2) Finding angle between polar curves, radius of curvature of given

curve
a) Finding angle between polar curves
ALGORITHM
Step 1: Start
Step 2: declare theta
Step 3: Read r1 & r2
Step 4: Differentiate r1 & r2 with respect to theta
Step 5: Calculate t1 = dr1/r1 and t2 = dr2/r2
Step 6: Solve theta at r1 == r2
Step 7: Substitute theta to t1 & assign to w1
Step 8: Substitute theta to t2 & assign to w2
Step 9: check w1 < 0 then calculate y1 = pi-acot(abs(w1))
Else calculate y1= acot(w1)
Step 10: Repeat step 9 with w2<0 and calculate y2
Step 11: Compute value y as absolute (y1 – y2)
Step 12: Display angle between polar curves “y”
Step:13: Stop
Example 1:- Finding angle between polar curves r1 = 4cos(θ) and
r2 = 4sin(θ)
syms theta
r1 = 4*cos(theta);
r2 = 4*sin(theta);
dr1 = diff(r1,theta);
dr2 = diff(r2,theta);
t1 = dr1/r1;
t2 = dr2/r2;
q = solve(r1 == r2, theta,'PrincipalValue',true);
w1 = subs(t1,[theta],[q]);
w2 = subs(t2,[theta],[q]);
if w1<0
y1 = pi - acot(abs(w1));
else
y1 = acot(w1);
end
if w2<0
y2 = pi - acot(abs(w2));
else
y2 = acot(w2);
end
y = abs(y1 - y2)

Output
r1 =
r2 =
dr1 =
dr2 =
t1 =

t2 =

w1 =
w2 =
y1 =

y2 =

y =
Example 2: Finding angle between polar curves r1 = sin(θ)+cos(θ) and
r2 = 2sin(θ)
syms theta a
r1 = sin(theta)+cos(theta )
r2 = 2*sin(theta);
a=4;
dr1 = diff(r1,theta);
dr2 = diff(r2,theta);
t1 = dr1/r1;
t2 = dr2/r2;
q = solve(r1 == r2, theta,'PrincipalValue',true);
w1 = subs(t1,[theta],[q]);
w2 = subs(t2,[theta],[q]);
if w1<0
y1 = pi-acot(abs(w1));
else
y1 = acot(w1);
end
if w2<0
y2 = pi - acot(abs(w2));
else
y2 = acot(w2);
end
y = abs(y1 - y2)
Output
r1 =
r2 =
dr1 =
dr2 =
t1 =

t2 =

w1 =
w2 =
y1 =

y2 =

y =
Example 3: Finding angle between polar curves r1 = 1+sin(θ)) and
r2 = 1-sin(θ)
syms theta
r1 = 1+sin(theta);
r2 = 1-sin(theta);
a=4;
dr1 = diff(r1,theta);
dr2 = diff(r2,theta);
t1 = dr1/r1;
t2 = dr2/r2;
q = solve(r1 == r2, theta,'PrincipalValue',true);
w1 = subs(t1,[theta],[q]);
w2 = subs(t2,[theta],[q]);
if w1<0
y1 = pi-acot(abs(w1));
else
y1 = acot(w1);
end
if w2<0
y2 = pi - acot(abs(w2));
else
y2 = pi - acot(w2);
end
y = abs(y1 - y2)
Output
r1 =
r2 =
dr1 =
dr2 =
t1 =

t2 =

w1 =
w2 =
y1 =

y2 =

y =
b) Finding radius of curvature of given curve
ALGORITHM
Step 1: Start
Step 2: Declare syms r t
Step 3: Read r
Step 4: Differentiate r w.r.t t = r1
Step 5: Differentiate r1 w.r.t t = r2
Step 6: Calculate rho (formula (r2 +r12) (3/2)/(r2+2r12-r*r2))
Step 7: substitute rho in rho1
Example 1:- Find radius of curvature for r = acost at t = π /2
Code:
syms r t
a=4;
r = a*cos(t) ;
r1 = diff(r,t);
r2 = diff(r1,t);
rho = (r.^2+r1.^2).^(1.5)/(r.^2+2*r1.^2-r*r2)
rho1 = subs(rho,[t],[pi/2])

Output
r =
r1 =
r2 =

rho =

rho1 =

Example 2:- Find radius of curvature for r = a(1+cosθ) at θ = π /2

syms r theta
a=4;
r = a*cos(theta)^3 ;
r1 = diff(r,theta);
r2 = diff(r1,theta);
rho = (r.^2+r1.^2).^(1.5)/(r.^2+2*r1.^2-r*r2)
rho1 = subs(rho,[theta],[0])
Output
r =
r1 =
r2 =

rho =

rho1 =
Example 3:- Find radius of curvature for r = a(t-sin(θ))) at θ = π /2

syms r theta
a=4;
r = a*(theta-sin(theta)) ;
r1 = diff(r,theta);
r2 = diff(r1,theta);
rho = (r.^2+r1.^2).^(1.5)/(r.^2+2*r1.^2-r*r2)
rho1 = subs(rho,[theta],[pi/2])

Output
r =
r1 =
r2 =

rho =

rho1 =
II) Radius of curvature of parametric form
ALGORITHM
Step 1: Start
Step 2: Declare syms x y t
Step 3: Read x y
Step 4: Differentiate x w.r.t t = r1
Step 5: Differentiate y w.r.t t = r2
Step 6: Differentiate r1 w.r.t t = r3
Step 7: Differentiate r2 w.r.t t = r4
Step 8: Calculate rho (formula= (r12 +r22) (1.5)/(r1*r4-r2*r3) )
Step 9: substitute rho in rho1
Example 1:- Find radius of curvature for x = a(θ-sin(θ)) and y = a(1-cos(θ))
at θ = π
Code:
syms r theta
a=4;
x = a*(theta-sin(theta))
y = a*(1-cos(theta))
r1 = diff(x,theta);
r2 = diff(y,theta);
r3 = diff(r1,theta);
r4 = diff(r2,theta);
rho = (r1.^2+r2.^2).^(1.5)/(r1*r4-r2*r3)
rho1 = subs(rho,[theta],[pi])
Output:
x =
y =
r1 =
r2 =
r3 =
r4 =

rho =

rho1 =
Example 2: Find radius of curvature for x = a(1-cos(t)) and y = a(t-
sin(t)) at t = π /2

syms r theta
a=4;
x = a*(1-cos(theta))
y = a*(theta-sin(theta))
r1 = diff(x,theta);
r2 = diff(y,theta);
r3 = diff(r1,theta);
r4 = diff(r2,theta);
rho = (r1.^2+r2.^2).^(1.5)/(r1*r4-r2*r3)
rho1 = subs(rho,[theta],[pi/2])
Output:
x =
y =
r1 =
r2 =
r3 =
r4 =
rho =

rho1 =

Example 3: Find radius of curvature for x = acos(θ)3 and y = a(1-

cos(θ)) at t = π /4

syms r theta
a=4;
x = a*(cos(theta)^3)
y = a*(1-cos(theta))
r1 = diff(x,theta);
r2 = diff(y,theta);
r3 = diff(r1,theta);
r4 = diff(r2,theta);
rho = (r1.^2+r2.^2).^(1.5)/(r1*r4-r2*r3)
rho1 = subs(rho,[theta],[pi/4])
Output:

x =
y =
r1 =
r2 =
r3 =
r4 =

rho =

rho1 =