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Course Objectives:
Describe GSM Voice Service Process Procedure
1.5 Encryption/Decryption......................................................................................................................7
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1 GSM Speech Processing
The process of sending voice signals is as follows: for analog voice signals, first make
A/D conversion before doing voice coding to output 13Kbit/s digital voice signals. To
control errors in the process of transmission, channel coding and interlacing processing
shall be conducted on digital voice signals, which are then encrypted according to the
input/output bit stream of 1:1. These bits are grouped into 8 1/2 burst pulse sequences
(corresponding to voice signals/20ms segment) before they are transmitted at about
270Kbit/s in the appropriate timeslots.
The process of receiving voice signals is as follows: for the wireless signals sent by
BTS, first do demodulation before decomposing and decrypting burst pulses. After
every 8 1/2 burst pulse sequences are received, they are subjected to interlacing
processing and re-assembled into 456 bit information. After that, do channel decoding
and detect and correct the errors that occur in the middle of transmission before finally
conducting voice decoding of the bit stream generated by the decoder and converting it
analog voices.
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GSM Radio Interface Technology
Currently, what the GSM system uses is 13kb/s voice coding scheme, known as RPE-
LTP (Rule Pulse Excitation-Long Term Prediction). The aim of this scheme is to produce
near-PSTN voice quality when no error occurs.
It first divides the voice into voice blocks by 20ms and samples it with 8kHz frequency
to get 160 sample values. Then each sample value is quantified to generate 16bit digital
voice signals. The 128Kbit/s data stream is obtained this way. As the rate is too high to
be transmitted on the wireless path, it needs to be compressed by a coder. If a full-rate
coder is used, each voice block will be compressed into 260bits to generate 13Kbit/s
source code rate in the end. The process of processing other signals such as channel
coding comes after that.
On the BTS side, BTS can recover 13Kbit/s source rate, but to generate 16Kbit/s rate so
that it can be transmitted on the Abis interface, it is necessary to add 3Kbit/s signaling so as
to control the operation of the remote TC. On the TC side, to accommodate 64Kbit/s
transmission rate of A interface, it is also necessary to conduct rate conversion between
13Kbit/s and 64Kbit/s.
The coding schemes as used in GSM are convolutional code and packet code which are
used in a combinational way in actual applications.
Convolutional code: compiles k information bits into n bits. Both k and n are very
small so that they are suitable for transmission in a serial port manner. Besides they
also show very little delay. The coded n code elements are not only related to k
information code elements of this packet, but also to information code elements in the
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Chapter 1 GSM Speech Processing
Packet code: This is a kind of shortened loop code, which gets the redundancy bits by
increasing the exclusive-or algorithm of information bits and maps k input information
bits to no output binary code elements (n>k) through exclusive-or algorithm. The
packet code is designed mainly to detect and correct error codes in groups and it is used
in a mixed way with the convolutional code. The packet code is used for detecting and
correcting errors in groups. It is generally used along with the convolution code.
Interlacing is in fact to send separately the original continuous bits of a message block
in certain regularity. In other words, the original continuous block in the middle of
transmission becomes discontinuous and creates a group of interlaced transmission
message blocks. At the receiving end, this kind of interlacing message blocks is
restored (de-interlaced) to original message blocks. To control the operations and
sessions, the TCAP are classified into two layers, CSL and TSL. The CSL is used to
manage the operations and the TSL is used to manage the transactions (sessions), as
shown in Fig 1.4-2.
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GSM Radio Interface Technology
In the GSM, different coding and interleaving modes are used in different types of
channels. See Table 1.4-1 for details.
Code Output
Input Input
Code
Channel Type Rate Code Convolutional Interleaving Depth
Check Bit Tail Bit Block
(Kbit/s) Block bits Code Rate
bits
Parity
Ia 13 50
TCH/ check, 3 4 1/2
456 On eight 1/2 bursts
FS Ib 13 132
II 13 78
Parity
Ia 5.6 22
TCH/ check, 3 6 1/3
228 On four 1/2 bursts
HS Ib 5.6 73
II 5.6 17
1/2, one bit is
TCH/F9.6 12 Combine on 22
240 4 removed 456
TCH/H4.8 6 unequal bursts
every 15 bits.
