Professional Documents
Culture Documents
User Manual AHAsolar
User Manual AHAsolar
Contents
List of Abbreviation ............................................................................................................................3
List of Figures.....................................................................................................................................4
Chapter 1: Introduction ......................................................................................................................7
1.1 Welcome to AHA Solar Web-Portal .................................................................................................... 8
1.2 AHA Solar Rooftop Helper Home Page ............................................................................................. 10
Chapter 2: How to Setup Your Company on Professional Tool .......................................................... 12
How to On-board on Aha Solar Rooftop Helper ..................................................................................... 13
2.1 Profile ................................................................................................................................................ 14
2.2 Change Password .............................................................................................................................. 14
2.3 Company Profile ................................................................................................................................ 15
2.4 Customer Management .................................................................................................................... 20
2.5 Branch Management ........................................................................................................................ 21
2.6 Warehouse Management ................................................................................................................. 22
2.7 Company Management .................................................................................................................... 23
2.8 Vendors ............................................................................................................................................. 24
2.9 Payment Milestone ........................................................................................................................... 25
2.10 Set Default Activity.......................................................................................................................... 26
2.11 Set Default Payment Terms ............................................................................................................ 27
2.12 Co-Worker Integration .................................................................................................................... 28
2.13 Assign Roles..................................................................................................................................... 29
Chapter 3: Inventory Management ................................................................................................... 31
3.1 Stock and Inventory .......................................................................................................................... 33
3.2 Dispatch to Agency ........................................................................................................................... 35
3.3 Return Material ................................................................................................................................. 39
3.4 Purchase Order ................................................................................................................................. 40
Chapter 4: Add-Ons .......................................................................................................................... 43
4.1 Push Notification ............................................................................................................................... 44
4.2 Manage Module Access .................................................................................................................... 45
4.3 Assign Bulk Projects .......................................................................................................................... 46
4.4 Manage Targets ................................................................................................................................ 47
Chapter 5: How to manage a Project................................................................................................. 48
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List of Abbreviation
IRR Solar Irradiation
GHI Global Horizontal Irradiation
PV Photovoltaic
RT Rooftop
SPVRT Solar Photovoltaic Rooftop
AC Alternate Current
DC Direct Current
Wp Watt Peak
kW Kilo Watts
kWh Kilo Watt Hour
MW Mega Watts
GW Giga Watts
NSM National Solar Mission
MNRE Ministry of New & Renewable Energy
IEA International Energy Agency
NCR National Capital Region
CoP Conference of Parties
EPC Engineering and Procurement Company
CSR Corporate Social Responsibility
CFA Central Financial Assistance
VGF Viability Gap Funding
GBI Generation Based Incentive
PPA Power Purchase Agreement
REC Renewable Energy Certificate
CUF Capacity Utilization Factor
PR Performance Ratio
IPP Individual Power Producer
NSM National Solar Mission
GENCO Power Generation Companies/Corporations
TRANSCO Power Transmission Corporations
DISCOM Electricity Distribution Authority in a State or region in a State
SLD Single Line Diagram
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List of Figures
Figure 1 : Homepage AHA Solar Website Version ........................................................................................ 8
Figure 2: Customer Login Pop-up Screen ...................................................................................................... 9
Figure 3: Dashboard-Filter .......................................................................................................................... 10
Figure 4: Dashboard-Enquiry & AHA Leads................................................................................................. 10
Figure 5: Dashboard-Project Statistics ........................................................................................................ 10
Figure 6: Dashboard-Project Activities ....................................................................................................... 11
Figure 7: Dashboard-Targets ....................................................................................................................... 11
Figure 8: Profile Settings ............................................................................................................................. 13
Figure 9: Profile Information ....................................................................................................................... 14
Figure 10: Change Password ....................................................................................................................... 15
Figure 11: Company Profile-I ...................................................................................................................... 16
Figure 12: Company Profile-II ..................................................................................................................... 17
Figure 13: Scope of Work ............................................................................................................................ 18
Figure 14: Inverter Login Detail .................................................................................................................. 18
Figure 15: Vendor Codes ............................................................................................................................. 19
Figure 16: Connected Customer ................................................................................................................. 20
Figure 17: Company Branch Detail ............................................................................................................. 21
Figure 18: Manage Branch .......................................................................................................................... 21
Figure 19: Warehouse Details ..................................................................................................................... 22
Figure 20: Manage Warehouse ................................................................................................................... 22
Figure 21: Installation Agency Management .............................................................................................. 23
Figure 22: Vendor Details............................................................................................................................ 24
Figure 23: Vendor Registration Form.......................................................................................................... 24
Figure 24:Create Payment Milestone ......................................................................................................... 25
Figure 25: Default Activities ........................................................................................................................ 26
Figure 26: Payment Terms .......................................................................................................................... 27
Figure 27: Coworker Details ........................................................................................................................ 28
Figure 28: Assign Role ................................................................................................................................. 29
Figure 29: Modify Coworker Details ........................................................................................................... 30
Figure 30: Inventory Management ............................................................................................................. 32
Figure 31: Stock & Inventory....................................................................................................................... 33
Figure 32: Equipment Code History ............................................................................................................ 33
Figure 33: Equipment Rate Listing .............................................................................................................. 33
Figure 34: Inventory Item Details ............................................................................................................... 34
Figure 35: Inventory Adjustment ................................................................................................................ 34
Figure 36: Dispath Item Details .................................................................................................................. 35
Figure 37: Add Dispatch .............................................................................................................................. 35
Figure 38: Gate Pass Details ....................................................................................................................... 36
Figure 39: Delivery Challan ......................................................................................................................... 36
Figure 40: Gate Pass.................................................................................................................................... 36
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Chapter 1: Introduction
About AHAsolar
AHA Solar is an AI powered Solar CleanTech Platform developed to help EPC players and their
allied ecosystem to grow at a faster rate. It is done through a digital solution to automate
process, design, projects and procurement process through a Single Platform.
