inadequate to cater the • Comprehensive
needs of increasing number of national and international passengers. Mobility Plan For
IPT Types No of seats Fixed routes Fixed fare Stands Service area  The location of the airport is in the outskirts of Dehradun and there are no Dehradun - Rishikesh –
Haridwar Metropolitan
Dehradun Planning designated public transport modes available which ply between the cities and
Shared auto 6 seater No No Yes IPT Route map Area(2019)
Boundary the airport. • Draft Zonal
Yes (fixed by Within 15 kms of  High volumes of tempos and autos on roads are the main cause of high level of Development
Vikram 7 seater Yes No • Plan(2015) – Zone 8
RTO) range air pollution in the city.
 Poor maintenance of vehicles particularly Vikram plying on various routes
Dehradun Planning leading to high emission of polluants i.e. SPM, carbon etc.
Auto Rickshaw 3 seater Yes Yes Yes
Boundary  Lack of traffic signals on most of the major road intersections and junctions and
Yes (fixed by Within 25kms of non-functioning of signals installed at important junctions
E-rickshaw 3 seater
RTO)
Yes No
radius of city  Lack of proper street lighting facilities on the roads.
GROUP 1
Vikram Auto  The city lacks designated bus stops for public transport operation. AYUSHI
E Rickshaw
RAJPUR • Traffic management- hours-long traffic jams, overcrowded roads, congested parking LAKSHMI
lots chiefly observed during peak tourist season FIRZANA
• Moreover, traffic jams around the popular tourist spots- Mall road, Kempty Falls, KIRTI
KAULAGARH
GARHI CANTT
SAHASTRADHARA Cloud End, George Everest point, etc. were also observed to be significantly higher NIVEDHA
during the peak months. The chief route to reach the hill town by road is only via SANAT
CONNAUGHT PLACE Dehradun, Consequently, the clogging of this route by heavy vehicular movement is
PREM
SURVEY CHOWK
SWASTHA
NAGAR also an issue during the peak period.
PARADE
ASTLEY HALL
GOUND
RAJPUR
• Tourist destinations - Moreover, the peak months faced lack of public parking
SEEMA
DAWAR
spaces due to the occupancy of available parking. The resulting traffic congestion is
RISPANA also enhanced when tourists park their vehicles in a disorganized and haphazard
Auto Rickshaw Share Auto ISBT PUL
manner on the roadside. Similar issues have been reported in various tourist
destinations
• Ambient air quality - Higher average fine PM concentrations during summers (peak MASTERS OF
Vikram Routes tourist season) and higher coarse PM concentrations during winters. TRANSPORT
• Water demand and supply- Scarcity of water resource availability during peak PLANNING
IIYEAR
tourist season. III SEMESTER
• Infrastructure availability - Lack of accommodation and parking facilities during
peak tourist season.

Annual average PM 10 level at Clock Tower, Dehradun Normal Level - 100 ug/m3
Others
2012 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022 SCHOOL OF PLANNING
Rental 2 wheelers and car services is available in plenty in both Dehradun and Mussoorie as AND ARCHITECTURE
177.15 152.52 159.54 180.05 190.395 175.89 171.29 136.91 153.61 151.27
these two are popular tourist places. VIJAYWADA

Transport Infrastructure Plan for tourists in Hilly region: Dehradun, Mussoorie TRANSPORT SYSTEMS 7
AIM -
To prepare a Transportation Infrastructure Plan for Tourism in Hilly region for Dehradun – Mussoorie region, Uttarakhand.

OBJECTIVES -
➢ Understanding tourism based activities in Dehradun Mussoorie region and its challenges.
➢ To analyse the impact of tourism on environment by assessing the carrying capacity by taking natural resources as limiting factors
➢ To assess performance level of different tourist destinations through service level benchmarking and its impact on tourism.
➢ To analyse the deficiencies in existing transportation infrastructure and conduct mode choice behaviour for tourists.
➢ To recommend proposals based on a sustainable transport plan for the region. LITERTURE REVIEW
METHODOLOGY -
Tourism in India
IDENTIFICATION OF
IDENTIFICATION OF ISSUES
TOOLS
Types of Tourism
Regional Setting as a Tourist Existing Plans, • Negative impact of tourism
Tourist and Tourism Profile Tourism Infrastructure
Hill tourism and policies destination Policies and DPRs based activities on
environment. MODE CHOICE
• Stress on existing availability MODELLING
Different Tourist circuits and capacity of Physical
in Uttarakhand infrastructure (limited
• National level statistics on tourist • Existing Transport CARRYING
resources).
• Physical environment arrival and footfall. Infrastructure for tourists- • Uttarakhand tourism • Poor performance of Tourist
CAPACITY
• Location and area • Tourist footfall growth trend and Roads, Parking, Terminals, etc. Development - Master
Study area delineation destination- infrastructure
• Connectivity projection. • Availability of accommodation Plan. performance and amenities. SERVICE LEVEL
• Climate • Activity mapping of tourists for tourist - Hotels/ • City development Plan, • Limited public transport BENCHMARKING
• Geological profile • Assessment of their Mode choice homestays/ guest houses Dehradun availability – other issues based
Mussoorie as a Tourist • Existing land use-land cover behavior. • Existing Physical Infrastructure • CTTS on the available modes in
Destination- statistics • Existing road network, • Peak season of visit. and issues. • State level tourism Dehradun Mussoorie. CROWD
junctions. • Average length of stay • Available infrastructure at policies • Footfall exceeding capacity due SIMULATION
• Festivals and events tourist spots.
Different Tourist spots to increasing tourism in
in Mussoorie terminals
DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS

Carrying capacity Service level

Mode choice behavior Crowd simulation
benchmarking

Tourist survey
Tourism Infrastructure Terminal survey Tourist survey
Environmental carrying Tourism carrying
capacity Capacity capacity GROUP 1
OD Survey and Stated • Public transportation
preference survey data- occupancy, fleet
Traffic survey Pedestrian Tourist Parking
size, etc.
count survey survey
• Taxi union data

• Existing built up • Taxi user data AYUSHI BHATT-

Speed delay Traffic volume • Registration data 2210600057
survey count Survey
Area of each tourist • Bus terminal
for taxis destination
Mode choice modelling footfall data
• Pollution data • Visiting hours
(Fuzzy Logic) • Railway station
• Weather data • Area
Air pollution foot fall data
Journey speed • Road inventory • Manpower SCALE
modelling • Parking demand
Mode Share of PuT, PrT, availability
Taxis • Existing
Accommodation data – infrastructure MASTERS OF
Relationship between No. of beds. availability ex. Analysis in agent Rating method TRANSPORT
traffic flow v/s speed v/s Water supply , based model - PLANNING
Predominant mode hotels etc. II YEAR
pollutant concentration Anylogic
choice and modal shift III SEMESTER
Maximum carrying Performance level
Optimum PCU value for capacity due to of existing
permissible pollutant availability of Existing LOS and Infrastructure
conc. infrastructure existing Capacity
Maximum carrying
SCHOOL OF
capacity according to PLANNING AND
Maximum carrying
capacity in terms of no. of each tourist destination ARCHITECTURE
tourists VIJAYWADA

TRANSPORT INFRASTRUCTURE PLAN FOR TOURIST IN HILLY REGION : DEHRADUN, MUSSOORIE AIM, OBJECTIVE AND METHODOLOGY 08
 Surveys conducted for the study Traffic Volume Count Analysis (Mussorie) KEYMAP
Map showing Survey Locations
a. Tourist Survey L1 Mussoorie diversion
b. Stated Preference No. of vehicles PCU
Growth
c. LOS of Transport Infrastructure Hour
TOURIST DESTINATIONS Time 2W 4W LCV Mini bus Bus TOTAL 2W 4W LCV Mini bus Bus TOTAL factor
10:00-10:15 am 109 84 4 2 1 200 81.8 84 5.6 2.7 2.2 176.3
Survey: Tourist Destination Survey
10:15-10:30 am 118 114 6 2 3 243 88.5 114 8.4 2.7 6.6 220.2
Number of samples collected: 165 Total Samples of 10 - 11 am
10:30-10:45 am 59 106 2 2 1 170 44.3 106 2.8 2.7 2.2 158.0
Tourist Destination 10:45-11:00 am 63 105 8 3 5 184 47.3 105 11.2 4.1 11.0 178.5
OD SURVEY POINTS Survey: 170 733.0 Base PCU
Survey: OD Survey and Tourist Destination Survey (5 11:00-11:15 am 61 120 12 2 7 202 45.8 120 16.8 2.7 15.4 200.7
11:15-11:30 am 73 106 11 3 6 199 54.8 106 15.4 4.1 13.2 193.4
samples) 11 - 12 am
11:30-11:45 am 69 97 8 5 5 184 51.8 97 11.2 6.8 11.0 177.7
Survey Timings: 9:00AM – 6:00PM (weekends) 11:45-12:00Pm 66 100 7 4 3 180 49.5 100 9.8 5.4 6.6 171.3
743.2 0.01
12:00-12:15 Pm 104 135 6 3 2 250 78.0 135 8.4 4.1 4.4 229.9 LEGEND
Survey: Pedestrian survey 12:15-12:30 pm 112 119 5 3 2 241 84.0 119 7.0 4.1 4.4 218.5
BUS TERMINAL Timings: 5:00 – 7:00PM 12 - 1 pm
12:30-12:45 pm 115 112 4 4 2 237 86.3 112 5.6 5.4 4.4 213.7
RAILWAY STATION 4:30 – 6:00am (Train timings) 12:45-1:00 pm 100 131 3 1 2 237 75.0 131 4.2 1.4 4.4 216.0
Reconnaissance survey – Activity 878.0 0.18
1:00 - 1:15 pm 145 120 11 1 2 279 108.8 120 15.4 1.4 4.4 249.9
mapping
1:15-1:30 pm 146 142 14 2 3 307 109.5 142 19.6 2.7 6.6 280.4
1 - 2 pm
1:30-1:45 pm 141 116 8 1 1 267 105.8 116 11.2 1.4 2.2 236.5
CORDON POINTS 1:45-2:00 pm 126 95 13 2 3 239 94.5 95 18.2 2.7 6.6 217.0
Survey: Traffic Volume Count 983.8 0.12
Survey Timings: 10:00AM – 6:00PM (weekday) 2:00 - 2:15 85 135 14 1 3 238 63.8 135 19.6 1.4 6.6 226.3
2:15-2:30 111 104 7 0 4 226 83.3 104 9.8 0.0 8.8 205.9
2 - 3 pm
2:30-2:45 106 97 11 1 1 216 79.5 97 15.4 1.4 2.2 195.5
2:45-3:00 100 117 7 1 1 226 75.0 117 9.8 1.4 2.2 205.4
833.0 -0.15
3:00 - 3:15 84 90 6 2 3 185 63.0 90 8.4 2.7 6.6 170.7
3:15-3:30 93 51 10 1 2 157 69.8 51 14.0 1.4 4.4 140.5
3 - 4 pm
3:30-3:45 70 64 13 1 2 150 52.5 64 18.2 1.4 4.4 140.5
3:45-4:00 63 78 15 2 2 160 47.3 78 21.0 2.7 4.4 153.4
605.0 -0.27
4:00-4:15 77 85 8 1 2 173 57.8 85 11.2 1.4 4.4 159.7
4 - 5 pm
4:15-4:30 67 74 13 0 1 155 50.3 74 18.2 0.0 2.2 144.7 SOURCES
Traffic Volume Count Analysis (Dehradun) 4:30-4:45 81 96 11 2 3 193 60.8 96 15.4 2.7 6.6 181.5
4:45-5:00 104 113 10 0 2 229 78.0 113 14.0 0.0 4.4 209.4 Primary data collection
695.2 0.15
VEHICULAR COMPOSITION OF MID-BLOCK 5:00-5:15 132 147 6 1 2 288 99.0 147 8.4 1.4 4.4 260.2
100% 5:15-5:30 140 127 12 0 2 281 105.0 127 16.8 0.0 4.4 253.2
5 - 6 pm
5:30-5:45 129 137 17 0 3 286 96.8 137 23.8 0.0 6.6 264.2
80%
5:45-6:00 154 110 8 1 2 275 115.5 110 11.2 1.4 4.4 242.5
60% 1020.0 0.47
40%
06:00-06:15 110 100 6 5 2 223 82.5 100 8.4 6.8 4.4 202.1
06:15-06:30 132 129 8 4 2 275 99.0 129 11.2 5.4 4.4 249.0
20%
6 - 7 pm
06:30-06:45 136 113 5 3 1 258 102.0 113 7.0 4.1 2.2 228.3
0%
06:45-07:00 138 119 12 2 3 274 103.5 119 16.8 2.7 6.6 248.6
MB 1 MB 2 MB 3 MB 4 MB 5 928.0 -0.09
3719 3888 321 68 91 8087
2-WH CAR AUTO BUS VAN HCV LCV TRACTOR TVC Locations in Mussoorie % composition 45.99 48.08 3.97 0.84 1.13
Maximum share of two wheelers is observed at midblock GROUP 1
L2 - Library chowk AYUSHI
VEHICULAR COMPOSITION OF OUTERCORDON
No. of vehicles PCU LAKSHMI
100%
Time 2W 4W LCV TOTAL 2W 4W LCV TOTAL FIRZANA
80%
06:00-06:15 85 87 0 172 22.4 119.2 0 141.5 KIRTI
06:15-06:30 108 107 1 216 28.4 146.6 1.356 176.4
60%
6 - 7 pm
06:30-06:45 97 114 1 212 25.5 156.2 1.356 183.0
NIVEDHA
40%
06:45-07:00 83 126 2 211 21.8 172.6 2.712 197.2 SANAT
20% TOTAL 698.10 SWASTHA
0% TVC Points within highlighted area are Mid block Points and
OC 1 OC 2 OC 3 OC 4 OC 5 TVC Points outside are Outer Cordon pints where both TVC Mussoorie Diversion L3 - Picture Palace
2-WH CAR AUTO BUS VAN HCV LCV TRACTOR and OD Survey was conducted. No. of vehicles PCU
Maximum share of car is observed at outer cordon Time 2W 4W LCV TOTAL 2W 4W LCV TOTAL
11:00-11:15 am 55 127 1 183 14.47 127.00 1.36 142.82
11:15-11:30 am 77 115 0 192 20.25 115.00 0.00 135.25
S.no. Factors Unit of measurement Survey conducted Further analysis and conclusion 11 - 12 am
11:30-11:45 am 85 137 1 223 22.36 137.00 1.36 160.71 MASTERS OF
11:45-12:00Pm 63 151 1 215 16.57 151.00 1.36 168.93 TRANSPORT
Number and frequency of vehicles visiting 607.71 PLANNING
1 Traffic management the area on a daily basis, transport use TVC survey, on site field observations To analyse congestion on road network IIYEAR
Particulate matter –PM10 concentration is TVC , meteorological data, Secondary III SEMESTER
the highest in Mussoorie- no industrial sources (1),Taxi union data, rental two L4 – Landour chowk
2 Ambient air quality pollution only vehicular. wheeler data To calculate pollutant concentration No. of vehicles PCU
Time 2W 4W LCV TOTAL 2W 4W LCV TOTAL
Intensity of use of water –their sources and To calculate fixed water supply and number of tourist 12:00-12:15 Pm 57 84 0 141 42.75 84 0 126.75
3 Water demand and supply gap availability during peak season Field survey sufficed by it. (Carrying capacity) 12:15-12:30 pm 62 87 0 149 46.5 87 0 133.5
12 - 1 pm
12:30-12:45 pm 73 91 1 165 54.75 91 1.4 147.15
Available number of beds in the existing To calculate carrying capacity through number of 12:45-1:00 pm 80 88 1 169 60 88 1.4 149.4
SCHOOL OF PLANNING
AND ARCHITECTURE
4 Infrastructure availability hotels. Official documents, field survey available beds. 556.80
VIJAYWADA

