Module 3

Laser: Interaction between radiation and matter (induced

absorption, spontaneous and stimulated emission). Expression
for energy density at thermal equilibrium in terms of Einstein’s
coefficients. Characteristics of laser light, Conditions for laser
action- population inversion and Meta stable state, Requisites
of laser system, Construction and working of Carbon Dioxide
(CO2) laser, Nd-YAg laser, Applications of lasers - LIDAR,
Numerical, Simulation of determination of wavelength of laser
The word LASER is an acronym for Light Amplification by Stimulated Emission of Radiation .
In 1960 Mainmann built the first “LASER” using Ruby as active medium.

Laser is a highly “monochromatic coherent beam of light of very high intensity ”.

In popular science fiction videos during the 1950s, monsters were often portrayed that
could emit lethal rays of light from their eyes (Figure 1), but until the invention of the laser,
such concentrated and powerful energy beams were only fantasy. Now it is possible to
modify, probe, or destroy matter using the highly focused radiation from energy sources
known as lasers.

Nearly all light that we see in our daily lives, ranging from the sun, stars, incandescent and
fluorescent lamps, to even our television sets, occurs spontaneously when atoms and
molecules rid themselves of excess energy.

2
 Interaction of Radiation with matter
Basic reactions which occur when radiation encounters matter, and the effects produced by these processes

These radiation electrons interact with matter (tissue) in a manner similar to that of electrons produced by photon interactions. In
photoelectric interactions, the energy of the electron is equal to the energy of the incident photon less the binding energy of the
electron within the atom.

3
 1. Induced Absorption : (Stimulated Absorption)
When an atom in the ground state say E1 absorbs a photon of energy (E2 - E1) it makes transition into excited state E2.
This is called Induced absorption. It is represented as,

E2

Photon Atom*

h
E1 Photon + Atom

Photon + Atom = Atom*

4
 2. Spontaneous Emission
Spontaneous emission is one in which atom in the excited state emits a photon when it returns to its lower energy
state without the influence of any external energy h.

E2
Atom*
h

E1

Atom* = Atom + Photon

5
 3. Stimulated Emission
Stimulated emission is the process by which an incoming
photon of a specific frequency can interact with an
excited atomic electron (or other excited molecular
state), causing it to drop to a lower energy level.

Consider an atom in the excited state E2. If a photon of

energy E2 - E1 is made to incident on the atom in the E2
excited state E2. Photon h

The incident photon forces (stimulates) the atom in h h

the excited state to make transition in to ground E1

state E1 by emitting difference in energy in the form
of a photon. This type of emission in which atom in Photon + atom* = Atom + (photon + photon).
the excited state is forced to emit a photon by the
influence of another photon of right energy is
called stimulated emission. 6
 Einstein’s A & B coefficients
The theory behind lasers was established by Albert Einstein.

 He explored the basic mechanism involved in the interaction between radiation and matter and he assumed that
matter is in thermodynamically equilibrium with a black body radiation field.

 His theory involved important parameters known by his name Einstein’s coefficients. These coefficients give the
probability associated with the absorption and emission processes.

Expression for Energy density in terms of Einstein’s coefficients

Consider a system under thermal equilibrium. Let E1 and E2 be the ground energy state and excited energy state. Let N1 and
N2 be the number density of atoms in E1 and E2 respectively. Let 𝑼𝜸 be the energy density per unit volume of the system of
frequency γ.

7
 E2

a) Induced absorption
Photon
h
E1

The rate of induced absorption ∝ number of atoms in E1 and the energy density Uγ

Rate of induced absorption = B12. N1. Uγ

B12 Einstein’s coefficient of induced absorption

b) Spontaneous Emission

E2 The Rate of spontaneous emission ∝ number of atoms in E2

Rate of spontaneous emission = A21. N2

h
A21 Einstein’s coefficient of spontaneous emission
E1

8
 c) Stimulated Emission
The Rate of stimulated emission ∝ number of atoms
E2 in E2 and the energy density Uγ
h
Photon
h Therefore, Rate of stimulated emission = B21. N2. Uγ
h
E1 B21 Einstein’s coefficient of Stimulated Emission

Since the system is under thermal equilibrium

Rate of Induced absorption = [Rate of Spontaneous emission + Rate of Stimulated emission]

