CVE 311 Earthquake Engineering Module Part 4

CVE 311 – Earthquake Engineering
5. Eathquake Engineering, Part 4

5.1 Duration
18 hours.
5.2 Objectives
Acquire a thorough knowledge of the NSCP Code and Specifications used in

earthquake design.
5.3 Pre-Assessment
Before starting the proper learning of the topics, kindly answer the following. This is
not a test but is a way for us to see what you already know or do not know about the
topics.
1 2 3 4
I have no I have a I have some I know so
Topics
idea very little idea much
idea
Basis for Design
A. Occupancy
Categories
B. Site Geology and
Soil Characteristics
C. Site Seismic
Hazard Characteristics
D. Configuration
Requirements
E. Structural Systems
F. Height Limits
G. Selection of Lateral
Forces Procedure
H. System Limitations
I. Determination of
Seismic Factors
Minimum Design
Lateral Forces and
Related Effects
A. Simplified Static
Force Procedure
B. Static Force
Procedure
C. Dynamic Analysis
Procedure
D. Earthquake Loads
and Modeling
Requirements
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5.4 Notations
AB ground floor area of the "i l" designates the first level
structure to include the area above the base
covered by all overhangs and Level n = that level that is uppermost
projections, m2 in the main portion of the
AC the combined effective area of structure
the shear walls in the first storey Level x = that level that is under
of the structure, m2 design consideration
Ae the minimum cross-sectional "x l" designates the first level
area in any horizontal plane in above the base
the first storey of a shear wall, M maximum moment magnitude
m2 Na near-source factor used in the
Ax the torsional amplification factor determination of Ca in Seismic
al Level x Zone 4 related to both the
ap numerical coefficient specified in proximity of the building or
Section 208. 7 and set forth in structure to known faults with
Table 208-13 magnitudes as set forth in
Ca seismic coefficient, as set forth Tables 208-4 and 208-5
in Table 208-7 Nv near-source factor used in the
Ct = numerical coefficient given in determination of Cv in Seismic
Section 208.5.2.2 Zone 4 related to both the
Cv seismic coefficient, as set forth proximity of the building or
in Table 208-8 structure to known faults with
D dead load magnitudes as set forth in
De the length of a shear wall in the Tables 208-4 and 208-6
first storey in the direction Pl plasticity index of soil
parallel to the applied forces, m determined by approved
E,Eh,Em,Ev = earthquake loads set national standards
forth in Section 208.6 R numerical coefficient
Fx design seismic force applied to representative of the inherent
Level i, n or x, respectively over-strength and global
Fp design seismic force on a part ductility capacity of lateral-force-
of the structure resisting systems, as set forth in
Fpx design seismic force on a Table 208-11 or 208-12
diaphragm r a ratio used in determining pnr I
Ft that portion of the base shear, the redundancy/reliability factor.
V, considered concentrated at See Section 208.5.
the top of the structure in SA,SB,Sc,SD,SE,SF = soil profile types
addition to Fn as set forth in Table 208-2
fi lateral force at Level i for use in T elastic fundamental period of
Equation 208- 14 vibration of the structure in the
g acceleration due to gravity= direction under consideration,
9.815 m/sec2 sec
hi, hn, hx = height above the base to V base shear is given by
Level i, n or x, respectively, m Equations. 208-8, 208-9, 208-
I importance factor given in Table 10, 208-11 or 208-15
208-1 Vx the design storey shear in
Ip importance factor for Storey x
nonstructural component as W the total seismic dead load
given in Table 208-1 defined in Section 208.5.2.l
L live load wi,wx that portion of W located at or
Level i = level of the structure referred assigned to Level i or x,
lo by the subscript i respectively
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Wp the weight of an element or ∆S Design Level Response
component the weight of the Displacement, which is the total
diaphragm and the element drift or total storey drift that
tributary thereto at Level x, occurs when the structure is
including applicable portions of subjected to the design seismic
‰L
other loads defined in Section forces, mm
208.6.1 horizontal displacement at Level
Z seismic zone factor as given in i relative to the base due to
Table 208-3 applied lateral forces, /i, for use
Š
∆M Maximum Inelastic Response in Equation 208-14, mm
Displacement, which is the total Redundancy/Reliability Factor
drift or total storey drift that
Ω}
given by Equation 208-20
occurs when the structure is Seismic Force Amplification
subjected to the Design Basis Factor, which is required to
Ground Motion, including account for structural over-
estimated elastic and inelastic strength and set forth in Table
contributions to the total 208-11
deformation defined in Section
208.6.4.2, mm
5.5 Basis for Design
5.5.1 Occupancy Categories

For purposes or earthquake-resistant design, each structure shall be placed in one
of the occupancy categories listed in NSCP Table 103-1. Table 208-1 assigns
importance factors, I and Ip, and structural observation requirements for each
category.
5.5.2 Site Geology and Soil Characteristics

Each site shall be assigned a soil profile type based on properly substantiated
geotechnical data using the site categorization procedure set forth in Section
208.4.3.1.J and Table 208-2.
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Exception:
When the soil properties are not known in sufficient detail to determine the soil profile
type, Type SD shall be used.
Soil Profile Type SF is defined as soils requiring site-specific evaluation as follows:
1. Soils vulnerable to potential failure or collapse under seismic loading, such as

liquefiable soils, quick and highly sensitive clays, and collapsible weakly
cemented soils.
2. Peats and/or highly organic clays, where the thickness of peat or highly
organic clay exceeds 3.0 m.
3. Very high plasticity clays with a plasticity index, PI > 75, where the depth of
clay exceeds 7.5 m.
4. Very thick soft/medium stiff clays, where the depth of clay exceeds 35 m.
5. The criteria set forth in the definition for Soil Profile Type SF requiring site-
specific evaluation shall be considered. If the site corresponds to these
criteria, the site shalt be classified as Soil Profile Type SF and a site-specific
evaluation shall be conducted.
5.5.3 Site Seismic Hazard Characteristics