Transport Infrastructure Plan for tourists in Hilly region: Dehradun, Mussoorie PRIMARY SURVEYS 9
 Service level bench marking Scales to measure and benchmark service quality in tourism industry KEYMAP
Service level bench marking involves the measuring and monitoring of service provider performance on a systematic and
continuous basis. Sustained benchmarking can help utilities to identify performance gaps and introduce improvements through Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to develop and validate scales to
the sharing of information and best practices, ultimately resulting in better services to people. measure and benchmark service quality (SQ) in tourism industry. Defining dimensions of SQ in tourism (10
Design/methodology/approach – The second-order confirmatory factor analysis factors)
Standardisation of Service level bench marking Need of Service level bench marking is employed to validate the instrument. SQ dimensions have been modeled
which have significant impact on customer satisfaction (CS) separately from
With a view to the definition and computation methodology of the those which do not have a significant impact.
performance indicators, each of the indicators have to be detailed It is important that the basic minimum standard set of
Findings – Hospitality, food, logistics, security, and value for money have Generating items to represent the dimensions
out in a standardized template, for each of the selected indicators, performance parameters are commonly understood and
significant impact on satisfaction, while amenities, core-tourism experience, (67 items)
the following details should consist of – used by all stakeholders. Depending on the specific need
hygiene, fairness of price, information centers, culture, distractions, personal
performance parameters can be defined and used.
information, and pubs do not have a significant impact.
• Titles, units and definition - The specific name, the unit of

measurement in which the performance is to be measured, and
definition for the indicator should all be the same.
• Data requirement - The specific elements of data that need to be
captured needs to be identified, and its corresponding unit of
measurement. Each data element should be described, point and
frequency of data capture should be mentioned. The specific
formulae that should be used to arrive at the performance
indicator should be mentioned.
• Rationale for the indicator - For each of the performance
indicator, the overall significance and rationale for assessing and
monitoring the performance indicator has to be provided.
• Reliability of measurement - The performance measurement is
only as reliable for meaningful management decisions, as much
as the systems that generate the data to compute the
performance. Typically, four levels of reliability of the data
systems have been specified, viz. ‘A’, ‘B’, ‘C’, and ‘D’ with ‘A’ being
highest reliability and ‘D’ being lowest.
• Different sets of performance indicators have been
defined under different initiatives
• The definition or the assessment method may vary for
the same performance indicator, thus inhibiting inter-city
or intra-city comparisons
Benefits of Service level bench marking
Direct Benefits of the study are
• It will provide a platform to discuss and debate transport
issues at local level
• It will lead to creation for city level database on transport
which will help set targets for plan formulation
Indirect Benefits perceived from these studies are
• Help in promoting National Urban Transport Policy
• It will also help in creating a competitive environment
within and between cities
METHODOLOGY
Research limitations/implications – The above pattern may be different in a
different destination, and in a different context. However, a major implication of Questionnaire design LEGEND
the current findings is that a destination need not have natural cutting edges to Sampling design
be developed as a tourist destination. A destination with good logistics and
Data collection
assurance for security, value for money, impressive hospitality and food, can
satisfy a customer.
Practical implications – The scale which has been developed by us will be useful
for destination managers to measure the SQ perceptions of tourists and Exploratory Factor Analysis
benchmark destinations. The distinction of SQ dimensions with and without the
impact on CS could enable a manager to manage these two sets of factors
separately.
Originality/value – Unlike previous works, SQ has been modeled in tourism as a
second-order factor, which appears to be a more appropriate approach. The Reliability Analysis
authors have also modeled factors with and without significant impact on
satisfaction separately, and the approach does not seem to have precedence in
literature. The inclusion of the factor, “Fairness of Price” is also a new
contribution to literature.
Confirmatory Factor Analysis

The initial refinement of the scale was done through an SOURCES

AVAILABILITY QUALITY COVERAGE
iterative process of EFA and reliability analysis A total of 14 • MoUD service
Create a group with
level benchmark
common interest in
a given performance
factors emerged after the refinement round. All the factors hand book
area were then regressed on CS to form two groups with and • Integrated and
EFFICIENCY ACCESSIBILITY AFFORDABILITY
without significant bearing or impact on satisfaction. These sustainable
service level
two groups were modeled separately with SQ as the second
Agree on policy
bench mark of
Monitor objectives and
order, and a CFA was run to validate the models. EFA was urban bus sytem
Performance associated done by using SPSS 12.0 • Scales to measure
indicators
and benchmark
The process of They adopted the SEM approach to CFA in order to validate service quality in
Urban
Transport
our second-order models. SEM is considered the most tourism industry
Benchmarking appropriate technique for CFA because of its ability to
Adapt, Transfer Adjust results to represent unobserved concepts (i.e. latent variables) and
and Implement ensure
good practice comparability account for measurement error in the estimation process.
Moreover, it is possible to model and estimate multiple and GROUP 1
interrelated cause and effect dependence relationships
Ayushi Bhat
The scale that we have developed is found to be both Swastha
Identify policies
that account for
Compare reliable and valid. Further, the approach to model SQ as two Firzana Shuj
better
performance with
that of others
separate constructs, contingent upon their impact on Lakshmi Das
performance satisfaction, is also found to be a valid approach Nivedha N
Sanat Bhavsar
Scales to measure and benchmark service quality in tourism industry Kirtikumar

Methodology
Performance indicator (PI) : specific factors that are measured to indicate progresss towards goal. It
further consists specific evaluators under each performance indicator.
• Development of regular and sustainable framework with performance indicator.
The indicators used in the MoUD guidelines have been used and modern indicators as well have been in SCALE
Quality of service (QOS) : Performance rating of an evaluator based on the result achieved from a
corporate in the study.
formulation/ criteria on a scale of 1-4, with 1 being inferior and 4 being superior in performance. MASTERS OF
The broader aspects include service availability, service reliability, comfort, fare, passenger information system, TRANSPORT
environment sustainability, social sustainability and financial/economic sustainability. PLANNING
Indicator quality of service (IQOS) : Rating of the PI, calculated by taking the weighted average of
• System evaluation and benchmarking IIYEAR
QOS achieved under the respective PI. Weights are assigned to each evaluator prior to III SEMESTER
Based on the above indicators alog with QOS criteria a simple calculation was carried out and a weighted IQOS
benchmarking.
is calculated. The formula for the same is –
IQOS = ( weightage of evaluator1 * QOS of 1 ………+ Weightage of evaluator n * QOS of n)/ 10
Overall quality of service (OQOS) : Performance rating of a whole bus system of a city, calculated y
As the evaluation of the bus system is completed a weight based ranking system need to be developed in order
taking the weighted average of IQOS of all the PI groups. Weighted are assigned to each PI group
to identify the rank.
prior to benchmarking
Finally a OQS rank for the overall service is derived to understand the tier in which the urban bus transport SCHOOL OF PLANNING
AND ARCHITECTURE
system falls.
VIJAYWADA

TRANSPORT INFRASTRUCTURE PLAN FOR HILLY REGION: Dehradun Mussoorie SLB marking literature review 10
 accessibility accessibility for tourist average of KEYMAP
srno location name time spent rating ammenities diabled safety information mode los level dehradun
8% 10% 21% 7% 21% 33% 100%
8% 10% 21% 7% 21% 33% 100%
1 bhatta falls 2 3 3 3 3 2 2.666666667 LOS C
2 kempty falls 3 2 3 4 4 2 3 LOS B accessibility ammeniti accessibility for tourist average of los
srno location name time spent rating es diabled safety information mode level
3 george everst 3 2 3 4 2 2 2.666666667 LOS C
2.83333333
4 company garden 2 2 4 3 1 3 2.5 LOS C 1 robbers cave 1 3 2 5 3 3 3 LOS C
5 gun hill 2 2 4 3 1 3 2.5 LOS C
1.83333333
6 camel's back 2 3 3 3 3 2 2.666666667 LOS C 2 dehradun zoo 1 1 3 2 3 1 3 LOS D

7 laal tibba scenic point 2 2 4 3 1 3 2.5 LOS C 2.33333333 LEGEND

8 jharipanni falls 2 2 4 3 1 3 2.5 LOS C 3 shikar falls 2 3 3 2 2 2 3 LOS C
9 mussoorie lake 2 2 4 3 1 3 2.5 LOS C
tapkeshwar
10 landour clock tower 2 2 4 3 1 3 2.5 LOS C
4 temple 1 4 3 4 3 3 3 LOS B
11 benig wildlife sanctury 3 2 3 4 4 2 3 LOS B
shaurya sthal war
5 memorial 2 3 4 2 2 2 2.5 LOS C
12 buddha temple dalai hill 2 2 4 3 1 3 2.5 LOS C

13 nag tibba peak 2 3 3 3 3 2 2.666666667 LOS C khalanga war 2.16666666

14 happy valley 2 2 4 3 1 3 2.5 LOS C 6 memorial 2 3 2 2 2 2 7 LOS C

15 mussorie heritage centre 2 2 4 3 1 3 2.5 LOS C forest research 1.16666666

7 intitute 2 1 1 1 1 1 7 LOS D
16 jwala temple 3 2 3 4 2 2 2.666666667 LOS C
mussoorie adventure shahstradhara 2.83333333
17 park 3 2 3 4 4 2 3 LOS B 8 waterfall 2 2 3 4 3 3 3 LOS C

18 mossy falls 2 3 3 3 3 2 2.666666667 LOS C 9 budha temple 2 2 2 3 2 1 2 LOS C SOURCES

issues in all destinations
other identified issues
Moran’s I analysis Primary Data
12%

Moran's I is a measure of spatial • Total tourist destinations – 27

autocorrelation developed by Patrick Alfred • Total tourist sample taken – 163
4%

37%
Pierce Moran. Spatial autocorrelation is • Sample for destination - 67
characterized by a correlation in a signal • Weightage to score – 21
among nearby locations in space. Spatial
autocorrelation is more complex than one- 63%
dimensional autocorrelation because
spatial correlation is multi-dimensional and
multi-directional. 84%
GROUP 1
It helps in understanding the data is Ayushi Bhat
Swastha
more than or equal to 2 issues less than 2 issues
spatially clustered or not. costly unhygenic no other issue

Firzana Shuj
Accessibility Amenities Accessibility for disable safety Tourist information Lakshmi Das
Nivedha N
Sanat Bhavsar
Kirtikumar

SCALE

MASTERS OF
TRANSPORT
PLANNING
IIYEAR
III SEMESTER

SCHOOL OF PLANNING
AND ARCHITECTURE
TOURIST LOCATIONS IN STUDY AREA VIJAYWADA

TRANSPORT INFRASTRUCTURE PLAN FOR HILLY REGION: Dehradun Mussoorie ANALYSIS 11

 KEYMAP

LEGEND

Hot spot analysis accessibility Hotspot analysis amenities Hotspot analysis accessibility for disabled Hotspot analysis safety Hotspot analysis tourist information

LOS Transport
Tourist transportation infrastructure Transport infrastructure formula Number standard
Transport Accessibility Public Transport Environment Safety
Infrastructure
percentage of road major road Length (km) / total study 30%- SOURCES
The overall tourism transportation infrastructure coverage to total study area area (sqkm)
0.379366
50%
LOS B 2 4 5 3 1
service level benchmarking is been calculated using 31% 12% 13% 14% 30%
5 parameters percentage of railroads to sd-length of rail network in total (km) /
0.033129 < 0.1 LOS E LOS B LOS D LOS C LOS D LOS B
total study area total study area (sqkm)
4 2 3 2 4
1. Transport accessibility
total no:of tourists / total number of 4 tourist- OVER ALL LOS C (3.35 average score)
2. Transport infrastructure availibilty of parking spaces
parking spots available
17.03854
1 spot
LOS E

3. Public transport For the provided LOS a score out of 5 is given to convert the level into number for further
4. Environment Public transport calculation of weightage. In this way the over all LOS for the tourism transport
LOS
5. Safety Number Standard infrastructure can be calculated.
extent of supply availability no of available PT on a day / tourist
0.03 <4% LOS D
LOS A - 5/5
of PT population of the day GROUP 1
service coverage of PT in total length of road km in city/
LOSB - 4/5
Transport 0.787129 0.7-1 LOS B
Accessibilit Accessibility Number Standard LOS city area of stud area LOS C – 3/5 Ayushi Bhat
y Average waiting time for PT
average waiting time for tourist 13 mins >10 LOS D LOS D- 2/5 Swastha
users in mins Firzana Shuj
LOS E – 1/5 Lakshmi Das
Share of tourist population Inferences Nivedha N
ENIVIRONMENT
living within LOS Sanat Bhavsar
4.128 >1 LOS A Number Standard Kirtikumar
300–500 m from public
transport stations pm10 1550 Mil tons/ year 15.0 μg/m3 LOS D • The over all service level of all the destinations is poor and need to be worked upon.
pm2.5
Nox
1450 Mil tons / year
2450Mil tons/ year
150 μg/m3
100 ppb
LOS
LOS
D
D
• Only 4 out of 22 tourist destinations have a LOS of level B.
Ratio between number of
CO 18900Mil tons/ year 35 ppm LOS D • The Moran’s I analysis doe snot show and clustering of the data provided and only the
stations and the reference 0.009901 <1% LOS B
SO2 100Mil tons/ year 75 ppb LOS D parameter of safety shows that the data is DISPERSED
territory surface
SCALE
• The hot spot analysis shows that majority of issues are identified in the hilly region of
MASTERS OF
the study area that is MUSSOORIE. TRANSPORT
Travel time to the nearest
station from tourist spaces/ 8 mins 6-10 LOS C
SAFETY • The TRANSPORT INFRASTRUCTURE AND ENVIRONMENT are the sectors which have PLANNING
IIYEAR
Number Standard LOS
tourist destination
The presence CCTVs
the worst LOS and the least weightage. III SEMESTER

on a street/total study 0.237623762 20-30% LOS C • Sectors with highest percentage have the highest LOS that is the transport
area accessibility and safety
OVER ALL LOS B Number of accidents
• The overall LOS of the tourism transport infrastructure is LOSC which is poor and need
faced by tourists / total 0.012195122 <0.1 LOS A to be improved. SCHOOL OF PLANNING
AND ARCHITECTURE
number of accidents VIJAYWADA

TRANSPORT INFRASTRUCTURE PLAN FOR HILLY REGION: Dehradun Mussoorie ANALYSIS 12

 Overview of Tourist Survey Data Analysis Socio – Economic Characteristics
KEYMAP
Sample details Dehradun Mussoorie Total PERCENTAGE OF AGE GROUPS MONTHLY INCOME VEHICLE OWNERSHIP % BASED ON GROUP TYPE PURPOSE OF TRIP
No of Sample 57 113 170 46 - 60, >60, 2%
2,00,001 – <= 10,000, 10,001 –
Visiting an event, 2.94%
<16, 13% 5,00,000, 8% 2% 25,000, 6% Both Alone, 4% Visiting Business, 1.76%
Sample size 313 (38%) 502 (62%) 815 16% 2W & Only 2W, Partner, friends/family,
No of Males 156 (49.5%) 246 (49%) 424 4W, 36.40% 24% 4.71%
1,00,001
25,001 – 32.70%
No of Females 157 (50.1%) 234 (50%) 391 –
17 - 25, 2,00,000 50,000, Friends, Education
No of tourists who are part of 20% , 22% 24% 25% , 1.76%
2 (3%) 7 (6%) 9 (5%)
Tourist package
Average Group Size 6 5 6 36 - 45,
23% 50,001 – Only 4W, Family,
Average duration of stay 3.2 (3days) 2.7 (3days) 2.8 (3days) 1,00,000, 30.90% 48%
Holidays/Leisure
Place of stay 38 (26%) 108 ( 59%) 146 (85%) 26 - 35, 26% 37%
, 88.82%
Native Local Native Local Native Local
Average Travel Cost 2357 900 6288 1674 3700 1578 Stated Preference
Average Travel Time (Hours) 7 2 12 1 14 2
Options to improve the existing PT service LEGEND
Trip Characteristics Inference
MODE USED TO TRAVEL FROM • From the preliminary analysis it can be inferred that half of the tourists are family PARAMETERS Existing Option 1 Option 2 Option 3 Option 4 Option 5 Percentage of
MODAL SHARE (LOCAL TRAVEL)
Walk,
2W - Rental, 8.8%
NATIVE
2W - Rental Vehicle members. sample agreed to
8.8% Taxi/cab 4W - Rental
5%
1%
Vehicle • More the 60 % of tourists are between the age group of 17 to 36 years. Distance 5kms 5 kms 5 kms 5 kms 5 kms One Day Pass shift to PT if
4W - Rental,
13.5%
Public 1% • the percentage of male and female is equal among all group size. 50% improved
Taxi/cab, Bus Flight
21.8% Auto, 17% 11% • 37% of tourists are having monthly income of 50,000 to 1,00,000. Time Taken (min) 50 20% Decrease 30% Decrease 40% Decrease
Decrease varies
5.3%
Private
• The percentage of tourists traveling in own 4 wheeler from native and in local is higher
Cycle, Train 100%
Public
Bus, 4.7% 0.6% Bus 26% and the second most used mode is train and taxi to travel from native and in local. Travel Cost (Rs) 15 20% Increase 40% Increase 60% Increase 230% Increase 53%
2%
Own 2 • Due to availability of 2W and 4W rental services 22.3 % of tourists are using it for local Increase
Private Bus,
Own 2W, Own 4 wheeler travel especially in Mussoorie. Walking trips are observed to be more in Mussoorie as the Comfort Low Same Medium High High Same
8.2% Wheeler 5%
Own 4W,
4.1%
24.1% 32%
streets are pedestrian friendly and the major commercial hub is within walkable range. PREFERENCE 14% 13% 16% 41% 16%

AVERAGE REASON FOR NOT USING PT PARAMETERS Existing Option 1 Option 2 Option 3 Option 4 Option 5
Mode Group size Travel Time(mins) Travel Cost
Walk 12 16 Crowded 3% Distance 5kms 5 kms 5 kms 5 kms 5 kms One Day Pass
Lack of hygiene 7%
Cycle Rickshaw 3 15 200 Time Taken (min) 50 40 35 30 25 Varies
REASONS