B12 N1 Uγ = A21 N2 + B21 N2 Uγ B12 N1 Uγ − B21 N2 Uγ = A21 N2

𝑨𝟐𝟏 𝑵𝟐
𝑼𝜸 =
( B12 N1 − B21 N2) Uγ = A21 N2 𝑩𝟏𝟐 𝑵𝟏 − 𝑩𝟐𝟏 𝑵𝟐
𝑨𝟐𝟏 𝟏
By rearranging the above equation, we get 𝑼γ = { 𝑩𝟏𝟐𝑵𝟏 }
𝑩𝟐𝟏 −𝟏
𝑩𝟐𝟏 𝑵𝟐

9
But by Boltzmann’s law, we have According to Planck’s law, the equation for Uγ is

𝑬 −𝑬 𝒉𝜸 𝑨𝟐𝟏 𝟏 𝟖𝝅𝒉γ𝟑 𝟏
𝑵𝟐
𝑵𝟏
= 𝒆 −( 𝟐 𝟏 )
𝒌𝑻 =𝒆 −
𝒌𝑻 𝑼γ = { 𝑩 + 𝒉𝜸 } 𝑼γ = { 𝒉𝜸 }
𝑩𝟐𝟏 𝟏𝟐 𝒆 𝒌𝑻 −𝟏 𝒄 𝟑 +
𝑵𝟏 +
𝒉𝜸
𝑩𝟐𝟏 𝒆 𝒌𝑻 −𝟏
=𝒆 𝒌𝑻
𝑵𝟐
Comparing both equations term by term on the basis of position identity, we have,
𝑩𝟏𝟐
𝑨𝟐𝟏 𝟖𝝅𝒉𝜸𝟑 =1
= 𝑩𝟐𝟏 Or B12 = B21
𝑩𝟐𝟏 𝒄𝟑

This implies that the probability of induced absorption is equal to the probability of stimulated emission.
𝑨𝟐𝟏
𝑼𝜸 = 𝒉𝜸
+
𝑩𝟐𝟏 [ 𝒆 𝒌𝑻 −𝟏] 𝑨
Because of this, A21 and B21 can be simply represented as A and B and 𝑼𝜸 = 𝒉𝜸
equation can be rewritten +
𝑩[𝒆 𝒌𝑻 −𝟏]
10
 Characteristics of LASERS
The significant feature of a laser is the enormous difference between the character of its light and other sources such as the Sun,
a flame or an incandescent lamp. The most striking features are :
1. Directionality 2. Intensity 3. Monochromatic 4. Coherence

Directionality Directionality
The conventional light sources emit light in all directions for
example, bulb, tube light, sun, candle flame, etc.. But
Intensity Lasers emit light only in one direction. The beam
divergence of laser is less than 0.01 milli radian. That is, the
beam spreads less than 0.01 mm for every meter. Hence
light emitted by a laser is directional.
Monochromatic

Coherence
11
Intensity The light from a lamp streams out more or less uniformly in all directions. If we look at a 100 watt lamp filament at a
distance of 30 cm, the power entering the eye is less than a thousand of a watt. The laser gives out light in to a narrow beam and
its energy is concentrated in a small region. Thus even a 1 watt laser would appear many thousand times more intense than 100
watt ordinary lamp. It is said that a few milli watt laser is hundred times brighter than the sun at the earth’s surface.

Monochromatic Light having single colour (single frequency or wavelength) is said to be monochromatic. The light emitted by a
laser is vastly more monochromatic than that of any conventional monochromatic source.

Coherence Laser radiation is characterized by a high degree of the light field than the other sources. The coherence length of
light from a sodium lamp is of the order of 0.3 mm, while that of laser is 100 m. Radiation of such intensity.

12
13
14
 Lasing Action (Laser Action)

Let an atom in the excited state is stimulated by a photon of

right energy so that atom makes stimulated emission. Two
coherent photons are obtained. These two coherent photons if
stimulate two atoms in the exited state to make emission then
four coherent photons are produced.

These four coherent photons so that stimulates 4 atoms in the

excited state, 8 coherent photons are produced and so on. As
the process continues number of coherent photons increases.
These coherent photons constitute an intense beam of laser.
This phenomenon of building up of number of coherent
photons so as to get an intense laser beam is called lasing
action.

15
 Population inversion and optical pumping
In an order to produce laser beam there should be more number of stimulated emissions when compared to spontaneous
emission. It is possible only if number of atoms in the exited states is greater than that is the ground state. When system is in
thermal equilibrium, then number of atoms in the higher energy level is always less than the number of atoms in the lower
energy level.

16
If by some means number of atoms in the exited state is made to exceed number of atoms in the ground state then population
inversion is said to have established between excited state and ground state.

