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THE MONITORING OF FOREST COVERAGE CHANGES ACCORDING TO THE

REMOTE SENSING INDICES IN THE THE MOCIAR FOREST

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 ACADEMIA ROMÂNĂ – FILIALA CLUJ-NAPOCA
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GEOGRAPHIA NAPOCENSIS
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An XII, nr. 1
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 Mădălin-Sebastian Lung, Gabriela-Alina Mureşan

EDITORIAL BOARD OF
GEOGRPAPHIA NAPOCENSIS

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Editor-in-Chief

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Pompei COCEAN – Romanian Academy, Cluj-Napoca Subsidiary, Geography Section

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Editorial Board

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Dan BĂLTEANU – Romanian Academy, Institut of Geography, Bucureşti
Phillipe BACHIMON –Avignon University, France

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Gyula HORVÀTH – Centre for Regional Studies, Hungarian Academy of Science
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Peter JORDAN – Institut of Geography, Viena, Austria.
Erhard SCHULZ - University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
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Nemes-NAGY JÓZSEF - Lorand University, Budapest, Hungary
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Alexandru UNGUREANU – ,,Al.I.Cuza” University, Faculty of Geography and Geology, Iaşi,

Nicolae CIANGĂ – Babeş-Bolyai University, Faculty of Geography.
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Ioan IANOŞ – Bucureşti University, Faculty of Geography

Ştefan BILAŞCO – Babeş–Bolyai University, Faculty of Geography
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Valerio BAIOCCHI - La Sapienza University, Roma, Italy

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Gabriela COCEAN – Romanian Academy, Cluj-Napoca Subsidiary, Geography Section

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Executive Editors
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CS III.dr. Ştefan BILAŞCO – Romanian Academy, Cluj-Napoca Subsidiary, Geography Section

CS III.dr. Gabriela COCEAN – Romanian Academy, Cluj-Napoca Subsidiary, Geography Section
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geographianapocensis.acad-cluj.ro
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ISSN 1843-5920
ISSN online 1844-9840
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 Geographia Napocensis Anul XII, nr. 1, 2018

THE MONITORING OF FOREST COVERAGE CHANGES

ACCORDING TO THE REMOTE SENSING INDICES IN THE THE
MOCIAR FOREST

Marcel Mîndru1 Sanda Roșca2, Ștefan Bilașco2,3, Ioan Păcurar1, Ioan Fodorean2,

18
Iuliu Vescan2, DĂnuț Petrea2, Mihai Breje2

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Abstract: - The monitoring of forest coverage changes according to the remote sensing indices in the the

j.r . 1
Mociar Forest. The development level of the Mociar Forest between 1986 and 2016 was measured using
remote sensing techniques, by developing geographical tests based on the NDVI value, during distinctive

lu nr
timeframes backed up by LANDSAT satellite images that cover the specific timeframe of analysis. This under-
lined the changes occurred in the forest lots of the Mociar Forest, changes related to the anthropic influence,

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the distress caused by the climate variations (temperature, rainfall) and also due to the edaphic factors (excess

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of soil humidity, variations of nutrient levels). In order to identify the impact of the climate factors, especially
the rainfall levels pertaining to the analyzed timeframe, the value of the Angot index number was established,

.ac n
which enabled the monthly framing according to the specific rainfall class. This helped pinpoint the forest

sis A
areas where the drying of the forest vegetation has extended, the result being useful in the monitoring process
of the Mociar Forest..
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Key-Words: NDVI, land-use changes, Mociar Forest
ce NS

1 Introduction 8 or 11 strip structure) are acquired during the

maximum vegetation timeframe for each species
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The long term monitoring of the evolution pertaining to the studied area and also the ana-
na C

of the forest areas enables the evaluation of their lyzed area of the image must not be obscured by
ia PO

development stage and, based on the results, con- cloud formations.

clusions and hypothesis can be formulated regard- The monitoring of the Mociar Forest area
ph A

ing the health condition of the forest and also the was performed between 1986 and 2016, its main
possible deficiencies regarding the intervention at
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goal being the identification of the areas with

production unit level and the experimental lots. different stages of greenery development, based
og IA

Out of the direct monitoring methods, on the spectral bands of the LANDSAT satellite
based on indirect measurements, the remote sens- images available free of charge, integrated in
ge PH

ing techniques are the main instruments that, by the analysis based on the NDVI index. This in-
means of satellite images of medium resolution dex has been successfully used in previous stud-
RA

and their integration with the help of remote sens- ies regarding the identification of the vegetation
ing indices, enable the tracking and the integrated coverage level in different areas (Anderson et al.,
monitoring of the wooded areas (health condition, 2004, Amiri et al., 2009, Chakraborthy and Se-
G

development capacity, timber decrease). hgal, 2010, Sruthi and Mohammed Aslam, 2015,
EO