Unsafe for kids and aged people 8%

Own 2W 4 30 327 Not reliable in terms of time, accessibility and distance 9% Travel Cost (Rs) 15 18 21 25 30 60
Own 4W 5 73 477 Own vehicle, Privacy and personal choice 12%
Auto 3 34 173 Not convenient 15% Comfort Low Same Medium High High Same
Private Bus 13 61 130
Lack of comfort 44%
PREFERENCE 14% 13% 16% 41% 16% SOURCES
Public Bus 5 118 133 0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50%
• Option 4 is opted by maximum number of tourists which reduces travel time by 50 % and increasing the comfort level of Public Tourist Designation
Taxi/cab 5 71 2482 PERCENTAGE OF SAMPLE
Survey
2W - Rental 4 41 527
Transport.
4W - Rental 5 79 2235 • The factors affecting mode choice is the distance, comfort, group size and time taken.
• The cost of traveling is low in public transport and IPT but tourist prefer to use own or rental vehicle due to comfort, convenient and privacy. It can be concluded that the
Scenarios for Dedicated Public Transport Services for tourist
travel cost is the least affecting parameter for mode choice.
• From the tourist survey we can conclude that the tourist’s preference for public transport is the least rising the need to improve PT in the study area. PARAMETERS Existing Taxis Scenario -1 Scenario -2 Scenario -3 Preference for
No of Destinations 13 9 5 proposing
Map showing Desire Line diagram Dedicated
Total Time Taken Upto 8 Hours 8 Hours 8 Hours 8 Hours Public Transport
• The desireline line diagram shows the Origin of tourists visiting Route Covered Route 1 Route 2 Route 3 Services for
Travel Cost (Rs) 2k-4k Rs. 850 Rs. 550 Rs. 350 tourist.
Dehradun and Mussoorie.
• The thicker the line the more is the count of tourists from that city or Frequency of Buses 30min 45 min 1 hour Yes No
state. Reliability & Comfort High High Medium Medium
GROUP 1
• It can be observed that the maximum number of tourists are from PREFERENCE 31% 32% 38% 70% 30% AYUSHI
Delhi, Chandigarh, Bihar, Punjab, Haryana, Faridabad. LAKSHMI
• The footfall of tourists from neighbouring states are more when Tourist Destinations covered under each scenario FIRZANA
compared to other states and most of them are frequency visitors for
KIRTI
holiday purpose.
NIVEDHA
SANAT
Study of 5 infrastructure parameters influencing tourists visiting various
SWASTHA
destinations showed the following preference according the ranking:
1. Environment
2. Safety
3. Transport accessibility
4. Transport infrastructure
5. Public transport. MASTERS OF
TRANSPORT
PLANNING
No Parameters 1 2 3 4 5 IIYEAR
III SEMESTER
1 Transport Accessibility 22% 22% 33% 19% 4%
2 Transport Infrastructure 11% 18% 28% 27% 16%
3 Public Transport 6% 8% 14% 23% 49%
4 Environment 33% 21% 12% 20% 14% SCHOOL OF PLANNING
5 Safety AND ARCHITECTURE
34% 32% 19% 7% 8% ROUTE 1 (13 Destinations) ROUTE 2 (9 Destinations) ROUTE 3 (5 Destinations) VIJAYWADA

Transport Infrastructure Plan for tourists in Hilly region: Dehradun, Mussoorie TOURIST DESTINATIONSURVEY DATA 13
ANALYSIS
 Introduction KEYMAP
Tasks accomplished:
The location selected: Dehradun Train station area
• Reconnaissance survey
• Railway station • Secondary data collection from railway and bus terminal
offices.
• Mussoorie roadways bus station
• Pedestrian survey
• Taxi stands • Parking survey- In and Out Survey
• Activity mapping

Insights from reconnaissance survey Bus terminal building

• To access the main road there is two entry/exit
points.
• There were two taxi booking counters. LEGEND
• From railway station there are 3 entry/exit points
• No clear defined path for the movement of Buildings
passengers who are going o or coming from railway
Roads
station, taxi stand or bus stand.
• No proper bus stand Taxi stand
Dehradun Train Station
• Unorganized flow of auto rickshaws especially
VIKRAM in and around bus stand. Doon taxi counter Platform

Auto stand

Survey
Locations

SOURCES
• Shakti foundation
guidelines
• Anylogic manual
Poor infrastructures in Bus terminal • INDO-HCM Manual

LITERATURE REVIEW- TERMINAL DESIGN GUIDELINES LITERATURE REVIEW- CROWD SIMULATION

PTV VISWALK
Local Bus Terminal Local Bus Terminal
Fixed Route Bay Dynamic Bay Small PTV Viswalk, the microscopic pedestrian simulation software, depicts pedestrians and their
Small Terminal Terminal interaction with each other.
PTV Viswalk helps:
Bus bay allocation Common Segregated 1.Simulate pedestrian movement with individual parameters. PEDESTRIAN LEVEL OF SERVICE
2.Simulate how pedestrians wait for trains in railway stations, or board and disembark
GROUP 1
Bus boarding bay Drive Through Parallel 3.Simulate how delayed boarding affects rail operations, and how delayed trains impact passenger According to the Indo-HCM, The pedestrian level of service can be Ayushi Bhatt
arrangement flow in stations given as follows: Firzana Shuja
4.Measure travel times and dead times. For example, check if time until departure of a connecting Kirti kumar
Private Vehicle Parking Shared Parking can also Shared
train is sufficient to reach it. Lakshmi Das
be structured parking. Niveda N
5.Measure densities, i.e., find bottlenecks with congestion potential.
6.Measure and visualize level of service. Sanat Bhavsar
Feeder service Feeder Bays Feeder Bays Swastha I
ANYLOGIC PEDESTRIAN SIMULATION
Integration
Pedestrian simulation in AnyLogic simulates pedestrian flows in “physical” environments by
Finance Public Ownership Public Ownership
allowing you to create models enables the effective development of solutions for planning, SCALE
Bus Maintenance Offsite Offsite managing, and optimizing pedestrian flows in public buildings like airports, railway stations,
Facilities shopping malls, and stadiums. NTS
Passenger Amenities Water Water •Can use various visual modeling languages: process flowcharts, state charts, action charts, and
stock & flow diagrams. MASTERS OF
Toilets Toilets TRANSPORT
Ticketing Ticketing •Pedestrian, Rail, and Road Traffic Libraries provide detailed physical-level simulation of objects’ PLANNING
movement and interaction, which is not supported by other simulation software tool. IIYEAR
III SEMESTER
Terminal Staff Water Water •A pedestrian in an AnyLogic model moves according to simulated physical rules. It interacts with
Amenities Toilets Toilets the surroundings objects, including walls and escalators, and avoids possible collisions. Users can
Terminal Office Terminal Office preassign pedestrians with individual properties, preferences, and states. The library’s toolkit
includes flow density map, pedestrian counters, and elements for calculating wait and service
Bus Staff Amenities Drinking water Toilets Drinking water Toilets times. SCHOOL OF
PLANNING AND
•It creates layouts that avoid bottlenecks and accommodate the passage of people and helps ARCHITECTURE
evaluate building or object capacity VIJAYWADA

Transport Infrastructure Plan for tourists in Hilly region: Dehradun, Mussoorie Terminal redesign- introduction and literature review 14
 PARKING DEMAND ESTIMATION
Parking index: Parking index is also called occupancy or efficiency. KEYMAP
Parking surveys are conducted to collect the above said parking statistics. The most common parking surveys conducted are in-out survey, fixed period Parking accumulation: It is defined as the number of vehicles
It is defined as the ratio of number of bays occupied in a time
sampling and license plate method of survey. parked at a given instant of time. Normally this is expressed by
duration to the total space available. It gives an aggregate
1. In-out survey: accumulation curve. Accumulation curve is the graph obtained by
measure of how effectively the parking space is utilized. Parking
• In this survey, the occupancy count in the selected parking lot is taken at the beginning. Then the number of vehicles that enter the parking lot for plotting the number of bays occupied with respect to time.
index can be found out as follows
Parking load : Parking load gives the area under the accumulation
a particular time interval is counted. The number of vehicles that leave the lot is also taken. The final occupancy in the parking lot is also taken. parking load
• Parking duration and turn over is not obtained. curve. It can also be obtained by simply multiplying the number of Parking Index = * 100
parking capacity
2. Fixed period sampling: vehicles occupying the parking area at each time interval with the
time interval. It is expressed as vehicle hours. Forecasting Of Future Demand of Parking
• This is almost similar to in-out survey. All vehicles are counted at the beginning of the survey.
Parking turnover: It is the ratio of number of vehicles parked in a For prediction of future parking demand regression analysis is the
• Then after a fixed time interval that may vary between 15 minutes to i hour, the count is again taken.
duration to the number of parking bays available. best method. The formula expressing the compound rate of
3. License plate method of survey: growth of traffic is: Pn=P0(1+r)n, Pn = Parking demand in the nth
• In this case of survey, every parking stall is monitored at a continuous interval of 15 minutes or so and the license plate number is noted down.
Parking Volume year P0 = Parking demand in the base year, n= no of years, r-
• This will give the data regarding the duration for which a particular vehicle was using the parking bay. Parking turnover=
No. of bays available annual rate of growth of parking demand, expressed in decimals

PEDESTRIAN VOLUME COUNT SURVEY LEGEND

PASSENGER TRAIN SCHEDULE Buildings
OUTGOING PEDESTRIAN INCOMING PEDESTRIAN
TIME LEAVING RL IN AUTO/TAXI LEAVING RL IN CAR/2W TIME REACHING IN AUTO/TAXI REACHING IN CAR/2W
FROM RAILWAY STATION TO RAILWAY STATION Sunday Roads
05:45 - 06:00 PM 7 8 05:30 - 05:45 PM 32 26 Saturday
39 162 Taxi stand
Friday
06:00 - 06:15 PM 78 54 05:45 - 06:00 PM 203 39 47 Platform
202 Thursday
06:15 - 06:30 PM 46 25 06:00 - 06:15 PM 108 48 44 Wednesday Auto stand
108

06:30 - 06:45 PM 22 18 06:15 - 06:30 PM 26 32 Tuesday

76 76
Monday

OUTGOING INCOMING PEDESTRIAN PEDESTRIAN • The Mussoorie Roadways terminal has a peak hour bus flow of 8 buses 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14
PEDESTRIAN PEDESTRIAN COUNT TO COUNT FROM per hour and peak hour headway 45-60 mins.
TIME TIME Train arriving to Dehradun Train leaving from Dehradun
FROM BUS TO BUS TIME VIKRAM NO.5 TIME VIKRAM NO.5
TERMINAL TERMINAL • This hence concludes that the bus terminal falls under the guidelines for
05:45 - 05:45 - SOURCES
05:30 - 05:30 - 06:00 PM 37 06:00 PM 59 a local small bus terminal with dynamic bays.
05:45 PM 68 05:45 PM 43 • Primary survey
06:00 - 06:00 - • Secondary data
05:45 - 05:45 -
06:15 PM 97 06:15 PM 57 from terminal
06:00 PM 69 06:00 PM 48
06:15 - 06:15 - • To validate the current bus schedule, the peak hour passengers offices
06:00 - 06:00 -
06:15 PM 80 06:15 PM 69 06:30 PM 12 06:30 PM 43 traveling in one direction was taken for each route and load factor
06:15 - 06:15 - 06:30 - 06:30 -
considered as 1.2 as during the peak season overcrowding occurs in
06:30 PM 46 06:30 PM 63 06:45 PM 10 06:45 PM 43 Mussoorie Roadways
buses. Bus Station
FOOTFALL AT RAILWAY STATION 10,716 (after covid) • Average seating capacity of the buses was taken as 35, operational
speed of 25km/hr & layover at both ends considered to be 40-45 mins. Taxi BC 2
FOOTFALL AT BUS TERMINALS(FOR 2021)
• Considering the above values the bus fleet was calculated and it was GROUP 1
MONTH TOTAL PASSENGERS
SEPT 190816 found to be approximately equal to the current bus fleet in these Ayushi Bhatt
Firzana Shuja
OCT 198007 above routes. Kirti kumar
NOV 207787 Waiting
• The trips were considered as single way trips as the layover time is not Tea Lakshmi Das
DEC 201390 area Niveda N
store
JAN 184260 fixed and may vary. The headway was also taken from the current Sanat Bhavsar
FEB 172654 Taxi Swastha I
schedule of buses arriving at the Terminal.
MARCH 223398 BC 1
APRIL 227370 • The PHPDT passenger values taken above have been take for the peak
MAY 237134 hour and in the peak season i.e., during the month of June when the SCALE
JUNE 243804
footfall at the bus Terminal was the maximum.
JULY 231285 NTS
AUGUST 192594 • Hence we get the total bus fleet calculated as 19 buses which is
MASTERS OF
approximately equal to the current fleet i.e., 17 buses. TRANSPORT
PLANNING
SCHEDULE OF BUSES ARRIVING/DEPARTING FROM THE BUS TERMINAL IIYEAR
III SEMESTER
1. Buses from the terminal that travel to Mussoorie are available daily with a headway of 30 mins from 05:00 AM to 08:00PM.
2. Buses that ply to Delhi Kashmere Gate are of the following types: ordinary, deluxe, volvo, A/C from 09:00AM to 11:30AM.
3. These buses also travel from Jaipur, Noida, Gurgaon, Faridabad, Haldwani, Naintal, Chandigarh, etc.
4. A few other popular routes are Dehradun-Srinagar buses which further ply from Srinagar to various other nearby places. Also there are SCHOOL OF
PLANNING AND
buses which ply from Dehradun-Mussoorie and further from Mussoorie to Barkot, Uttarkashi, Purola, New Tehri, etc. Buildings Platform ARCHITECTURE
Taxi stand VIJAYWADA
Roads Auto stand

Transport Infrastructure Plan for tourists in Hilly region: Dehradun, Mussoorie Terminal data collection 15
 ANYLOGIC FLOW CHARTS KEYMAP

0.67 0.6
0.33 0.4

0.06
0.32
0.08 From Taxi
0.42
0.12

0.45 0.05
0.26 0.17
0.29 0.78
0.3
LEGEND
0.07 0.7
0.3
0.03 Buildings
0.47
0.13
Roads
From VIKRAM
Taxi stand

0.06 Platform
0.02
0.43
0.21 Auto stand
0.28

From Railway station 0.3

0.1
0.6
0.465
0.43
0.05

SOURCES

0.67
• AnyLogic software
0.33
0.1
0.3
0.6
From bus station

0.55
0.35
0.1 0.65 0.50
0.35 0.5

GROUP 1
Ayushi Bhatt
Firzana Shuja
INPUT DATA FOR PEDESTRIANS
From Auto to railway station Kirti kumar
From city Comfortable speed uniform (0.5, 1) m/sec Lakshmi Das
Average Tea stall delay time 15 minutes Niveda N
Sanat Bhavsar
Average Bus stand delay time 30-40 minutes Swastha I
0.6 0.8 Average Taxi stand delay time 18 minutes
0.4 0.2
Average Auto delay 14 minutes
SCALE
INPUT DATA FOR PEDESTRIANS
NTS
Speed 50km/h
Flow chart showing Movement of private vehicles
From private car to railway station Average car parking delay 15-20 mins MASTERS OF
TRANSPORT
Average auto parking delay 10 mins PLANNING
IIYEAR
Average Taxi parking delay 30 mins III SEMESTER
Flow chart showing Movement of Taxis
0.2
0.3
0.5
SCHOOL OF
PLANNING AND
ARCHITECTURE
From Auto to bus station Flow chart showing Movement of autos VIJAYWADA

Transport Infrastructure Plan for tourists in Hilly region: Dehradun, Mussoorie Crowd Simulation 16
 Density map & 3D map KEYMAP

Time Plot

Tea stall

LEGEND
Buildings

Roads
Bus terminal Taxi stand

Platform
RS Elevator
Auto stand

Legend for Density

Map in ped/min/sqm

Taxi booking counter

SOURCES
LEVEL OF SERVICE FOR THE PEDESTRIAN FLOW WITH RESPECT TO DENSITY
• AnyLogic software
Road Stretch Between The Railway Station Towards The Bus Road Stretch In Front Of The Railway Station Towards The Bus
Terminal Terminal
The maximum pedestrian flow rate on the road stretch
between the Railway station towards the bus terminal= 171 The maximum pedestrian flow rate on the road stretch between
ped/min (bidirectional) the Railway station towards the bus terminal= 23 ped/min
Average pedestrian flow on the road stretch between the (bidirectional)
The parking space provided in front of railway station for Railway station towards the bus terminal= 115 ped/min Average pedestrian flow on the road stretch between the Railway
private car and auto rickshaw is not able to (bidirectional) station towards the bus terminal= 16 ped/min (bidirectional)
accommodate the existing incoming vehicles. Thus, there Effective width of pedestrian walkway=2.5m Effective width of pedestrian walkway=1.25m
is need for additional spaces. Hence the Peak flow value= 171/2.5=68.4 ped/min/m Hence the Peak flow value= 117/1.25=19 ped/min/m
Referring the table above the level of service falls under LOS E. Referring the table above the level of service falls under LOS B. GROUP 1
Ayushi Bhatt
Parking demand calculation Firzana Shuja
Kirti kumar
PARKING ACCUMULATION CURVE Lakshmi Das
Auto rickshaw parking
12 Niveda N
10 Sanat Bhavsar
Time In out accumulation parking load Parking index = 8 Swastha I
15 2 1 9 2.5 6
30 3 2 10 2.75 = 12/10 = 120 %. 4
45 3 1 12 3.25 2 SCALE
60 1 2 11 3 Parking index is greater than 100% because of accumulation of 0
12 vehicles is too high than the capacity. Thus at least 2 more bays 05:30 - 05:45 - 06:00 - 06:15 - NTS
are required to satisfy the demand. 05:45 PM 06:00 PM 06:15 PM 06:30 PM
MASTERS OF
Car parking PARKING ACCUMULATION CURVE
• Area in red colour which indicates the critical density is found around bus TRANSPORT
PLANNING
stand and taxi booking counter. 20
Time In out accumulation parking load IIYEAR
• From time plot chart based on ped-flow statistics the pedestrians crossing a 15 6 2 9 2.25 15
III SEMESTER
Parking index =
line across a particular road stretch is obtained. 30 11 13 7 1.75
• Between railway station and bus terminal the maximum pedestrian flow 45 10 6 11 2.75 = 11/15 = 73.33 %. 10
was observed as 857 ped/5min and Average pedestrian flow was 576 60 8 4 15 3.75 5
ped/5min. 10.50 Parking index is less than 100%. Thus, currently the number SCHOOL OF
• For the the road stretch in front of the Railway station maximum pedestrian of car space provided now are sufficient for meeting the 0 PLANNING AND
ARCHITECTURE
flow was 117 ped/5min and Average pedestrian flow was 78 ped/5min. current demand. 05:30 - 05:45 05:45 - 06:00 06:00 - 06:15 06:15 - 06:30
VIJAYWADA
PM PM PM PM