The method of achieving the population inversion is called pumping. If light is used to pump electrons to the higher level then,
the method is called Optical Pumping. If the electric field is used to pump electrons to the higher level then, the method is called
Electrical Pumping.

17
 Metastable State
E3 Excited State
Radiation less Transition

E2 Metastable state

Laser emission

E1
Ground State

Population inversion can be created with the help of three energy levels as follows.
Let E1 is the ground state of an atom. Let E2 and E3 are the two excited states. If an atom is excited into the energy state, within a
short interval of time of 10-8 sec, atom makes a transition into the energy state E2.
Let lifetime of the atom in the energy level E2 is of the order of 10-2 to 10-3 sec. Then atoms stay in the excited state E2 for
sufficiently long time without making any spontaneous emission.

18
As more and mare atoms are excited from the ground state to E1 more and more atoms are transferred from E3 to E2. As a result,
within a short interval of time population inversion is established between energy level E2 and E1.

The energy level E2 in which atoms remain for unusually longer time is called Metastable state. When transition from E3 to E2
takes place excited atom loses energy in the form of heat without emitting any radiation. Such transitions are called radiation less
transition (Non-radiative transitions).

19
 Requisites of a Laser System
The Three requisites of a Laser system are

Energy Source or Excitation Source for Pumping action

Medium Supporting population inversion called Active Medium

The Laser Cavity

Appropriate amount of energy is to be supplied for the atoms in order excite them to higher energy levels. If the Input energy is
in the form of light energy then pumping is called optical pumping. If it is in the form of electrical energy then pumping is called
electrical pumping.

Population inversion occurs at certain stage in the Active medium due to the absorption of energy. After this stage the Active
medium is capable of Emitting laser light.

The Laser Cavity consists of an active medium bound between two mirrors. The Mirrors reflect the light two and fro through the
active medium. This also helps to tap certain permissible part of laser energy from the active medium

20
 Resonant Cavity
An arrangement used in a laser device to increase the energy of the emitted photon.

It consists of two mirrors fixed on either sides along the length of the active medium.

21
 Nd: YAG laser

Construction: Nd: YAG laser is a neodymium based laser. Nd stands for Neodymium (rare earth element) and YAG stands for
Yttrium Aluminum Garnet.

This active element is cut into a cylindrical rod. The ends of the cylindrical rod are highly polished and they are made optically flat
and parallel. This cylindrical rod (laser rod) and a pumping source (flash tube) are placed inside a highly (reflecting) elliptical
reflector cavity.

The optical resonator is formed by using two external reflecting mirrors. One mirror (M1) is 100% reflecting while the other
mirror (M2) is partially reflecting.
22
Working:

23
When the krypton flash lamp is switched on, by the absorption of light radiation
of wavelength 0.73μm and 0.8μm, the Neodymium (Nd3+) atoms are raised from
ground level E1 to upper levels E4 and E5.

The Neodymium ions atoms make a transition from these energy levels E3 by
non-radiative transition. E3 is a metastable state. The Neodymium ions are
collected in the level E3 and the population inversion is achieved between E3 and
E2.

An ion makes a spontaneous transition from E3 to E2, emitting a photon of energy h. This emitted photon will trigger a
chain of stimulated photons between E3 and E2. The photons thus generated travel back and forth between two mirrors and grow
in strength.

After some time, the photon number multiplies more rapidly. After enough strength is attained (condition for laser being
satisfied), an intense laser light of wavelength 1.06μm is emitted through the partial reflector. It corresponds to the transition
from E3to E2.

24
 Carbon dioxide (CO2) Laser
It was the first molecular gas laser developed by Indian born American scientist Prof. C. K. N. Pillai. It is a five level laser and it
operates at 10.6 μm in the far IR region. It is a very efficient laser.

25
 Construction
It consists of a quartz tube around 5 m long and 2.5 cm in the diameter. This discharge tube is filled with gaseous mixture of CO2
(active medium), Helium (He) and Nitrogen (N2) with suitable partial pressures.

The terminals of the discharge tubes are connected to a D.C power supply.
The ends of the discharge tube are fitted with NaCl Brewster windows so that the laser light generated will be polarized.

Two concave mirrors one fully reflecting and the other partially form an optical resonator or a laser cavity.

26
 Working of CO2 Laser
When an electric discharge occurs in the gas, the electrons collide with nitrogen molecules and they are raised to excited states.
This process is represented by the equation
N2 + e* = N2* + e
N2 = Nitrogen molecule in ground state. e* = Energy of electron Before collision
N2* = Nitrogen molecule in excited state. e = Energy of electron After collision.