Seismic hazard characteristics for the site shall be established based on the seismic
zone and proximity of the site to active seismic sources, site soil profile
characteristics, and the structure's important factor.
5.5.3.1 Seismic Zone

The Philippine archipelago is divided into two seismic zones only. Zone 2 covers the
provinces of Palawan (except Busuanga), Sulu, and Tawi-Tawi while the rest of the
country is under Zone 4 as shown in Figure 208-1. Each structure shall be assigned
a seismic zone factor Z, by Table 208-3.
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5.5.3.2 Seismic Source Types

Table 208-4 defines the types of seismic sources. The location and type of seismic
sources to be used for design shall be established based on approved geological
data; see Figure 208-2A. Type A sources shall be determined from Figure 208-2B,
2C, 2D, 2E, or the most recent mapping of active faults by the Philippine Institute of
Volcanology and Seismology (PHIVOLCS).
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5.5.3.3 Seismic Zone 4 Near-Source Factor
In Seismic Zone 4, each site shall be assigned near-source factors by Tables 208-5
and 208-6 based on the Seismic Source Type as set forth in Section 208.4.4.2.
for high rise structures and essential facilities within 2.0 km of a major fault, a site-
specific seismic elastic design response spectrum is recommended to be obtained
for the specific area.
Notes for Tables 208. 5 and 208. 6:
1. The Near-Source Factor may be based on the linear interpolation of values for
distances other than those shown in the table.
2. The closest distance to the seismic source shall be taken as the minimum
distance between the site and the area described by the vertical projection of
the source on the surface (i.e., surface projection of fault plane). The surface
projection need not include portions of the source at depths of 10 km or
greater. The largest value of the Near-Source Factor considering all sources
shall be used for design.
5.5.3.4 Seismic Response Coefficients

Each structure shall be assigned a seismic coefficient, Ca by Table 208-7, and a
seismic coefficient, Cv, by Table 208-8.
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5.5.4 Configuration Requirements

Each structure shall be designated as being structurally regular or irregular by
Sections 208.4.5.1 and 208.4.5.2.
5.5.4.1 Regular structures

Regular structures have no significant physical discontinuities in plan or vertical
configuration or their lateral-force-resisting systems such as the irregular features
described in Section 208.4.5.2.
5.5.4.2 Irregular structures

Irregular structures have significant physical discontinuities in configuration or their
lateral-force-resisting systems. Irregular features include, but are not limited to, those
described in Tables 208-9 and 208-10. All structures in occupancy Categories 4 and
5 in Seismic Zone 2 need to be evaluated only for vertical irregularities of Type 5
(Table 208-9) and horizontal irregularities of Type l (Table 208-10).
Structures having any of the features listed in Table 208-9 shall be designated as if
having a vertical irregularity.
Exception:
Where no storey drift ratio under design lateral forces is greater than 1.3 times the
storey drift ratio of the storey above, the structure may be deemed to not have the
structural irregularities of Type I or 2 in Tabie 208-9. The storey drift ratio for the top
two stories need not be considered. The storey drifts for this determination may be
calculated neglecting torsional effects.
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5.5.5 Structural Systems

Structural systems shall be classified as one of the types listed m Table 208-11 and
defined in this section.
5.5.5.1 Bearing Wall System

A structural system without a complete vertical load carrying space frame. Bearing
walls or bracing systems provide support for all or most gravity loads. Resistance to
lateral load is provided by shear walls or braced frames.
5.5.5.2 Building Frame System

A structural system with an essentially complete space frame providing support for
gravity loads. Resistance to lateral load is provided by shear walls or braced frames.
5.5.5.3 Moment-Resisting Frame System

A structural system with an essentially complete space frame providing support for
gravity loads. Moment resisting frames provide resistance to lateral load primarily by
flexural action of members.
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5.5.5.4 Dual System
A structural system with the following features:
1. An essentially complete space frame that provides support for gravity loads.
2. Resistance to lateral load is provided by shear walls or braced frames and
moment-resisting frames (SMRF, TMRF, MMRWF, or steel OMRF). The
moment resisting frames shall be designed to independently resist at least 25
percent of the design base shear.
3. The two systems shall be designed to resist the total design base shear in
proportion lo their relative rigidities considering the interaction of the dual
system at all levels.
5.5.5.5 Cantilevered Column System

A structural system relying on cantilevered column elements for lateral resistance.
5.5.5.6 Undefined Structural System

A structural system is not listed in Table 208-11.
5.5.5.7 Non-building Structural System

A structural system conforming to Section 208.8.
5.5.6 Height Limits

Height limits for the various structural systems in Seismic Zone 4 are given in Table
208-11.
Exception:
Regular structures may exceed these limits by not more than 50 percent for
unoccupied structures, which are not accessible to the general public.
5.5.7 Selection of Lateral Force Procedure

Any structure may be, and certain structures defined below shall be, designed using
the dynamic lateral-force procedures of Section 208.5.3.
5.5.7.1 Simplified Static

The simplified static lateral-force procedure set forth in Section 208.5. 1. 1 may be
used for the following structures of Occupancy Category IV or V:
1. Buildings of any occupancy (including single-family dwellings) not more than

three stories in height excluding basements that use light-frame construction.
2. Other buildings not more than two stories in height excluding basements.
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5.5.7.2 Static
The static lateral force procedure of Section 208.5 may be used for the following
structures:
1. All structures, regular or irregular in Occupancy Categories IV and V in