AHAsolar is one of India’s fastest growing Digital Solution provider company which is using
cloud technology and artificial intelligence to empower Solar EPC, MSMEs, new entrepreneur
to digitalize their process and have a AHA Moment using the power of DATA.
This platform is created by the team who has extensively worked with Germans and also
developed digital platform for Government of Gujrat and MNRE for managing the World’s
biggest Rooftop Programme of 2.2GW which is being implemented in the state of Gujarat.
The team is a perfect blend of Solar and IT professionals working together to build a “Software
of Solar” to help EPC Company to automate, save and ultimately helping adoption of clean
energy
The AHA Platform digitalizes all the stakeholders of Solar EPC company i.e. internal teams;
consumer; DisComs and SNA; OEMs through multiple software integrated into a single
Platform of AHA Solar Helper. AHA Solar Helper Pro is a business tool & key to taking your
solar business to the next level and it is available on Android, IOS and Web.
Whether you are a Sales Manager or a Director, the full suite of features keeps growing for
everyone so you'll be fully equipped to connect your teams and streamline your processes.
The key features of the AHA Platform is mentioned below:
Lead Management
Inventory Management
Execution
Service
Follow-ups
2. Automated
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The all-in-one software helps an EPC company to manage all their Technical, Commercial
and Administrative work on a single platform them increase the sales and optimize the
operations. The AHA platform is being used by more than 500+ Solar EPC companies to
Digitalize their process. You can check out this link for more details of the
feature: https://bit.ly/2YRlgzh .The Mobile App ("AHA Solar" App) can be downloaded from
the below mentioned links
The AHA Solar Rooftop Helper is designed to digitalize the Project Development Process in
order to achieve efficiency and effectivity. The users can manage their Firm’s activities through
this portal which is specially designed to provide independence to work from anywhere
connected to internet Sun Analyser, Shadow Analysis & Plant Layout Designing can only be
done through this platform only.
Step 1: Go to www.ahasolar.in on your browser to visit the Web-Portal as displayed below and
click on Customer Login blinking on the Top-Right of the screen as shown below in the circle.
Login Window}
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Step 2: Enter your login credentials in the pop-up window to access your AHA Solar rooftop
Helper on Web-Portal.
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The DASHBOARD
Figure 3: Dashboard-Filter
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Figure 7: Dashboard-Targets
This Dashboard is a summary of all the projects and activities, completed, on-going, Pending into your
business and its Roles & Responsibilities to Give you a brief understanding of your business. This section
visualises all the data gathered from your activities.
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This section will help you to Integrate your firm with the AHA Solar Rooftop Helper. You need
to enter the information required to verify the Professional EPC player on the AHA Solar
Database.
To Integrate with the Project Management Tool, login with your credentials and follow the steps
provided below for successful on-boarding.
Go to Profile header and move your cursor over Settings, a new list will emerge as shown in the
picture below. Select the Section to update all the information of your EPC Firm. All the
Sections are explained in details in this user manual.
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
Figure 8: Profile Settings
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2.1 Profile
Go to Profile section and click, A page will open with the
basic info of the Account User which can be updated from
here as shown below.
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Enter Company Logo. Sign & Stamp, Introduction and Address and Submit
I II III IV V VI VII
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You must mention the scope of work to define the roles and responsibility as per your basic Work
Agreement that you will be signing to developing a project.
It should be as per your basic Work Agreement that you offer to your clients.
Dropdown List
Dropdown List
Select the Category of the
Figure 13: Scope of Work Activity and enter the Title with
the description of the task that
has to be done under the Scope
of either EPC or Customer or
something unique and Submit.
This is required to monitor the generation from the Solar PV Plant. Login with the Credentials of
the Inverter that has been commissioned.
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Multiple Vendors can be allotted depending on the requirement at different stages in a Solar PV
Project Development.
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Click here to
Add new Branch
Click to edit
{You can Add new Branch or Edit current Branch details the form will be same for both}
Figure 17: Company Branch Detail
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{You can Add new Branch or Edit current Branch details the form will be same for both}
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2.8 Vendors
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Step 1:
Delete a payment
A percentage of milestone to add
Figure 24:Create Payment Milestone
Total amount to another one
be paid can be
allotted to each
milestone
{No. of Days could be aligned to no. of days required to complete the project}
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Note: You will get the Link codes as per your co-worker strength based on your subscription.