Now N2 molecules in the excited state collide with CO2 atoms in ground state and excite to higher electronic, vibrational and
rotational levels.

This process is represented by the equation N2* + CO2 = CO2* + N2

N2* = Nitrogen molecule in excited state, CO2 = Carbon dioxide atoms in ground state
CO2* = Carbon dioxide atoms in excited state, N2 = Nitrogen molecule in ground state.

Since the excited level of nitrogen is very close to the E5 level of CO2 atom, population in E5 level increases. As soon as population
inversion is reached, any of the spontaneously emitted photon will trigger laser action in the tube. There are two types of laser
transition possible.

27
1. Transition E5 to E4 : This will produce a laser beam of wavelength 10.6μm

2. Transition E5 to E3: This transition will produce a laser beam of wavelength 9.6μm. Normally 10.6μm transition is more intense
than 9.6μm transition. The power output from this laser is 10 kW.

28
Energy levels of nitrogen and carbon dioxide molecules.
 Applications of Laser
Because of high intensity, high degree of monochromaticity and coherence, lasers find remarkable applications in medicine,
communication, defense, photography, material processing etc.

Laser Welding

Laser Cutting

Drilling
29
 Drilling of holes is achieved by subjecting the material to 10-4 to 10-3S duration pulse.
 The intense heat generated over a short duration by the pulses evaporates the material locally, thus leaving a hole.

Advantages
Conventional Method Laser
The tools wear out while drilling This problem doesn’t exist in laser setup

Whereas it could be done only to a limited extent Drilling can be achieved at any oblique angle

It is difficult Very fine holes 0.2 to 0.5mm diameter can be drilled. The holes may be even adjacent
to each other
Large force has to apply to drill the hard materials or brittle materials. Very hard material or brittle materials can be drilled. There is no mechanical stress
with a laser beam.

30
31
 LIDAR
Lidar, which stands for Light Detection and Ranging, is a remote sensing method that uses light in the form of a pulsed laser to
measure ranges (variable distances) to the Earth.

Advantages of using LiDAR Disadvantages of LiDAR

1. Data can be collected quickly and with high accuracy 1. High operating costs in some applications
2. Surface data has a higher sample density 2. Ineffective during heavy rain or low hanging clouds
3. Capable of collecting elevation data in a dense forest 3. Degraded at high sun angles and reflections
4. Can be used day and night 4. Unreliable for water depth and turbulent breaking
5. Does not have any geometry distortions waves
6. It can be integrated with other data sources 5. Very large datasets that are difficult to interpret
7. It has minimum human dependence 6. No International protocols
8. It is not affected by extreme weather 7. Elevation errors due to inability to penetrate very
9. Can be used to map inaccessible and featureless areas dense forests
10. It is cheap 8. The laser beams may affect the human eye in cases
where the beam is powerful

32
 Problems on Lasers
1. The ratio of population of two energy levels out of which upper one corresponds to a metastable state is 1.059 × 10−𝟑𝟎 .
Find the wavelength of light emitted at 330K.
Solution 𝑁
Given data ratio of population b/w two energy levels 𝑁2 = 1.059 × 10−30
1
Temperature T = 330K

To find the wavelength of light emitted

The ratio of population of two energy levels from Boltzmann’s law is given by
𝐸 −𝐸 ℎγ ℎ𝑐 𝑵𝟐 𝒉𝒄
𝑁2 − ( 2𝑘𝑇 1 ) − (𝑘𝑇) − (λ𝑘𝑇) Taking natural log on both sides 𝒍𝒏 =−( )
=𝑒 =𝑒 =𝑒 𝑵𝟏 𝝀𝒌𝑻
𝑁1

𝒉𝒄 6.626 × 10−34 × 3 × 108

𝝀=− λ=−
𝑵 −30
𝟏𝟎−𝟐𝟑 λ = 6.9566× 10−7 m
𝒍𝒏 𝑵𝟐 𝒌𝑻 𝒍𝒏 1.059 × 10 × 𝟏. 𝟑𝟖 × × 330
𝟏

𝒍𝒏 1.059 × 10−30 = − 𝟔𝟖 . 𝟔𝟏𝟑𝟖 𝝀 = 696 nm

33
2. A laser medium at thermal equilibrium temperature 300K has two energy levels with a wavelength separation of 1μm. Find
the ratio of population densities of the upper and lower levels.