TCH/F4.8 6 120 32 1/3 456 Ditto
TCH/F2.4 3.6 72 4 1/6 456 On eight 1/2 bursts
Combine on 22
TCH/H2.4 3.6 144 8 1/3 456
unequal bursts
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Chapter 1 GSM Speech Processing
The voice input rate on TCH/FS is 13 Kbit/s, that is, each speech frame lasts 20 ms and
contains 260 bits. According to the interference of different bits on voice, the 260 bits
are divided into I category (182 bits in total) and II category (78 bits in total). The I
category is further divided into Ia and Ib. The Ia bits are very important bits. If any of
them is incorrect, the subscriber will hear a loud noise in 20 ms voice interval. There
are 50 Ia bits and 132 Ib bits. That is, the 260 bits in a speech frame (20 ms) is { d (0),
d (1),…, d (181), d (182), …, d (259)}. The part with a single line is I category, and
that with a double-line is II category. It is similar to the TCH/HS.
Table 1.4-1 gives the coding and interleaving adopted in different types of
transmission. The first column lists the channels and the related transmission mode.
The Input Code Block column gives the size of the data block (bits) before channel
coding. The Output Code Block column gives the size of the data block (bits) after
channel coding. In Code, the parameters are listed in the same sequence as the coding
sequence. The tail bit is "0". The decoding is in the reverse order.
In the GSM, the voice input rate on TCH/FS is 13kb/s, that is, 260 bits are transmitted
every 20ms. The 260 bits are protected by means of segmented coding.
Among the 260 bits, 182 bits adopts 1/2 convolutional coding, and the remaining 78
bits are not protected. Among the 182 bits, 50 bits are performed with parity check and
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GSM Radio Interface Technology
then with 1/2 convolutional coding. Three information bits are added. Those 50 bits are
called Ia bits. The other 132 bits, called Ib bits, are performed with 1/2 convolutional
coding directly.
Fig 1.4-3 shows the interleaving algorithm of voice signals on TCH/F. After channel
coding, 456 bits are carried in every 20ms. Those bits are divided into eight groups,
with the 57 bits in each group carried in different burst pulses (eight BPs in total). To
maximize irrelevancy between the bit sequences, the bits should be arranged as
described in Table 1.4-2.
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Chapter 1 GSM Speech Processing
456 bits are divided into eight groups (rows). Each group has 57 bits (columns),
occupying Block A or Block B of BP (N) to BP (N+7). After interleaving, a BP carries
114 bits of information plus 2 bits of stolen frame (116 bits in total). The 114 bits
contain 57 bits (odd bits) of information block A and 57 bits (even bits) of information
block B. The remaining two bits indicate respectively whether the first half BP (odd
bit) and the last half BP (even bit) are subscriber data or fast channel associated
signaling.
1.5 Encryption/Decryption
There are encryption measures available in the GSM system. They are applicable to
voice, data and signaling. They are independent of the data type and work for normal
bursts only. Encryption is accomplished by exclusive or operation of an encryption
sequence (computed by A5 encryption algorithm via key Kc and frame number) and
114 information bits on a normal burst.
The original transmission data can be obtained by using the same sequence at the
receiving end to conduct exclusive-or operation with the encryption sequence.
The GMSK can be expressed by a I/Q diagram. If there is no Gaussian filter, when a
series of constant 1s are sent, the MSK signal will be kept in the state that is higher
than the center frequency 67.708 kHz of the carrier. If the center frequency of the
carrier serves as the fixed phase reference, the signal 67.708 kHz will cause steady
increment of phase. The phase rotates 360 at 67,708 times per second. In a bit period
(1/270.833 kHz), the phase moves 1/4 a circle in the I/G diagram, that is, 90. The data
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GSM Radio Interface Technology
1 can be looked as 90 plus the phase. Two 1s makes a phase increment by 180, three
1s makes a increment by 270, and so on. The data 0 indicates the same phase change
in the reverse direction.
The actual phase track is strictly controlled. In the GSM, digital filter and 1/Q or digital
FM modulator are used to generate correct phase track accurately. The Root Mean
Square (RMS) between the actual track and the ideal track allowed by GSM
specifications cannot exceed 5, and the peak deviation cannot exceed 20.
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2 GSM Key Technologies
There are ways of diversity as follows: space diversity, frequency diversity, time
diversity and polarization diversity.