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Assign Roles and Responsibilities along with the Rights provided to the co-worker and limit the
Module access granted.
{Select the Branches Allotted to User}
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Step 1: Click on Add Dispatch as shown in circle below to add a dispatch to an Agency.
Details of All
Dispatches are
available here
Figure 36: Dispath Item Details
Edit the Order or
Download Challan
& Pass
Step 2: Enter the details as shown below in order to initiate a dispatch of material.
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file:///C:/Users/Delight/Downloads/Documents/purchase-order-149-000004.pdf
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Generate P.O.
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Figure 50:
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Chapter 4: Add-Ons
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{This page will open and you can add or edit here}
Filter
{Tick to Select}
Figure 52: Add Push
Notification Submit to Send
or schedule it
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{This page will open, Admin can Grant Access to co-worker from here}
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Stage-I • Lead
Pre-Sales Management
Stage-II • Conversion
Customer of Client &
Designing
Acquisition
Stage-III • Installation
Execution of PV Plant
Stage-IV • Customer
Asset Relationship
Management
Management
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Stage-I
Pre-Sales
Enquiry
Follow-Up
Assign/Re-assign Co-Worker
My Leads
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5.1.1 Enquiries
Step 1: Click on the Enquiry Icon blinking on the 12o’clock (mid-top) of the screen. (in circle)
Step 2: Fill the details of the client in the enquiry form. You can add additional details if
available as shown in the Step 3. (* mandatory fields)
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After Submitting, the Lead will go to Enquiry List and further follow-up can be done by taking actions in
the enquiry list.
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Step 1: Assign Co-worker. Go to Actions and click assign, a tab will pop-up with employee details. Tick
mark the check box as shown in the figure below to assign/re-assign co-worker.
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Step 2: Fill and Update all the Information required and the Status of the Lead. The Lead will
automatically move as per its status and can be checked from MY Leads section in the Customer
Leads.
*Note: The Status of the Lead will be defined here, if the Lead got Converted the it will move to My
Projects otherwise you can find the enquiry data in My Leads in Customer Leads as shown in next step.
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5.1.3 My Leads
Step 1: Go to Customer Leads and click my Leads to check the status of the enquiries.
Step 2: Your Enquiry List will be shown same alike in the below figure. You can use different
filters to find a specific enquiry.
Drop-Down List
Figure 65: Enquiry List
{Edit} {Delete Lead} for Status of Lead
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Stage-II
5.2 Customer Acquisition
Customer
Acquisition
Site Survey
Shadow Analysis
Drawings
Commercial
Terms & Conditions
Proposal
Work Order
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New windows will pop-up as shown in fig 2 in step 2, there are 4 segments which are Customer,
Roof, Electrical Interfacing and Bill & Tariff in which data formats are available to fill the data
gathered from the customer
Step 2: Fill all the details of Customer segment as required (field marked with * are mandatory)
Scroll down and Submit after filling all the mandatory fields
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Step 4: Fill the Details of the Work Area and Array Arrangement
Work area is selected by clicking on the button shown in above figure and by drawing a parameter to the roof or site boundary. Fill all
the details required in the Work Arear Section on the left of the satellite view.
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Step 5: Draw a Shadow area by tapping on the button for drawing a shape. A Shadow 1 box will be shown once selecting the shadow
object. Enter the height of shadow object and calculate the shadow region by clicking the calculate shadow button in the toolbar
shown in satellite view.
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12
Buttons Section
1. Draw a Shape
2. Draw a Circle
3. Cancel drawing
4. Set panel
5. Calculate Shadow
6. Reset Selection
7. Delete Selection
8. rotate a Panel
9. Reset a Zoom
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Step 6: Download the Shadow Analysis Report by going back to Project Actions and click on Shadow Analysis Report to download.
file:///C:/Users/Delight/Desktop/AHA%20SA%20report-117604.pdf
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5.2.3 Drawings
The drawing section includes the electric circuit diagrams along with the schematic arrangement
of solar PV modules, structure reinforcement and cable network diagrams.
Step 1: Click on the Drawings to upload the Plant layout and drawings.
Step 2: Browse and Upload the Drawings and their revisions instantly to the software and can
put their remarks in Notes section.
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5.2.4 Commercial
In commercial section the project component units, costs, taxes and I&C costs are taken to calculate the Bill of Materials (BOM). PV
module quality and brand selection are an important aspect of commercial segment. This date will help you maintain your inventory
management as well.
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There are two sections Costing and Assumptions. See below to learn how to fill costing section. Lump sum Cost can be
selected if overall cost of the project has to be entered or Price Breakup can be selected to enter the details of components.
Step 1: Enter the Components details and their descriptions as show below.
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This section required the financial parameters assumed for the financial calculation of this project and its DPR.
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This section shows the financial details of the Solar PV components as per the data field in Cost Input
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This section shows the technical information of the Solar PV system as per the data provided earlier.
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Step 1: Go to project Actions and Select Terms & Conditions by clicking on it.