Given data wavelength of light emitted λ= 1μm, Temperature T = 300K

Solution
𝑁2
To find population b/w two energy levels =?
𝑁1
The ratio of population of two energy levels from Boltzmann’s law is given by
𝐸 −𝐸 ℎγ ℎ𝑐
𝑁2 − ( 2𝑘𝑇 1 ) − (𝑘𝑇) − (λ𝑘𝑇) 𝑁2 −(
ℎ𝑐
)
=𝑒 =𝑒 =𝑒 = 𝑒 λ𝑘𝑇
𝑁1 𝑁1

−34 8
𝑁2 −(
6.626× 10 ×3×10
) 𝑁2
= 𝑒 𝟏 × 𝟏𝟎 ×𝟏.𝟑𝟖×𝟏𝟎−𝟐𝟑 ×300
−𝟔 = 𝑒 −(48.0149)
𝑁1 𝑁1

𝑵𝟐
=1.4046×𝟏𝟎−𝟐𝟏
𝑵𝟏

34
3. Find the ratio of population of two energy levels in a Laser if the transition between them
Produces light of wavelength 694.3nm. Assume the ambient temperature to be 27⁰C.

Given data wavelength of light emitted λ= 694.3nm, Temperature T = 27⁰C =300K

Solution
𝑁2
To find population b/w two energy levels =?
𝑁1
The ratio of population of two energy levels from Boltzmann’s law is given by
𝐸 −𝐸 ℎγ ℎ𝑐
𝑁2 − ( 2𝑘𝑇 1 ) − (𝑘𝑇) − (λ𝑘𝑇) 𝑁2 −(
ℎ𝑐
)
=𝑒 =𝑒 =𝑒 = 𝑒 λ𝑘𝑇
𝑁1 𝑁1

−34 8
𝑁2 −(
6.626× 10 ×3×10
) 𝑁2
= 𝑒 𝟔𝟗𝟒.𝟑 × 𝟏𝟎 ×𝟏.𝟑𝟖×𝟏𝟎−𝟐𝟑 ×300
−𝟗 = 𝑒 −(69.155)
𝑁1 𝑁1

𝑵𝟐
=9.252×𝟏𝟎−𝟑𝟏
𝑵𝟏

35
4.Find the ratio of population inversion of two energy levels in a medium in thermal equilibrium. If the wavelength of light
emitted at 330K is 632.8nm.

Given data wavelength of light emitted λ= 632.8nm, Temperature T = 330K

Solution
𝑁2
To find population b/w two energy levels =?
𝑁1
The ratio of population of two energy levels from Boltzmann’s law is given by
𝐸 −𝐸 ℎγ ℎ𝑐
𝑁2 − ( 2𝑘𝑇 1 ) − (𝑘𝑇) − (λ𝑘𝑇) 𝑁2 −(
ℎ𝑐
)
=𝑒 =𝑒 =𝑒 = 𝑒 λ𝑘𝑇
𝑁1 𝑁1

−34 8
𝑁2 −(
6.626× 10 ×3×10
) 𝑁2
= 𝑒 𝟔𝟑𝟐.𝟖 × 𝟏𝟎 ×𝟏.𝟑𝟖×𝟏𝟎−𝟐𝟑 ×330
−𝟗 = 𝑒 −(68.978)
𝑁1 𝑁1

𝑵𝟐
=1.104×𝟏𝟎−𝟑𝟎
𝑵𝟏

36
5. A He-Ne laser is emitting a beam with an average power of 4.5mW. Find the number of photons emitted per second by the
laser. The wavelength of the emitted radiation is 6328A˚

Given data wavelength of light emitted λ= 6328A˚, Average power P = 4.5 mW, t =1S
Solution
To find the number of photons emitted per second N = ?
𝑐
The energy of Photons when power is given 𝐸 = 𝑁ℎγ = 𝑝𝑡 = 𝑁ℎ
λ

𝒑𝒕𝝀 𝟒. 𝟓 × 𝟏𝟎−𝟑 × 𝟏 × 𝟔𝟑𝟐𝟖 × 𝟏𝟎−𝟏𝟎

𝑵= 𝑵=
𝒉𝒄 𝟔. 𝟔𝟐𝟔 × 𝟏𝟎−𝟑𝟒 × 𝟑 × 𝟏𝟎𝟖

𝑵 = 𝟏. 𝟒𝟑𝟓 × 𝟏𝟎𝟏𝟔

37
6. Find the number of photons emitted per second by a He-Ne laser source emitting light of
Wavelength 6328 A˚ with an optical power of 10mW.