The main request regarding the use of these Roșca, 2017), parameter which varies wih the
techniques is that the satellite images (with an annual average temperature of the studied area
G

1
Department of Soil Sciences and Technical Sciences, University of Agricultural Sciences and Veterinary Medicine, Ro-
mania; ioanpacurarcj@yahoo.com.
2
Department of Physical and Technical Geography, Faculty of Geography, Babeș Bolyai University, Clinicilor Street,
400006, Cluj-Napoca, Romania; stefan.bilasco@ubbcluj.ro rosca_sanda@yahoo.com, ioan.fodorean@ubbcluj.ro, iuliu.
vescan@ubbcluj.ro
3
Romanian Academy Romanian Academy, Cluj-Napoca Subsidiary Geography Section, 9 Republicii Street, 400015
Cluj-Napoca, Romania; stefan.bilasco@ubbcluj.ro
27
 Marcel Mîndru, Sanda Roșca, Ștefan Bilașco, Ioan Păcurar, Ioan Fodorean, Iuliu Vescan,
Dănuț Petrea, Mihai Breje

and with the general tendency of temperature
growth at global level due to the global worming
(Zhou et al.., 2001, Anderson et. al., 2004, Bunn
et al., 2005, Amiri et al., 2009, Chakraborthy and
Sehgal, 2010, Meng et al., 2011, Sruthi and Mo-
hammed Aslam, 2015).
cies of Quercus (robur, petraea, cerris, frainetto
etc), Tilia tomentosa, Cortinus coggygria, Fes-
tuca heterophylla, Ranunculus auricomus, Hel-
leborusodorus etc.). The forest pertains to the
Gurghiu Forest District, Mures County Forestry
Department, with a total surface of the production

18
unit of 2318,1 ha (Mândru et. al., 2017) (Fig. 1).
2 Study area The forest vegetation outside the national

20
forestry areas is represented by clumps of trees or

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The Mociar Forest, located in Mures Coun- isolated trees, the alderies situated along the

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ty, is a protected natural area (Natura 2000), Gurghiu River waterside, and also the tree align-
ments found along the roads. Their acreage is esti-

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which implies the long term assurance of the sur-
vival of some of the most valuable species and mated around 5.0 ha. From the perspective of the
Mociar Forest management, the lots pertaining to

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European habitats which are endangered at the

o
the Natural Park, therefore the protected area, are

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moment (Dacian oak and hornbeam forests with
key species of Carpinus betulus and various spe- distinguished among the total of 246.67 ha.

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Fig. 1 The geographical location of the Mociar Forest

28
 The monitoring of ,forest coverage changes according to the remote sensing indices in the the mociar forest

3. Methodology and Results bands. Knowing that healthy vegetation (chloro-

The main database used in the analysis is
represented by the LANDSAT images, download-
ed free of charge from the online portal https://
earthexplorer.usgs.gov/, images which were ob-
phyll) reflects closer to infrared and green light,
compared to other wavelengths, and absorbs
more red and blue light, we can easily determine
the vegetation areas and especially the forest
vegetation areas.

18
tained during different missions of the LANDSAT The results obtained the formula described
program: mission 5, 7 and 8 (Table 1). above have been classified in 5 categories, ac-

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Table 1 Databases used in the analysis

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Cloud Cover/ Cloud Cover/ Band
Imagine data Mision Resolution
Imagine study area RED NIR

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18. 09. 1986 LANDSAT 5 30 0 0 Band 3 Band 4

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28.08. 1990 LANDSAT 5 30 6 0,05 Band 3 Band 4
08.09. 1994 LANDSAT 5 30 0 0 Band 3 Band 4

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27.05. 2000 LANDSAT 7 30 13 0 Band 3 Band 4
26.06. 2005
12.06. 2010
sis A
LANDSAT 7
LANDSAT 7
30
30
4
7
0,12
0
Band 3
Band 3
Band 4
Band 4
m IS
02.09. 2015 LANDSAT 8 30 1,02 0 Band 4 Band 5
ce NS

09.09. 2016 LANDSAT 8 30 12,64 0 Band 4 Band 5

po E

The governing principle of this study is cording to the spectral response of each spectral
na C

the apriori knowledge of the spectral response of band analyzed based on the NDVI index for each
each use class of soil and the identification with year of study: < 0.1 – uncovered land; 0.1-0.2
ia PO

the help of specialized software of those classes - pasture; 0.2-0.3 – shrubbery; 0.3-0.6 – dense
for the studied area. NDVI is basically a stand- vegetation; > 6 – dense forest vegetation (Fig.
ph A

ardized instrument of measuring the healthy veg- 2,3,4,5).

