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Flood inundation simulation in river basin using a shallow water model:

application to river Yamuna, Delhi region

Article in International Journal of Advances in Engineering Sciences and Applied Mathematics · December 2012
DOI: 10.1007/s12572-012-0053-3

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Int J Adv Eng Sci Appl Math (October–December 2012) 4(4):250–259
DOI 10.1007/s12572-012-0053-3
Flood inundation simulation in river basin using a shallow water
model: application to river Yamuna, Delhi region
Senthil Gurusamy • Girija Jayaraman
Published online: 29 March 2012
Ó Indian Institute of Technology Madras 2012
Abstract River Yamuna is one of the major rivers of
India and the largest tributary of the Ganga. The river faces
the hazards of annual floods, susceptibility to erosion and
adverse impact of anthropogenic factors. The Delhi stretch
of the river Yamuna is located between 28°240 1700 and
28°530 0000 N and between 76°500 2400 and 77°200 3700 E. The
area is more vulnerable to annual floods and apart from this
the stretch has wide sandy beds bordered by high banks
which are subjected to annual inundation. To estimate the
inundation in the river banks, our previously developed
mathematical model (Senthil et al., Appl Math Comput
216:2544–2558, 2010), based on unsteady, depth averaged
shallow water equations is applied to this particular case
study of Yamuna river. The model uses a coordinate
transformation which enables the deforming boundaries to
be transformed to fixed boundaries in the computational
plane. The model is based on the finite difference scheme
which is conditionally stable. The 2001 bank lines data of
the river is taken as the input along with the actual dis-
charge data of 2001 to predict the change in the width of
the river. The average increase of 3.19 % (simulated) of the
entire stretch compares well with the observed result of
3.87 %. The simulated results are in conformity with the
observed data, the maximum increase in the width being
found between the Nizamuddin–Noida toll bridge regions.
The characteristics such as (i) spatial extent of the flood on
the floodplain, (ii) depth of the flood water, (iii) velocity of
the flood water and (iv) the time it takes for the flood water
S. Gurusamy  G. Jayaraman (&)
Centre for Atmospheric Sciences, Indian Institute of Technology
Delhi, New Delhi, India
e-mail: jgirija@cas.iitd.ac.in; girija.jayaraman@gmail.com
S. Gurusamy
e-mail: senthilg1@gmail.com
123
IIT, Madras
to spread, can be produced with the help of the simulated
results such as flooded area, inundation-depth, inundation-
time and flow-field. In other words these results can be
used as a tool to produce hydrologic data of the river banks
as well as to evaluate the effects on the river banks due to
flooding.
Keywords Shallow water equations 
River flow inundation  Coordinate transformation 
Yamuna river
1 Introduction
River Yamuna, one of the major rivers of India and the
largest tributary of the Ganga, originates from the Yamu-
notri glacier of the lower Himalayas at an elevation of
6,320 m above mean sea level. The river has a total length
of 1,376 km and drains an area of 345,848 km2. The
annual flow of the river is about 10,000 cumecs. The
tributaries contribute 70.9 % of catchment area and balance
of 29.1 % accounts for direct drainage into the Yamuna
River or to the smaller tributaries. On the basis of area, the
catchment basin of Yamuna is estimated to be 40.2 % of
the Ganga basin. The river faces the hazards of annual
floods, susceptibility to erosion and adverse impact of
anthropogenic factors.
Shallow water equations are used, in general, to model
overland flow, river and lake hydrodynamics as well as estu-
arine and coastal circulation [1–5]. In such configurations, the
model formulation leads to dynamic moving-boundary
problems, which require new and efficient numerical tech-
niques. During the past two decades, considerable attention
has been given to the solution of moving boundary flow
problems encountered in natural water systems and several
Int J Adv Eng Sci Appl Math (October–December 2012) 4(4):250–259
case studies [6–8] for rivers, lakes, estuarine, coastal, and
wetland environments are found in the literature. In natural
water systems, in addition to the fact that the position of the
free surface in a river is an unknown, the river banks deform,
making the grid generation in a numerical scheme a formi-
dable task. Earlier attempts to address these problems
neglected inundation and instead, placed fixed walls which
failed to take account of the dynamics of the intrusion process.
Lynch and Gray [9], who originally outlined the problem of
dealing with moving boundary fluid flows in shallow-water
models, found that these types of fixed wall boundaries do not