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Step 3: Add Warranty, AMC and O&M Charges Details by scrolling down.
Step 4: Add any additional details by scrolling further and click Submit as shown below
Step 5: Uploads the T&C documents in the Upload section in between T&C details and Scope of
work.
Figure 90
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Click here to
Submit the T&C
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5.2.6 Proposal
This is to send the Proposal Report of the Project to The Execution Team and Customer.
Step 1: Click on Project Actions and then go to Proposal by clicking on the button as shown in
the circle below.
Step 2: Select the Check List to Send both Quotation Proposals & Techno Commercial Report.
You can Send Technical and Commercial Proposal Separately.
https://www.ahasolar.in/data/proposal_data/56207/2020112019471417844109.pdf
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The work order in Aha Rooftop Helper is designed to confirm the order status and if confirmed
the required Documents to apply online for a RT Solar system connection. This work order
provides details to the concerned authorities to Install and commission a particular project at a
particular client location.
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Step 2: Enter the details mentioned below and Confirm the Work Order to create Payment
Milestone.
These details are automatically
filled by software.
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Step 3: Scroll down and Upload the other documents if required and Submit.
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Chapter 6: Execution
Execution
Material Dispatch
Execution
Commissioning
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Step 2: Select the Materials to Generate Challan by Clicking on Generate Challan button
encircled in the image below and go to Step 3.
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Step 3: Generation of Challan is divided among 5 sections I.e. Delivery Challan Report, Gate
Pass Details and Item Details. Fill All the relevant information and generate the challan.
{Qty of item to
be dispatched}
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Click here to
Generate
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Step 4: After generating Challan A New box will appear, download the Delivery Challan and
Gate pass document from here as shown in figure.
file:///C:/Users/Delight/Downloads/delivery-challan-Project%20Rahul.pdf
file:///C:/Users/Delight/Downloads/gatepass-Project%20Rahul.pdf
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6.2 Execution
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Step 2: Assign the Activities to the Co-workers of Execution Team (Team is selected in
Action in My Project) as shown below.
Sign
Co-worker Assigned Changed
to this Activity
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Step 3: After Assigning all the activities, a checklist will form up in the next step of execution. This
checklist will help to describe the roles and responsibilities of the co-worker along with their
activity’s status report.
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Step 4: Documentation, here you have to enter the valid details in the category boxes as shown in the
picture below. Up-load the documents that are mandatory to submit while installing a Grid-connected
Solar System at a site.
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Step 5: Schedule the tasks to be performed in order to execute the project as per the design and
strategy. You need enter the start date and end date to submit the tasks after it got completed, a picture
can be uploaded to verify the task.
The Project Executions completes here, only Commissioning remains after this.
After submitting the details in the above section, you can go to Assigned checklist to know the overall
status. The picture below shows the changes made in the Assigned Checklist section just because
changes are made to the Assigned Tasks.
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6.3 Commissioning
The Commissioning is the final stage of a project after the installation of RT Solar system at
the site. Once the metering connection is changed the commissioning letter will be provided
to the system owner by the DISCOM and generation can be started with the new terms as per
the metering arrangement. After commissioning the project is entitled for Inspection by the
authorized person as per the state regulations. The project developer can inform the
concerned state authority for the readiness of the project for final site.
Step 1: Go to Project Actions and click on Commissioning to Enter the Final Stage of the
Project.
Step 2: Enter the details and upload all the necessary documents required for the
commissioning of the project
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1. Certificate Image
2. Plant Photo
3. Joint Inspection Report
4. Self-Certification
5. Structure Engineer Certificate
6. Module Data Sheet
7. Inverter Data Sheet
8. Meter Sealing Report
9. DCR Certificate
10. Copy of Invoice
11. Shadow Analysis Report
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View Documents
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Expense
Add Expense
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Payments
{Download Receipts}
Drop-down
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Additional Features
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Liasoning
Fill in all the details as per the regulations.
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1. What’s the difference between Basic & Professional Version (Ans: Basics is for Consumers;
Professional is for EPC)
2. How to verify my company profile on AHA Solar Rooftop Helper.
3. How to link my co-workers to my Company in AHA Solar rooftop Helper.
4. Can we connect to Solar rooftop portal of State DISCOMs to AHA Solar rooftop Helper?
5. Who are my connected customers?
6. Can I assign multiple branch to AHA Solar Rooftop Helper?
7. Can I take payments through this platform?
8. Can I link my vendors with the platform?
9. Is my data safe?
10. Is it allowed to have 2 Super Admin?
11. How to connect customer with installer?
12. Can the customer monitor their daily generation over mobile app?
13. Can we connect with state DISCOMs for document transfers?
14. Does AHA Solar provides procurement support to its clients.
15. Why my mobile is showing already registered, how to set up new account with my previous
number
16. Can I edit my company name later?
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B
battery — Two or more electrochemical cells enclosed in a container and electrically
interconnected in an appropriate series/parallel arrangement to provide there quired
operating voltage and current levels. Under common usage, the term
battery also applies to a single cell if it constitutes the entire electrochemical storage
system.
battery available capacity — The total maximum charge, expressed in ampere-hours,
that can be withdrawn from a cell or battery under a specific set of operating conditions
including discharge rate, temperature, initial state of charge, age, and cut-off voltage.
battery capacity — The maximum total electrical charge, expressed in ampere-hours,
which a battery can deliver to a load under a specific set of conditions.