Transport Infrastructure Plan for tourists in Hilly region: Dehradun, Mussoorie Crowd Simulation 17

DEFINITION:
• Carrying capacity is defined as the maximum population that a system can sustain
without degrading its ability to support the future (Taiwo FJ et al.,
worldpopulationhistory.org)
• The concept was introduced in various disciplines like mechanical, ecology, etc.,
however the commonly agreed idea is that it was Thomas Malthus who related it to
humans and predicted the limited carrying capacity of earth.
• According to Malthus, Human population grow exponentially whereas the natural
resources grow arithmetically, resulting in a fixed population that can be supported.
• According to worldpopulationhistory.org, the population has already overshot (an event
exceeding the maximum limit estimated) and we already require 1.75 times the Earth to
support the current population.
• If the trend continues, by 2050 we will require 3 Earths.
History and Evolution
Time Period Concept
Late 1700-early Mentioned in terms of tonnage of ships,
1800s load, ammunitions.
Late 1800s Carrying capacity in Urban planning –
Canals, electric rail roads (Paris)
1870s Natural Systems – rivers, floodwaters,
winds
1890s Rangelands, agriculture, in terms of
livestock and overgrazing
1920s Wildlife management, forests, Land
degradation
1950s Application to Human Population
Neo- Malthusian applications on
Addressing over population
1960s Environmental traffic standards –
Addressing transport problems in terms
of environment and perception sensitivity
rather than just accessibility and
connectivity - safety, noise, air pollution,
visual intrusion as factors
1970s Environmental traffic capacity of roads –
Pedestrian delay characteristics
The problem of traffic in terms of
accessibility and environment
1980s Environmental planning for tourism-
Focusing on various aspects like regional
contexts, planning for the tourist
destinations and facilities, maintaining
and monitoring environment
1990s A multicriteria environmental sensitivity
evaluation of the urban road network –
Multi-Criteria Decision Making models
Transport Infrastructure Plan for tourists in Hilly Region: Dehradun, Mussoorie
LITERATURE REVIEW
Works by
US Secretary of State,
Journal of Statistical Society
of London
Thorstein Veblen, Lord
Dunraven, Science, 1881.
Transactions of the American
Philosophical Society, Gabb,
American Naturalist, Science
1888,
New Zealand, Australia
Forest services, Aldo
Leopold, William Allan
Eugune Odum based on the
works of Verhulst, Malthus
and others
William Vogt, Garrett Hardin,
Anne Erhrlich
Jeromy Charles Barford
Holdsworth J, Singleton D J
E. K. A. Tamakloe, J. D. N.
Riverson and J. N. Okyere
Edward Inskeep, World
Tourism Organization
P. Klungboonkrong, M.A.P.
Taylor
CARRYING CAPACITY KEYMAP
Understanding and Relevance to
CC Model Paper Name Author Year Published Under Concept of the Model Methodology
the study
The methodology employed for carrying
. The model of DPSIR (Drivers- capacity assessment based on DPSIR The paper concludes the carrying
Pressures-State of the model to study TCC of Ontrepo Moltevono, capacity of each parameter
A new method for Environment-Impacts-Responses) main environmental issues related to daily qualitatively based on the analysis
V. Castellani, WIT Transactions on
tourism carrying is an extension of the basic PSR life of residents and to tourism activities of identified indicators and the main
DPSIR S. Sala & D. 2007 Ecology and the
capacity model. The model focuses on are considered. The indicators are cause is found to be increase in
Pitea Environment, Vol 106
assessment connections between the identified as drivers, pressure, and state – tourist inflow. They have not
environment, economy, and narrowed down related to tourism, and quantified the results to arrive at
society. the carrying capacity assigned as high, low final tourist inflow capacity.
or very low. LEGEND
Developing Goals Using methods of systematic review,
and Indicators for content analysis, multi-criteria analysis,
Liu Yang , and expert consultation, a three-level goal
the Design of Initially, a group of sustainability
Koen H. van system is proposed, leading to the
Sustainable and Sustainability 2020, indicators is identified based on
Dam and 2020 generation of 64 Key Performance
Integrated 12(22), MDPI multiple criteria. Each indicator's The estimating process' rationale is
Lufeng Indicators (KPIs), both qualitative and
Transport sustainability standard has been simple to comprehend.
Zhang quantitative, and an indicator set of 227
Infrastructure and developed. The influence of Assessment results are subjective to
Urban Spaces items.
Indicator human activities is then the selection of indicators and
Tourism and territorial context are
Benchmark compared to thresholds or evaluation criteria . This method is
regarded as two related dimensions to the
Comparison targets to determine each based on Benchmarks and
concept of carrying capacity. Tourism is
deciding factor's carrying thresholds and doesn't give a
Carrying capacity captured by tourism performance
capacity. It is possible to identify numerical value for carrying capacity
methodology for ESPON 2020 Cooperation Programme, indicators (Tourist inflow, overnight stay) to
the relationships and relative .
tourism, ESPON European Union measure the touristic exposure of a certain
weights between various
2020 geographical region. Territorial context is
deciding factors.
captured by territorial context indicators
that are relevant to the destination
(economy, environment, social)
SOURCES
A multi-criteria decision-making Annals of the Association of
The paper combined water environment
approach has been utilised to American Geographers , Mar.,
condition with the characteristics of 2008, Vol. 98, No. 1 (Mar.,
Evaluation of resolve complicated decision 2008), pp. 120-134
regional socio-economy and environment.
Water problems under Analytic Critics judgements may subjectively
Yan Lu, in Huaihe River Basin. Taiwo FJ, Feyisara OO.
Environmental Hierarchy Process (AHP). The affect the result similar to that of Understanding the Concept of
Hongwen Three hierarchy layers—target layer (A),
Analytical Carrying Capacity fundamental principles of AHP Indicator Benchmark Assessment . It Carrying Capacity and its
Xu, Water Resources and standard layer (B), and index layer (C)—are Relevance to Urban and
Hierarchy Process of City in Huaihe 2017 call for selecting correlative is still a good method for calculating Regional Planning. J Environ
Yuexiang Industry used to design the evaluation index
(AHP) River Basin Based components first and ensuring weightage of each indicators when Stud. 2017;3(1): 5.
Wang, Yang system. Relative weights are assigned,
on the AHP their hierarchies, evaluating standard charts are used for
Yang pairwise comparison matrix, and https://worldpopulationhistory.
Method: A Case in these factors to assure their valuation of indicators. org/carrying-capacity/
consistency check is done. CC is calculated
Huai'an City comparative relevance, and then
multiplying normalized value with weights
assigning their weights for a
assigned.
complex and challenging topic.
The SAFE model is able to GROUP 1
It works by iteratively allocating the
encompass the effects of various
population with sufficient infrastructure
factors in an urban development. It AYUSHI B
Departmen MoUD Sponsored Sustainable Accommodation and then analyzing the feedback of the
paves way for iterations that enable 2210600057
t of Civil Centre of Excellence through Feedback Evaluation watershed for the resulting population. If
to achieve the best optimized
Urban Carrying Engineering (CoE) for Integrated (SAFE) model calculates the the capacity is inadequate, it is adjusted by SWASTHA I
solution given the current demands 2210600072
SAFE Model Capacity- concept , Indian 2012 Land use Planning maximum sustainable population first incorporating technological
in an area. However, the framework
and calculation Institute of and Water Resource that can thrive on the given land, interventions based on green solutions,
of the model is in its rudimentary
Technology, Management without causing any followed by reducing the Floor Area Ratio
form, and has to be refined
Guwahati (ILPWRM) environmental degradation. (FAR), which indirectly results in the
considering the practical array of
reduction of pressure on the natural
steps that will be followed in a real
resources.
time study.
The paper follows the methodology to
The calculation of the visitor calculate Visitor Carrying Capacity for the SCALE
Estimation of the The carrying capacity for each
carrying capacity considers three hiking trails in a Natural Reserve Forest MASTERS OF
tourist carrying destination is arrived and this gave a
levels: Physical Carrying Capacity located in Jinotega. The physical carrying TRANSPORT
capacity of the overall cap for the number of
M. (PCC), Real Carrying Capacity capacity is the maximum number of visits PLANNING
Tourism Carrying Natural Reserve tourists that should be allowed in IIYEAR
Somarriba- WIT Transactions on (RCC), Effective Carrying Capacity that is possible to admit during a day. The
Capacity by Mombacho each destination without degrading III SEMESTER
Chang, M. 2006 Ecology and the (ECC). Each level constitutes a real carrying capacity is the maximum
Physical, Real and Volcano, Granada, its resources. The disadvantage is
Garnier & Environment, Vol 97 corrected estimation of the number of visits that is possible after
Effective Capacity and the Natural that it does not account the
V. Laguna previous one based on the applying a series of correction factors to
Reserve Datanlí-El activities on a city or regional scale,
specific factors involved in each the PCC. The effective carrying capacity is
Diablo, Jinotega, but only with respect to the
case studied. the maximum number of visits that should
Nicaragua destinations limiting the scope. SCHOOL OF PLANNING
PCC > RCC ≥ ECC be allowed according to the capacity to AND ARCHITECTURE
manage them in the area. VIJAYWADA
Introduction to Carrying capacity 18
 LITERATURE REVIEW – ENVIRONMENTAL CARRYING CAPACITY
ASSESSMENT OF ROAD CAPACITY AIR POLLUTION MODELLING
For determining the level of transport supply or the existing capacity in any urban or rural area, transport network characteristics is required. To assess this capacity, various TYPES OF DISPERSION MODELS – USED FOR LINE SOURCES
macroscopic and microscopic traffic flow models are available. Macroscopic models consider the aggregate behavior of traffic flow while microscopic models consider the
interaction of individual vehicles. No MODEL PURPOSE MODEL SCALE PONT LINE PUF
TYPE
TYPES OF TRAFFIC FLOW MODELS
• vehicular pollutant emissions from small road
1 ADMS –
Roads networks in and industrial plants
Plumes
based
Street scale
✓ ✓ ✓
• It handles multiple road sources

• handles most relevant emission sources such as

Greenshield traffic flow model LW Model Payne Model Optimal velocity model
2 ADMS - urban
traffic, industrial, commercial, and domestic sources
Street scale –
city scale
✓ ✓ ✓
• Hybrid roadway model
• a differential equation modeling • This optimal velocity depends 3 HYROD
• (In conjunction with RAPTAD)
Puff model receptors
within 500
✓ ✓
• The passenger carrying capacity of any the mean speed for describing on the relative position of
• The hybrid roadway model integrates three meters of the
transportation systems in • The first macroscopic model the non-equilibrium situations. neighboring vehicles
individual modules simulating the pollutant roadway
uninterrupted flow facilities like urban uses the expected velocity v • Payne’s model is derived from a • The driver of vehicle i want to emissions from vehicular traffic and the dispersion intersections
streets or highways can be calculated to be described as a function simple car-following rule, So reach the optimal velocity Vi. of those emissions
by Greenshield traffic flow model . of the traffic density this model relies on the But if jamming density κi is
• Roadway air dispersion modelling
• It is a model of uninterrupted traffic • This model does not describe microscopic description of very large, this will never
4 CALINE3/4
• calculate air pollutant levels in the vicinity of a
Gaussian City / Local
scale
✓
flow that predicts and explains the the nonequilibrium situations movements of individual cars happen. The velocity of highway or arterial roadway
trends that are observed in real such as emergent traffic jams according to the follow-the- vehicle i is in that case never
traffic flows and stop-and-go traffic. leader model. equal to the optimal velocity. 5 PLUVUEII • estimates atmospheric visibility degradation and Plumes - ✓
atmospheric discoloration caused by plumes based
Greenshield made the assumption that, under uninterrupted flow conditions, speed and density are linearly related. This relationship is expressed mathematically and resulting from the emissions.
graphically below. • Predicts emissions of transport dispersion
6 OSPM • Street pollution modelling Box Street / local ✓
v=A-B*k • studying traffic pollution scale
Where: • Feasible for street canyon conditions
SOURCES
1. Impacts of tourism
v = speed (kilometers/hour) • Atmospheric Dispersion modelling system
7 DISPERSION21 Gaussian Local ✓ ✓ ✓ development on the physical
A,B = constants determined from field observations • air pollutant emissions from existing or planned plume environment of Mussoorie, a
hill station in the lower
k = density (vehicles/kilometer) industrial or urban sources, vehicular traffic sources Himalayan range of India-
Journal of mountain science
This is normally done by collecting velocity and density data in the field, plotting the data, and then using linear regression to fit a line through the data points. The constant A 8 AEROPOL simulating the dispersion of continuous, buoyant Plumes Local or ✓ ✓ 2018
represents the free flow speed, while A/B represents the jam density. plumes, flat terrain based regional scale 2. Air action Plan 2020, UPCB,
Gov of Uttarakhand
Figure 1.0: Speed vs. Density 9 CAR FMI evaluating atmospheric dispersion and chemical Gaussian Local ✓ 3. DISTRICT ENVIRONMENTAL
transformation of vehicular emissions of inert (CO, PLAN DEHRADUN, 2019,
Uepccb
NOx) and reactive (NO, NO2, O3) gases from a road 4. vehicular pollution dispersion
network modelling along roads using
CALINE4 model - a review,
10 PROKAS V atmospheric dispersion of air pollutants emitted from Gaussian Local ✓ Rajni Dhayani, Niraj sharma
vehicular traffic on a road network

INPUT PARAMETERS
GROUP 1

2 3
Meteorological
Site data Receptor
Traffic Road
AYUSHI BHATT-
Y = ax + b CAPACITY OF ROADS IN HILLY REGION characteristics location
characteristics geometry 2210600057
Where y denotes density Capacity with respect to Operating speed
Design speed Classifications
X is the jamming density Stability class
A is free flow speed
Urban / rural Traffic data Mixing height
Road width
SCALE
Flat / hilly Fuel type Wind speed
As you can see, Greenshield’s model is quite
powerful. The following can be derived from Road type
Traffic emission Wind direction
Greenshield’s model: MASTERS OF
• When the density is zero, the flow is zero Road alignment TRANSPORT
because there are no vehicles on the Temperature PLANNING
roadway. AMBIENT AIR QUALITY CHARACTERISTIC IN DEHRADUN
• As the density increases, the flow also II YEAR
• Reasons for air pollution in Dehradun city High levels of air pollution in Dehradun city can be attributed to natural dust and
increases to some maximum flow particulate-laden smoke from diesel fueled vehicles, especially Vikrams, trucks, buses and three-wheelers. III SEMESTER
conditions.
• Unlike other cities, industrial pollution is not a major reason for deteriorating air quality in Dehradun. This pertains to the fact
• When the density reaches a maximum,
generally called jam density, the flow must that since 1989 (under Doon Valley Notifications, 1989), Red category industries are prohibited in Doon Valley.
be zero because the vehicles tend to line up • The city of Dehradun is also prone to temperature inversions, a phenomenon which affects air quality as it changes the
end to end (parking lot conditions). dynamics of air movement.
• As the density increases the flow increases • The ambient air quality assessment was carried out to collect 24-hour samples of PMfine matter in winter (December 2014 – SCHOOL OF
to some maximum value, but a continual January 2015) and summer (May 2015 – June 2015) seasons. The mean PM10 values during summer months is marginally PLANNING AND
increase in density will cause the flow to lower than winter months.
decrease until jam density and zero flow
ARCHITECTURE
• This increase in PM2.5 during summers can, therefore, be associated with the higher inflow of vehicles during tourist season.
conditions are reached. VIJAYWADA
Also, there are no other prominent sources of PM2.5 emissions (such as industrial activities and combustion processes)