Given data wavelength of light emitted λ= 6328A˚, Average power P = 10 mW, t =1S
Solution
To find the number of photons emitted per second N = ?

The energy of Photons when power is given 𝑐

𝐸 = 𝑁ℎγ = 𝑝𝑡 = 𝑁ℎ
λ

𝒑𝒕𝝀 𝟏𝟎 × 𝟏𝟎−𝟑 × 𝟏 × 𝟔𝟑𝟐𝟖 × 𝟏𝟎−𝟏𝟎

𝑵= 𝑵=
𝒉𝒄 𝟔. 𝟔𝟐𝟔 × 𝟏𝟎−𝟑𝟒 × 𝟑 × 𝟏𝟎𝟖

𝑵 = 𝟑. 𝟏𝟖𝟑𝟒 × 𝟏𝟎𝟏𝟔

38
7. The average output power of laser source emitting a laser beam of wavelength 6328 A˚ is 5mW. Find the number of photons
emitted per second by the laser source.

Given data wavelength of light emitted λ= 6328A˚, Average power P = 5 mW, t =1S
Solution
To find the number of photons emitted per second N = ?

The energy of Photons when power is given 𝑐

𝐸 = 𝑁ℎγ = 𝑝𝑡 = 𝑁ℎ
λ

𝒑𝒕𝝀 𝟓 × 𝟏𝟎−𝟑 × 𝟏 × 𝟔𝟑𝟐𝟖 × 𝟏𝟎−𝟏𝟎

𝑵= 𝑵=
𝒉𝒄 𝟔. 𝟔𝟐𝟔 × 𝟏𝟎−𝟑𝟒 × 𝟑 × 𝟏𝟎𝟖

𝑵 = 𝟏. 𝟓𝟗𝟏𝟕 × 𝟏𝟎𝟏𝟔

39
8. A laser operating at 632.8nm emits 3.162× 𝟏𝟎𝟏𝟔 photons per second. Calculate the output power of the laser if the input
power is 100 watt. Also find the percentage power converted into coherent light energy.

Given data wavelength of light emitted λ= 632.8nm, input power Pin = 100W, t =1S
Solution
To find the output power Pout = ? And % of power converted to light energy

The energy of Photons when power is given 𝑐

𝐸 = 𝑁ℎγ = 𝑝𝑡 = 𝑁ℎ
λ

𝑵𝒉𝒄 𝟑. 𝟏𝟔𝟐 × 𝟏𝟎𝟏𝟔 × 𝟔. 𝟔𝟐𝟔 × 𝟏𝟎−𝟑𝟒 × 𝟑 × 𝟏𝟎𝟖

𝑷𝒐𝒖𝒕 = 𝑷𝒐𝒖𝒕 = 𝑷𝒐𝒖𝒕 = 9.932×𝟏𝟎−𝟑 W
λ𝒕 𝟔𝟑𝟐. 𝟖 × 𝟏𝟎−𝟗 × 𝟏

% of power converted to light energy =

𝑷𝒐𝒖𝒕
𝑷𝒊𝒏
=
9.932×𝟏𝟎−𝟑
𝟏𝟎𝟎
× 100 = 9.932 × 𝟏𝟎−𝟑

% = 0.01%
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9. A laser emits pulses of 20ns duration with average power/pulse being 0.1MW. If the number of photons in each pulse is
6.981× 𝟏𝟎𝟏𝟓 , calculate the wavelength of the photons.

Solution Given data Number of Photons per pulse N = 6.981× 𝟏𝟎𝟏𝟓 ,

Average power P = 0.1MW, t =20nS

To find the wavelength of emitted photons λ = ?

𝑐
The energy of Photons when power is given 𝐸 = 𝑁ℎγ = 𝑝𝑡 = 𝑁ℎ
λ

𝑵𝒉𝑪 6.981× 𝟏𝟎𝟏𝟓 × 𝟔. 𝟔𝟐𝟔 × 𝟏𝟎−𝟑𝟒 × 𝟑 × 𝟏𝟎𝟖

λ= λ=
𝒑𝒕 𝟎. 𝟏 × 𝟏𝟎𝟔 × 𝟐𝟎 × 𝟏𝟎−𝟗

λ = 𝟔. 𝟗𝟑𝟖𝟒𝟐 × 𝟏𝟎−𝟕 𝝀 = 𝟔𝟗𝟑𝟖. 𝟒𝟐 × 𝟏𝟎−𝟏𝟎 m λ = 𝟔𝟗𝟑𝟖. 𝟒𝟐 A˚

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