Seismic Zone 2.
2. Regular structures under 75 m in height with lateral force resistance provided
by systems listed in Table 208-11, except where Section 208.4.8.3, Item 4,
applies.
3. Irregular structures not more than five stories or 20 m in height.
4. Structures having a nexible upper portion supported on a rigid lower portion
where both portions of the structure considered separately can be classified
as being regular, the average storey stiffness of the lower portion is at least
10 times the average storey stiffness of the upper portion and the period of
the entire structure is not greater than 1.1 times the period of the upper
portion considered as a separate structure fixed at the base.
5.5.7.3 Dynamic
The dynamic lateral-force procedure of Section 208.5.3 shall be used for all other
structures, including the following:
1. Structures 75 m or more in height, except as permitted by Section 208.4.8.2,

Item 1.
2. Structures having a stiffness, weight, or geometric vertical irregularity of Type
I, 2, or 3, as defined in Table 208-9, or structures having irregular features not
described in Table 208-9 or 208-10, except as permitted by Section
208.4.10.3.1.
3. Structures over five stories or 20 m in height in Seismic Zone 4 not having the
same structural system throughout their height except as permitted by Section
208.5.3.2.
4. Structures, regular or irregular, located on Soil Profile Type SF, have a period
greater than 0.7 s. The analysis shall include the effects of the soils at the site
and shall conform to Section 208.5.3.2, Item 4.
5.5.8 System Limitations
5.5.8.1 Discontinuity
Structures with a discontinuity in capacity, vertical irregularity Type 5 as defined in
Table 208-9, shall not be over two stories or 9 m in height where the weak storey
has a calculated strength of less than 65 % of the storey above.
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Exception:
Where the weak storey is capable of resisting a total lateral seismic force of Ω times
the design force prescribed in Section 208.5.
5.5.8.2 Undefined Structural Systems

For undefined structural systems not listed in Table 208-11, the coefficient R shall be
substantiated by approved cyclic test data and analyses. The following items shall be
addressed when establishing R:
1. Dynamic response characteristics,

2. Lateral force resistance,
3. Over-strength and strain hardening or softening,
4. Strength and stiffness degradation,
5. Energy dissipation characteristics,
6. System ductility, and
7. Redundancy.
5.5.8.3 Irregular features

All structures having irregular features described in Table 208-9 or 208-10 shall be
designed to meet the additional requirements of those sections referenced in the
tables.
5.5.9 Determination of Seismic Factors
5.5.9.1 Determination of Ω
For specific elements of the structure, as specifically identified in this code, the
factor Ω and the design seismic forces set forth in Section 208.5. For both Allowable
minimum design strength shall be the product of the seismic force over-strength
Stress Design and Strength Design, the Seismic Force Over-strength Factor, Ω ,
shall be taken from Table 208-11.
5.5.9.2 Determination of R
The value for R shall be taken from Table 208-11.
5.5.9.3 Combinations of Structural Systems

Where combinations of structural systems are incorporated into the same structure,
the requirements of this section shall be satisfied.
5.5.9.3.1 Vertical Combinations

The value of R used in the design of any storey shall be less than or equal to the
value of R used in the given direction for the storey above.
Exception:
Page 120
This requirement need not be applied to a storey where the dead weight above that
storey is less than 10 percent of the total deadweight of the structure.
5.5.9.3.2 Combinations along Different Axes

In Seismic Zone 4 where a structure has a bearing wall system in only one direction,
the value of R used for design in the orthogonal direction shall not be greater than
that used for the bearing wall system.
Any combination of bearing wall systems, building frame systems, dual systems, or
moment-resisting frame systems may be used to resist seismic forces in structures
less than 50 m in height. Only combinations of dual systems and special moment-
resisting frames shall be used to resist seismic forces in structures exceeding 50 m
in height in Seismic Zone 4.
5.5.9.3.3 Combinations along the Same Axis

Where a combination of different structural systems is utilized to resist lateral forces
in the same direction, the value of R used for design in that direction shall not be
greater than the least value for any of the systems utilized in that same direction.
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Page 122
Page 123
5.6 Minimum Design Lateral Forces and Related Effects
5.6.1 Simplified Static Force Procedure

Structures conforming to the requirements of Section 208.4.8.1 may be designed
using this procedure.
5.6.1.1 Simplified Design Base Shear

The total design base shear in a given direction shall be determined from the
following equation:
3‹}
_ Œ ••. 208 5
V
where the value or Ca shall be based on Table 208-7 for the soil profile type. When
the soil properties are not known in sufficient detail to determine the soil profile type,
Type SD shall be used in Seismic Zone 4, and Type SE shall be used in Seismic
Zone 2. In Seismic Zone 4, the Near Source Factor, Na, need not be greater than 1.2
if none of the following structural irregularities are present:
1. Type 1, 4, or 5 of Table 208-9, or

2. Type I or 4 of Table 208-10.
5.6.1.2 Vertical Distribution

The forces at each level shall be calculated using the following equation:
3‹}
j~ Œ ••. 208 6
V L
where the value of Ca shall be determined as in Section 208.5.1.1.
5.6.1.3 Horizontal Distribution of Shear

The design storey shear, Vx, in any storey is the sum of the forces Ft and Fx above
that storey. Vx shall be distributed to the various elements of the vertical lateral force-
resisting system in proportion to their rigidities, considering the rigidity of the
diaphragm. Sec Section 208.7.2.3 for rigid elements that are not intended to be part
of the lateral force-resisting systems.
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Where diaphragms are not flexible, the mass at each level shall be assumed to be
displaced from the calculated center of mass in each direction a distance equal to 5
percent of the building dimension at that level perpendicular to the direction of the
force under consideration. The effect of this displacement on the storey shear
distribution shall be considered.
Diaphragms shall be considered flexible for distribution of storey shear and torsional
moment when the maximum lateral deformation of the diaphragm is more than two
times the average storey drift of the associated storey. This may be determined by
comparing the computed midpoint in-plane deflection of the diaphragm itself under
lateral load with the storey drift of adjoining vertical-resisting elements under the
equivalent tributary lateral load.
5.6.1.4 Horizontal Torsional Moments