TRANSPORT INFRASTRUCTURE PLAN FOR TOURIST IN HILLY REGION : DEHRADUN, MUSSOORIE LITERATURE - ENVIRONMENTAL CARRYING CAPACITY 19
 LITERATURE REVIEW TOURISM CARRYING CAPACITY KEYMAP
To evaluate the consequences of tourism activities impacts it is necessary to know the MUSSOORIE:
characteristics of the environment where they occur and especially its resilience, which is • Mussoorie, also known as Queen of the Hills, is among the most popular
the measure of the disturbance that the natural environment can tolerate without altering hill stations of the country.
its equilibrium state. • It is a perfect summer resort located at 35kms from Dehradun,
Uttarakhand and is at 2005 mts above mean sea level.
AIM: • Mussoorie is rich in a mélange of natural, cultural and spiritual heritage
To arrive at a overall carrying capacity number of Mussoorie indicating the maximum with a broad destination attractions from colonial attractions, wild
number of tourists it can sustain without degrading its environment based on the tourism sanctuaries, ancient temples to waterfalls and adventure parks.
and the transport activities.
TOURIST DESTINATIONS:
PARAMETERS CONSIDERED
The following list of tourist destinations have been shortlisted based on
Camels Back Road
TOURISM TRANSPORTATION a) Places with maximum foot fall and combination of places (popular
tourist circuits) to be visited in single day and two days (average
LEGEND
duration of stay)
Tourist characteristics and Existing Road network and b) Similar alternatives locations have been omitted as per discussion with
activities infrastructure the Tourism Department Official, Mussoorie based on importance and
data availability of the place, to avoid redundancy of data
Tourist Infrastructure facilities Tourist vehicles and flow
S.No Destination Description
Tourist Destination capacity Environmental impact of tourist 1 Mall road Commercial street
and amenities transport activities 2 Gun Hill Scenic view point above hill
3 Camel's Back road Scenic view point and Nature walk
4 Kempty Falls Water Falls, Shopping and recreation
OVERALL METHODOLOGY
5 Laal Tibba Scenic Point Scenic view point
Based on the literature study of various carrying capacity assessments and the study of the 6 Company Garden Botanical municipal garden
case area of Mussoorie, the following three methodologies are adopted to arrive at a final 7 George Everest trek Hiking trail and Everest house, wax museum
carrying capacity number for Mussoorie. Benog wild life
8 Sanctuary Natural forest Hiking trail
8b Benog Hill Hiking trail, view point
METHODOLOGY FLOWCHART 9 Bhatta Falls Water Falls SOURCES
9b Bhatta adventure park Adventure park
TOURISM 10 Mussoorie Lake Man made lake
TOURISM CARRYING ENVIRONMENTAL
CAPACITY CARRYING INFRASTRUCTURE
(DESTINATION WISE) CAPACITY CAPACITY TOURIST CIRCUITS

PHYCIAL AVERAGE HOTEL 2 DAY CIRCUITS

CARRYING JOURNEY INFRASTRUCTURE CIRCUIT 1
CAPACITY SPEED
Day 1 – C1D1
NO OF BEDS Company garden - George everest - Gun hill - Mall road
REAL TRAFFIC FLOW Uttarakhand Tourism
Department
CARRYING (in PCUs)
AVERAGE PERIOD OF Day 2 – C1D2
CAPACITY Benog Wild Life Sanctuary
Kempty falls Gun Hill Point Laal tibba - bhatta - mussoorie lake
STAY GROUP 1
EFFECTIVE POLLUTION
CARRYING CONCENTRATION CIRCUIT 2 AYUSHI B
CAPACITY Day 1 - C2D1 2210600057
Company garden - Benog - Mall road
KIRTI KUMAR
This method of calculating the carrying capacity of Mussoorie, by analyzing the individual 2210600064
parameters, provides a holistic study addressing each sphere: Tourism and Economy, Day 2 – C2D2
Benog hill Mussoorie Lake Camel’s Back Road SWASTHA I
Transportation and Environment Kempty Falls - Gun hill - Camels back road 2210600072

DAY TOURISTS
CIRCUIT 3
D1
Mall road - Gun hill - Camels back road - Laal tibba SCALE
TOURISM
AND Bhatta Falls Bhatta Adventure Park Company Garden CIRCUIT 4 MASTERS OF
ECONOMY TRANSPORT
D2 PLANNING
Company Garden - Benog - Geroge Everest - Mall road IIYEAR
CARRYING III SEMESTER
CAPCITY
CIRCUIT 5
D3
TRANSPO ENVIRON Kempty Falls - Bhatta - Mussoorie lake - Mall road
RTATION MENT
SCHOOL OF PLANNING
Mall Road Laal Tibba Scenic Point AND ARCHITECTURE
VIJAYWADA

Transport Infrastructure Plan for tourists in Hilly Region: Dehradun, Mussoorie Overall Methodology and Tourism Carrying Capacity 20
 TOURISM CARRYING CAPACITY KEYMAP
CALCULATION OF VISITOR CARRYING CAPACITY (Chang et al.) Accessibility Correction factors Climate Correction factors Management Correction factors
• The calculation of the visitor carrying capacity considers three levels: Physical carrying Management
S.No Destination Accessibility (for slopes over 10% and steps) S.No Destination
capacity, Real Carrying capacity, Effective Carrying capacity. Capacity (MC)
M1 M2 Cf4
• Each level constitutes a corrected estimation of the previous one based on the specific 1 Mall road 0.85
factors involved in each case studied. 1 Mall road NA
2 Gun Hill NA 2 Gun Hill 0.85
Temperature (hours)
PCC > RCC ≥ ECC M1 M2 CF1 3 Camel's Back road 0.85
3 Camel's Back road 1650 5000 0.67
4 Kempty Falls 100 1250 0.92 2 9.8 0.80 4 Kempty Falls 0.75
METHODOLOGY:
Humidity (days)
Step 1: Calculating the physical carrying capacity (PCC) : 5 Laal Tibba Scenic Point NA 5 Laal Tibba Scenic Point 0.85
M1 M2 Cf2
6 Company Garden NA 16.3 91 0.82 6 Company Garden 0.95
The physical carrying capacity is the maximum number of visits that is possible to admit
7 George Everest trek 100 1500 0.93 Rainfall (days) 7 George Everest trek 0.75
during a day.
M1 M2 Cf3
LEGEND
8 Benog wild life Sanctuary 2750 7500 0.63 8 Benog wild life Sanctuary 0.55
PCC = S/sp * NV 4.5 91 0.95
8b Benog Hill 1200 3000 0.60 8b Benog Hill 0.55
Where S = available surface, sp = area used per person NV = number of times the site can 9 Bhatta Falls 100 700 0.86 9 Bhatta Falls 0.75
be visited in a given day 9b Bhatta adventure park 200 700 0.71 9b Bhatta adventure park 0.75
NV = Hv/tv 10 Mussoorie Lake 75 800 0.91 10 Mussoorie Lake 0.85

Where Hv = Open hours, tv = required time to walk every trail/destination FINAL CALCULATION
% Difference % Difference
Step 2: Calculating the real carrying capacity (RCC) : Average Area req per (ECC - (RCC -
Area (sqm) Open hours person No. of Correction Tourist Tourist Tourist
The real carrying capacity is the maximum number of visits that is possible after applying a
S.No Destination or (m) hours spent (sqm) or (m) visits PCC Factor RCC ECC Inflow/day Difference Inflow) Inflow)
series of correction factors to the FCC.
1 Mall road 1100 11 3 2.5 3.7 1613 0.62 1002 852 1628 -776 -91.16 -62.48
RCC = PCC * Fcx
2 Gun Hill 1717 12 2 2.5 6 4121 0.62 2559 2175 1465 710 32.64 42.75
Fcx = (1 – Mlx) / Mtx 3 Camel's Back road 5000 10 3 1.5 3.3 11111 0.42 4623 3930 1640 2290 58.28 64.54
4 Kempty Falls 1650 8 3 1.8 2.7 2444 0.57 1397 1047 1579 -532 -50.76 -13.07 SOURCES
Where Fcx = Correction Factor of variable “x”, Mlx = Limiting magnitude of variable “x” and
Laal Tibba Scenic
Mtx = Total magnitude of variable “x”. 5 Point 182 12 1 1 12 2184 0.62 1356 1153 1821 -668 -57.95 -34.26
Step 3: Calculating the management capacity (MC) of the reserve) : 6 Company Garden 450 10 1 1.5 10.0 3000 0.62 1863 1770 1592 178 10.05 14.54
• The management capacity is defined as the possibilities the administrators of a 7 George Everest trek 1500 10 3 1 3.3 5000 0.58 2898 2174 1522 651 29.97 47.48
protected area have to develop the activities and be able to reach the objectives of the Benog wild life
management plan. 8 Sanctuary 7000 8 5 1 1.6 11200 0.39 4405 2423 1692 731 30.16 61.59
• The MC is presented as a percentage of the optimum management capacity. 8b Benog Hill 3000 10 3 1 3.3 10000 0.37 3726 2049 1245 804 39.23 66.58
Step 4: Calculating the effective carrying capacity: 9 Bhatta Falls 750 8 2 2.5 8 2400 0.53 1278 958 1436 -478 -49.86 -12.39
Bhatta adventure
The effective carrying capacity is the maximum number of visits that should be allowed 9b park 3100 8 3 10 8 2480 0.44 1100 825 1364 -539 -65.33 -23.99
according to the capacity to manage them in the area GROUP 1
10 Mussoorie Lake 250 9 1 1 9 2250 0.56 1266 1076 1472 -396 -36.77 -16.25
ECC = RCC * MC KIRTI KUMAR
INFERENCE: 2210600064
Where ECC = Effective Carrying Capacity CIRCUIT RCC ECC Tourist Inflow/Day
• Mall road, Kempty falls, Laal Tibba Scenic Point, Bhatta falls (and adventure park), and Mussoorie
C1D1 8322 6971 6487 SWASTHA I
lake are found to have higher inflow of tourists than the capacity and the reason is majorly due to 2210600072
DATA REQUIREMENTS: C1D2 5000 4013 6566
geographical restriction in the latter three and heterogenous traffic in Mall road.
C2D1 10997 7094 6585
• Gun hill, Camel’s Back road, Company garden, George Everest Trek, and Benog have the potential to
S.no Parameters Values/units Source C2D2 8579 7153 4684
attract more tourists but are under utilized mainly due to accessibility restrictions.
(STANDARD) D1 9541 8110 6554
• The comparison of the above capacity has been done with tourist inflow of data of 2021 peak
D2 9490 6845 6415
season (April-June), after the Covid-19 effect. The Tourist inflow prior covid is twice higher and will
1 Area of the destination Sqm Primary and D3 4776 3682 6340
Secondary have tremendous effect on the existing resources.
Average 8101 6267 6233
SCALE
2 Per Capita Area Requirement Sqm Literature study
and Standards Limitations: MASTERS OF
• There was difficulty to find optimum management capacity as each destination has a unique set of features and requireS separate manpower assessment. TRANSPORT
3 Visiting hours hrs Secondary PLANNING
• The MCs were assigned based on the similar literature studies (mentioned below) and enumerator’s empirical observations: IIYEAR
III SEMESTER
4 Average time spent hrs Primary a) Tourism analysis at Asinara Island (Italy): Carrying capacity and web evaluations in two pocket beaches, Corinne Corbau et al.
b) The Application of the Tourist Carrying Capacity Technique and its Critical Analysis for Tourism Planning G. González-Guerreroa et al.
5 Climate Factor - Secondary
c) Alexander Melat Aryasa et al 2017 IOP Conf. Ser.: Earth Environ. Sci. 70 012003
6 Accessibility Factor - Primary
d) Sayan MS, Atik M (2011) Recreation Carrying Capacity Estimates for Protected Areas: A Study of Termessos National Park. Ekoloji 20 (78): 66-74. SCHOOL OF PLANNING
7 Management Capacity % Secondary AND ARCHITECTURE
e) CARRYING CAPACITY AND COMMUNITY PARTICIPATION FOR SUSTAINABLE NATURE-BASED TOURISM IN OOTY AN EVALUATIVE STUDY , PhD Thesis - Mr. R.NARASIMMARAJ VIJAYWADA

Transport Infrastructure Plan for tourists in Hilly Region: Dehradun, Mussoorie Tourism Carrying Capacity 21
ENVIRONMENTAL CARRYING CAPACITY CONVERSION OF PCU TO AVERAGE DAILY TRAFFIC
L1- MUSSOORIE DIVERSION Speed v/s flow
• Environmental carrying capacity for tourism can be defined as the acceptable PM10 Emission 20.00 101.0
PCU values for all the 4 locations are converted to Average daily
number of tourist that can be accepted in a certain area such that there is S.no Hour Speed PCU/hr mg/m3 PCU / Km (density k) 18.00 100.8 traffic. The ADT is of each vehicle type is multiplied by their
minimum impact on the environment. 1 10 to 11 15.7 732.97 100.5 49.53 16.00 100.6 average occupancy rate to get the number of tourists as shown
• In case of hilly region, it can be calculated by relating traffic volume with the 2 11 to 12 13.7 743.16 100.6 51.61 14.00 100.4 below :
extent of air pollution level caused by it. 2w car lcv mini bus bus

Speed Km/hr
12.00 100.2
3 12 to 1 14.8 877.99 100.6 66.51
% composition 0.46 0.48 0.0397 0.0084 0.0113
4 1 to 2 12.7 983.85 100.7 77.25 10.00 1104 100.0
Outer Cordon points and Mid block points PCU Values 507.8584 529.9392 43.83039 9.273936 12.47565
5 2 to 3 15.0 832.97 100.6 60.80 8.00 99.8

6 3 to 4 14.4 605.05 100.3 38.54 6.00 99.6 PCU Factor 0.75 1 1.4 1.358 2.2
7 4 to 5 13.2 695.22 100.4 46.35 4.00 99.4 No. of vehicles 677.1445 529.9392 31.30742 6.829113 5.670751
Traffic volume count Journey speed – Pollutant concentration Avg occupancy 1.8 3.34 1.8 8 30
(PCU) –(a) (b ) through air pollution 8 5 to 6 12.1 1019.97 100.8 84.22 2.00 99.2
No of tourists 1218.86 1769.997 56.35336 54.63291 170.1225
dispersion (in ppm) – (c) 9 6 to 7 13.0 928.01 100.7 71.43 0.00 99.0
0.00 200.00 400.00 600.00 800.00 1000.00 1200.00
2 LANE – undivided - Two way road PCU Vehicles/hr
Number of tourists through Environmental Carrying capacity for
STEP 1 – Calculate Traffic flow(a) and Journey speed (b) ROW – 11 meter Series1 Power (Series2) Expon. (Series1) all 4 locations :
STEP2 – Calculate pollutant concentration at TVC points in ppm through air Carriage way – 8 meter L1 L2 L3 L4
pollution dispersion model
No. of tourists 3213 2101 1900 1747
STEP 3- Plot graph between a ( X axis) and b (Y axis) – Traffic flow curve. Speed v/s flow
L2- LIBRARY CHOWK
STEP 4 – Plot graph between a (X axis) and c (Y axis). 16.00 100.5
PM10 Emission ECC TOTAL = 8961
STEP 5 – Plot the point for TVC at permissible pollutant concentration. This will 100.4
S.no Hour Speed PCU/hr mg/m3 PCU / Km (density k) 14.00
be the optimum Traffic volume count that can be accommodated in Mussoorie. 100.3 TOURISM INFRASTRUCTURE CARRYING CAPACITY
STEP 6 –Convert traffic volume to average daily traffic. 1 10 to 11 9.4 596.68 100.25 63.67 12.00

STEP 6 - Multiply average daily traffic by occupancy rate of each vehicle. 2 11 to 12 8.5 680.21 100.35 80.02 100.2
AVAILABLE HOSPITALITY ESTABLISHMENTS AS PER MUSSOORIE
10.00
3 12 to 1 8.3 693.82 100.35 83.59 MUNICIPAL COORPORATION FOR YEAR 2020

Speed Km/hr
100.1
STEP 7- Arrive at a number of tourist for environmental carrying capacity
4 1 to 2 8.3 742.39 100.45 89.44 8.00 721.8 100
obtained clearances (out of License expired as per
METHODOLOGY FOR DATA COLLECTION 5 2 to 3 8.5 668.15 100.3 78.61 6.00
99.9
Registered 207) 2020
6 3 to 4 12.0 481.07 100.1 40.09 99.8
4.00 207 147 125
S.no. Factors Unit of measurement Survey conducted Further analysis and conclusion 7 4 to 5 10.2 558.04 100.2 54.71 99.7 SOURCES
Number and frequency of 2.00
99.6 CARRYING CAPACITY – Tourism infrastructure
vehicles visiting the area on a TVC survey, on site field To analyse congestion on road 8 5 to 6 8.2 775.67 100.5 94.59 1. Impacts of tourism
development on the physical
1 Traffic management daily basis, transport use observations network
9 6 to 7 8.8 698.10 100.4 79.33 0.00 99.5 Total beds for 147 hotels 9746 environment of Mussoorie,
0.00 100.00 200.00 300.00 400.00 500.00 600.00 700.00 800.00 900.00
Particulate matter –PM10 TVC , meteorological data, a hill station in the lower
concentration is the highest Secondary sources (1),Taxi PCU Vehicles/hr Total beds for 207 hotels 13724 Himalayan range of India-
2 LANE – Undivided - Two way road
in Mussoorie- no industrial union data, rental two No. of tourist sufficed by available infrastructure Journal of mountain science
2 Ambient air quality pollution only vehicular. wheeler data To calculate pollutant concentration ROW – 10 meter Series1 Power (Series2) Expon. (Series1) 2018
facilities 13724 2. Air action Plan 2020, UPCB,
Infrastructure Available number of beds in Official documents, field To calculate carrying capacity Carriage way – 7 meter Gov of Uttarakhand
4 availability the existing hotels. survey through number of available beds. Based on each of the carrying capacity model analyzed the 3. Weatherspark.com

