Roman

Civilization
*Roman Empire was perceived to be
the strongest political and social entity
in the west as it contributed to
governance, politics, engineering,
architecture, literature, technology and
society creating the Res Republica
system
 INVENTIONS AND INNOVATIONS
OF THE ROMAN EMPIRE

1. Newspaper
- Gazettes, the first newspapers
contained announcements of
the Roman Empire to the
people.
- Made in metal or stone tablets
2. Bound books or Codex
*With the invention of paper, record
keeping was much easier.
*Julius Caesar started the tradition of
stacking up papyrus to form pages of a
book.
*The earlier covers were made of wax
but were later on replaced by animal
skin.
*With the papyrus pages bound
together and covered by animal skin,
the ancient roman empire was able to
produce the first book.
3. Postal Services
*Emperor Augustus established a
system wherein messages and notices
could be transferred with the help of
vehicles such as the horse cart.

4. Roman Numerals
*a number system specifically to
address the need for a standard
counting method that would meet their
increasing communication and trade
concerns.
 TWELVE TABLES AND THE CORPUS
JURIS CIVILIS

Subpoena, habeas corpus, pro bono, affidavit—all

these terms derive from the Roman legal system,
which dominated Western law and government for
centuries.
Established by the Byzantine emperor Justinian
between 529 and 535 A.D., the Corpus Juris included
modern legal concepts such as the notion that the
accused is innocent until proven guilty.
Even more influential than the Twelve Tables was the
Corpus Juris Civilis, an ambitious attempt to synthesize
Rome’s history of law into one document.
THE JULIAN CALENDAR

This practice continued until 46 B.C., when Julius

Caesar and the astronomer Sosigenes instituted the
Julian system to align the calendar with the solar year.
This led to the adoption of the nearly identical
Gregorian calendar in 1582, which fixed the
discrepancy by altering the schedule of leap years.
But because the Romans considered even numbers
unlucky, they eventually altered their calendar to
ensure that each month had an odd number of days.
The Julian calendar was almost perfect, but it
miscalculated the solar year by 11 minutes.
The modern Gregorian calendar is modeled very closely
on a Roman version that dates back more than 2,000
years.
 BATTLEFIELD SURGERY

Roman military medicine proved so advanced at treating

wounds and promoting wellness that soldiers tended to live
longer than the average citizen despite constantly facing the
hazards of combat.
These specially trained medics saved countless lives through
the use of Roman medical innovations like hemostatic
tourniquets and arterial surgical clamps to curb blood loss.
Roman field doctors also performed physicals on new
recruits and helped stem the spread of disease by
overseeing sanitation in military camps.
 ROMAN ARCHITECTURE AND
ENGINEERING

Regarded as pioneers since their engineering

technology was able to produce sturdier and strong
infrastructure, preserve great and elaborate
architectural designs.
 Roman Concrete

Roman concrete was considerably weaker than its

modern counterpart, but it has proved remarkably
durable thanks to its unique recipe, which used slaked
lime and a volcanic ash known as pozzolana to create
a sticky paste.

Pozzolana helped Roman concrete set quickly even

when submerged in seawater, enabling the
construction of elaborate baths, piers and harbors.
 Roman Roads

At its peak, the Empire's stone paved road network

reached 53,000 miles (85,000 kilometers). Roman
roads were very reliable, they were the most relied on
roads in Europe for many centuries after the collapse
of the Roman Empire.

The Tables command Romans to build roads and give

wayfarers the right to pass over private land where
the road is in disrepair.
Roman Forum
*Roman structures are proofs of
Roman Technology. Initially, the
Forum served as a marketplace,
but over time, it became more
functional because of public affairs
held there.
Roman Aqueducts
*Romans created aqueducts, used
to tap water from the downhill
flowing streams
Ancient Roman amphitheaters were circular
or oval in shape, and usually semicircular in
shape. Used for events such as gladiator
combats, chariot races, venationes (animal
slayings) and executions. From the circuses
(akin to hippodromes) which were primarily
designed for athletics and footraces.
 ROMAN BASILICA

Similar to many basilicas at the time such as Roman Basilica of Ulpia

the Basilica Ulpia, the Basilica Maxentius, but
unlike other basilicas, instead of having
columns support the ceiling the entire
building was built using arches, a much more
common appearance in Roman baths than
basilicas.
Roman Basilica of Maxentius
 After being utilized mainly as a recreational
and social center by Roman citizens, both men
and women, for many years, the baths, in use
as late as the early fifth century seem to have
been deserted at the time of the siege of Rome
by the Goths in 537; with the destruction of
the Roman aqueducts, the thermae was
abandoned, as was the whole of the now-
Roman Bath of Thermae waterless Mons Oppius.
 ROMAN PANTHEON

The Pantheon is a building in Rome which was

originally built as a temple to the seven deities of
the seven planets in the Roman state religion,
but which has been a Christian church since the
7th century. It is a Roman temple dedicated to
all the gods of pagan Rome. Roman Pantheon
 ROMAN ARCHES

Roman engineers improved on arches by

flattening their shape to create what is
known as a segmental arch and repeating
them at various intervals to build stronger
supports that could span large gaps when
used in bridges and aqueducts. It is an
essential element in the magnificent
Gothic cathedrals of the Middle Ages.