Provisions shall be made for the increased shears resulting from horizontal torsion
where diaphragms are not flexible. The most severe load combination for each
element shall be considered for design.
The torsional design moment at a given storey shall be the moment resulting from
eccentricities between applied design lateral forces at levels above that storey and
the vertical-resisting elements in that storey plus an accidental torsion.
The accidental torsional moment shall be determined by assuming the mass is

displaced as required by Section 208.5.1.3.
Where torsional irregularity exists, as defined in Table 208-10, the effects shall be
accounted for by increasing the accidental torsion at each level by an amplification
factor, Ax, determined from the following equation:
‰|}~
,~ q r ••. 208 7
1.2‰}zD
where
‰}zD the average of the displacements at the extreme points of the structure
‰|}~
at Level x, mm
the maximum displacement at Level x, mm
5.6.1.5 Overturning
Every structure shall be designed to resist the overturning effects caused by
earthquake forces specified in Section 208.5.2.3. At any level, the overturning
moments to be resisted shall be determined using those seismic forces (Ft and Fx)
that act on levels above the level under consideration. At any level, the incremental
changes or the design overturning moment shall be distributed to the various
resisting elements in the manner prescribed in Section 208.5.1.3. Overturning effects
on every element shall be carried down to the foundation. Sec Sections 207.1 and
208.7 for combining gravity and seismic forces.
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5.6.2 Static Force Procedure
5.6.2.1 Design Base Shear

following equation:
‹Ž J
_ Œ ••. 208 8
V
The total design base shear need not exceed the following:
2.5‹} J
_ Œ ••. 208 9
V
The total design base shear shall not be less than the following:
_ 0.11‹} JŒ ••. 208 10
Also, for Seismic Zone 4, the total base shear shall not be less than the following:
0.8••Ž J
_ Œ ••. 208 11
V
5.6.2.2 Structure Period
The value or T shall be determined from one of the following methods:
5.6.2.2.1 Method A:
For all buildings, the value T may be approximated from the following equation:
N‘
‹„ ℎ% @ ••. 208 12
Ct 0.0853 for steel moment-resisting frames, 0.0731 for reinforced concrete

moment resisting frames and eccentrically braced frames or 0.0488 for all
other buildings
5.6.2.2.2 Method B:
The fundamental period T may be calculated using the structural properties and
deformational characteristics or the resisting elements in a properly substantiated
analysis. The analysis shall be by the requirements of Section 208.6.2. The value of
T from Method B shall not exceed a value 30 percent greater than the value of T
obtained from Method A in Seismic Zone 4, and 40 percent in Seismic Zone 2.
The fundamental period T may be computed by using the following equation:
∑%L”: “L ‰L
2 " ••. 208 14
• ∑%L”: “TL ‰L
The values of fi represent any lateral force distributed approximately by the principles
elastic deflections, ‰L shall be calculated using the applied lateral forces, fi.
of Equations. 208-15, 208-16 and 208-17 or any other rational distribution. The
Page 126
5.6.2.3 Vertical Distribution of Force
The total force shall be distributed over the height of the structure in conformance
with Equations 208-15, 208-16, and 208-17 in the absence of a more rigorous
procedure.
%
_ j„ – jL ••. 208 15
L”:
The concentrated force Fi. at the top, which is in addition to Fn, shall be determined
from the equation:
j„ 0.77 _ ••. 208 16
The value of T used to calculate Ft shall be the period that corresponds with the
design base shear as computed using Equation 208-4. Ft. need not exceed 0.25V
and may be considered as zero where T is 0.7s or less. The remaining portion of the
base shear shall be distributed over the height of the structure, including Level n,
according to the following equation:
_ j„ “~ ℎ~
j~ ••. 208 17
∑%L”: “L ℎL
At each level designated as x, the force Fx shall be applied over the area of the
building by the mass distribution at that level. Structural displacements and design
seismic forces shall be calculated as the effect of forces Fx and Ft applied at the
appropriate levels above the base.
5.6.3 Dynamic Analysis Procedures

Dynamic analysis procedures, when used, shall conform to the criteria established in
this section. The analysis shall be based on an appropriate ground motion
representation and shall be performed using accepted principles of dynamics.
Structures that are designed by this section shall comply with all other applicable
requirements of these provisions.
5.6.3.1 Response Spectrum Analysis

An elastic dynamic analysis of a structure utilizing the peak dynamic response of all
modes having a significant contribution to total structural response. Peak modal
responses are calculated using the ordinates of the appropriate response spectrum
curve which corresponds to the modal periods. Maximum modal contributions are
combined statistically to obtain an approximate total structural response.
5.6.3.2 Time History Analysis

An analysis of the dynamic response of a structure at each increment of time when
the base is subjected to a specific ground motion time history. The time-history
analysis shall be performed with pairs of appropriate horizontal ground-motion time-
history components that shall be selected and scaled from not less than three
recorded events. Appropriate time histories shall have magnitudes, fault distances,
and source mechanisms that are consistent with those that control the design-basis
earthquake (or maximum capable earthquake). Where three appropriate recorded
ground-motion time-history pairs are not available, appropriate simulated ground
motion time-history pairs may be used to make up the total number required. For
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each pair of horizontal ground-motion components, the square root of the sum of the
squares (SRSS) of the 5 percent-damped site-specific spectrum of the scaled
horizontal components shall be constructed. The motions shall be scaled such that
the average value of the SRSS spectra does not fall below 1.4 times the 5 percent-
damped spectrum of the design-basis earthquake for periods from 0.2T second to
1.5T seconds. Each pair of time histories shall be applied simultaneously to the
model considering torsional effects.
5.6.4 Earthquake Loads and Modeling Requirements
5.6.4.1 Earthquake Loads

