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The Making of a Global World

❖ The Pre-modern World

❖ The Nineteenth Century (1815-1914)
❖ The Inter-war Economy
❖ Rebuilding a World Economy: The Post-war Era
The Pre-modern World

 Introduction
 Silk Routes Link the World
 Food Travels: Spaghetti and Potato
 Conquest, Disease and Trade
 The Pre-modern World
What is Globalisation?
 The movement of people, goods
and services across the nations
is called globalisation.
How globalisation took place?
 From ancient time, travelers, traders,
priests and pilgrims travelled vast distance
for
 knowledge,
 opportunity and
 spiritual fulfillment, or to
 escape persecution.
 They carried goods, money, values, skills,
ideas, inventions and even germs and
diseases.
Silk route

Silk Routes connected vast regions of Asia, Europe & North Africa.

Existed: Before Christian era till 15th century

Silk & Chinese pottery travelled through this route.

Textiles and Spices from India & Southeast Asia

In return: Gold & Silver

Religion: Christianity, Islam & Buddhism also travelled through this

route.
Silk route
Silk route
Food Travels
 Introduction of new crops: Potatoes, soya, groundnut, maize,
tomatoes, chilies and sweet potatoes.

 Noodles travelled west from China to become Spaghetti.

 Impact of new crops:

1. Europe’s poor began to eat better and live longer.
2. Ireland’s dependency on potato: in the mid-1840s, when disease
destroyed the potato crop, hundreds of thousands died of
starvation.
Route taken by Columbus to reach America
Conquest, Disease & Trade
 Discovery of sea route to Asia & America in 16th century.
 Precious metals: Silver from Peru & Mexico
 Conquest of America by Portuguese and Spanish
 Smallpox
The Nineteenth Century (1815-1914)
 Introduction
 World Economy Takes Shape
 Role of Technology
 Late nineteenth-century Colonialism
 Rinderpest, or the Cattle Plague
 Indentured labour Migration from India
 Indian Entrepreneurs Abroad
 Indian Trade, Colonialism & the Global System
Introduction

The world changed Economists identify

profoundly in the 19th three types of
century. movement or flows:
Economically Flow of Trade
Politically Flow of Labour
Socially & Flow of Capital
Technologically
World Economy Takes Shape
 Britain Corn Laws:
 Due to pressure from the landowners, govt. restricted the
import of corn.

 Impact:
1) Food price increase
2) Industrialists and urban people were unhappy.
3) Forced govt. to abolish the Corn Laws
World Economy Takes Shape
 Effect of abolition of Corn Laws:
1. Food prices fell
2. More industrial prod., led to higher income, more demand
3. Land were cleared in Australia, America & Eastern Europe, to
meet the demand of Britain.
4. New railways and harbours were developed
5. Capital started flowing from London to other part of the world.
6. Emigration from Europe to America & Australia
7. By 1890s, Global agriculture economy developed
Role of Technology
 New Inventions:
1) Railways
2) Steamships
3) Telegraph

 Development of refrigerated ships

1) Enable the transport of perishable foods over long distance.
2) That lead to better living conditions in Europe
3) Better living conditions promoted social peace and supported
imperialism.
Colonialism in late 19th century
 Trade flourished & market expanded.
 European conquest led to loss of freedoms and livelihoods of
colonised societies.
 Carving up of Africa : 1885, Berlin
 New colonial power emerged : Belgium, Germany & US
Rinderpest, or the Cattle Plague
 European were attracted to Africa due to Vast resource of land
and minerals.
 Labour problem in Africa

 European forced people to work

1. Imposition of Heavy Tax
2. Inheritance laws were changed
3. Mineworkers were confined to compounds
Rinderpest, or the Cattle Plague
 Arrival of Rinderpest : late 1880s
 It was carried by infected cattle imported from British Asia.
 Rinderpest spread in Africa like forest fire
 Its killed 90 % of the cattle

 Impact of Rinderpest :
 No choice for African
 Have to work in Plantation & Mines
Indentured labour migration from India
 Indentured labour = Bounded labour
 Hired on contract for a specific period of time

Who were the migrant from India?

 Poor from Bihar, UP & dry part of Tamil Nadu
 Send to : Caribbean Island, Mauritius & Fiji
 In India : Assam Tea Plantation
What was the condition of Indentured Labour?
 Horrible
 No legal rights
 Finally abolished in 1921
Indenture labour : Caribbean Island,
Mauritius & Fiji, In India (Assam)
Indian Entrepreneurs Abroad
 Indian Bankers & Traders
 like Shikaripuri Shroffs
 Financed export agriculture in Central & Southeast Asia.
 Using own or borrowed fund
 Had sophisticated system to transfer money
Indian Trade, Colonialism and the Global System

 India used to export fine cottons to Europe.

 But after Industrialisation
 British cotton manufacture began to expand.
 Industrialists pressurised the govt. to restrict cotton import.
 Tariffs were imposed.
Impact of Export

Export of cotton
textiles

Export of raw
materials increased
 Opium Trade:
 In 1820s Britain grew opium in India and exported it to
China.
 In returned Britain financed its tea & other imports from
China.

 Trade Surplus: When the Value of exports is higher than

the value of imports.
QUIZ TIME
Q. Which country introduced Q. Which of the following is the
‘Corn Laws’ to restrict the first European country that
import of corn? conquered America?

 India  The English

 France  The German

 USA  The Spanish

 Britain  The French

QUIZ TIME
Q. Which country introduced Q. Which of the following is the
‘Corn Laws’ to restrict the first European country that
import of corn? conquered America?

 India  The English

 France  The German

 USA  The Spanish

 Britain  The French