affect the results very much even at a moderate distance from
the boundary, but near the boundary there may be significant
errors. Previous models [6, 9–13], found good with test
problems, have used the finite element method allowing the
spatial domain to deform during simulation. But the finite
element procedure makes their approach more cumbersome
whereas the finite difference approach of Johns et al. [2] is
more simple, less expensive and captures the physics of the
flow adequately. Johns et al. [2] modelled a continuously
moving lateral boundary and compared their simulation with
the existing models along the coast of Andhra Pradesh, east
coast of India.
In the present paper, the depth-averaged model of
Senthil et al. [14] is used to obtain information on inun-
dation, bank width, elevation and flow-field of the Yamuna
River, Delhi region.
2 River Yamuna, Delhi region
The Delhi stretch of the river Yamuna is around 23 km
located between 28°240 1700 and 28°530 0000 N and between
76°500 2400 and 77°200 3700 E i.e., from Wazirabad barrage in
the upstream to Okhla barrage at the downstream (Fig. 1a).
The total area of river (Delhi stretch) is about 9,700 ha of
which 1,600 ha of land is under water (river extent) and
rest 8,100 ha as dry land (floodplains). Three barrages
namely Wazirabad barrage, Yamuna barrage and Okhla
barrage are found within the highly braided river stretch.
These barrages are opened only during the monsoon per-
iod, when excess of water leads to flooding in the adjoining
areas. The inundation of the floodplain in the river stretch
is restricted for 4–14 days between August and September
[15]. Though there have been detailed studies related to the
water quality of the river, very few published papers [16]
are available for the hydrodynamic study of the river. The
main objective of our present study is to predict the extent
of flooding, free surface elevation and flow-field. Hydro-
logical data and river geometry of Yamuna River were
collected from the Irrigation and Flood Control Depart-
ment, Government of Delhi. A brief description of the
study area, the bathymetry, bank lines and discharge data
251
based on the published field studies are demonstrated in the
following sections.
2.1 Study area
The study area chosen between Yamuna barrage (upstream)
and Delhi–Noida toll bridge (downstream) (Fig. 1b) is of
length 7 km. The choice is based on the observation that the
region has a continuous flow without any hydrological
interventions. Also, it was possible to get reliable bank lines
data for two consecutive years i.e., 2001 and 2002 for this
area. The area is vulnerable to annual floods and apart from
this, the stretch has wide sandy beds bordered by high banks
which are subjected to annual inundation.
2.1.1 Bathymetry
Data for bathymetry, in the form of bed elevation measured
from the mean sea level, was available [16] for 101 cross-
sections across the river. The model bathymetry was gen-
erated based on this data (Fig. 2).
2.1.2 Bank lines and bank width
The morphology and associated features of the river bed
changes in slope and bed profiles for a reach of about
23 km (includes our study area) are given in detail in Vijay
et al. [16]. Three barrages are found within the 23 km
stretch of Yamuna River, Delhi. These barrages are opened
only during the monsoon, when excess water leads to
flooding in the adjoining areas. There is no flow of water
from the barrage particularly during summer, as the
available water in the river is not adequate to fulfill
the water supply demand of Delhi. The average width of
the river bank of the area is found to be 310 m the varia-
tions being from 106 to 619 m. Except during monsoon
(i.e., July–September), the river flows in a highly braided
channel. The riverbed is 2–3 km wide whereas waterway in
the stretch is confined to a width of 450–800 m during the
non-monsoon period. The 2001 and 2002 bank lines data
were acquired on 6th March, 20011 and 20th May, 20022
respectively.
1
Source ‘‘Yamuna River, New Delhi’’ 28°240 1700 and 28°530 0000 N
and between 76°500 2400 and 77°200 3700 E. Google Earth. March 6,
2001. July 6, 2009.
2
Source ‘‘Yamuna River, New Delhi’’ 28°240 1700 and 28°530 0000 N
and between 76°500 2400 and 77°200 3700 E. Google Earth. May 20, 2002.
July 6, 2009.
123
252 Int J Adv Eng Sci Appl Math (October–December 2012) 4(4):250–259

Fig. 1 a Yamuna river, Delhi

region; b study area from
Yamuna barrage (upstream) to
Delhi–Noida toll bridge
(downstream)

Fig. 3 Maximum mean monthly discharge of the Yamuna river at

Yamuna Barrage for different years (source Department of Irrigation
and Flood Control, Delhi)

from 2000 to 2007. The numbers shown above the bars

indicate the day and month of the year at which the water
level reached the maximum level.

