Paper 1 Resource Booklet ESS IB

N11/4/ENVSO/SP2/ENG/TZ0/XX/T
88116303
ENVIRONMENTAL SYSTEMS AND SOCIETIES

STANDARD LEVEL
PAPER 2
P a p7 November
Monday e r 12011 (morning)
2 hours
RESOURCE BOOKLET
INSTRUCTIONS TO CANDIDATES
• Do not open this booklet until instructed to do so.

• This booklet contains all of the resources required to answer question 1.
8811-6303 9 pages
© International Baccalaureate Organization 2011
–2– N11/4/ENVSO/SP2/ENG/TZ0/XX/T
Figure 1 World map showing the location of the Gulf of Fonseca
[Source: world map adapted from www.un.org/depts/cartographic/map/profile/world.pdf]
Caribbean Sea
El Salvador
Honduras
Honduras
El Salvador Gulf of
Nicaragua Fonseca
Gulf of
Fonseca
North Pacific Ocean Nicaragua
[Source: www.cia.gov/library/ [Source: www.worldatlas.com/aatlas/

publications/the-world-factbook] infopage/fonsecag.gif. Used with permission]
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Figure 2 Fact file on the Gulf of Fonseca
• A gulf is a large body of water usually surrounded on three sides by land; the Gulf of Fonseca is
surrounded by El Salvador, Honduras, and Nicaragua.
• The gulf covers an area of approximately 3200 km2 and has a coastline of 261 km.
• The coastal ecosystem is dominated by various species of mangrove. Mangroves are evergreen
trees found in the inter-tidal zone in tropical and subtropical latitudes.
• Bananas, coffee and beef are three of the main exports from the Gulf of Fonseca countries.
• Shrimp farming is an important area of economic growth in the countries enclosing the Gulf of Fonseca.
8811-6303 Turn over

Figure 3 The mangrove ecosystem
• Mangrove trees are found in estuaries where fresh water enters the sea; they are therefore able to
survive in varying levels of salinity and nutrient availability.
• Mangrove trees have specialized aerial roots that are adapted to low oxygen concentration and
varying water levels.
• Mangrove ecosystems are important nursery grounds for fish and crustaceans (shrimp and crabs)
e.g. Blue Striped Grunt and Mangrove Crab.
• Mangrove ecosystems provide habitats for many creatures, including migratory and non-migratory
birds e.g. Mangrove Warbler and Jabiru Stork.
• Mangrove ecosystems provide important resources for local people in the form of wood, plant
extracts, and subsistence harvesting of crabs and snails.
• Removal of mangroves impacts on soil erosion rates and nutrient cycles affecting the shoreline,
seagrass beds and coral reef.
Mangrove Seagrass Brain Coral

(Rhizophora mangle) (Halophila sp.) (Family Faviidae – multiple species)
[Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ [Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ [Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/

File:Mangrove.jpg File:Floridian_seagrass_bed.jpg File:Brain_coral.jpg
Created by Muriel Gottrop.] Created by Wikipedia user: Menchi.] Photo taken by Jan Derk.]
Mangrove Warbler Jabiru Stork Mangrove Crab Blue Striped Grunt

(migratory) (non-migratory) (Ucides cordatus) (Haemulon sciurus)
(Dendroica petechia)
[Source: http://en.wikipedia. [Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/
(Jabiru mycteria) org/wiki/File:Nokogirigazami1. wiki/File:Blue_Stripe_Grunt._
[Source: www.stevenanz.com/ [Source: http://en.wikipedia.
Main_Directory/Recent%20 JPG Created by Wikipedia user Haemulon_sciurus.jpg
org/wiki/File:Jabiru_mycteria_- Sakanayaman.] Created by: Brian Gratwicke.]
Photos/2007/070411_Yucatan/ Parque_das_Aves,Foz_do_
original/mangrove_warbler6527.jpg] Iguacu,_Brazil-back-8a.jpg
© Steve Nanz. Used with Created by Chad Bordes.]
permission.
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Figure 4 Mangrove ecosystems as nurseries for coral reef fish
(a) Mangroves present
Mangroves Seagrass bed Patch reef Shallow forereef
(b) Mangroves absent
Seagrass bed Patch reef Shallow forereef
8811-6303 Turn over

Figure 5 Total length of Blue Striped Grunt (H. sciurus) in ecosystems with mangrove trees present
and absent
(a) Mangroves present (b) Mangroves absent
60 Seagrass 60 Seagrass
% of Blue Striped Grunt

40 40
20 20
0 0
0 6 12 18 24 30 0 6 12 18 24 30
Length / cm Length / cm
60 Patch reef 60 Patch reef

40 40
20 20
0 0
0 6 12 18 24 30 0 6 12 18 24 30
60 Forereef 60 Forereef
40 40
20 20
0 0
0 6 12 18 24 30 0 6 12 18 24 30
Mumby, P.J. et al. (2004) Mangroves enhance the biomass of coral reef fish communities in the Caribbean. Nature, 427,
533–536. Reprinted by permission from Macmillan Publishers Ltd.
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Figure 6 Export of products from Gulf of Fonseca countries
(a) Export of aquaculture product (shrimp) from Gulf of Fonseca countries