ra N

etation. (DeFries, Townshend, 1994, Wilson et The starting point is therefore the concept
al., 2002, Wang et al., 2005). that the diminution of the NDIV index value is
og IA

Normalized Difference Vegetation Index related to a negative change in the vegetation

(NDVI) was obtained by using the formula: coverage level (in this case, determined by the
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drying of the species of trees or by their ex-

ploitation).
RA

The analysis of the quantitative values ob-

tained by recording and processing the NDIV
index database highlights the 0.3-0.6 class
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Where: NDVI - Normalized Difference

Vegetation Index (dense vegetation) present on a very large ge-
EO

NIR - near-infrared ographical area during all the timeframes taken

Red – Red band into account. The variation of this interval on
G

the analyzed time scale pinpoints to a qualita-

The degree of vegetation coverage, iden- tive improvement of the shrubbery layer can-
opy with small fluctuations during the 1990-
tified with the help of the NDVI index, was cal-
1994 timeframe (Fig. 2, Fig.3) and a substantial
culated using the ratio between the difference
growth after 2005.
and the sum of the spectral signatures found at
the visible limit (Red) and near-infrared (NIR)

29
 Marcel Mîndru, Sanda Roșca, Ștefan Bilașco, Ioan Păcurar, Ioan Fodorean, Iuliu Vescan,
Dănuț Petrea, Mihai Breje

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Fig. 2 NDVI index at 1986 level (left) and 1990 (right)

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Fig. 3 NDVI index at 1994 level (left) and 2000 (right)

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Fig. 4 NDVI index at 2005 level (left) and 2010 (right)

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Fig. 5 NDVI index at 2015 level (left) and 2016 (right)

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 The monitoring of ,forest coverage changes according to the remote sensing indices in the the mociar forest

A main cause for the decrease mentioned
above could be the lack of rain, this timeframe
being classified as extremely dry (Roșca, 2015),
with very droughty months leading to and during
the growing season. (Table 3).
which revealed a significant decrease in the can-
opy layer in the entire Mociar Forest area.
The Quercus drying is a complex disease,
which affects large European areas and is espe-
cially noted in various degrees in areas of France,

18
Table 2 The evolution of the identified groups between 1986–2016

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NDVI Area (ha)
Value

/
1986 1990 1994 2000 2005 2010 2015 2016

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<0 0 0 0 102.51 5.94 8.46 0 0

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0 - 0.1 117.27 42.48 0.27 52.56 8.55 5.4 0.54 0.72
0.1 - 0.2 210.06 616.23 8.82 216.09 9 15.3 5.22 3.24

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0.2 - 0.3 563.67 731.07 73.08 519.93 17.01 251.64 522.81 36.09

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0.3 - 0.58 2118.15 1619.37 1591.02 2117.07 1799.55 2637.99 2463.3 2972.52
>0.6 0 0 1335.96 0 1117.53 84.6 0 0

.ac n
The NDVI analysis of the shrubbery
sis A
quality marks out the forest state regarding the
Germany, the United Kingdom, Poland and other
(Șimonca and Taut, 2010). In Romania, this phe-
m IS
water - vegetation development relationship, by nomenon has been identified for the following
observing this aspect during the course of 2005, timeframes: 1910-1914, 1937-1943, 1955-1961
ce NS

a highly rainy year (Roșca, 2015), associated (Haring et al., 1984, Marcu, 1966). Across Mures
with a geographical expansion (1117.53 ha) of County, the drying of the holm was observed on
po E

the class (>6), which corresponds to dense forest

a 4886 ha area and the drying of the oak was ex-
na C

vegetation.
tended to a 1650 ha surface (Șimonca and Tăut,
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Table 3 The monthly rainfall feature according to the Angot index

ph A

K Winter Spring Summer Autumn

ra N

lunar XII I II III IV V VI VII VIII IX X XI

1994 FS FS FS FS S P FS FS N FS S FS
og IA

2000 FS FS FS FS FS FS FS FP FS FS FS FS
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2005 N S S S P FP P FP FP N FS S
2010 N S S P N S P N S S S FS
(where: N-normal, S-dry, FS-very dry, P-rainy, FP-very rainy)
RA

The 0-0.3 categories have a small geograph- 2010). The causes of this complex slow or fast
G

ical extent, considering that the entire area is a drying process are various and could be linked
EO

shrubbery plantation which pertains to the >0.3 to the vascular plants from the Ophiobolus genus
category, the inferior categories being represent- (Ceratocystis), or the C. fagacearum (Șimonca
ed by the areas where the canopy is dry or areas and Tăut, 2010), C. roboris, O. valachica and
G

dominated by fellings or lack of forest vegetation. Ceratostomella querci, C.querci, Ophiostoma