Structures shall be designed for ground motion producing structural response and
seismic forces in any horizontal direction. The following earthquake loads shall be
used in the load combinations set forth in Section 203:
X ŠXf Xz ••. 208 18
X| Ω Xf ••. 208 19
where:
E the earthquake load on an element of the structure resulting from the

combination of the horizontal component, Eh, and the vertical
component, Ev
Eh the earthquake load due to the base shear, V, as set forth in Section
208.5.2 or the design lateral force, Fp, as set forth in Section 208.9
Em the estimated maximum earthquake force that can be developed in the
structure as set forth in Section 208.6.1, and used in the design of
specific elements of the structure, as specifically identified in this
section
Ev the load effect resulting from the vertical component or the earthquake
ground motion and is equal to an addition of 0.5CalD to the dead load
effect, D, for Strength Design, and may be taken as zero for Allowable
Ω
Stress Design
the seismic force amplification factor that is required to account for
Š
structural overstrength, as set forth in Section 208.4.10.J
6.1
Reliability/Redundancy Factor as given by the following equation:
Š 2 ••. 208 20
O|}~ g,—
rmax the maximum element-storey shear ratio. For a given direction or

loading, the element-storey shear ratio is the ratio of the design storey
shear in the most heavily loaded single element divided by the total
design storey shear.
5.7 Problems
Problem 1
Beam A-B and Column C-D are elements of the special moment-resisting frame.
Structural analysis has provided the following individual beam moments at A, and the
column axial loads and moments at C due to dead load, office building live load, and
lateral seismic forces.
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Dead Load D Live Load L Lateral Seismic Load Eh
Beam Moment at A 100 kip-ft 50 kip-ft 120 kip-ft
Find the strength design moment at beam end A.
Solution:
Strength design moment at beam end A.
To determine strength design moments for design, the earthquake component E

must be combined with the dead and live load components D and L. This process is
illustrated below.
The earthquake load E consists of two components, Eh is due to horizontal forces,

and Ev is due to vertical forces.
X ŠXf Xz
The moment due to vertical earthquake forces is calculated as
Xz 0.5‹} J˜ 0.5 0.44 1.0 100 22 . T
The moment due to horizontal earthquake forces is given as Eh = 120 k.ft, therefore:
X ŠXf Xz 1.1 120 22 154 . T
Apply earthquake load combinations:
1.2˜ 1.0X T: ™;
(d 1.2(š 1.0(› T: (I 1.2 100 1.0 154 0.5 50 299 . T
0.9˜ œ 1.0X
(d 0.9(š œ 1.0(› 0.9 100 œ 1.0 154 244 . T •O 64 . T
∴ (d 299 . T •O 64 . T
Page 129
Problem 2
A five-story concrete special moment-resisting frame is shown below. The specified

lateral forces Fx from Equations (30-14) and (30-15) have been applied and the
corresponding floor level displacements Dx at the floor center of mass have been
found and are shown below.
Story
Height Displace
Level
(m) ment
(mm)
5 3.048 51.308
4 3.048 44.450
3 3.048 36.830
2 3.048 27.432
1 3.658 18.034
Determine if a Type 1 vertical irregularity—stiffness irregularity-soft story— exists in

the first story.
Solution:
To determine if this is a Type 1 vertical irregularity—stiffness irregularity-soft story—

here are two tests:
1. The story stiffness is less than 70 percent of that of the story above.
2. The story stiffness is less than 80 percent of the average stiffness of the three
stories above.
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Level 1 Story Drift = ∆s1
= 18.034 mm
Level 2 Story Drift = ∆s2 - ∆s1
= 27.432 – 18.034 = 9.398 mm
= 36.83 – 27.432 = 9.398 mm
= 44.45 – 36.83 = 7.62 mm
= 51.308 – 44.45 = 6.858
Level Story Drift Ratio = Level Story Drift / Level height

Level 1 Story Drift Ratio = 18.034 mm / (3.658 m * 1000mm / m) = 0.00493
Below is the tabulated values including the 70 and 80 percent computation
Story Story
Height Story Drift 0.7 (Story 0.8 (Story
Level Displacement Drift
(m) Ratio Drift Ratio) Drift Ratio)
(mm) (mm)
3.04 0.0022
5 51.308 6.858 0.00158 0.00180
8 5
3.04 0.0025
4 44.450 7.620 0.00175 0.00200
8 0
3.04 0.0030
3 36.830 9.398 0.00216 0.00247
8 8
3.04 0.0030
2 27.432 9.398 0.00216 0.00247
8 8
3.65 0.0049
1 18.034 18.034 0.00345 0.00394
8 3
The story stiffness is less than 70 percent of that of the story above.
Level 1, 70% Story Drift ratio = 0.00345 > Level 2 Story Drift ratio = 0.00308
Level 2, 70% Story Drift ratio = 0.00216 < Level 3 Story Drift ratio = 0.00308
The story stiffness is less than 80 percent of the average stiffness of the three stories
above.
Level 2, 3, & 4 average = (0.00308 + 0.00308 + 0.00250) / 3 = 0.00289 < 0.00394
Level 3, 4, & 5 average = (0.00308 + 0.00250 + 0.00225) / 3 = 0.00261 > 0.00247
The highlighted shows that the soft story exists.
Page 131
Problem 3
The five-story special moment frame office building has a heavy utility equipment
installation at Level 2. This results in the floor weight distribution shown below:
Determine if there is a Type 2 vertical weight (mass) irregularity.
Solution:
A weight, or mass, vertical irregularity is considered to exist when the effective mass
of any story is more than 150 percent of the effective mass of an adjacent story.
However, this requirement does not apply to the roof if the roof is lighter than the
floor below.
Checking the effective mass of Level 2 against the effective mass of Levels 1 and 3
At Level 1
1.5 * W 1 = 1.5(100 k)= 150 k
At Level 3
1.5 * W 3 = 1.5(110 k)= 165 k
W2 = 170 k > 150 k
Therefore, Weight irregularity exists
Problem 4
The lateral force-resisting system of the five-story special moment frame building
shown below has a 25-foot setback at the third, fourth, and fifth stories.
Page 132
Determine if a Type 3 vertical irregularity, vertical geometric irregularity, exists.
Solution:
A vertical geometric irregularity is considered to exist where the horizontal dimension