3 Methodology

Fig. 2 Bank lines, bank width and grid interpolated bathymetry
(m) profile
2.1.3 Discharge
The mean rainfall of the region is about 714 mm, 75 % of
which occurs in the month of August. Due to the presence
of the barrages, the river stretch is almost left with negli-
gible water during the dry period. Figure 3 shows the
maximum mean monthly discharge at Yamuna barrage
The two-dimensional, depth-averaged model of Senthil
et al. [14] is used to obtain information on extent of flood-
ing, bank width, elevation and flow-field of the Yamuna
River. A brief description of the model is demonstrated in
the following sections.
3.1 Model formulation
Our model formulation is based on our earlier paper [14]
related to modelling two dimensional free surface flows

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Int J Adv Eng Sci Appl Math (October–December 2012) 4(4):250–259 253

with moving boundaries. We give below and in the 1=2 1=2

Appendix most salient points of the formulation relevant to
the present work. We use a system of rectangular cartesian
co-ordinates in which the origin O is at the equilibrium
level of the river-surface (Fig. 4). The displaced position of
the free surface is given by z ¼ fðx; y; tÞ and the position of
the river floor by z = -h(x, y). Let u and v be the depth-
averaged velocities in the x and y directions, respectively.
u^ ¼ ðf þ hÞu and v^ ¼ ðf þ hÞv are new prognostic vari-
ables and ðf þ hÞ gives the total depth of the basin.
3.2 Shallow water equations
sbx ¼ qcf uðu2 þ v2 Þ ; sby ¼ qcf vðu2 þ v2 Þ ð4Þ
pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi
where cf ¼ g=C ¼ 2:6  103 is an empirical bottom
friction coefficient, with C = 62 (m1/2/s) the Chezy coef-
ficient. The approximation on bottom stresses is valid
under the assumption that there is no sidewall friction for
channels with vertical sidewalls.
The wind shear stresses ssx and ssy on the free water
surface are assumed to have less significance compared
with the bottom shear stresses and can be neglected. The
bottom and surface conditions used are:
u¼v¼w¼0 at z ¼ h ð5Þ

The two-dimensional, depth-averaged equations are of of of

þu þv ¼w at z¼f ð6Þ
obtained by considering the Reynolds averaged Navier– ot ox oy
Stokes equations for incompressible fluid neglecting Equations (5) and (6) correspond to the no-slip and kine-
molecular viscosity and integrating from the channel bottom matic surface conditions respectively.
to the water surface. The governing equations with hydro-
static approximation are given as: 3.3 Initial and boundary conditions
of o^
u o^
v
þ þ ¼0 ð1Þ
ot ox oy In the present analysis, the river banks are considered to be
situated at x = b1(y, t) and x = b2(y, t) respectively. The
o^
u oð^
uuÞ oð^
uvÞ of 1
þ þ ¼ gðf þ hÞ þ ½ssx  sbx  ð2Þ open river boundaries are at y = 0 and at y = L. (Fig. 5a)
ot ox oy ox q
o^
v oð^vuÞ oð^
vvÞ of 1   3.3.1 Initial condition
þ þ ¼ gðf þ hÞ þ ssy  sby ð3Þ
ot ox oy oy q
Initially, it is assumed that the motion in the river is observed
where g is the acceleration due to gravity, q is the density of
from an initial state of rest, so f ¼ u ¼ v ¼ 0 everywhere for
the water supposed to be homogeneous and incompressible
t B 0. The initial bank lines i.e., x = b1(y, 0) and x = b2(y, 0)
and t is the time. The terms sbx and sby are the bottom
are prescribed corresponding to the chosen configuration.
stresses in the x and y directions, respectively, and are
calculated by relating them to the depth averaged velocities.
3.3.2 Closed boundary conditions
i.e.,
The kinematical condition at the river banks requires that, if
there is a overland flow of water, then the banks move with
the same velocity as that of its constituent water particles:
db1 ob1 ob1
u¼ ¼ þv at x ¼ b1 ðy; tÞ ð7Þ
dt ot oy
db2 ob2 ob2
u¼ ¼ þv at x ¼ b2 ðy; tÞ ð8Þ
dt ot oy

