CHAPTER 2

LITERATURE REVIEW

In this study, a flood frequency analysis of the river Jhelum at the site of mangla was started
using gumbel and log pearson type iii distribution. These are useful for the flood frequency
analysis. The demand for cost effective and secure hydrological design and assessment drove
the research.

Saba Naz, Mirza Jawwad Baig, Syed Inayatullah, Tanveer Ahmed Siddiqi, Muhammad
Ahsanuddin (2019) examines flood frequency analysis through the application of the Gumbel
distribution at the Guddu barrage on the Indus River. It highlights significant floods in 1976,
1986, and 2010. The research demonstrates a robust correlation between observed and
projected flood volumes based on 36 years of data, and it evaluates flood risk by analyzing
data from the past 18 flood peak events. The study further utilizes Gumbel's approach to
forecast peak flows for different return periods.

O.C. Izinyon, N. Ihimekpen and G.E. Igbinoba (2011) focused on conducting a flood
frequency analysis of the Ikpoba River Catchment in Benin City, Edo State, Nigeria,
employing the Log-Pearson Type III probability distribution. The goal was to improve the
safety and cost-effectiveness of hydrologic design in the region. By applying this distribution,
the study calculated estimated peak discharge values for different return periods, providing
valuable data for hydraulic design and stormwater management in the catchment area.

H. K. Pandey, Shivam Dwivedi & Kamlesh Kumar (2018) Rising global floods, impacted by
shifting climate conditions, particularly challenge tropical countries like India, necessitating
accurate flood assessment and forecasting. An analysis of two decades of Betwa River data in
Madhya Pradesh suggests the superiority of Log Pearson Type-3 distribution, offering
valuable guidance for civil engineers in designing hydraulic structures and enhancing flood
predictions for varying return periods.

Nirman Bhagat (2017) The study's primary aim is to estimate peak flood discharge for
hydraulic structure planning. It utilizes Gumbel's distribution method to analyze 30 years of
Lower Mahi River flood data, showing its effectiveness with a strong R2 value. Additionally,
the research offers peak flood values for different return periods, contributing to improved
storm management in the area.

Sonowal Gulap Thakuriah Gitika (2019) Examining flood frequency is crucial for
understanding river behavior and high discharge levels. In this study, Gumbel's distribution
was applied to assess the Dangori River, a segment of the Lower Lohit River. Over 21 years
of flood data (1998-2018) from the Colorado website, a trend line analysis showed a strong
predictive capability with an R2 value of 0.9204. The research also projects future flood
discharges, proving their reliability for designing hydraulic structures, planning, bridge
construction, and preserving Dibru Saikhowa National Park.

Uttam Pawar, Pramodkumar Hire (2018) Utilizing Log Pearson Type III distribution, this
study examines flood data from four Mahi River sites and three tributaries over a 26-51 year
record. Notable floods in 1973 and 2006 are identified, with the analysis yielding dependable
estimates for different flood magnitudes and their return intervals, offering valuable insights
for flood management and engineering applications.

Mr. Mayank B. Patel (2020) The research delved into flood frequency analysis in India's
Narmada River basin, employing the Gumbel Distribution Method. Over a 30-year span
(1984-2013), it generated estimated peak discharge values for different return periods,
serving as valuable inputs for designing hydraulic structures and managing stormwater in the
basin.
M. Sultan Bhat, Akhtar Alam, Bashir Ahmad, Bahadur S. Kotlia c, Hakim Farooq, Ajay K.
Taloor, Shabir Ahmad (2019) focuses on flood frequency analysis of the Jhelum River in the
Kashmir basin, using Gumbel and Log-Pearson Type III probability distributions. It predicts
future flood scenarios for different return periods, highlighting that all estimated discharges
surpass the river's current capacity, suggesting potential overflows for events with a return
period of five years or more. The analysis suggests that the Log-Pearson Type III distribution
is a better fit for projecting river discharge, as supported by goodness-of-fit tests.

V. Manohar Reddy (2022) The study aimed to assess flood peak water levels in the Krishna
River, Andhra Pradesh, spanning 37 years, using Gumbel's and log-Pearson type (LPT) III
distribution methods. While Gumbel's Extreme value distribution better suited the area, LPT
III yielded higher values for longer return periods. These insights have significance for
hydraulic structure design and flood mitigation efforts.

Artur MUSTAFARAJ, Arbesa KAMBERI (1998) This research examines inflow from
tributary rivers into Komani Lake over 21 years, employing Gumbel's distribution method,
which proves highly suitable with an R2 value of 0.9717. The analysis yields estimated
values for different return periods, offering valuable insights for storm management in the
region.

Rajesh Kumar (2019) Flooding, a common and highly destructive natural hazard worldwide,
necessitates flood frequency analysis for effective floodplain development and infrastructure
planning. In the Rapti river basin, the study utilized annual maxima discharge data from Jalkundi and
Birdghat gauge sites, applying Log Pearson Type-III (LP-III) and Gumbel Extreme Value-1 (EV1)
methods. Interestingly, Birdghat exhibited lower flood discharges at various return periods,
suggesting floodwater storage upstream. Statistical assessments indicated that the LP-III method
was better suited for flood frequency analysis at these locations.