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battery cell — The simplest operating unit in a storage battery. It consists of one or
more positive electrodes or plates, an electrolyte that permits ionic conduction, one or
more negative electrodes or plates, separators between plates of opposite polarity, and
a container for all the above.
battery cycle life — The number of cycles, to a specified depth of discharge, that a cell
or battery can undergo before failing to meet its specified capacity or efficiency
performance criteria.
battery energy capacity — The total energy available, expressed in watt-hours
(kilowatt-hours), which can be withdrawn from a fully charged cell or battery. The
energy capacity of a given cell varies with temperature, rate, age, and cut-off voltage.
This term is more common to system designers than it is to the battery industry where
capacity usually refers to ampere-hours.
battery energy storage — Energy storage using electrochemical batteries. The three
main applications for battery energy storage systems include spinning reserve at
generating stations, load leveling at substations, and peak shaving on the customer side
of the meter.
battery life — The period during which a cell or battery is capable of operating above a
specified capacity or efficiency performance level. Life may be measured in cycles
and/or years, depending on the type of service for which the cell or battery is intended.
British thermal unit (Btu) — The amount of heat required to raise the temperature of
one pound of water one-degree Fahrenheit; equal to 252 calories.
C
capacity (C) — See battery
capacity factor — The ratio of the average load on (or power output of) an electricity
generating unit or system to the capacity rating of the unit or system over a specified
period of time.
cathode — The negative pole or electrode of an electrolytic cell, vacuum tube, etc.,
where electrons enter (current leaves) the system; the opposite of an anode.
cathodic protection — A method of preventing oxidation of the exposed metal in
structures by imposing a small electrical voltage between the structure and the ground.
concentrating solar power (CSP) — A solar technology that use mirrors to reflect and
concentrate sunlight onto receivers that convert solar energy to heat. This
thermal energy is then used to produce electricity with a steam turbine or heat engine
driving a generator.
converter — A unit that converts a direct current (dc) voltage to another dc voltage.
crystalline silicon — A type of photovoltaic cell made from a slice of single-crystal
silicon or polycrystalline silicon.
current — See electric current.
current at maximum power (Imp) — The current at which maximum power is
available from a module.
current-voltage (I-V) curve — See I-V curve
cutoff voltage — The voltage levels (activation) at which the charge controller
disconnects the photovoltaic array from the battery or the load from the battery.
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D
diffuse insolation — Sunlight received indirectly as a result of scattering due to clouds,
fog, haze, dust, or other obstructions in the atmosphere. Opposite of direct insolation.
diffuse radiation — Radiation received from the sun after reflection and scattering by
the atmosphere and ground.
diode — An electronic device that allows current to flow in one direction only.
direct current (DC) — A type of electricity transmission and distribution by which
electricity flows in one direction through the conductor, usually relatively low voltage
and high current. To be used for typical 120 volt or 220-volt household appliances, DC
must be converted to alternating current, its opposite.
direct insolation — Sunlight falling directly upon a collector. Opposite of diffuse
insolation.
disconnect — Switch gear used to connect or disconnect components in a photovoltaic
system.
dispatching (economic dispatch) — A method by which system operators decide how
much output should be scheduled from plants.
downtime — Time when the photovoltaic system cannot provide power for the load.
Usually expressed in hours per year or that percentage.
dry cell — A cell (battery) with a captive electrolyte. A primary battery that cannot be
recharged.
duty cycle — The ratio of active time to total time. Used to describe the operating
regime of appliances or loads in photovoltaic systems.
duty rating — The amount of time an inverter (power conditioning unit) can produce
at full rated power.
E
edge-defined film-fed growth (EFG) — A method for making sheets of polycrystalline
silicon for photovoltaic devices in which molten silicon is drawn upward by capillary
action through a mold.
electric circuit — The path followed by electrons from a power source (generator or
battery), through an electrical system, and returning to the source.
electric current — The flow of electrical energy (electricity) in a conductor, measured
in amperes.
electrical grid — An integrated system of electricity distribution, usually covering a
large area.
electricity — Energy resulting from the flow of charge particles, such as electrons or
ions.
electrochemical cell — A device containing two conducting electrodes, one positive
and the other negative, made of dissimilar materials (usually metals) that are immersed
in a chemical solution (electrolyte) that transmits positive ions from the negative to the
positive electrode and thus forms an electrical charge. One or more cells constitute a
battery.
electrode — A conductor that is brought in conducting contact with a ground.
electrodeposition — Electrolytic process in which a metal is deposited at the cathode
from a solution of its
ions.