The analysis of the qualitative changes of
the shrubbery layer canopy was based on com-
paring the NDVI index values from previous
years. The first comparison focused on the first
year of the studied timeframe and the year 2016,
(Cerat.) roboris and C.piceae species (Alexe,
1986, Marcu, 1985, Petrescu, 1984).
As far as the MociarForst is concerned, two
problem sources have been identified: the green
oak moth (Tortrix viridana), which affects the

31
 Marcel Mîndru, Sanda Roșca, Ștefan Bilașco, Ioan Păcurar, Ioan Fodorean, Iuliu Vescan,
Dănuț Petrea, Mihai Breje

leaves of the oak and the great capricorn beetle The obtained data was further filled in by
(Cerambix cerdo), which gnaws galleries in the on site acquired information, which was then
trunk of the oak (Varga et al., 2014). processed by professional software, thus regis-

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Fig. 6 Comparative analysis 2016-1986 based on the NDVI index Fig. 7. Comparison of experimen-
tal parcels
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From the spacial point of view, a pro- tering information about the vegetation; this was
na C

nounced decrease in the canopy quality can be used to define the overall perspective of the sta-
observed in the Western and South-Western side tion and the brush and to regulate the forest pro-
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of the area (Fig. 6), geographically identified duction process. The types of forest stations and
across the 1, 3, 9, 10, 17-19 forest lots, and also the types of forests belonging to the studied area
ph A

in the far Eastern side of the areal, in the 78, 79, were established based on the data regarding the
ra N

89 forest lots. vegetation and the soil characteristics.

The detailed analysis of the comparison re- 6 types of stations were defined, the most
og IA

sults outlines an improvement in the quality of common being: 7.3.3.1. (hillocky quercus with
the canopy across all the experimental lots per- oak, Bi, strong pseudogleypodzol, mild edaph-
ge PH

taining to the Mociar Forest. The 25D and 25E ic), which covers 56% of the surface of the
lots registered a maximum rate of improvement, station, followed by the 7.3.3.2. lot (hillocky
RA

a fact sustained by the on-site observations, thus
leading to a high rate of precision of the NDVI
index - based analysis.
G
quercus with oak, Bm, pseudogleypodzol, with
Poapratensis – Carexcaryophyllea), dispersed on
33% of the surface. The low solvency station bal-

ance (56% of the station surface) indicates that

EO

4. Conclusion the forest vegetation has poor development con-

ditions in its geophysical areal.
G

The monitoring of the vegetation cover-
age in the Mociar Forest area was done by us-
ing remote sensing indices applied with the aid
of professional geoinformation software, which
bore the identification of the NDVI index value
pertaining to the 1986-2016 timeframe.
The high solvency stations (3% of the stud-
ied area) have no limiting factors with strong cu-
mulating actions, so they do not require special
management measures. In these brush areas, all
the forest work can be conducted on an appropri-
ate scale, considering the current state of the brush.

32
 The monitoring of ,forest coverage changes according to the remote sensing indices in the the mociar forest
In the mild solvency areas (41% of the
stations found in the U.P. X Mociar), there are
a number of factors with negative cumulated ac-
tion: the lower edaphic volume, the stagnation
of water and the formation of marshes (which
blocks the normal development of the tree roots),
the sun exposure (which favors the evapotranspi-
ration) etc. The existing brush in this category of
stations require a greater attention regarding the
/
type and the intensity of the appropriate work,
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keeping in mind the natural regeneration of the
forest, ensuring a consistency which will not
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permit the excessive grass growth and also the
correct performance of the necessary technical
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forest work.
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In the production unit area (for 56% of the
surface), by the cummulation of various geomor-
.ac n
phological, edaphic and climatic factors (exces-
sis A
sive humidity, very low edaphic volume, lower
percentage of nutrients, grass growth, local de-
m IS
pasturage, etc.), the existence of the lower sol-
ce NS
vency stations was identified. In their case, it is
imperative to adopt certain management actions,
po E
according to the intended targets: ensuring the
na C
integrity and continuity of the forest vegetation,
the growth of the resistance to drying and to the
ia PO
action of phytopathogen agents, the fulfillment
of the attributed functions etc.
ph A
The work will be carried out with extreme
ra N
care, in correlation with the evolution of the regen-
eration requirements, with well justified intensity,
og IA
so that the soil can be quickly and well covered,
with as little brush thinning as possible. For af-
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forestation and replenishment it is recommended
to use local condition resistant species, which can
RA
best fulfill the predetermined objectives.
G
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