3.3.3 Open boundary conditions

At the open boundaries i.e., at y = 0 and y = L, the normal

currents across the boundary are prescribed by a Som-
merfeld radiation condition which allows the propagation
of energy only outwards in the form of simple progres-
sive waves. This corresponds to prescribing an upstream
boundary condition at y = 0, which incorporates the fresh-
water discharge. The condition at the upstream end is
Fig. 4 Coordinate system written as,

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254 Int J Adv Eng Sci Appl Math (October–December 2012) 4(4):250–259

Fig. 5 Coordinate
transformation. a Physical plane
and b computational plane

hgi1=2 difference scheme. The numerical model has been tested

vþ f ¼ 2v0 at y¼0 ð9Þ and shown to run well on wide range of situations: (i) flow
h
with constant discharge, (ii) flow with constant discharge
where v0 is a velocity that determines the strength of the
and a closed boundary at the downstream, (iii) flow in a
freshwater flow. The term v0 is defined by v0 = Q/
converging channel with constant discharge and (iv) flow
(b0 9 h0), Q being the discharge, b0 and h0 the width
with varying discharge. The experiments are used to verify
and average depth of the river respectively at the upstream.
the model ability to predict free surface elevation, circula-
Similarly, an unforced downstream boundary condition is
tory pattern and displacement of the boundaries. For the
prescribed at y = L. The corresponding condition at the
case of Yamuna river, the discharge, one of the main input
downstream end is written as,
parameter given in the form of velocity parameter at the
hgi1=2
v f ¼ 0 at y ¼ L ð10Þ upstream boundary, was only available in the form of
h maximum mean monthly. The model was validated for the
case of flow with constant discharge.
3.4 Coordinate transformation The density of the water (q = 1,000 kg/m3) and accel-
eration due to gravity (g = 9.8 m/s2) were prescribed. The
To facilitate the numerical treatment of an irregular maximum depth (hmax) of 10 m was used for calculating
boundary configuration, a coordinate transformation
(Fig. 5b) is introduced, which is based upon a new set of
independent variables n, y and t, where
x  b1 ðy; tÞ
n¼ ð11Þ
bðy; tÞ
and b(y, t) = b2(y, t) - b1(y, t) is the breadth of the river.
This mapping transforms the analysis area into a rect-
angular domain given by 0 B n B 1, 0 B y B L. Thus,
the boundaries x = b1(y, t) and x = b2(y, t) correspond
respectively to n = 0 and n = 1. The transformed equa-
tions, boundary conditions and the numerical scheme are
given in the Appendix.

4 Results and discussion

The 2D depth averaged equations are solved on a staggered

Arakawa C grid using a conditionally stable explicit finite Fig. 6 Numerical grid imposed on the physical domain

123
Int J Adv Eng Sci Appl Math (October–December 2012) 4(4):250–259 255

Fig. 7 Carpet plot of simulated

surface elevation at different
time steps a t = 40 min,
b t = 80 min, c t = 120 min

123
256
Fig. 8 Simulated flow field at
different time steps
a t = 20 min, b t = 40 min,
c t = 60 min, d t = 80 min,
e t = 100 min, f t = 120 min
the condition for numerical stability. A (15 9 65) finite
difference grid (Fig. 6) was used to solve the equations
corresponding to the analysis area. The space increment
along the n-direction varied between 7.6 and 44 m whereas
Dy was fixed at 107.69 m and Dt ¼ 0:8 second.
The 2001 bank lines data, which was acquired on 6th
March, 2001, was taken as the input to calculate the
change in width. The results were compared with the
available data for 2002, acquired on 20th May, 2002.
The depth data was available for only three cross sec-
tions across the channel and a model bathymetry was
generated based on this data. The maximum mean
monthly discharge of 2266.19 m3/s (v0 = 0.29) recorded
during the monsoon of 2001 was taken as the freshwater
input at the upstream. The numerical simulation was
done for 48 h.
Figure 7a–c show the simulated surface elevation for the
entire study area at different time steps varying from 40 to
120 min, as a response to the fresh water input at the
upstream boundary. At the initial stage of the simulation, a
123
Int J Adv Eng Sci Appl Math (October–December 2012) 4(4):250–259
surge is observed at the upstream end and as time increases
the flow gradually spreads over the study area with an
average elevation of 0.147 m.
Figure 8a–f show the simulated flow field at different
time steps varying from 20 to 120 min. At the initial
stage of the simulation, the magnitude of the flow is
observed to be more at the upstream end and as time
increases the flow gradually spreads over the channel with
an average velocity of 0.41 ms-1. It can be observed from
Fig. 8d the flow takes nearly 80 min to cross the down-
stream end.
Figure 9 gives the channel width for the entire river
stretch from Yamuna barrage to Noida toll bridge. The
simulated results are in conformity with the observed data,
the maximum being found between the Nizamuddin–Noida
toll bridge regions. This may be due to the presence of
more shallow depth around the region. The average
increase of 3.19 % (simulated) of the entire stretch com-
pares well with the observed result of 3.87 %. Thus, the
model results confirm the trend and with a finer data
Int J Adv Eng Sci Appl Math (October–December 2012) 4(4):250–259 257