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F
Feed-in-Tariff — The price paid by DISCOMs to the Power Producers.
fixed tilt array — A photovoltaic array set in at a fixed angle with respect to horizontal.
flat-plate module — An arrangement of photovoltaic cells or material mounted on a
rigid flat surface with the cells exposed freely to incoming sunlight.
frequency — The number of repetitions per unit time of a complete waveform,
expressed in Hertz (Hz).
frequency regulation — This indicates the variability in the output frequency. Some
loads will switch off or not operate properly if frequency variations exceed 1%.
full sun — The amount of power density in sunlight received at the earth's surface at
noon on a clear day (about 1,000 Watts/square meter).
G
gigawatt (GW) — A unit of power equal to 1 billion Watts; 1 million kilowatts, or
1,000megawatts.
grid — See electrical grid.
H
high voltage disconnects — The voltage at which a charge controller will disconnect
the photovoltaic array from the batteries to prevent overcharging.
hybrid system — A solar electric or photovoltaic system that includes other sources of
electricity generation, such as wind or diesel generators.
I
incident light — Light that shines onto the face of a solar cell or module.
infrared radiation — Electromagnetic radiation whose wavelengths lie in the range
from 0.75 micrometer to 1000 micrometers; invisible long wavelength radiation(heat)
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capable of producing a thermal or photovoltaic effect, though less effective than visible
light.
ingot — A casting of material, usually crystalline silicon, from which slices or wafers
can be cut for use in a solar cell.
input voltage — This is determined by the total power required by the alternating
current loads and the voltage of any direct current loads. Generally, the larger the load,
the higher the inverter input voltage. This keeps the current at levels where switches
and other components are readily available.
insolation — The solar power density incident on a surface of stated area and
orientation, usually expressed as Watts per square meter or Btu per square foot per
hour. See also diffuse insolation and direct insolation.
or other means of connection that provides an electrical interconnection between the
solar cells.
inverter — A device that converts direct current electricity to alternating current either
for stand-alone systems or to supply power to an electricity grid.
irradiance — The direct, diffuse, and reflected solar radiation that strikes a surface.
Usually expressed in kilowatts per square meter. Irradiance multiplied by time equals
insolation.
J
joule — A metric unit of energy or work; 1 joule per second equals 1 watt or 0.737 foot-
pounds; 1 Btu equals 1,055 joules.
junction — A region of transition between semiconductor layers, such as a p/n
junction, which goes from a region that has a high concentration of acceptors (p-type) to
one that has a high concentration of donors (n-type).
junction box — A photovoltaic (PV) generator junction box is an enclosure on the
module where PV strings are electrically connected and where protection devices can
be located, if necessary.
K
kilowatt (kW) — A standard unit of electrical power equal to 1000 watts, or to the
energy consumption at a rate of 1000 joules per second.
kilowatt-hour (kWh) — 1,000 thousand watts acting over a period of 1 hour. The kWh
is a unit of energy. 1 kWh=3600 kJ.
L
Langley (L) — Unit of solar irradiance. One-gram calorie per square centimeter. 1 L
=85.93 kWh/m2.
lattice — The regular periodic arrangement of atoms or molecules in a crystal of
semiconductor material.
lead-acid battery — A general category that includes batteries with plates made of
pure lead, lead-antimony, or lead-calcium immersed in an acid electrolyte.
levelized cost of energy (LCOE) — The cost of energy of a solar system that is based
on the system's installed price, its total lifetime cost, and its lifetime electricity
production.
life — The period during which a system is capable of operating above a specified
performance level.
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life-cycle cost — The estimated cost of owning and operating a photovoltaic system for
the period of its useful life.
load — The demand on an energy producing system; the energy consumption or
requirement of a piece or group of equipment. Usually expressed in terms
of amperes or watts in reference to electricity.
load circuit — The wire, switches, fuses, etc. that connect the load to the power source.
load current (A) — The current required by the electrical device.
load resistance — The resistance presented by the load. See also resistance.
low voltage disconnects — The voltage at which a charge controller will disconnect
the load from the batteries to prevent over-discharging.
low voltage warning — A warning buzzer or light that indicates the low battery
voltage set point has been reached.
M
maximum power point (MPP) — The point on the current-voltage (I-V) curve of a
module under illumination, where the product of current and voltage is maximum. For a
typical silicon cell, this is at about 0.45 volts.
maximum power point tracker (MPPT) — Means of a power conditioning unit that
automatically operates the photovoltaic generator at its maximum PowerPoint under all
conditions.
maximum power tracking — Operating a photovoltaic array at the peak PowerPoint
of the array's I-V curve where maximum power is obtained. Also called peak power
tracking.
megawatt (MW) — 1,000 kilowatts, or 1 million watts; standard measure of electric
power plant generating capacity.
megawatt-hour — 1,000 kilowatt-hours or 1 million watt-hours.
metrology — The science of measurement.
microgroove — A small groove scribed into the surface of a solar cell, which is filled
with metal for contacts.
micrometer (micron) — One millionth of a meter.
modularity — The use of multiple inverters connected in parallel to service different
loads.
module — a combination of solar cell.
multi-crystalline — A semiconductor (photovoltaic) material composed of variously
oriented, small, individual crystals. Sometimes referred to as polycrystalline or semi
crystalline.