of the lateral force-resisting system in any story is more than 130 percent of that in
the adjacent story. One-story penthouses are not subject to this requirement.
In this example, the setback of Level 3 must be checked. The ratios of the two levels
is:
ŒŸh ℎ •T ™• • 2 100′
1.33
ŒŸh ℎ •T ™• • 3 75′
133 percent > 130 percent
Therefore, vertical geometric irregularity exists.
Problem 5
A concrete building has the building frame system shown below. The shear wall
between Lines A and B has an in-plane offset from the shear wall between Lines C
and D.
Page 133
Determine if there is a Type 4 vertical irregularity, in-plane discontinuity in the vertical

lateral force-resisting element.
Solution:
A Type 4 vertical irregularity exists when there is an in-plane offset of the lateral load
resisting elements greater than the length of those elements. In this example, the left
side of the upper shear wall (between lines A and B) is offset 50 feet from the left
side of the lower shear wall (between lines C and D). This 50-foot offset is greater
than the 25-foot length of the offset wall elements.
Therefore, in-plane discontinuity exists
Problem 6
A concrete bearing wall building has the typical transverse shear wall configuration
shown below. All walls in this direction are identical, and the individual piers have the
shear contribution given below. Vn is the nominal shear strength calculated, and Vm
is the shear corresponding to the development of the nominal flexure strength.
Page 134
Determine if a Type 5 vertical irregularity, discontinuity in capacity – weak story,

condition exists.
Solution:
A Type 5 weak story discontinuity incapacity exists when the story strength is less
than 80 percent of that in the story above. The story strength is considered to be the
total strength of all seismic force-resisting elements sharing the story shear for the
direction under consideration.
Using the smaller values of Vn and Vm given for each pier, the story strengths are
First story strength = 20 + 30 + 10 = 60 k
Second story strength = 80 + 10 = 90 k
Check if first story strength is less than 80 percent of that of the second story:
60k < 0.8(90) = 72 k
Therefore, a weak story condition exists
Problem 7
The plan configuration of a ten-story special moment frame building is as shown

below:
4 @ 20’ = 60’
Page 135
Determine if there is a Type 2 re-entrant corner irregularity.
Solution:
A Type 2 re-entrant corner plan irregularity exists when the plan configuration of a
structure and its lateral force-resisting system contain re-entrant corners, where both
projections of the structure beyond a re-entrant corner are greater than 15 percent of
the plan dimension of the structure in the direction considered.
The plan configuration of this building, and its lateral force-resisting system, have
identical re-entrant corner dimensions. For the sides on Lines 1 and 4, the projection
beyond the re-entrant corner is
100 ft - 75 ft = 25 ft
This is 25 / 100 or 25 percent of the 100 ft plan dimension.
For the sides on Lines A and E, the projection is
60 ft - 40 ft = 20 ft
This is 20 / 60 or 33.3 percent of the 60 ft plan dimension.
Since both projections exceed 15 percent, there is a re-entrant corner irregularity.
Therefore, Re-entrant corner irregularity exists
Problem 8
A five-story concrete building has a bearing wall system located around the
perimeter of the building. Lateral forces are resisted by the bearing walls acting as
shear walls. The floor plan of the second floor of the building is shown below. The
symmetrically placed open area in the diaphragm is for an atrium and has
dimensions of 40 ft x 75 ft. All diaphragms above the second floor are without
significant openings.
Determine if a Type 3 diaphragm discontinuity exists at the second-floor level.
Page 136
Solution:
A Type 3 diaphragm discontinuity irregularity exists when diaphragms have abrupt

discontinuities or variations in stiffness, including cutout or open areas greater than
50 percent of the gross enclosed area of the diaphragm, or changes in effective
diaphragm stiffness of more than 50 percent from one story to the next.
Gross enclosed area of the diaphragm is 80 ft ´125 ft = 10,000 sq ft
Area of opening is 40'´75'= 3,000 sq ft
50 percent of gross area = 0.5(10,000) = 5,000 sq ft
3,000 < 5,000 sq ft
Therefore, No diaphragm discontinuity irregularity exists
Problem 9
A four-story building has a concrete shear wall lateral force-resisting system in a

building frame system configuration. The plan configuration of the shear walls is
shown below.
Page 137
Determine if there is a Type 4 out-of-plane offset plan irregularity between the first
and second stories.
Solution:
An out-of-plane offset plan irregularity exists when there are discontinuities in a

lateral force path, for example: out-of-plane offsets of vertical resisting elements
such as shear walls. The first story shear wall on Line D has 25 ft out-of-plane offset
to the shear wall on Line E at the second story and above. This constitutes an out-of-
plane offset irregularity.
Therefore, Offset irregularity exists
Problem 10
A ten-story building has the floor plan shown below at all levels. Special moment
resisting-frames are located on the perimeter of the building on Lines 1, 4, A, and F.
Page 138
Determine if a Type 5 nonparallel system irregularity exists.
Solution:
A Type 5 nonparallel system irregularity is considered to exist when the vertical

lateral load resisting elements are not parallel to or symmetric about the major
orthogonal axes of the building’s lateral force-resisting system.
The vertical lateral force-resisting frame elements located on Line F are not parallel
to the major orthogonal axes of the building (i.e., Lines 4 and A). Therefore a
nonparallel system irregularity exists.
Therefore, a nonparallel system irregularity exists
Problem 11
Find the design base shear for a 5-story steel special moment-resisting frame
building shown below, given the following information:
Solution:
1. Determine the structure period.