POLLUTION MODELLING L3 PICTURE PALACE Speed v/s flow following conclusion is achieved : 4. TVC- Primary
5. Mussoorie municipal
PM10 Emission 20.00 100.5 corporation
General parameters for air pollution S.N Model Carrying
S.no Hour Speed PCU/hr mg/m3 PCU / Km (density k)
L 18.00 100.4 O Capacity/day
2 dispersion 1 10 to 11 9.2 533.08 100.25 41.65
L4 Settling velocity (cm/s) 0.5 Online 16.00 100.3 1 Tourist Carrying capacity 6267
Deposition velocity (cm/s) 4 Online
2 11 to 12 7.1 607.71 100.35 68.28
14.00 100.2
2 Environmental Carrying Capacity 8961 GROUP 1
L3 3 12 to 1 7.3 619.87 100.35 77.48
Altitude above sea level 12.00 100.1

Speed Km/hr
4 1 to 2 8.0 663.26 100.4 93.42 3 Tourism Infrastructure Carrying capacity 13724
(m) 2005 Online 10.00 653 100
Wind speed (m/sec) 3.353 Online 5 2 to 3 6.4 596.93 100.3 64.88 5 Actual Tourist Inflow/day peak season 6323
8.00 99.9
Wind direction (0-360) 270 Online 6 3 to 4 13.8 429.79 100.1 29.24 (2021)
6.00 99.8
Wind direction std 7 4 to 5 12.8 498.56 100.2 36.13 6 Actual Tourist Inflow/day peak season 13,788
deviation (5 - 60 deg) 30 Online 8 5 to 6 14.7 692.99 100.4 108.28
4.00 99.7 (2019) AYUSHI BHATT-
Stability class (1-7) 1 2.00 99.6 2210600057
Mixing height (>5m) 15 Observed 9 6 to 7 8.9 623.69 100.35 85.44 INFERENCES:
0.00 99.5
Ambient temperature 0.00 100.00 200.00 300.00 400.00 500.00 600.00 700.00 800.00 • Tourism Carrying capacity – Certain destinations are under
2 LANE – divided - two way road
(deg c) 25 Online PCU Vehicles/hr utilized and certain are overutilized according to the existing
ROW – 12 meter
Ambient PM Research Series1 Power (Series2) Expon. (Series1)
reduced footfall (due to covid-19).
Carriage way – 9 meter SCALE
conc.(microgram/m3) 94.59 paper • Expansion of the destinations is difficult due to hilly terrain
Weighted emission factor Calculate constraints.
L4 LANDOUR CHECKPOST Speed v/s flow
TVC LOCATION
L1 (gm/mile) 0.1188 d • Environmental Carrying Capacity – Increase in traffic is going
20.00 100.5
POITNTS PM10 Emission to cause high level of PM 10 conc. In Mussoorie
Traffic volume count S.no Hour Speed PCU/hr mg/m3 PCU / Km (density k) 18.00 100.4 MASTERS OF
• Tourist Infrastructure CC- The existing number of hotels (both
survey and speed and 1 10 to 11 7.6 478.84 100.2 82.91 16.00 100.3 TRANSPORT
authorized and unauthorized) can accommodate the actual
delay survey 2 11 to 12 7.5 545.88 100.3 78.35 14.00 100.2 tourist inflow also (prior to covid-19) technically, although PLANNING
conducted for 3 mid 3 12 to 1 13.8 556.80 100.3 56.08 detailed analysis into the facilities provided and user II YEAR
Speed Km/hr

12.00 100.1
block points and 1 4 1 to 2 12.4 595.78 100.35 51.85 10.00 600 100 preference may result in inadequacy. III SEMESTER
outer cordon point 5 2 to 3 10.7 536.20 100.3 46.76 • However, the construction of new hotels must be restricted.
8.00 99.9
which acts as an 6 3 to 4 10.0 386.06 100.1 44.57 • Service Level Benchmarking – The overall LoS for all the
6.00 99.8
entry exit point for 7 4 to 5 15.5 447.83 100.2 38.77 destination is observed to be poor and needs to be worked
Mussoorie, to 8 5 to 6 11.7 622.49 100.4 32.46 4.00 99.7
on. Only 4/22 destinations have LoS level of B.
calculate the overall 9 6 to 7 12.0 560.24 100.35 24.91 2.00 99.6 • Tourism Transport Infrastructure and environment has LoS C SCHOOL OF
carrying capacity of 0.00 99.5 and requires focused interventions to improve the supply gap. PLANNING AND
roads according to air 1 LANE – undivided - two way road 0.00 100.00 200.00 300.00 400.00 500.00 600.00 700.00
CONCLUSION - Measures have to be taken to reduce the impacts
pollution point of ROW – 5 meter PCU Vehicles/hr ARCHITECTURE
of the observed OVERTOURISM for sustainable tourist
view. Carriage way – 3.5 meter Series1 Power (Series2) Expon. (Series1)
development and coexistence with locals. VIJAYWADA

TRANSPORT INFRASTRUCTURE PLAN FOR TOURIST IN HILLY REGION : DEHRADUN, MUSSOORIE ENVIRONMENTAL CARRYING CAPACITY 22
INTRODUCTION KEYMAP
Issues • Increase in traffic congestion in Traffic congestion in Mussoorie PM 10 level exceeding normal level of 100 ug/m3 Over crowded buses Lack of comfort and no use of latest technology Traffic congestion along major roads
Dehradun and Mussorie during
peak tourist season due to increase PM 10 level (ug/m3)
in private vehicles and taxis. 200 190.395
177.15 180.05 175.89 171.29
180
• Reduction in air quality in 160 152.52 159.54 153.61 151.27
136.91
Dehradun due to vehicular 140
emission. 120
Normal
100
• Lack of safety, comfort and hygiene 80
level

in Public Transport. 60
• Lack of Public Transport 40
20
Infrastructure facilities such as bus 0
tops and information to the public. 2012 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022

LEGEND
Methodology Literature Review Concept of Fuzzy Logic
What is Fuzzy Logic?
Concept of Fuzzy Logic Fuzzy Logic (FL) is a method of reasoning that resembles human reasoning. The approach of FL imitates the way of decision making in
humans that involves all intermediate possibilities between digital values YES and NO.

Survey Plan NMT

Survey Location Survey Format Own 2W
Sampling Technique
Group Size Centroid Own 4W
• Tourist Destinations • Stated Preference • Simple Random Sampling Travel Time Auto
Travel Cost Taxi/cab
Data Collection through Tourist Interview Survey Comfort Bus
If-Then rule
Mode
2W - Rental
4W - Rental
Data Analysis on the basis of socio-economic and mode characteristics
Fuzzy logic is often described as having 4 components : The modelling is done using Fuzzy Logic Toolbox in
• Fuzzification. The process of converting specific input values into some MATLAB. SOURCES
Mode choice modelling using Fuzzy Logic concept
degree of membership of fuzzy sets based on how well they fit. Mode Choice of City
• Fuzzy rules / knowledge base. These are the If-Then rules to follow, Tourists: Discrete
often derived from expert opinions or via more quantitative approaches. Choice Modeling Based
Application of Fuzzy Logic Model to enhance the existing PT service.
• Inference method. The way of obtaining the final fuzzy conclusion, on Survey Data from A
Option 1 Option 2 Option 3 Option 4 Option 5 according to the degree of membership of input variables to fuzzy sets Major German City.
and the detailed fuzzy rules. Jonas Harz1 and
Carsten Sommer
• Defuzzification. The process of converting the fuzzy conclusions into
Proposal based on the modelling result detailed output values. Primary Survey

Advantage https://ueppcb.uk.gov.i
Literature Review Model Basic • Complex human decision mechanism can be well represented. n/files/air_22.pdf
Major Constrains Major Drawback Accuracy Authors • Application of fuzzy logic to develop mode choice model based on
Name Hypothesis
error term should be Wissam Qassim Al-Salih commuter’s choice criteria can give good results. GROUP 1
Extreme value Suffers from IIA
Logit model identically & independly High and Domokos Esztergár-
distribution
distributed (IID)
assumption
Kiss (2021)
AYUSHI
Sample Details used for model LAKSHMI
Error term is non- Difficult nterpretation Laura Ebolia , Carmen
FIRZANA
Probit Normal identically and non of results. Forcinitia , Gabriella PARAMETERS Existing Option 1 Option 2 Option 3 Option 4 Option 5
model distribution independently Computational
Low
Mazzullaa , Francisco Calvo
KIRTI
distributed problems (2016) Distance 5kms 5 kms 5 kms 5 kms 5 kms One Day Pass NIVEDHA
Time Taken (min) 50 40 35 30 25 Varies SANAT
Multivariate Independent, but not Perceived utility of any SWASTHA
Shlomo Bekhor *, Joseph Travel Cost (Rs) 15 18 21 25 30 60
GEV model extreme value identically distributed alternative should not Low
N. Prashker (2008) Comfort Low Same Medium High High Same
distribution error terms exceedan upper bound
PREFERENCE 14% 13% 16% 41% 16%
Inspired by Performance depends on Difficult to interpret the
Ahmet Tortum , Nadir Yayla
ANN model Human Neural Architecture, Training and results in terms of High
, Mahir Gokdag (2009) MODAL SHARE • Option 4 has been chosen for modelling mode choice as maximum number of
system Activiation function natural language
4W - Own 2W, tourists have opted to shift to Public Transport if this scenario is proposed.
Based on Rental, 7% • 90% of the dataset were treated a straining dataset and 10 % as testing dataset for MASTERS OF
20% TRANSPORT
underlying Mukesh Kumar, Pradip validation.
Fuzzy Set Input Values should be No learning ability and PLANNING
assumption of High Sarkar , Errampalli Madhu • In the base year scenario the percentage share of public transport is 10%. IIYEAR
Theory fuzzy difficulty in deciding MF Own 4W,
commensurabil (2013) III SEMESTER
28%
ity 2W -
ANN and FIS Rental, 8%
Neuro Fuzzy models Pre-processing of input Lack of commo Ahmet Tortum , Nadir Yayla
High
model complement training data is required framework , Mahir Gokdag (2009)
each other Taxi/cab, SCHOOL OF PLANNING
Auto, 8%
20% AND ARCHITECTURE
Bus, 10% VIJAYWADA

Transport Infrastructure Plan for tourists in Hilly region: Dehradun, Mussoorie MODE CHOICE MODELLING 23
 Mode Choice using Fuzzy Logic
KEYMAP
Fuzzy Logic Modelling Process Existing Scenario modelling
Details of Membership Functions of variables used Calibrated Prediction Table for Fuzzy Logic Model Training Dataset : Testing Data Set = 10 : 1 Observed and Estimated Modal Split of Study Area
Travel Time Travel Cost Comfort Group Size
Estimated
Very Low 0, 50, 100 MODE Observed Predicted Variation
2W 4W
Low 5, 15, 30 90, 150, 400 0,0.5 ,1 1, 4, 6 Auto 7% 9% 1%
MODE Auto Bus Taxi/cab Own 2W Own 4W Rental Rental Total Observed
Medium 25, 45, 60 300, 600, 1000 0.5 ,1,1.5 5, 10, 12
Auto 6 0 0 0 0 0 0 6 Bus 11% 9% -2%

Observed
High 55, 90, 150 1200, 1500, 2500 1,1.5,2 11, 20,29
Bus 0 7 0 2 0 0 0 9 Taxi/cab 19% 16% -2%
Very High 2000, 4000, 6000
Taxi/cab 1 0 13 0 0 1 0 15 Own 2W 6% 12% 6%
Crisp Input Own 2W 0 0 0 3 1 1 0 5
Own 4W 27% 28% 1%
Own 4W 0 0 0 0 22 0 0 22
Fuzzy Inference System Plot 2W Rental 9% 10% 1%
2W Rental 0 0 0 1 0 6 0 7
4W Rental 0 0 0 4 0 0 13 17 4W Rental 21% 16% -5%
Total Estimated 7 7 13 10 23 8 13 81 100% 100% 0% LEGEND
Predicted Accuracy 100*(15+10+23+9+24+14+6+17)/90 = 77.77 % 81
Proposed Scenario modelling
Validated Prediction Table for Fuzzy Logic Model
Estimated Predicted Modal Shift PREDICTED MODE CHOICE
MODE Auto Bus Taxi/cab Own 2W Own 4W 2W Rental 4W Rental Total Observed Total
Mode % 4W Rental, 10%
Auto 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 Estimated Auto, 6%

Observed
Bus 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Auto 5 6%
Taxi/cab 0 0 3 0 0 0 0 3 Bus 38 47% 2W Rental, 6%
Own 2W 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 1 Taxi/cab 11 14% Own
Own 4W 0 0 0 0 3 0 0 3 Own 2W 6 7% 4W, 10%
MEMBERSHIP 2W Rental 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Own 4W 8 10%
FUNCTION 4W Rental 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 2W Rental 5 6%
(MFs) Total Estimated 0 0 3 2 4 0 0 9 4W Rental 8 10% Own
Predicted Accuracy 100*(15+10+23+9+24+14+6+17)/9 = 66.66% 9 Total 2W, 7%
Observation 81 100%
INPUT OUTPUT
• Testing dataset for validation is selected after randomizing the dataset. Taxi/cab,
Fuzzy Inference Rule base • The variation between the modes is majorly due to the difference in group size, travel time and travel cost.
SOURCES
14%
• For single person trip preferable mode is 2 wheeler in all the scenario. Bus, 47% Analysis from MATLAB

Fuzzy Rule base

• Fuzzy rule base is developed for 3 levels of Travel Time, Comfort and Group size, 5 Travel Time Travel Cost Comfort Group Size
Travel Cost segments as well as for 8 modes. Number of rules are framed based on
the sample with respect to the above parameters. Very low
• A typical rule is:
• RULE 1: “IF Travel Time is Low and Travel Cost is Very Low and Comfort is Low and Low Low Low Low
Group Size is Low THEN Mode is 2Wheeler Rental”,
• Centroid method is applied using weighted average values which is depicted in the Medium Medium Medium Medium
MATLAB Rule viewer window.
• The typical output value for Rule 1 is observed to be: High High High High
GROUP 1
• 2.99 for travel time(75mins), travel cost(Rs.3000), Comfort(medium), group size(14). AYUSHI
• Tourists with group size varying between 5 to 20, travel time between 30 to 100 mins Very High LAKSHMI
and travel cost between 1000 – 3000 preferable mode is taxi. FIRZANA
KIRTI
Rule viewer window NIVEDHA
Surface plot for predicted travel mode SANAT
SWASTHA

MASTERS OF
TRANSPORT
PLANNING
IIYEAR
III SEMESTER

SCHOOL OF PLANNING
AND ARCHITECTURE
VIJAYWADA

Transport Infrastructure Plan for tourists in Hilly region: Dehradun, Mussoorie MODE CHOICE MODELLING 24
Mussoorie Roadways Bus Station analysis
KEYMAP
Mussoorie Roadways Bus Station is having an area • According to the bus terminal guidelines, the number of bus bays Area distribution
of 850 m2 and thus comes under small type required are 6 for bus flow of 8 buses/hr.
terminal as per guidelines • There are no predefined bus boarding bays but there are space for 8
buses to be idle waiting in the terminal.
General information • Dehradun - Mussoorie, Dehradun - Uttarakashi , Dehradun - Purola , 6% 6%4% Terminal building
Number of entry points 1 Dehradun - Srinagar , Dehradun - Rajkot , Dehradun - Tilwada are area
Area of terminal 850 m2 the major routes in the peak hour. Parking
Number of exit points 1 • 2 buses that go to Mussoorie with a headway of 30-40 mins, and 1 38%
Bus bays Mussoorie Roadways
bus in each of every other route. 46%
Number of bus bays 6 Bus Station
• Hence in the present condition the terminal has reached its full Bus circulation
Passenger footfall/day 5965 capacity. LEGEND
• Also the area surrounding the present Dehradun hill station bus Passenger circulation Taxi BC 2
terminal is under Public & Semi-Public landuse.
• Hence there is also provision for future expansion or redesign of Buildings
Exit Terminal.
Roads
Waiting
Entry Tea
area Taxi stand
store

Taxi Platform
BC 1
Auto stand
AREA OF EXISTING
TERMINAL=890 SQM

SOURCES
• Dehradun Master
Plan,2025
• Shakti foundation
guidelines
COMPARISON OF EXISTING FACILITIES WITH STANDARDS

FACILITIES REQUIRED AT THE BUS FACILITIES AVAILABLE AT THE BUS

TERMINAL ACCORDING TO TERMINAL AT PRESENT
STANDARDS
BUS BAY ALLOCATION SEGREGATED NO BAY ALLOCATION Conclusions and Recommendations
BUS BOARDING BAY PARALLEL PERPENDICULAR • The existing bus terminal has no proper infrastructure facilities and has reached its maximum capacity. Thus the terminal should be
PRIVATE VEHICLE PARKING SHARED NO PARKING redesigned. There are encroachments on the road side by vendors which restricts the movement of pedestrians thus relocation of street
GROUP 1
FEEDER SERVICE INTEGRATION FEEDER BAYS - Ayushi Bhatt
vendors from road side is needed. Currently here are no proper footpaths or any other facilities for pedestrian. Hence provision of safe Firzana Shuja
BUS MAINTENANCE FACILITY OFF-SITE OFF-SITE Kirti kumar
PASSENGER Concourse  
pedestrian infrastructure on the stretch between rail terminal and bus. Provision of additional parking space for the auto rickshaws and Lakshmi Das
Nivedha N
AMENITIES Eateries   private vehicles coming. Sanat Bhavsar
Swastha I
Cloak Room   • The overall service level of all the destinations is poor and need to be worked upon. Only 4 out of 22 tourist destinations have a LOS of level B.
Ticketing   The moran’s I analysis does not show and clustering of the data provided and only the parameter of safety shows that the data is dispersed.
Tourist Information  
The hot spot analysis shows that majority of issues are identified in the hilly region of the study area that is Mussoorie. The transport
SCALE
Drinking Water   infrastructure and environment are the sectors which have the worst LOS and the least weightage. Sectors with highest weightage have the
NTS
Toilets   highest LOS that is the Transport Accessibility And Safety the overall LOS of the tourism transport infrastructure is LOS C which is poor and
TERMINAL STAFF Revenue Office   MASTERS OF
need to be improved. TRANSPORT
AMENITIES Terminal Office  
• Certain destinations are under utilized while certain are overutilized according to the existing reduced footfall (due to covid-19). Expansion of PLANNING
Resting room   II YEAR
Canteen   the destinations is difficult due to hilly terrain constraints. The increasing dependency on private vehicles is causing high traffic congestion III SEMESTER
Drinking Water   and increasing PM10 concentrations in Mussoorie. The existing number of hotels (both authorized and unauthorized) can accommodate the
Toilets   actual tourist inflow also (prior to covid-19) technically and although detailed analysis into the facilities provided and user preference may
BUS STAFF Resting Room  
AMENITIES
result in inadequacy. However, the construction of new hotels must be restricted. Measures have to be taken to reduce the impacts of the
Canteen   SCHOOL OF
observed overtourism for sustainable tourist development and coexistence with locals. PLANNING AND
Drinking Water  
Toilets   • 37% shift to Public transport is observed for the proposed scenario with total of 47% of tourists using Public Transport in 2041 where the ARCHITECTURE
VIJAYWADA
travel time is to be reduced by 50%, provide high comfort level and the travel cost doubled.