N
nanometer — One billionth of a meter.
n-type — Negative semiconductor material in which there are more electrons than
holes; current is carried through it by the flow of electrons.
n-type semiconductor — A semiconductor produced by doping an intrinsic
semiconductor with an electron-donor impurity (e.g., phosphorus in silicon).
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O
ohm — A measure of the electrical resistance of a material equal to the resistance of a
circuit in which the potential difference of 1 volt produces a current of 1 ampere.
one-axis tracking — A system capable of rotating about one axis.
P
packing factor — The ratio of array area to actual land area or building envelope area
for a system; or, the ratio of total solar cell area to the total module area, for a module.
panel — See photovoltaic (PV) panel.
parallel connection — A way of joining solar cells or photovoltaic modules by
connecting positive leads together and negative leads together; such a configuration
increases the current, but not the voltage.
peak demand/load — The maximum energy demand or load in a specified time
period.
peak power current — Amperes produced by a photovoltaic module or array
operating at the voltage of the I-V curve that will produce maximum power from the
module.
peak power point — Operating point of the I-V (current-voltage) curve for a solar cell
or photovoltaic module where the product of the current value times the voltage value
is a maximum.
peak power tracking — See maximum power tracking.
peak sun hours — The equivalent number of hours per day when solar irradiance
averages 1,000 w/m2. For example, six peak sun hours means that the energy received
during total daylight hours equals the energy that would have been received had the
irradiance for six hours been 1,000 w/m2.
peak watt — A unit used to rate the performance of solar cells, modules, or arrays; the
maximum nominal output of a photovoltaic device, in watts (Wp) under
standardized test conditions, usually 1,000 watts per square meter of sunlight with
other conditions, such as temperature specified.
photocurrent — An electric current induced by radiant energy.
photoelectric cell — A device for measuring light intensity that works by converting
light falling on, or reach it, to electricity, and then measuring the current; used in
photometers.
photon — A particle of light that acts as an individual unit of energy.
photovoltaic(s) (PV) — Pertaining to the direct conversion of light into electricity.
photovoltaic (PV) array — An interconnected system of PV modules that function as a
single electricity-producing unit. The modules are assembled as a discrete structure,
with common support or mounting. In smaller systems, an array can consist of a single
module.
photovoltaic (PV) cell — The smallest semiconductor element within a PV module to
perform the immediate conversion of light into electrical energy (direct current voltage
and current). Also called a solar cell.
photovoltaic (PV) conversion efficiency — The ratio of the electric power produced
by a photovoltaic device to the power of the sunlight incident on the device.
photovoltaic (PV) device — A solid-state electrical device that converts light directly
into direct current electricity of voltage-current characteristics that are a function of the
characteristics of the light source and the materials in and design of the device. Solar
photovoltaic devices are made of various semiconductor materials including silicon,
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cadmium sulfide, cadmium telluride, and gallium arsenide, and in single crystalline,
multi-crystalline, or amorphous forms.
photovoltaic (PV) effect — The phenomenon that occurs when photons, the "particles"
in a beam of light, knock electrons loose from the atoms they strike. When this property
of light is combined with the properties of semiconductors, electrons flow in one
direction across a junction, setting up a voltage. With the addition of circuitry, current
will flow and electric power will be available.
photovoltaic (PV) generator — The total of all PV strings of a PV power supply
system, which are electrically interconnected.
photovoltaic (PV) module — The smallest environmentally protected, essentially
planar assembly of solar cells and ancillary parts, such as interconnections, terminals,
(and protective devices such as diodes) intended to generate direct current power
under unconcentrated sunlight. The structural (load carrying) member of a module can
either be the top layer (superstrate) or the back layer(substrate).
photovoltaic (PV) panel — often used interchangeably with PV module (especially in
one-module systems), but more accurately used to refer to a physically connected
collection of modules (i.e., a laminate string of modules used to achieve required voltage
and current).
photovoltaic (PV) system — A complete set of components for converting sunlight
into electricity by the photovoltaic process, including the array and balance of system
components.
photovoltaic-thermal (PV/T) system — A photovoltaic system that, in addition to
converting sunlight into electricity, collects the residual heat energy and delivers both
heat and electricity in usable form. Also called a total energy system or solar thermal
system.
p/n — A semiconductor photovoltaic device structure in which the junction is formed
between a p-type layer and an n-type layer.
polycrystalline silicon — A material used to make photovoltaic cells, which consist of
many crystals unlike single-crystal silicon.
polycrystalline thin film — A thin film made of multicrystalline material.
power — The amount of electrical energy available for doing work, measured in
horsepower, Watts, or Btu per hour.
power conversion efficiency — The ratio of output power to input power of the
inverter.
power density — The ratio of the power available from a battery to its mass (W/kg) or
volume (W/l).
power factor (PF) — The ratio of actual power being used in a circuit, expressed in
watts or kilowatts, to the power that is apparently being drawn from a power source,
expressed in volt-amperes or kilovolt-amperes.
projected area — The net south-facing glazing area projected on a vertical plane.
Q
quad — One quadrillion Btu (1,000,000,000,000,000 Btu).