180
160
140
120
100
US$ /
millions 80
60
40
20
0
1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007
Year
[Source: adapted from www.fao.org/fishery/statistics/global-aquaculture-production/en] FAOSTAT and FIGIS: Graphs showing
exports from the Gulf of Fonseca countries. Used with the permission of the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations.
(b) Total exports of major agricultural products (bananas, coffee, beef )

from Gulf of Fonseca countries
900
800
700
600
500
US$ /
millions 400
300
200
100
0
1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007
Year
[Source: adapted from http://faostat.fao.org/site/339/default.aspx] FAOSTAT and FIGIS: Graphs showing exports from the Gulf of
Fonseca countries. Used with the permission of the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations.
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Figure 7 Ecological services of mangrove ecosystems
Ecological service Estimated economic value of service
Water quality maintenance US$5820 ha–1 yr–1
Protection from environmental disturbance US$3679 ha–1 yr–1
Carbon storage US$952 ha–1 yr–1
Reprinted from Walters et al. (2008) “Ethnobiology, socio-economics and management of mangrove forests:
A review.” Aquatic Botany, 89, 220–236. With permission from Elsevier.
Figure 8 Shrimp consumption and farming
• 28 % of shrimp consumed worldwide are commercially farmed.

• Most shrimp produced by commercial farms are Tiger Shrimp (Penaeus monodon).
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Penaeus_monodon.jpg, Created by Wikipedia user Rotatebot
• In extensive shrimp farming, mangrove ecosystems are cleared to set up shrimp ponds.
• The loss of 50 % of Ecuador’s mangrove ecosystems, and 33 % of those in Honduras are thought
to be caused by extensive shrimp farming.
• Extensive shrimp farming prevents local communities from accessing the coastline for subsistence
activities.
• Nursery grounds of marine aquatic species are also displaced by extensive shrimp farming.
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Figure 9 Commercial shrimp farming techniques
(a) Semi-intensive shrimp farming
River Estuary
Ocean
Shrimp Ponds =
• Located along the shore above the high tide line

• Sea water is pumped into constructed ponds using mechanized pumps
• Ponds are fertilized (nitrogen, phosphorus and silicate) to encourage a natural food chain
• Shrimp density is high because farmers increase production with manufactured shrimp feeds
• Yields range from 500 to 5000 kg ha–1.
(b) Extensive shrimp farming
River Estuary
Ocean
Shrimp Ponds =
• Located along the shore below the high tide line

• Sea water flows in naturally with the tides
• Shrimp feed on naturally occurring organisms, which may be encouraged with organic or chemical
fertilizer
• Construction and operating costs are low
• Yields range up to 500 kg ha–1.
[Source: adapted from www.shrimpnews.com/About.html]
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N11/4/ENVSO/SP2/ENG/TZ0/XX/T

ENVIRONMENTAL SYSTEMS AND SOCIETIES

• Do not open this booklet until instructed to do so.

Figure 1 World map showing the location of the Gulf of Fonseca

[Source: world map adapted from www.un.org/depts/cartographic/map/profile/world.pdf]

North Pacific Ocean Nicaragua

[Source: www.cia.gov/library/ [Source: www.worldatlas.com/aatlas/

Figure 2 Fact file on the Gulf of Fonseca

8811-6303 Turn over

Figure 3 The mangrove ecosystem

Mangrove Seagrass Brain Coral

[Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ [Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ [Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/

Mangrove Warbler Jabiru Stork Mangrove Crab Blue Striped Grunt

Figure 4 Mangrove ecosystems as nurseries for coral reef fish

(a) Mangroves present

Mangroves Seagrass bed Patch reef Shallow forereef

(b) Mangroves absent

Seagrass bed Patch reef Shallow forereef

8811-6303 Turn over

(a) Mangroves present (b) Mangroves absent

% of Blue Striped Grunt

60 Patch reef 60 Patch reef

% of Blue Striped Grunt

% of Blue Striped Grunt

Figure 6 Export of products from Gulf of Fonseca countries

(a) Export of aquaculture product (shrimp) from Gulf of Fonseca countries

(b) Total exports of major agricultural products (bananas, coffee, beef )

8811-6303 Turn over

Figure 7 Ecological services of mangrove ecosystems

Ecological service Estimated economic value of service

Water quality maintenance US$5820 ha–1 yr–1

Protection from environmental disturbance US$3679 ha–1 yr–1

Carbon storage US$952 ha–1 yr–1

Figure 8 Shrimp consumption and farming

• 28 % of shrimp consumed worldwide are commercially farmed.

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Penaeus_monodon.jpg, Created by Wikipedia user Rotatebot

Figure 9 Commercial shrimp farming techniques

(a) Semi-intensive shrimp farming

• Located along the shore above the high tide line

(b) Extensive shrimp farming

• Located along the shore below the high tide line

[Source: adapted from www.shrimpnews.com/About.html]

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