REDUCED RELATIVE CLAUSES

1) (Rel.pronoun + be) + Ving

The boy who was talking to the man was crying. = The boy talking to the man was crying.
The books which are being shown to the girl are expensive.=The books being shown------------
*The boy who is running towards us is my son.

*The chidren who were talking about the incident were witnesses.

*Today’s people, who aren’t thinking of the future generations, are inconsiderately polluting the earth.

2) (Rel.pronoun + be) + V3
The boy who is called by a girl feels happy.= The boy called by a girl feels happy.
The telephone,which was invented by Graham Bell, paved the way to electronic communication.
( The telephone invented by……………paved the way………)
*The money which was stolen yesterday has been found.

*The children who was punished by the teacher was standing in the corner.

*I like to listen to songs which are sung in Turkish.

*Her husband, who was promoted to a higher position, will get more money.

*Everybody was captured by the charm of the music which was being played so beautifully by the orchestra.

3) (Rel.pronoun + be) adjective phrase

Last week, we learned the chemicals which are soluble in the water. ( Last week, we learned the chemicals soluble…)
People who are always pessimistic about life can never reach happiness.( People always pessimistic about…….)
*The girl who is happy with her exam result is smiling.

*Anyone who is interested in animals can join our club.

*I need a box which is big enough to hold these books.

My car, which was much cheaper than yours, hasn’t caused me any trouble.

4) ( Rel.pronoun + be) + noun

Have you heard about Honolulu,which is the capital of Hawai.
Thomas Hardy, who was a novelist, was the son of a farmer.
5) (rel.pronoun + be) + prep.phrase
The people who are at the back of the queue arew unhappy. (The people at the back of the queue are…….)
6) active verbs in any tense Ving
The parents who talked to me were blind.( The parents talking to me were blind)
The reason that has led to his resignation is still unknown. ( The reason leading to his resignation is still unknown.)
My landlady, who doesn’t allow me to have a pet, died yesterday. ( My landlady not allowing me to have …..)
*The girl who lives upstairs is making too much noise.

*The customers who talked to the manager looked very angry.

*Her parents,who expect her to get a high degree, will be disappointed if she can’t.
*If there is a tense disagreement in the relative clause we use “ having been V3”
7) to + V1
* Reduction with ordinal numbers-first/second/third/…..etc
Robert Jr was the first person , who reached the North Pole.( Robert Jr was the first person to reach the North Pole)
The first skyscraper that was built in London had only ten floors.
( The first skyscraper to be built in --------------------------------------)
*to have V3 =You’re the sixth person who asked me the same question yesterday.
( You’re the sixth person to have asked me the same question today.)
8)Reduction with “ the next, the last, the only”
The only person who will join us is Ali. ( The only person to join us is Ali)
The next step that we should take is very important. ( The next step to be taken is very important)
Naci is the last man whom I would suspect of.( Naci is the last man to be happy)
9) Reduction with superlatives
The Diary of Anna Frank is one of the best books which reflects intolerance.
The Diary of Anna Frank is one of the best books to reflect intolerence.
The shortest route that we can follow is through the village.
The shortest route to follow is through the village.
10) Reduction with indefinite pronouns
There was nothing that we could do.( There was nothing to do)
You must buy something larger which you can put all your books in.
You must buy something larger to put all your books in.
*Would you like something that you can read?

*It’s cold outside.I need something that I can put on.

*I’ll have many clients that I must deal with.

11) Reduction with a prepositional phrase

The boy who is wearing glasses is sitting in the front.
The boy with glasses is sitting in the front.
Do you know the boy who is standing at the door?
Do you know the boy at the door?
*The books which are on the top shelf are difficult to reach.

*The people who were along both sides of the road were watching the parade.

*I don’t like those girls who are by the sea.

*The students who are in the canteen must not aware of the time.

PRACTICE
Rewrite the following sentences using a relative clause in a reduced form.In other words change the adjective clauses to
adjective phrases
1.Schindler’s List, which is a film by Stephen Spielberg, is based on a true story that took place in World War II.
2.I have been looking for the letters which I have to deliver today. (to)
3.The longest match that has ever been played in the Wimbledon Tennis Cup is the game between John Isher and Fly High.

4.The ones who buy their tickets on the Internet are taken in first.

5.The thieves entered the bank with the help of the security guard. He was hired last week.
The security guard______________________________________________________________________________
6.The last unit which we should do this term is on prepositions.

7.My father had a few reports that we should go through so he stayed home.

8.The Prime Minister, who was invited to Algeria, set off with a number of businessmen.

9.The old lady who walks with difficulty can’t travel alone.

10.Nobody had stepped on the Moon before Yuri Gagarin.

Yuri Gagarin _________________________________________________________________________
11.The teacher will give an A+ to the first student who answers the question correctly.(to)
The first ____________________________________________________________________________
12.No other place can be photographed as beautifully as Istanbul.
Istanbul is the __________________________________________________________________
13.The police officer was attacked by the suspect. They were taking him to the court.
The suspect ______________________________________________________________________
14.The monuments which were being shown to the people aroused a great deal of interest.

15.Do you know the girl who has been talking to the teacher?

16.The children curiously examined the box which was left by the old man.

17.Devrim couldn’t get over the trauma easily which was caused by a car accident.

18.Being rich which is the dream of many people may sometimes bring unhappiness.

19.The applicants who are at the bottom of the list will be interviewed first.

20.Necla is the last person whom I would suspect of.

21.That is the most successful book which Ali Cingöz wrote.

____________________________________________________________________by Ali Cingöz.
22.The students who wanted to postpone the quiz were eventually able to persuade the teacher.

23. “Roots” which was written by Alex Haley, is the history of one black American family.

24. Students who aren’t interested in grammar can prepare their term paper in literature.

25.His first book, which was published in 1975, didn2t get so much praise as he expected.

Underline the correct form of the verb

1.A Ukrainian aircraft crashed during an aerobatics presentation at an airshow near Lviv, killed/killing/that killed 85 people.
2.Afgan forces led/which led/ leading by Ayub Khan defeated the British Army near Maiwand in 1880.
3.Some koalas and kangaroos live/living/lived in Australia are said to have American roots.
4.Children aren’t given/not given/ not giving love by their mothers aren’t able to cope with the stresses and strains of adult
life.
5.Wikilieaks,published/ publishing/that published thousands of documents which relate/ relating/ related to the
government’s secrets, also gave those details to three major papers around the world.
6.Cully Cobb, that was grown/grown/ was grown up as a poor Tennessee farm boy, became/becoming/had become a majör
agricultural Publisher and co-founder of the Cobb Institute of Archeology.
7.Bora Turgut became the first mountaineer climbing/to climb/climbed Mount Ağrı alone and without oxygen tanks.