1. Space Diversity
Two receiving antennas are set in the space to receive independently the same
signals before combining and outputting them. In this way, the degree of fading
can be dramatically lowered. This is the so-called space diversity. The space
diversity is based on the fact that the field strength varies randomly with the
space. The longer the distance, the more variant the multi-path transmission will
be, and the less relevant the receiving filed strength will be. The relevancy refers
to the similarity between the signals. Therefore, the necessary distance must be
determined. According to the test and statistics, CCIR suggests the spacing
between two antennas should be larger than 0.6 wavelength, namely d0.6, to
achieve a satisfactory diversity result and that it should be better to near the odd
number multiplication of /4. Even if the distance between antennas is shortened
to be /4, good diversity effect can be achieved.
2. Time Diversity
Time diversity is to send the same message with some delays or part of the
message in different time within the delay range tolerable by the system. In the
GSM system, time diversity is achieved by the interlacing technology. In the
GSM, interleaving technology is adopted to implement the time diversity.
3. Frequency Diversity
4. Polarization Diversity
There are two purposes of employing the DTX mode: one is to lower the general
interference level in the air; the second is to save the power of transmitters. However,
the DTX may slightly lower the transmission quality. Therefore, the DTX mode and
common mode are optional.
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Chapter 1 GSM Speech Processing
A B
Fig 2.3-5 Power Control
As shown in Fig. 1.5-16, the MS at point A is far from the BS antenna. Because the
propagation loss of electric wave in air is in direct proportion to n power of the
distance, the MS at A needs higher transmit power to ensure good communication
quality. Comparatively, point B is closer to the BS transmission antenna, hence smaller
transmission loss; therefore, to obtain similar communication quality, a mobile phone
at point B can use lower transmission power during communication. When a mobile
phone in communication is moving from point A towards point B, the power control
can reduce its transmitting power gradually. On the contrary, if it is moving from point
B towards point A, the power control can increase its transmitting power gradually.
The power control is classified as uplink power control and downlink power control,
they function separately. By uplink power control, it means to control the MS
transmitting power, while downlink power control means to control the BS transmitting
power. No matter uplink power control or downlink power control, the uplink or
downlink interference is suppressed as the transmit power is reduced. Meanwhile the
power consumption of the MS or base station is reduced. The most obvious benefits are
the average conversation quality of the whole GSM network is greatly increased, and
the MS standby time is prolonged.
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GSM Radio Interface Technology
The original information used for decision making during a power control
process is obtained from the measurement data of the MS and BS and
corresponding control decision can be made after processing and analyzing of
the original data. Similar to the handover control process, the whole power
control process is shown in Fig 2.3-6.
The measurement data related to power control includes uplink signal level,
uplink signal quality, downlink signal level, and downlink signal quality.
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Chapter 1 GSM Speech Processing
In the decision making of power control, there are three parameters: a threshold,
an N value, and a P value. Among the latest N average values, if there are P
parameters exceed the threshold, the signal level is too high or the signal quality
is good; if there are P parameters are lower than the threshold, the signal level is
too low or the signal quality is poor.
According to the condition of the signal level or quality, the mobile phone or BS
can judge how to control the transmitting power, and the increase or decrease
amplitudes are determined by the pre-configured values.
After power control, the original measurement data and average values are
useless. If the useless information is still kept, it may cause incorrect power
control decision. Therefore, it is necessary to discard the outdated data or update
it for later use.
The fastest power control can be performed once every 480 ms, which is the
highest speed that the measurement data is reported. In other words, an entire
power control process is executed once in at least 480ms.
The control extent of the power control process recommended by ETSI is fixed
as 2dB or 4dB normally. However, in most practical cases the fixed power
control extent is unable to achieve optimal effects, for a simple example:
When an MS initiates a call at a location very near to the BS antenna, its start
transmitting power is the max. transmitting power of the MS in the system
message broadcast in the cell BCCH (MS_TXPWR_MAX_CCH). It’s obvious
that at this time as the MS is quite close to the MS antenna, the power control
process is supposed to reduce its transmitting power as fast as possible.
However, it can hardly be achieved by the power control process recommended
by the ETSI specifications, because only 2dB or 4dB is decreased each time. In
addition, there is an interval between every two power control processes
(because enough new measurement data need be collected). Therefore, it takes a
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GSM Radio Interface Technology
long time to reduce the transmit power of the MS to a proper value. It is the
same in the downlink direction. Obviously this is disadvantageous in terms of
reducing interference to the whole GSM network. To improve this, the power
control extent each time should be increased, which is the core idea of the high-
speed power control.