R
rated module current (A) — The current output of a photovoltaic module measured at
standard test conditions of 1,000 w/m2 and 25°C cell temperature.
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rated power — Rated power of the inverter. However, some units cannot produce
rated power continuously. See also duty rating.
rectifier — A device that converts alternating current to direct current. See also
inverter.
S
semiconductor — Any material that has a limited capacity for conducting an electric
current. Certain semiconductors, including silicon, gallium arsenide and cadmium
telluride, are uniquely suited to the photovoltaic conversion process.
series connection — A way of joining photovoltaic cells by connecting positive leads to
negative leads; such a configuration increases the voltage.
series controller — A charge controller that interrupts the charging current by open-
circuiting the photovoltaic (PV) array. The control element is in series with the PV array
and battery.
short-circuit current — The current flowing freely through an external circuit that has
no load or resistance; the maximum current possible.
smart grid — An intelligent electric power system that regulates the two-way flow of
electricity and information between power plants and consumers to control grid
activity.
soft costs — Non-hardware costs related to PV systems, such as financing, permitting,
installation, interconnection, and inspection.
solar cell — See photovoltaic (PV) cell.
solar constant — The average amount of solar radiation that reaches the earth ‘supper
atmosphere on a surface perpendicular to the sun's rays; equal to 1353 watts per
square meter or 492 Btu per square foot.
solar cooling — The use of solar thermal energy or solar electricity to power a cooling
appliance. Photovoltaic systems can power evaporative coolers ("swamp" coolers),
heat-pumps, and air conditioners.
solar energy — Electromagnetic energy transmitted from the sun (solar radiation). The
amount that reaches the earth is equal to one billionth of total solar energy generated,
or the equivalent of about 420 trillion kilowatt-hours.
solar insolation — See insolation.
solar irradiance — See irradiance.
solar noon — The time of the day, at a specific location, when the sun reaches its
highest, apparent point in the sky.
solar panel — Solar PV Panel
solar resource — The amount of solar insolation a site receives, usually measured in
kWh/m2/day, which is equivalent to the number of peak sun hours.
stand-alone system — An autonomous or hybrid photovoltaic system not connected to
a grid. May or may not have storage, but most stand-alone systems require batteries or
some other form of storage.
storage battery — A device capable of transforming energy from electric to chemical
form and vice versa. The reactions are almost completely reversible. During discharge,
chemical energy is converted to electric energy and is consumed in an external circuit or
apparatus.
string — A number of photovoltaic modules or panels interconnected electrically in
series to produce the operating voltage required by the load.
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system availability — The percentage of time (usually expressed in hours per year)
when a photovoltaic system will be able to fully meet the load demand.
system operating voltage — The photovoltaic array output voltage under load. The
system operating voltage is dependent on the load or batteries connected to the output
terminals.
system storage — See battery capacity.
T
thin film — A layer of semiconductor material, such as copper indiumdiselenide or
gallium arsenide, a few microns or less in thickness, used to make photovoltaic cells.
thin film photovoltaic module — A photovoltaic module constructed with sequential
layers of thin film semiconductor materials. See also amorphous silicon.
tilt angle — The angle at which a photovoltaic array is set to face the sun relative to a
horizontal position. The tilt angle can be set or adjusted to maximize seasonal or annual
energy collection.
total AC load demand — The sum of the alternating current loads. This value is
important when selecting an inverter.
total internal reflection — The trapping of light by refraction and reflection at critical
angles inside a semiconductor device so that it cannot escape the device and must be
eventually absorbed by the semiconductor.
tracking array — A photovoltaic (PV) array that follows the path of the sun to
maximize the solar radiation incident on the PV surface. The two most common
orientations are (1) one axis where the array tracks the sun east to west and (2) two-
axis tracking where the array points directly at the sun at all times. Tracking arrays use
both the direct and diffuse sunlight. Two-axis tracking arrays capture the maximum
possible daily energy.
transformer — An electromagnetic device that changes the voltage of alternating
current electricity.
tray cable (TC) – used for aligning wirings.
two-axis tracking — A photovoltaic array tracking system capable of rotating
independently about two axes (e.g., vertical and horizontal).
U
uninterruptible power supply (UPS) — The designation of a power supply providing
continuous uninterruptible service. The UPS will contain batteries.
V
volt (V) — A unit of electrical force equal to that amount of electromotive force that will
cause a steady current of one ampere to flow through a resistance of one ohm.
voltage — The amount of electromotive force, measured in volts, that exists between
two points.
voltage at maximum power (Vmp) — The voltage at which maximum power is
available from a photovoltaic module.
voltage protection — Many inverters have sensing circuits that will disconnect the unit
from the battery if input voltage limits are exceeded.
voltage regulation — This indicates the variability in the output voltage. Some loads
will not tolerate voltage variations greater than a few percent.
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W
watt — The rate of energy transfer equivalent to one ampere under an electrical
pressure of one volt. One watt equals 1/746 horsepower, or one joule per second. It is
the product of voltage and current (amperage).
Z
zenith angle — the angle between the direction of interest (of the sun, for example)
and the zenith (directly overhead).
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