between 2001 and 2002, the results can be improved.

Table 1 gives the observed and simulated channel width of
the Yamuna River for four different segments Yamuna
barrage, Railway bridge, Nizamuddin bridge and Noida toll
bridge. The average width of the river bank of these seg-
ments was found to be 281 m the variations being from
185.9 to 396.4 m. The simulated results are in conformity
with the observed data showing a progressive increase in
the channel width. Figure 10 gives the flood inundation
extent for the entire study area. The simulated result shows
that the average inundated area of the entire river stretch
for the western and eastern banks are 55.8 and 20.36 m
respectively. Maximum of 175.41 m is found near the
eastern bank of the Nizamuddin–Noida toll bridge sector.
The estimated inundation extents in terms of bank width,
agree with the observations.
Fig. 9 Width of the Yamuna River in a segment from Yamuna
barrage to Noida toll bridge
5 Conclusions
Table 1 Observed and simulated river width of the Yamuna River
for four different segments from Yamuna barrage to Noida toll bridge In this study, a general two dimensional mathematical
Year location 2001-input Computed 2002-observed model [14], based on unsteady, depth-averaged shallow
(m) (m) (m) water equations, is applied to estimate the inundation and
Yamuna barrage 245.4 274.3 255.9 to study the morphological changes of a particular case
Railway bridge 185.9 196.5 193.8 study of Yamuna river. This model uses a coordinate
Nizamuddin bridge 296.9 310.8 309.6
transformation technique to facilitate the numerical treat-
Noida toll bridge 396.4 425.1 418.3
ment of the irregular boundary configuration.
Previous models [6, 9–13], found good with test
problems, have used the finite element method allowing
the spatial domain to deform during simulation. They are
more complicated and expensive than our model due to
complex grid topology remeshing and mesh getting dis-
torted. Also it may be impossible to obtain mesh inde-
pendent solutions. Our numerical procedure is an updating
scheme for both the banklines and hence the formulation
can be used to monitor the dynamics of the intrusion or
recession process. Accurate capture of hydrodynamics
effects near the boundary is essential for prediction over
the entire domain and our model is an accurate and
efficient scheme for treatment of the dynamics near the
deforming banklines. Our model based on finite differ-
ence scheme, is simpler, less expensive and captures the
physics of the flow adequately.
Both the simulated results and observed data for
Yamuna river show that there is a progressive increase in
the channel width and the maximum is found between
the Nizamuddin–Noida toll bridge regions. The simulated
results also show that the maximum inundation extent is
found near the eastern bank of the Nizamuddin–Noida toll
bridge sector. The study area, being highly populated and
prone to floods, the validated model can be used to pre-
Fig. 10 Simulated flood inundation extent of the Yamuna River in a dict the inundation in this area and to evacuate people
segment from Yamuna barrage to Noida toll bridge before a flood disaster. The simulated results such as

