Functional Analysis Sample Assignment Solutions

1. Question 1
(i) FALSE. The sequence { n1 }n∈N is in ℓ2 \ ℓ1 .
∞
(ii) TRUE. ∥Sx∥2 = x2i ≤ ∥x∥2 . Equality attained at x = e2 . So ∥S∥ = 1. Also, ∥T x∥2 = ∥x∥2 and so
P
i=2
∥T ∥ = 1.
(iii) TRUE. Take φ(x) = lim xn .
n→∞

(iv) TRUE. Note that ℓ∞ = ℓ∗1 and also that ℓ1 is separable.

(v) FALSE. Need the Banach space to be reflexive.

2. Question 2
(i) ∥A∥ = 1
If A : ℓN N ∗ 2 ∗ 2
2 → ℓ2 is orthogonal, then A A = I. So ∥x∥ = (Ix, x) = (A Ax, x) = ∥Ax∥ . So ∥Ax∥2 =
∥x∥2 , i.e. ∥A∥ = 1.
√
(ii) ∥A∥ = 5
√ √
Let A = O′ BO be the spectral
√ decomposition,
√ √ where O is an orthogonal matrix and B = diag(1, 3, 5).
Then ∥A∥ = ∥B∥ = max{1, 3, 5} = 5
∥x∥
(iii) p(x) =
r
x ∥x∥ ∥x∥
For any x ∈ V and 0 < ε < r, note that (r − ε) ∈ C. So p(x) = inf = is a Minkowski
∥x∥ ε r−ε r
functional (x 7→ inf{t > 0 : x ∈ tC}).
(iv) c⊥⊥
00 = ℓ1

If V = ℓ1 and c00 ⊂ V , then c⊥⊥

00 = c00 = ℓ1 because c00 is dense in ℓ1 .

(v) {(x, y, z) ∈ R3 : 2x + 2y + z = 0}.

Let (x, y, z) ∈ Z and (x′ , y ′ , z ′ ) ∈ Z ⊥ . Then xx′ + yy ′ + zz ′ = 0. But if (x, y, z) ∈ Z, then (x, y, z) =
′
(α, α, α2 ) for some α ∈ R. Then α(x′ + y ′ + z2 ) = 0 for all α ∈ R, i.e. 2x′ + 2y ′ + z ′ = 0.

1
3. Question 3
(i) For any ψ ∈ W ∗ , ψ ◦ A ∈ V ∗ and so,

Z1 Z1 Z1
ψ(A φ(t)dt) = (ψ ◦ A)(φ(t))dt = ψ(A(φ(t)))dt.
0 0 0

R1 R1
Thus A( φ(t)dt) = A(φ(t))dt.
0 0
1
(ii) Let {vn } be a sequence in V such that {T vn } → w ∈ W . Then ∥vm − vn ∥ ≤ ∥T vm − T vn ∥ → 0
2
as m, n → ∞ because convergent sequences are Cauchy. Thus, {vn } is Cauchy in V and hence
converges to v ∈ V. Since T is bounded, we have T vn → T v = w. Thus, w ∈ Range(T ).
(iii) (a) Let U be a weakly open subset of V . Then U is norm-open. Since T ∈ L(V ), we have T −1 (U )
is norm-open in V . Thus, T : V → Vw is continuous.
(b) The identity function from Vw → V is not continuous because the norm-open unit ball is not
open in the weak topology.
(iv) Since V is reflexive, there is a weakly convergent subsequence {xnk }. Since T is also weakly
continuous, {T xnk } is weakly convergent in ℓ1 and hence in norm as well by Schur’s lemma.
(v) To check continuity, by Cauchy - Schwartz inequality, note that |φ(w)| ≤ ∥w∥∥u∥. So ∥φ∥ ≤ ∥u∥.
With w = u, ∥φ∥ = ∥u∥.
Let P : V → W be the orthogonal projection. Then φ(w) = (w, u) = (w, P u). Using Cauchy -
Schwartz and putting w = P u, we have ∥φ∥ = ∥P u∥. Therefore, x 7→ (x, P u) gives the Hahn-
Banach extension as ∥u∥ = ∥φ∥ = ∥P u∥.
(vi) (a) If xn ⇀ x and yn → y, then

|(xn , yn ) − (x, y)| ≤ |(xn , yn − y)| + |(xn − x, y)| ≤ ∥xn ∥ ∥yn − y∥ + |(xn − x, y)| → 0.
| {z } | {z } | {z }
bounded →0 →0

(b) Let xn = yn = en ∈ ℓ2 . Then en ⇀ 0 but (en , en ) = 1 for all n.

(c) |xn − x|2 = ∥xn ∥2 + ∥x∥2 − 2(xn , x) → ∥x∥2 + ∥x∥2 − 2(x, x) = 0. So xn → x.