Method A to be used. Ct for steel moment-resisting frames is 0.035.
N N
‹„ ℎ% ‘@ 0.035 60′ ‘@ 0.75¢•
Page 139
2. Determine the seismic coefficients Ca and Cv (Table 208-7 and 208-8), SC and
Z = 0.4
Ca = 0.40 Na Cv = 0.56 Nv
Determine near-source factors Na and Nv (Table 208-5 and 208-6), seismic
source type B, and 5 km.
Na = 1.0 Nv = 1.2
Therfore:
Ca = 0.40 *1.0 = 0.4
Cv = 0.56 *1.2 = 0.672
3. Determine the base shear:
following equation:
‹Ž J 0.672 1
_ Œ 1626 171.4 Ÿ£¢
V 8.5 0.75
The total design base shear need not exceed the following:
2.5‹} J 2.5 ∗ 0.4 ∗ 1
_ Œ 1626 191.3 Ÿ£¢
V 8.5
The total design base shear shall not be less than the following:
_ 0.11‹} JŒ 0.11 ∗ 0.40 ∗ 1.0 ∗ 1626 71.5 Ÿ£¢
Also, for Seismic Zone 4, the total base shear shall not be less than the following:
0.8••Ž J 0.8 ∗ 0.4 ∗ 1.2 ∗ 1.0
_ Œ 1626 73.5 Ÿ£¢
V 8.5
∴ _ 171.4 Ÿ£¢
In this example, the design base shear is:
Problem 11
A 9-story building has a moment resisting steel frame for a lateral force-resisting
system. Find the vertical distribution of lateral forces Fx. The following information is
given:
Page 140
Solution:
1. Determine Ft
This is the concentrated force applied at the top of the structure. It is
determined as follows. First, check that the Ft is not zero.
T = 1.06sec. > 0.7sec; Ft > 0
Ft = 0.07TV = 0.07 (1.06)(233.8) = 17.3 k
2. Find Fx at each level.
The vertical distribution of seismic forces is
_ j„ “~ ℎ~
j~
∑%L”: “L ℎL
_ j„ 233.8 17.3 216.5

where
Since there are nine levels above the ground, n = 9. Therefore

216.5“~ ℎ~
j~
∑0L”: “L ℎL
¤¥ f¥
∑ ¤¦ f¦
Level x Level Ht hx Wx W xhx Fx Fx / W x
9 12 116 214 24,824 0.10262 39.561 0.185

8 12 104 405 42,120 0.17412 37.690 0.093
7 12 92 405 37,260 0.15403 33.341 0.082
6 12 80 405 32,400 0.13394 28.992 0.072
Page 141
¤¥ f¥
Level x Level Ht hx Wx W xhx ∑ ¤¦ f¦ Fx Fx / W x
5 12 68 584 39,712 0.16417 35.535 0.061

4 12 56 422 23,632 0.09769 21.146 0.050
3 12 44 422 18,568 0.07676 16.615 0.039
2 12 32 440 14,080 0.05821 12.599 0.029
1 20 20 465 9,300 0.03845 8.322 0.018
Σ 3,762 241,896 233.800
V 233.8
0.25V 58.45
T 1.060
Ft 17.348
V - Ft 216.452
Page 142
5.8 Requirements/Deliverables
Solve the following problems:
Problem 1
Beam A-B and Column C-D are elements of the special moment-resisting frame.
Structural analysis has provided the following individual beam moments at A, and the
column axial loads and moments at C due to dead load, office building live load, and
lateral seismic forces.
Dead Load D Live Load L Lateral Seismic Load Eh

Beam Moment at A 58 kNm 75 kNm 98 kNm
Column C-D Axial Load 1500 kN 1800 kN 1650 kN
Column Moment at C 65 kNm 84 kNm 105 kNm
Find the following:
1. Strength design moment at beam end A.

2. Strength design axial load and moment at column top C.
Problem 2
A five-story concrete special moment-resisting frame is shown below. The specified

lateral forces Fx from Equations (30-14) and (30-15) have been applied and the
corresponding floor level displacements Dx at the floor center of mass have been
found and are shown below.
Page 143
Story
Height
Level Displacement
(m)
(mm)
5 3.200 55.000
4 3.200 50.000
3 3.200 40.000
2 3.200 28.000
1 4.000 20.000
Determine if a Type 1 vertical irregularity—stiffness irregularity-soft story— exists in

the first story.
Problem 3
building, given the following information:
Z 0.4 I 1
Seismic Source Type A R 8.5
Distance to seismic source 5 km W (kN) 35,561
Soil profile type Sc Total Height (m) 35
Problem 4
Z 0.4 I 1
Soil profile type Se Total Height (m) 36
Problem 5
Page 144
Z 0.4 I 1
Soil profile type Sd Total Height (m) 38
Problem 6
Z 0.4 I 1
Soil profile type Se Total Height (m) 40
Problem 7
Find the vertical distribution of lateral forces Fx of problem no. 3, consider that the
height and weight distribution are as follows.
Level x Level Ht Wx
10 0.098 H 0.040 W
9 0.098 H 0.103 W
8 0.098 H 0.106 W
7 0.098 H 0.102 W
6 0.098 H 0.109 W
5 0.098 H 0.112 W
4 0.098 H 0.101 W
3 0.098 H 0.102 W
2 0.098 H 0.110 W
1 0.118 H 0.115 W
Problem 8
Page 145
Level x Level Ht Wx
10 0.098 H 0.040 W
9 0.098 H 0.103 W
8 0.098 H 0.106 W
7 0.098 H 0.102 W
6 0.098 H 0.109 W
5 0.098 H 0.112 W
4 0.098 H 0.101 W
3 0.098 H 0.102 W
2 0.098 H 0.110 W
1 0.118 H 0.115 W
Problem 9
Level x Level Ht Wx
10 0.098 H 0.040 W
9 0.098 H 0.103 W
8 0.098 H 0.106 W
7 0.098 H 0.102 W
6 0.098 H 0.109 W
5 0.098 H 0.112 W
4 0.098 H 0.101 W
3 0.098 H 0.102 W
2 0.098 H 0.110 W
1 0.118 H 0.115 W
Problem 10
Level x Level Ht Wx
10 0.098 H 0.040 W
9 0.098 H 0.103 W
8 0.098 H 0.106 W
7 0.098 H 0.102 W
6 0.098 H 0.109 W
5 0.098 H 0.112 W
4 0.098 H 0.101 W
Page 146
Level x Level Ht Wx
3 0.098 H 0.102 W
2 0.098 H 0.110 W
1 0.118 H 0.115 W
Page 147
5.9 Post-Assessment
Post-Assessment:
After the proper learning of the topics, kindly answer the following. This is a way for
us to see the progress of your learning.
1 2 3 4
I have no I have a I have some I know so
Topics
idea very little idea much
idea
Basis for Design
A. Occupancy
Categories
B. Site Geology and
Soil Characteristics
C. Site Seismic
Hazard Characteristics
D. Configuration
Requirements
E. Structural Systems
F. Height Limits
G. Selection of Lateral
Forces Procedure
H. System Limitations
I. Determination of
Seismic Factors
Minimum Design
Lateral Forces and
Related Effects
A. Simplified Static
Force Procedure
B. Static Force
Procedure
C. Dynamic Analysis
Procedure
D. Earthquake Loads
and Modeling
Requirements
Page 148
6. References
PHIVOLCS. 2004. Earthquake Portfolio. Manila, Philippines.
Association of Structural Engineers of the Philippines. 2003. Earthquake Design