Transport Infrastructure Plan for tourists in Hilly region: Dehradun, Mussoorie Bus Terminal Analysis 26
 Proposals based on results of mode choice modelling Map showing Junctions proposed for Improvement and Density Based Traffic Signals
KEYMAP
Time Taken (JT+WT in
Travel Cost (Rs) Comfort
min)
Existing 50 15 Low
25 30 High 37% shift to Public transport is observed for
Option 4 the proposed scenario.
50% DECREASE 100% INCREASE Increase to high

Proposal to reduce Travel Time

Junction Improvement Junctions proposed for Improvement in CMP Junctions proposed for density based traffic signal

SL Location Type of Improvement SL No Location Type of Sl No Junction Name

No Improvement 1 Dilaram Chowk
1 Darshanlal Geometrical – 8 Behl Chowk Geometrical, Density 2 Behl Chowk
Chowk Widening, No Parking based Signal 3 Ballupur Chowk LEGEND
2 Dilaram Geometrical – 9 Survey Geometrical, Density 4 Survey Chowk Ballupur Chowk
Dilaram Chowk
Behl Chowk
Chowk Widening, No Parking Chowk based Signal 5 Ghanta Ghar
Ghanta Ghar Survey Chowk
6 Darshanlal Chowk Balliwala Chowk Darshanlal Chowk
3 Prince Geometrical – 10 Ballupur Geometrical, Density Prince Chowk Tehsil Chowk

Chowk Widening, No Parking based Signal 7 Tehsil Chowk Araghar Chowk

Lalpur Chowk
8 Balliwala Chowk
4 Ghanta Ghar Geometrical – 11 Balliwala Geometrical, Density 9 Prince Chowk
Dharampur Chowk

Widening, No Parking based Signal

10 Araghar Chowk
5 Araghar Geometrical – 12 Lalpur Geometrical, Density 11 Lalpur Chowk
Chowk Channelization of based Signal 12 Dharampur Chowk
Traffic, Density based
Signal 13 Globe Chowk
6 Tehsil Chowk Geometrical, Density 13 Dharampur Geometrical, Density
As Conventional traffic light system is based on fixed
based Signal Chowk based Signal
time concept allotted to each side of the junction which
7 Globe Chowk Geometrical, Density cannot be varied as per varying traffic density. However,
based Signal in case of density based traffic signals, the signal timing SOURCES
changes automatically on sensing the traffic density at Comprehensive
the junction. Recommendations Mobility Plan for
Intelligent Transport systems
Determinants of Emergency Exit Metropolitan Area
Advanced Traffic Management Systems (ATMS) integrates various sub-systems (such as CCTV, vehicle detection, communications, variable message Study area characteristics Proposals focusing Dehradun-
comfort
signs etc) into a coherent single interface that provides real information on traffic status. The same may be installed in all entry points of the cities, so Air-conditioning in- Haridwar-Rishikesh
as to discourage bypassing traffic taking city roads in case of congestion in each city. In case of Dehradun, the same may be installed at Haridwar Non AC & AC Electric buses Provision of AC facility
vehicle
Road, Saharanpur Road, Shimla bypass etc. • No hand rail inside the bus,
Smart bus stops • Space for luggage in bus
Advanced Traveler Information Systems (ATIS) provides users of transportation systems both public • high floor buses,
• provision of handrail, first aid box,
and private mode users travel related information regarding routes, estimated travel times etc. • no adequate space for
emergency exit
Physical condition standing, Hand rails
• adequate standing and seating space
Advanced Vehicle Control Systems (AVCS) are tools and concepts that enhance the driver’s control • lesser door width,
• Use of PVC flooring – fire and slip
of the vehicle to make safe and more efficient. • no emergency exit and first GROUP 1
resistant, durable
Smart Signalization aid kit.
Benefits of smart signalization are: Bifurcation of space for male and female AYUSHI
• Reduces delay and queuing inside the bus LAKSHMI
Safety • Lack of safety
• Efficient movement of pedestrians and Dedicated colored seats for female FIRZANA
cyclists Eg: BMTC buses KIRTI
• Maximize the volume movement Determinants of NIVEDHA
Study area characteristics Proposals
• Reduces severity of crashes Travel Time SANAT
Low Floor Bus with ramp
• Accessibility to pedestrians and side • Time consuming due to SWASTHA
street traffic limited door width,
• No designated bus stops at
• Standard door width,
Boarding and some location, floor level
• Designated bus stops, low floor buses,
alighting time floor of bus and bus stop is
Determinants of • Extension of the kerb at the bus stop
App based Ticket Ticket Kiosk not adequate enough to
comfort and Study area characteristics Proposals board and alight with
travel time comfort MASTERS OF
• Automatic Fare Collection System - QR code based Advanced Traveler Information Systems PIS inside the bus TRANSPORT
PLANNING
Manual ticketing in city bus/ ticketing, IIYEAR
Ticketing time self service ticket counter at • City bus Ticket Booking using UPI based app III SEMESTER
terminals for inter city buses • automatic ticket vending machine at terminals/bus
stops Passenger
• ITS based solutions - Automatic Vehicle Location Information Luggage space
System & Passenger Information System, System
Information and
Lack of proper information • display of Schedules and network maps at bus stops,
guidance SCHOOL OF PLANNING
• terminals and tourist destinations, AND ARCHITECTURE
• designated smart bus stops. VIJAYWADA

Transport Infrastructure Plan for tourists in Hilly region: Dehradun, Mussoorie PROPOSALS 26
 HORIZON YEAR DEMAND Bus terminal
Bus terminal building KEYMAP
proposed tourist building
proposed footfall proposed population proposed tourist Total demand
trips
9456.882006 8800.699 656.183 2147.508 11604.39001

Length PHP Load Bus Bus Total Peak Hour Operatin Journey Layove Cycle time Fleet Bus
SL Route in km DT Factor Seating Standing Capacit Headway g Speed time r Time CT=[(F*2) Size frequen
NO [A] [B] [C] Capacity Capacity y [D] H=[(D*C*60]/B] [E] J=[(A)/E] [F] +J] [CT/H] cy
Dehradun-
1
mussoorie 31.46 222 1.2 40 10 50 16.2 25 76 45 121 7 4
Dehradun-
2
uttarakashi 123.00 93 1.2 40 10 50 38.6 25 295 45 340 9 2
Dehradun-
3
srinagar 148.00 129 1.3 40 10 50 30.2 35 254 45 299 10 2 LEGEND
Dehradun-
4
purola 108.00 226 1.3 40 10 50 17.2 30 216 45 261 15 2
Dehradun- Buildings
5
tilwada 140.00 151 1.3 40 10 50 25.7 35 240 45 285 11 2 Shops
Dehradun- Roads
6
rajkot 166.60 132 1.3 40 10 50 29.3 30 333 45 378 13 2
956 65 14 Taxi stand
Bicycle
PROPOSALS parking Platform
Auto
• As the number of buses per day in horizon year is 65, the total number of buses per hour is rickshaw Auto stand
14. parking
• Thus, the total number of bus bays required as per guidelines is 7.
• Dehradun - Mussoorie, Dehradun - Uttarakashi , Dehradun - Purola , Dehradun - Srinagar ,
Dehradun - Rajkot , Dehradun - Tilwada are the major routes in the peak hour. Bus terminal building SOURCES
• Area of new bus terminal is 0.25 hectares which is taken as per guidelines.
• Dynamic bus bay is proposed for the terminal as it is more convenient. Comprehensive
• Parking facilities for bicycles, feeder services and two wheelers are also provided. Mobility Plan for
Metropolitan Area
Area division focusing Dehradun-
Haridwar-Rishikesh
Total terminal site area 2500 m2
BUS STAFF
Terminal building area 246 m2 TOILET
Parking 476 m2
Bus bays 239 m2
Bus circulation 715 m2
Passenger circulation 824 m2
GROUP 1
Ayushi Bhatt
STAFF REST
Firzana Shuja
ROOM Kirti kumar
General information Lakshmi Das
Nivedha N
Number of entry points 2 Sanat Bhavsar
Area of terminal 2500 m2 Swastha I

Number of exit points 2

Number of bus bays 7
ADMIN OFFICE
Passenger footfall/day 11604
SCALE

Area distribution
NTS
TICKET MASTERS OF
COUNTER TRANSPORT
Horizon year parking demand PLANNING
5m
10% II YEAR
33% Auto rickshaw parking III SEMESTER
19%

2.5 m
WAITING AREA
Pn = P₀+ (1+r)^n FEMALE

9% = 10 + (1+0.1333)^20
= 22 bays
29% TOILET MALE

Car parking SCHOOL OF

TOILET FEMALE • In total 91 spaces are added in the new car parking area.
Pn = P₀+ (1+r)^n • Dimension per car space: 2.5 m x 5 m.
PLANNING AND
Terminal building area Parking ARCHITECTURE
= 15 + (1+0.1333)^20
Bus bays Bus circulation
= 27 bays VIJAYWADA
Passenger circulation

Transport Infrastructure Plan for tourists in Hilly region: Dehradun, Mussoorie Proposals - Terminal Redesign 28
 ANYLOGIC ANALYSIS FOR PROPOSED BUS TERMINAL
KEYMAP
0.5
0.5

0.1
0.14
0.14
0.14
0.48
MOVEMENT OF AUTO AND IPTS TO PARKING

DENSITY MAP FOR PEDESTRIANS

LEGEND
0.37
0.33
0.30
Buildings

Roads

Taxi stand

Platform
MOVEMENT OF PRIVATE VEHICLES TO PARKING
Auto stand
PEDESTRIAN WALKWAYS

• The road width in the stretch is

around 10 m. SOURCES
• Hence pedestrian footpath
having a width of 1.5 m and
height of kerb to be given as • Shakti foundation
15cm are proposed to have guidelines
clean, uninterrupted footpaths
with no encroachments on
immediate basis.
• Along with this NEW PARKING SPACE FOR PRIVATE VEHICLES NEAR RAILWAY
1. Limiting the speed of motorized STATION
vehicles
2. Installing speed breakers at
frequent intervals
3. Providing table top crossings etc. GROUP 1
• To ensure movement of traffic in
an organized manner proper lane Ayushi Bhatt
Firzana Shuja
markings should be shown on Kirti kumar
paved roadways to provide Lakshmi Das
guidance and information to Nivedha N
drivers and pedestrians Sanat Bhavsar
NEW BUS TERMINAL WITH THE PEDESTRIAN FLOW FROM CITY AND Swastha I
RAILWAY STATION

There is a need to provide signages. Road signs are classified in three categories:
Mandatory/Regulatory Signs: These include all signs such as STOP, GIVE WAY,
Speed Limits, No entry etc. The violation of rules and regulations conveyed by SCALE
these signs is a legal offence
Cautionary/Warning Signs: To caution the road users of certain hazardous Legend for Density
NTS
condition either on or adjacent to the roadway. Some examples are Road humps, Proposed parking spaces for auto rickshaws Map in ped/min/sqm
Narrow Road ahead etc.
MASTERS OF
Informatory Signs: These signs are used to provide information and to guide road TRANSPORT
users along routes. PLANNING
OBSERVATION & CONCLUSIONS
II YEAR
III SEMESTER
• From the density map, obtained from Anylogic, it has been
observed that the pedestrian density inside the new terminal is
of optimum range falls within range of 1.28 to 1.93
pedestrians/min/sqm and there is no overcrowding taking place.
• The new parking that ha been allotted near the railway station
for the Private vehicles is also found to be sufficient. SCHOOL OF
• The existing parking in front of the railway station which was PLANNING AND
used for private vehicles has been taken as parking space for ARCHITECTURE
autos.
VIJAYWADA

Transport Infrastructure Plan for tourists in Hilly region: Dehradun, Mussoorie Proposals On Terminal 29
 STRATEGIES TO IMPROVE THE CARRYING CAPACITY AND SERVICE LEVEL BENCHMARKING KEYMAP
OVERALL PROPOSAL FLOWCHART DECENTRALISED PROPOSED TOURIST CIRCUITS

Sustainable Tourism Plan 2 DAY CIRCUITS

CIRCUIT 1 Day 1 – C1D1
Capping the total number of Jwala Devi Temple – Company garden – Gun Hill – Mall Road
1 tourists entering Mussoorie at the Day 2 – C1D2
entry Laal Tibba – Kellog church – Mussoorie Lake – Bhatta falls/ Mossy Falls/ Jharipani
Demarketing strategies to falls
decentralise the identified 2
“over-tourist” destinations CIRCUIT 2 Day 1 - C2D1
George Everest House – Cloud end – Benog – Mall road
Destination wise strategies to
3 improve its carrying capacity Day 2 – C2D2
Camel’s Back road – Kempty Falls – Lake Mist Mussoorie – Christ church LEGEND
Monitoring and restricting the entry
of private vehicles to Mussoorie 4 1 DAY CIRCUITS
CIRCUIT 3 D1
Proposal of new tourist circuit Laal Tibba – Kellog church – Gun hill – Mall road
5 buses - EV hop on hop off
CIRCUIT 4 D2
Policy level Interventions to restrict Kempty Falls – Jwala Devi Temple – Company Garden – Cloud’s End– Mall road
the excessive developments
6
CIRCUIT 5 D3
Bhatta Falls/ Mossy Falls/ Jharipani Falls – Mussoorie Lake – Christ church – Mall
CAPPING TOURIST INFLOW road

S.No Model / Parameter Carrying Capacity/day LONG DISTANCE CIRCUITS

1 Tourist Carrying capacity 6267 CIRCUIT 6 D4
2 Environmental Carrying Capacity 8961 Dhanolti – Snow Adventure park – Mall road
3 Hotel Infrastructure 13724
CIRCUIT 6 D5
SOURCES
Based on the three different analysis, the carrying capacity of hotel infrastructure is Nag tibba – Gun hill – Mall road
chosen as the final number for capping the tourists for the following reasons: TOURIST DESTINATIONS – OVERSHOOT COMPARISON MALL ROAD PEDESTRIANISATION
1. Arriving at a combined index of carrying capacity from all the three methodologies is HIGH - INFLOW MEDIUM - INFLOW UNDER UTILIZED NEW DESTINATIONS MALL ROAD is a 2.2 km road with scenic view but with excessive
unsuitable as all three are calculated from totally different methodologies.
commercialization. Interventions to maintain the local value and beauty of the
2. Limiting the number of tourists based on environmental capacity is not considered, as Mall road Bhatta falls Camel’s Back road Nag tibba peak Jwala Devi temple
place, however are not adequate:
that would cause huge economic loss for the existing stakeholders. Bhatta Adventure Park Kempty falls Benog Wildlife, Hill Cloud’s End Lake Mist • Entry for vehicles have been restricted at both the ends – Library chowk and
3. However, the environmental carrying capacity and the tourist carrying capacity can be
Laal Tibba scenic point Mussoorie lake George Everest House Khellog Church Christ church Picture palace post between 4pm and 10:00 pm.
improved by various strategies like demarketing, decentralization, monitoring the
• Private vehicles have to pay Rs.150 to enter mall road in the allowed hours
tourist vehicle emission standards, etc. Gun Hill Jharipani falls Mossy falls
and taxis are completely restrcited.
4. Hence, the total tourist inflow is capped at 12,350, i.e 90% occupancy of the all the Snow Adventure
Company Garden Dhanolti • Hotel cars are not allowed to pick up or drop guests to and from the Mall
hotels at the same time. Park Road Entry Barrier due to local administration restrictions.
DEMARKETING STRATEGIES DESTINATION WISE STRATEGIES GROUP 1
• Demarketing is just one of the tools of marketing which is only effective when it is Library Chowk KIRTI KUMAR
combined with an overall marketing framework. S.No Destination Recommended Measures 2210600064
• To curb the negative repercussions of over tourism in Mussoorie, several demarketing 1 Mall road Restricting vehicle inflow and improve tourist infrastructure and management SWASTHA I
measures are recommended below, based on the case studies. 2 Gun Hill Employ new marketing strategies and reduce the ropeway ticket costs 2210600072
• The strategies are clubbed into four categories, the Four P’s of Marketing.
Employ extensive marketing strategies, new activities, improve accessibility, planned
• This combined with the coordination from different stakeholders like the tourist
3 Camel's Back road shuttle services
guides, commercial establishments nearby and the local people will help to achieve a
balance between the economy and the environment. Prior booking management, improve accessibility along the commercial stretch,
4 Kempty Falls employ management near falls