123
258 Int J Adv Eng Sci Appl Math (October–December 2012) 4(4):250–259

flooded area, inundation-depth, inundation-time and flow- Numerical procedure

field, can be used as a tool to produce hydrologic data of
the river banks as well as to evaluate the effects of the In the n–y plane we use a staggered Arakawa C grid where
river banks due to flooding. This data can be used to there are three distinct types of computational points. The
develop flood inundation maps which are important tools grid lines are all parallel to the coordinate axis and form a
for public officials and residents to minimize flood deaths uniform network with a rectangular mesh having sides of
and damages in the flood plain. The hydrodynamic model length Dn in the n-direction and Dy in the y-direction. We
can be enriched by including the soil and sediment use forward difference in the t direction (Dt G) and central
properties of the banks. The performance of the model difference for n and y directions (dn G and dy G).
can be improved by using, fine resolution data for bank Any variable G, at a grid point (i,j) and time t may be
lines for different periods of the same year, sufficient represented as
numbers of measured river cross-sections of the river at Gðni ; yj ; tp Þ ¼ Gpi;j ; p ¼ 0; 1. . .; i ¼ 1; 2. . .m;
different locations and longitudinal slope of the riverbed, ð17Þ
j ¼ 1; 2. . .n;
and hydraulic data. Also, the hydraulic data should
include an inflow flood hydrograph on the upstream end The finite difference equations are as follows:
of the river together with a downstream water-level var-
Dt ðHbÞ þ dn ðHn bUÞ þ dy ðe
vÞ ¼ 0 ð18Þ
iation with time or a rating curve and appropriate channel
roughness/friction coefficients. In short, with finer data, Dt ue þ dn ðUn uen Þ þ dy ð
vn uey Þ ¼ gEt ðHn dn fÞ
our model has the potential to give better predictions. cf ½u2 þ ð
1
vny Þ2 2 Et ð
uÞ
  n
Acknowledgments The authors are thankful to Department of
Et ð H Þ
Irrigation and Flood Control, Delhi for providing the discharge data ð19Þ
for Yamuna River. One of the authors (GJ) acknowledges with thanks
the opportunity to be associated with the workshop dedicated to the Dt ve þ dn ðUy ven Þ þ dy ð
vy vey Þ
60th birth day of Prof. K. R. Rajagopal.  y   
¼ gEt bH dy fÞ  dy b1 þ ndy b Hy dnfny
1
uny Þ2 2 Et ð
cf ½v2 þ ð vÞ
 ð28Þ
Appendix Et ðHy Þ

Coordinate transformation where Et G = Gp?1 i,j . Bar over a variable corresponds to

n
average over two neighbouring points in the n i.e., ðG Þ or
y
Equations (1)–(3), after the coordinate transformation, y i.e., ðG Þ directions.
reduce to Equations (19) and (20) are used for updating ue and ve
respectively and then the values of u and v are deduced
o o o
ðHbÞ þ ðHbUÞ þ ðevÞ ¼ 0 ð12Þ from (16),
ot on oy
ue ve
oe
u o o of cf ue 2 u¼ ; v¼ ð21Þ
þ ðU ueÞ þ ðeu vÞ ¼ gH  ðu þ v2 Þ
1=2 bHn bHy
ot on oy on H
After updating u and v, the updated value of U be obtained
ð13Þ
by applying (15) in the discretized form,
   
oe
v o o of ob1 ob of 1 
þ ðU veÞ þ ðe v vÞ ¼ gH b  þn U ¼ u  ðdt b1 þ ndt bÞ  ðdy b1 þ ndy bÞvny ð22Þ
ot on oy oy oy oy on b
cf ve 2 2 1=2
 ðu þ v Þ The computational stability subject only to the time-step
H
ð14Þ being limited by the space increment and gravity wave
    speed. This is governed by the Courant–Friedrich–Lewy
ob1 ob ob1 ob (CFL) condition which provides a guideline for choosing an
bU ¼ u  þn v þn ; ð15Þ
ot ot oy oy appropriate Dt (i.e., a Dt for which the scheme is stable), i.e.,
ue ¼ Hbu; ve ¼ Hbv ð16Þ pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi Dt
2ghmax 1 ð23Þ
where H ¼ ðf þ hÞ is the total depth of the basin. From Dx
Eqs. (7), (8) and (15) we see that the kinematical condition where hmax is the maximum depth and Dx is the space
at the curvilinear boundaries is always satisfied provided increment. The details relating to the stability characteris-
U = 0 at n = 0 and n = 1. The open boundary conditions tics of this computational scheme are given in Senthil et al.
are as given in (9) and (10). [14].

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Int J Adv Eng Sci Appl Math (October–December 2012) 4(4):250–259
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