The high-speed power control can, according to the actual signal strength and
quality, work out the power control extent to be realized, without the limitation
of the fixed extent, thus solving the power control problem without much effort
when the MS makes the initial access. Of course its functions are not limited to
this situation. It can work in many cases e.g. fast moving mobile phones,
sudden interference or obstacles. Whenever large extent power control is
required, the high-speed power control process is the ideal solution.
In the GSM, the MS requires three intervals between timeslots when receiving or
transmitting signals. See Fig 2.4-7.
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Chapter 1 GSM Speech Processing
Suppose an MS occupies TS2 and moves away from the base station, the messages sent
from the base station will be delayed further and further in reaching the MS.
Meanwhile, the response returned by the MS will also be delayed further and further in
reaching the base station. If nothing is done to solve the problem, the message sent by
the MS from TS2 will eventually overlap with another calling message received by the
base station in TS3. Therefore, it is important to monitor the time when a call reaches
the base station. As the distance between the MS and the base station changes, the
system issues instructions to the MS, notifying it of the time advanced. This process is
the adjustment of timing advance.
After a specific connection is established, the BTS measures the time offset between
the pulse TSs and the received MS TSs. Based on the value measured, the BTS
calculates the timing advance and notifies the MS of it through the SACCH at a certain
frequency.
There are two reasons for why frequency hopping is used. First, based on the principle
of frequency diversity, this technique is used to counteract Raileigh fading. Rayleigh
fading refers to the short-term change in amplitude that mobile radio transmission
suffers inevitably in case of any obstacle. Different frequencies will suffer different
degrees of fading, which becomes more independent with the increase in frequency
difference. By means of FH, the BPs will not be damaged by Rayleigh fading in the
same way. Second, it is used on the basis of anti-jamming feature. In the area where
traffic is heavy, the cellular system is liable to be restricted by the interference from
frequency reuse, and the C/I may change a lot during the call. C depends on the
position of the MS relative to the BTS. I depends on whether the frequency is used in
the adjacent cell. FH enables it to scatter interference among many calls that may
interfere with the cell instead of one call.
FH refers to hopping of the carrier frequency within a wide frequency band at a certain
sequence. The control and information data are modulated into base band signals,
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GSM Radio Interface Technology
which are then sent into the carrier for modulation. Afterwards, the carrier frequency
changes under the control of pseudo-random codes, the sequence of which is the FH
sequence. Finally, the signals are sent via the RF filter to the antenna for transmission.
The receiver determines the receiving frequency according to FH synchronization
signals and FH sequence, receives corresponding signals after FH for demodulation.
The basic structure of FH is illustrated in Fig 2.5-8.
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· The baseband hopping enables the transmit and receive frequencies of each
carrier unit to remain unchanged. At different frame number (FN) moment, the
frame unit sends data to different carrier units.
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3 Frame Structure and Radio Channels
GSM air interface uses TDMA based frame structure. Communication services are
obtained by transmission of information using logical channels on physical channels.
Mapping between the logical channel and physical channel is the process that arranges
the information to be sent to the suitable TDMA frames and timeslots.
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Fig 3.1-9 GSM Frame Structure
FDMA - enables 124 carrier frequencies (carriers for short) to be assigned to the
uplink (from the MS to the BTS) 890 MHz – 915 MHz or downlink (from the BTS to
the MS) 935 MHz – 960 MHz in GSM900 band. Interval between carriers is 200 kHz.
Carriers in the uplink and downlink are in pairs called duplex communication mode.
Interval between duplex receiving and transmitting carrier pair is 45 MHz.
TDMA - enables each carrier of GSM900 band to be divided into eight time segments.
Each time segment is called a timeslot. See Fig 3.2-10.
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Chapter 1 GSM Speech Processing
Logical channels are classified into Common Channel and Dedicated Channel.
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GSM Radio Interface Technology
Broadcast Channel (BCH): BCH transmits broadcast messages from base station to
MS. Broadcast Channel is unidirectional channel from base station to MS. It is of three
types:
Paging Channel (PCH): It broadcasts paging messages from base station to MS. It is a
downlink channel.