• Prior booking to manage limited
entry to each destination
• Entry and time spent to
destinations will be governed
PRODUCT
• Decongest the over-tourist
places by directing the crowd to
less explored potential
destinations
Laal Tibba Scenic Restrict excess entry by prior booking, Employ new activities around the view point,
• Increased Entry fees at 5 Point provision of barrier-free movement
P overcrowded destinations SCALE
R 6 Company Garden Employ new marketing strategies and more engaging activities
• Additional parking charges – to
I discourage vehicle usage Employ good adventure marketing strategies and improve accessibility and Mall Road – Completely Pedestrianized (2.2 km) MASTERS OF
7 George Everest trek management TRANSPORT
C Existing alternative route – Vehicles (4.2 km)
PLANNING
E Benog wild life Infrastructure facility points Scale 1:10000 IIYEAR
Improve accessibility, assign planned routes with marked signages and trekking
8 Sanctuary III SEMESTER
P PROMOTION infrastructure, employ marketing strategies
8b Benog Hill • The entire mall road should be completely restricted for vehicle entry,
L
9 Bhatta Falls including the private cars to avoid trespassing and any unauthorized activity.
A • Promote the non-peak seasons Restrict excess entry with prior booking, Improve accessibility, management
C Bhatta adventure measures • The new pedestrianized road will have water points, and toilet facilities at
through engaging activities and
E 9b park regular interval of 200 mts to cater to the crowd.
depressurise the peak seasons SCHOOL OF PLANNING
Restrict excess entry with prior booking, provide barrier-free movement, employ • The alternative route of 4.2 kms from library chowk to Picture palace should AND ARCHITECTURE
10 Mussoorie Lake demarketing strategies be efficiently managed to avoid congestion. VIJAYWADA

Transport Infrastructure Plan for tourists in Hilly Region: Dehradun, Mussoorie Proposals 30
 Converting the existing Multi level parking which is currently underutilized, into a
PROPOSAL OF MULTI MODAL HUB AT POLICY LEVEL AND STRATEGY BASED INTERVENTIONS
multimodal hub where people can park private vehicles for long term. They can also
THE MULTI LEVEL CAR PARKING
book rentals from this point.
Problem Strategy
PROPOSAL OF INTELLIGENT PARKING In order to reduce overcrowding, pre booking of parking spaces can be proposed.
Also, the parking availability information will be easily accessible. 01 overcrowding on roads and traffic jams Development of new parking lots in nearby foothill towns and offer shuttle bus services for tourists to
MANAGEMENT SYSTEM reduce the traffic problems in the city
Database with ERP information of tourists, Hotels and lodging related information, 02 Lack of eco-sensitive knowledge among special provisions for educating and sensitizing visitors as an urgent priority so that the authenticity of
PROPOSAL OF INTEGRATED DATABASE
parking availability, booking of transportation systems and schedules and tourist tourists a tourist destination can be maintained.
MANAGEMENT
destination related data.
STRATEGY DESCRIPTION
STEP 1 – Pre registration for visiting Mussoorie – Generating E-pass
Destination management organization The destination has an effective organization, department, group, or committee responsible for a
• Website(ERP –Electronic registration portal) or online data base – Information regarding weather, Number of people 1. coordinated approach to sustainable tourism, with involvement by the private sector and public
Mussoorie can accommodate, current and Future availability . sector. This group is suited to the size and scale of the destination, and has defined responsibilities,
• If availability is there – registration to be made to generate E pass. oversight, and implementation capability for the management of environmental, economic, social,
• Prior Information to be filled – Number of people, Type of vehicle, Vehicle insurance and latest PUC , Valid ID proofs. , and cultural issues. This group’s activities are appropriately funded.
option of prebooking of taxis/scooties, option of booking hotels (so that the prices can be regularised and the hotel data 2. Monitoring. Active monitoring and public reporting of environmental, economic, social, cultural, tourism, and
also gets updated in this database), Pre booking for hop on hop off pass/smart card generation human rights issues.
• If PUC not uploaded, they can also go through mandatory PUC check at Dehradun check post
3. Tourism seasonality management Specific strategy for marketing off-season events and attracting year-round visitors. However also
STEP 2 –Validation of E passes and Parking at the entry / exit point of Mussoorie – Multilevel car parking demand-supply of natural resources can be planned accordingly.
4 Climate change adaptation Laws or policies to mitigate climate change and encourage technologies to mitigate climate change.
Program to educate and raise awareness among the public, tourism enterprises, and visitors about
climate change and expected behaviour of public
5. Planning Regulations Planning or zoning guidelines, regulations and/or policies that protect natural and cultural resources.
6. Property acquisitions Laws and regulations regarding property acquisitions exist, are enforced, comply with communal and
indigenous rights, ensure public consultation, and do not authorize resettlement without prior
informed consent and/or reasonable compensation.
7. Protection of sensitive environments extremely sensitive environmentally and is full of natural hazards. Hence all possible measures need
to be in place to inform visitors and generate their automated response to protect environment. SOURCES
1. Over tourism in nainital –
case study
2. Sustainable Tourism in the
Indian Himalayan Region-
NITI AYOG
• To support public transport from Dehradun to Mussoorie, Rental taxi and scooty booking can be done at this point itself. 02 INTEGRATED DATABASE MANAGEMENT SYSTEM – ITTS PLANNER
• Integration of Parking and booking database into one system - Facilitate booking taxis from here, it can become a pick up
point and waiting area for tourists. (For both hop on hop off and taxis) a) ITTS planner: The main subsystem of the ITTS is the tour planner. This subsystem generates efficient tour plan for the tourists/visitors if number of
• Digitized information according for creating awareness regarding eco sensitivity of the area and behaviors expected, penalties days and places of visits are given as input. This system can provide the plan either in automatic mode or manual mode. In the manual mode, user has
etc. to interact with this sub system in order to generate an efficient tour plan based on the user requirements. This subsystem suggests lodges and
restaurants to the visitors. As per the number of days given by the visitor, the system suggests tourist places to be visited in the city. Here, the manual
Capping of Tourist (No booking allowed by ERP after max. capacity reached ) 13,724 interaction is important to deliver an efficient plan. This subsystem also suggests which type of items that the visitor can purchase based on the places
Number of tourist coming by private vehicles- 30% 4117 decided by the visitors. This subsystem also suggests the transport plan based on the user selection. In automatic mode, entire tour plan is generated
without manual intervention. This type of facility will really be useful for the visitors to optimize their time and expenditure while visiting places.
Mode shift to Public transport – 50% 2050
b) Efficient Transport Sub System This subsystem provides the information to the visitor if source place of the city and destination place of the city are GROUP 1
Average occupancy of the car 3.5 given as inputs. A map will be displayed by showing a path from source to destination and important places/landmarks located along that path.
Number of Car parking required 588 Transport charges and timings for local trains, bus, car etc. are displayed.
Number of Car parking space available 400 4w, 60 2w c) Tourist Sub System This subsystem provides the following information to the visitors if the city of visit is given as input.
a) Tourist places in the city and how to reach those places.
Car parking rate (0-12 hours) 10 rs / Hour b) Lodging facilities available in the city and the tariff details.
12- 24 hours 12 rs / hour c) Information regarding availability of hotels at regularized rates. AYUSHI BHATT-
More than 1 day (24 hours) 15 rs/ hour d) Special items available for purchase and shops where these items are available. 2210600057
Average length of stay 3 days
1 day cost 360/- 05 ITS BASED TECHNOLOGIES
Cost for 3 days 1080 SCALE
03 Automated Fare Collection System – Smart 04 Intelligent Parking Management 1. Intermodal transportation systems – helps travelers to optimise using different forms of transportation; generally, they begin from home by car, then
take a train, ship or airplane, and finally use a car again to take them to the place they wish to reach)
cards System 2. Intelligent traffic-control systems (traffic network management): – Traffic lights – Public city-transportation systems – Parking Guidance and Information MASTERS OF
(PGI) systems, and others. TRANSPORT
• Smart cards can be used like a pass to travel in hop 3. Navigation systems - enabling motorists/tourists in vehicles to receive information regarding: – General information on weather and traffic conditions – PLANNING
on hop off buses. Real-time traffic conditions in a specific area – Alternative directions, if necessary (due to congestion or various incidents) – The optimum route to a II YEAR
• It will provide contact less payments, access control, specific destination with regard to the existing transportation network and real-time traffic conditions. III SEMESTER
standardized fare collection etc. 4. Safety systems: Assisted by weather stations, these systems provide warnings regarding adverse weather conditions. Some systems are built into the
• Pre booking of parking spaces through ERP or latest generation of passenger vehicles, and they range from simple systems that warn motorists of ice, wet lanes and gusts of lateral winds to systems
multimodal hub. that alert the motorist when the distance between vehicles is too short and cause the vehicle to slow down, relative to its velocity and the safety
• Parking guidance and navigation system can be used. distance.
• It will help in reduce over crowding and 5. Variable Message Sign (VMS) system and radio messaging. VMS are generally large panels on which various messages to system users in a town or
management of on street parking near destinations
SCHOOL OF
tourism destination are written out (using LED or optical fibres), such as “Traffic jam”, “Traffic jam at intersection”, “Roadwork”, “Parking” and similar
• Spreading news through media and other platforms useful information. VMS can also render graphic symbols. This type of information system enables participants in traffic to stay clear of critical areas PLANNING AND
before they reach the point where the resulting situation is impossible to avoid. ARCHITECTURE
VIJAYWADA

TRANSPORT INFRASTRUCTURE PLAN FOR TOURIST IN HILLY REGION : DEHRADUN, MUSSOORIE PROPOSALS- MULTI MODAL HUB -ITS INTEGRATION 31
 Challenges for electric bus on Economic viability
Route map
hilly regions KEYMAP
• The studies carried out by different TCO BY MODELS AT YEAR 10
TCO BREAKDOWN BY COMPONENT COSTS AT
YEAR 10 (%)
TCO BREAKDOWN BY COST
authors suggest that the battery use (₹ / km) AT YEAR 10 (₹ / km)
186% E-BUS
-45.91 99.42
of EVs is higher on hilly roads than 307.87
39%
29%
36%
on flat roads.
232.47 D-BUS
• Difficult to set-up Charging stations 220.64 (HC)
188.37 119.50

in Hilly terrains, Hence lower

D-BUS
numbers. 61%
71%
64% (LC)
165.61 66.86

• Reduced Efficiency of engines in

53.51
Hilly areas, Due to High requirement CNG
BUS
140.50 80.14

of acceleration. E-BUS D-BUS (HC) D-BUS (LC) CNG - BUS E-BUS D-BUS (HC) D-BUS (LC) CNG - BUS LEGEND
• In some of the models, there is a Bus Models Fixed Cost Variable Cost Total Fixed Cost Total Variable Cost
complaint for louder noises and
vibrations due to the need of higher
acceleration in electric Buses while 600.00

travelling Uphill. TOTAL COST OF OWNERSHIP OVER YEARS (₹ / KM) 503.59

1,600.0 500.00
• As the temperature goes down in 1,400.0
e-Bus D - Bus (HC) D - Bus (LC) CNG - Bus

Hilly areas, the problem of battery 1,200.0 400.00 362.67 350.59

consumption increases due to 1,000.0
300.00
800.0
increase in the usage of HVAC (up to 600.0
60% of Battery Charge can go into 400.0
200.00

heating). 200.0
100.00
0.0
YEAR 1 YEAR 2 YEAR 3 YEAR 4 YEAR 5 YEAR 6 YEAR 7 YEAR 8 YEAR 9 YEAR 10
33.81
-200.0
-
-400.0 e-Bus D - Bus (HC) D - Bus (LC) CNG - Bus
SOURCES
TCO AT YEAR 4
Route map

NEW BUS STAND STOP 1 STOP 2 STO 3

1 08:00 08:14 08:39 08:55 NEW BUS
2 08:20 08:45 09:01 09:01 STAND STOP 1 STOP 2 STO 3 STOP 4 STOP 5 STOP 6 STOP 7 STOP 8 STOP 9
3 08:40 09:05 09:21 09:21 1 08:00 08:16 08:28 08:48 09:06 09:23 09:43 10:28 10:41 10:58
4 09:00 09:25 09:41 09:41
1 09:20 09:45 10:01 10:01 2 08:20 08:36 08:48 09:08 09:26 09:43 10:03 10:48 11:01 11:18
2 09:40 10:05 10:21 10:21 3 08:40 08:56 09:08 09:28 09:46 10:03 10:23 11:08 11:21 11:38
3 10:00 10:25 10:41 10:41
4 10:20 10:45 11:01 11:01 4 09:00 09:16 09:28 09:48 10:06 10:23 10:43 11:28 11:41 11:58
Bus scheduling
5 09:20 09:36 09:48 10:08 10:26 10:43 11:03 11:48 12:01 12:18
The tourist population capped at Mussoorie is 3000. NEW BUS STAND STOP 1 STOP 2 STO 3
6 09:40 09:56 10:08 10:28 10:46 11:03 11:23 12:08 12:21 12:38 GROUP 1
1 08:00 08:14 08:39 08:55
For this same number of people and by using the stated 2 08:20 08:34 08:59 09:15 7 10:00 10:16 10:28 10:48 11:06 11:23 11:43 12:28 12:41 12:58 Ayushi Bhat
3 08:40 08:54 09:19 09:35 Swastha
preference route we have reached an estimation of 23 4 09:00 09:14 09:39 09:55
8 10:20 10:36 10:48 11:08 11:26 11:43 12:03 12:48 13:01 13:18
Firzana Shuj
buses that would be used for the hop on hop of buses. 1 09:20 09:34 09:59 10:15 9 10:40 10:56 11:08 11:28 11:46 12:03 12:23 13:08 13:21 13:38 Lakshmi Das
2 09:40 09:54 10:19 10:35
1 11:00 11:16 11:28 11:48 12:06 12:23 12:43 13:28 13:41 13:58 Nivedha N
During non peak season the same can be used for local 3 10:00 10:14 10:39 10:55 Sanat Bhavsar
4 10:20 10:34 10:59 11:15 2 11:20 11:36 11:48 12:08 12:26 12:43 13:03 13:48 14:01 14:18
transport Kirtikumar
3 11:40 11:56 12:08 12:28 12:46 13:03 13:23 14:08 14:21 14:38
HEADW
AY 20 NEW BUS STAND STOP 1 STOP 2 STO 3 4 12:00 12:16 12:28 12:48 13:06 13:23 13:43 14:28 14:41 14:58
1 08:00 08:14 08:39 08:55
00:16 00:16 2 08:20 08:34 08:59 09:15 5 12:20 12:36 12:48 13:08 13:26 13:43 14:03 14:48 15:01 15:18
total travel time 178 MINS 00:12 00:12 3 08:40 08:54 09:19 09:35 6 12:40 12:56 13:08 13:28 13:46 14:03 14:23 15:08 15:21 15:38 SCALE
00:20 00:20 4 09:00 09:14 09:39 09:55
Minimum layover at each end = 7min or 10% of running time whichever is 1 09:20 09:34 09:59 10:15 7 13:00 13:16 13:28 13:48 14:06 14:23 14:43 15:28 15:41 15:58 MASTERS OF
greater 00:18 00:18 2 09:40 09:54 10:19 10:35 TRANSPORT
8 13:20 13:36 13:48 14:08 14:26 14:43 15:03 15:48 16:01 16:18 PLANNING
00:17 00:17 3 10:00 10:14 10:39 10:55
4 10:20 10:34 10:59 11:15 9 13:40 13:56 14:08 14:28 14:46 15:03 15:23 16:08 16:21 16:38 IIYEAR
LAYER OVER III SEMESTER
TIME 17.8 MINS 00:20 00:20 The buses move on 4 routes covering 40 tourist destinations and are called as hop on hop off buses.
00:45 00:45
TOTAL TRAVEL
Route 1 – has a total travel time of 178 minutes headway 20 mis and no: of buses 10
TIME 195.8 MINS 00:13 00:13 Route 2 – has a total travel time of 62 mins headway 20 mins and no: of buses 3
SCHOOL OF PLANNING
00:17 00:17 Route 3 – has a total travel time of 82 mins headway 20 mins and no: of buses 5 AND ARCHITECTURE
NO :OF BUSES 9.79 10 VIJAYWADA
Route 4 – has a total travel time of 108 mins headway of 20 mins and no: of buses 5
TRANSPORT INFRASTRUCTURE PLAN FOR HILLY REGION: Dehradun Mussoorie PROPOSAL 32