Manual Volume 1—Code Provisions for Lateral Forces. Manila: Association of
Structural Engineers of the Philippines.
Association of Structural Engineers of the Philippines. 2003. Earthquake Design

Manual Volume 2 —Earthquake Resistant Design of Structures: Manila: Association
of Structural Engineers of the Philippines.
Association of Structural Engineers of the Philippines. 2001. The National Structural

Code of the Philippines, 5th Edition. Manila: Association of Structural Engineers of
the Philippines.
Di Sarno, Luigi Elnashai, Amr S 2015, Fundamentals_of_Earthquake_Engineering,

John Wiley & Sons, Ltd, United Kingdom
Fundamental Concepts of Earthquake Engineering 1420064959 (CRC Press, 2009)
Hart, G., Kai Fai Wong, K. 2000. Structural Dynamics for Structural Engineers. Wiley
& Sons, New York.
Rotterdam, Balkens. 2001. Dynamic Analysis and Earthquake Resistant Design.

New York, USA: Mc Graw-Hill.
Structural Engineers Association of California (SEAOC) 1999, Seismic Design

Manual Volume I Code Application Examples, Structural Engineers Association of
California (SEAOC) 555 University Avenue, Suite 126 Sacramento, California
Page 149

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CVE 311 – Earthquake Engineering

5. Eathquake Engineering, Part 4

Acquire a thorough knowledge of the NSCP Code and Specifications used in

PDF processed with CutePDF evaluation edition www.CutePDF.com

5.5 Basis for Design

5.5.1 Occupancy Categories

5.5.2 Site Geology and Soil Characteristics

Soil Profile Type SF is defined as soils requiring site-specific evaluation as follows:

1. Soils vulnerable to potential failure or collapse under seismic loading, such as

5.5.3 Site Seismic Hazard Characteristics

5.5.3.1 Seismic Zone

5.5.3.2 Seismic Source Types

Notes for Tables 208. 5 and 208. 6:

5.5.3.4 Seismic Response Coefficients

5.5.4 Configuration Requirements

5.5.4.1 Regular structures

5.5.4.2 Irregular structures

5.5.5 Structural Systems

5.5.5.1 Bearing Wall System

5.5.5.2 Building Frame System

5.5.5.3 Moment-Resisting Frame System

5.5.5.5 Cantilevered Column System

5.5.5.6 Undefined Structural System

5.5.5.7 Non-building Structural System

5.5.6 Height Limits

5.5.7 Selection of Lateral Force Procedure

5.5.7.1 Simplified Static

1. Buildings of any occupancy (including single-family dwellings) not more than

1. All structures, regular or irregular in Occupancy Categories IV and V in

1. Structures 75 m or more in height, except as permitted by Section 208.4.8.2,

5.5.8 System Limitations

5.5.8.2 Undefined Structural Systems

1. Dynamic response characteristics,

5.5.8.3 Irregular features

5.5.9 Determination of Seismic Factors

5.5.9.3 Combinations of Structural Systems

5.5.9.3.1 Vertical Combinations

5.5.9.3.2 Combinations along Different Axes

5.5.9.3.3 Combinations along the Same Axis

5.6 Minimum Design Lateral Forces and Related Effects

5.6.1 Simplified Static Force Procedure

5.6.1.1 Simplified Design Base Shear

1. Type 1, 4, or 5 of Table 208-9, or

5.6.1.2 Vertical Distribution

5.6.1.3 Horizontal Distribution of Shear

5.6.1.4 Horizontal Torsional Moments

The accidental torsional moment shall be determined by assuming the mass is

5.6.2.1 Design Base Shear

_ 0.11‹} JŒ ••. 208 10

Ct 0.0853 for steel moment-resisting frames, 0.0731 for reinforced concrete

The fundamental period T may be computed by using the following equation:

j„ 0.77 _ ••. 208 16

5.6.3 Dynamic Analysis Procedures

5.6.3.1 Response Spectrum Analysis

5.6.3.2 Time History Analysis

5.6.4 Earthquake Loads and Modeling Requirements

5.6.4.1 Earthquake Loads

X ŠXf Xz ••. 208 18

E the earthquake load on an element of the structure resulting from the

rmax the maximum element-storey shear ratio. For a given direction or

Strength design moment at beam end A.

To determine strength design moments for design, the earthquake component E

The earthquake load E consists of two components, Eh is due to horizontal forces,