Random Access Channel (RACH): MS sends information to base station through this
channel when accessing the network at random. The information sent includes response
to the paging message of base station and access of mobile-originated call. MS also
applies for a Stand-alone Dedicated Control Channel (SDCCH) from base station
through this channel. RACH is an uplink channel.
Access Grant Channel: The base station sends the assigned SDCCH to the MS that
accesses the network successfully through this channel. The AGCH is a downlink
channel.
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Dedicated channel is a traffic channel which carries voice and data. Some types of
dedicated channel are used for the control purpose.
Traffic Channel (TCH): TCH carries voice and data. According to switching mode,
TCH can be divided into circuit-switched channel and data-switched channel.
According to transmission rate, TCH can be divided into full-rate channels and half-
rate channels.
Rate of the GSM full-rate channel is 13 kbps, and that of the GSM half-rate channel is
6.5 kbps. In addition, the enhanced full-rate channel has same rate as the full-rate
channel, which is 13 kbps. However, it has better compressed coding scheme than full-
rate channel. That is why enhanced full-rate channel provides better voice quality.
In actual application, different types of logical channels are mapped on the same
physical channel. This is called channel combination.
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GSM Radio Interface Technology
Each cell broadcasts FCCH and SCH. The basic combination in the downlink direction
includes FCCH, SCH, BCCH and CCCH (PCH + AGCH). It is allocated to TN0 of
BCCH carrier configured for a cell, as shown in Fig 3.3-12.
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Chapter 1 GSM Speech Processing
For half-rate voice channel combination, each timeslot has two half-rate sub-channels
and corresponding SACCH, with 26 TDMA frames as a multiframe.
In such case, extra carriers must be added. However, the communication in this way is
not highly effective. The way to solve this problem is to multiplex the CCCH, that is,
multiplex the CCCH on one or two physical channels.
Base station has N carriers, and each carrier has eight timeslots. Define the carriers as
f0, f1, f2 … Downlink starts from timeslot 0 (TS0) of f 0. TS0 is used to map with control
channel only. f0 is also called broadcast control channel (BCCH).
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GSM Radio Interface Technology
BCCH and CCCH occupy total 51 TS0s. Although only the TS0 of each frame is
occupied, the total length is 51 TDMA frames in terms of time. Each time when an idle
frame appears, the multiframe ends. After that, a new multiframe starts from F and S.
Repeat like this, and TDMA multiframe is constructed.
When there is no paging or call connected, the base station always transmits on f 0. This
enables MS to detect the signal strength of the base station to determine the cell to be
used.
For the uplink, the TS0 on f 0 does not include the above channels. It is used for the MS
access only, that is, it is used as the RACH.
BCCH, FCCH, SCH, PCH, AGCH, and RACH are all mapped on TS0. RACH is
mapped on uplink, and the rest are mapped on downlink.
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Chapter 1 GSM Speech Processing
Since the bit rate in call setup and registration is quite low, eight dedicated control
channels can be placed on one timeslot to improve the multiplexing ratio of the
timeslot.
SDCCH and SACCH have 102 timeslots in total, that is, 102 time division
multiplexing (TDM) frames.
DX (D0, D1 …) of SDCCH is used in the early time when a call is set up. When the
MS transfers to the TCH, and the subscriber starts the conversation or the release is
triggered after registration, the DX is used by other MSs.
TS1 on the uplink f0 has the same structure with the TS1 on the downlink f 0. They have
an offset in time, which means bi-directional connection can be performed at the same
time for an MS.
Fig 3.4-17 shows the multiplexing of the SDCCH and SACCH on TS1 of the uplink f0.
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GSM Radio Interface Technology
Uplink and downlink TS0 and TS1 on f0 are used by the logical control channel, while
other six physical channels (TS2 to TS7) are used by TCH.
TCH carries voice or data. SACCH carries control commands such as the command to
change the output power.
The idle timeslot I serves as the beginning or end of the repeated sequence.
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Chapter 1 GSM Speech Processing
Uplink TCH is of the same structure with the downlink TCH. They only have a time
offset, which is three timeslots. That is, the TS2 of the uplink and that of the downlink
do not appear simultaneously, which means that the MS does not send or receive data
at the same time.
Fig 3.4-19 shows the offset between the uplink and downlink of the TCH.
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