HYDRAULICS

I. FLUID PROPERTIES
1. The specific gravity of glycerin is 1.26. Compute its density, specific volume, and specific
weight.
2. A cylindrical tank 80cm in diameter and 90cm high is filled with a liquid. The tank and the liquid
weighed 420kg. The weight of the empty tank is 40kg. What is the unit weight of liquid in
kN/m3?
3. Find the mass density of a gas at a temperature of 8 degree Celsius and a pressure of 190 kPa
gage. Use gas constant equal to 2079 J/kg-K.
4. A gallon of water weighs 5 lbs. Compute its: (Note: 1gal = 3.785 L)
a. Mass in kg
b. Mass in slug
c. Volume in ft3
5. A liquid compressed in a container has a volume of 1 liter at a pressure of 1 MPa and a volume of
0.995 liter at a pressure of 2 MPa. The Bulk Modulus of Elasticity of the liquid is?
6. Water in a hydraulic press, initially at 137 KPa absolute, is subjected to a pressure of 116,280
KPa absolute. Using E B= 2.5 Gpa, determine the percentage decrease in the volume of water.
7. If the viscosity of water is 0.00402 poise and its specific gravity is 0.978 determine its absolute
viscosity in Pa-s and its kinematic viscosity in stokes.
8. Two large plane surfaces are 25mm apart and the spaced between them is filled with a liquid of
viscosity μ = 0.958 Pa-s. Assuming the velocity gradient to be straight line, what force is required
to pull a very thin plate of 0.37 m2 area at a constant speed of 0.3 m/s if the plate is 8.4 mm from
one of the surfaces?
9. What is the value of the surface tension of a small drop of water 0.3mm in diameter which is in
contact with air if the pressure within the droplet is 561 Pa? Considering surface tension to be
constant, what is the minimum diameter if the pressure in the droplet is limited to 400 Pa?
10. Distilled water stands in a glass tube of 9mm diameter at a height of 24mm. What is the true
static height? Surface tension is equal to 0.0742 N/m
11. A sonar transmitter operates at 2 impulses per second. If the device is held to the surface of fresh
water ( E B= 2.04x10^9 Pa) and the echo is received midway between impulses, how deep is the
water?

II. TOTAL HYDROSTATIC FORCES ON SURFACES

1. A vertical rectangle plane of height “h” and base “b” is submerged in a liquid with its top edge at
the liquid surface. Determine the total force F acting on one side and its location from liquid
surface.
2. A vertical triangular surface of height h and horizontal base width b is submerged in a liquid with
its vertex at the liquid surface. Determine the force F acting on one side and its location from the
liquid surface.
3. Find the total pressure acting on one side of a vertical rectangular gate 2.0m wide and 3.2m long
gate and its location from the bottom.
a. If the gate is submerged in water with its top edge at the water surface.
b. If the gate is submerged in water with its top edge 1.8m from the water surface.
4. Determine the magnitude of the total hydrostatic force acting on the 2m x 4m gate shown.
Determine also its line of action from the bottom of the gate.
 HYDRAULICS
5. A vertical circular gate in a tunnel 8m in diameter has oil (SG=0.8) on one side and air on the
other side. If oil is 12m above the invert and the air pressure is 40 kPa, where will a single
support be located (above the invert) to hold the gate in position?

6. A quarter circle gate AB through a canal shown runs 10m into the paper. Determine the
horizontal and vertical component.
7. The submerged curve AB is one quarter circle of radius 2m and is located on the lower corner of
a tank. The total depth of water is 6.50 m and the length of the tank perpendicular to the sketch is
5m. Find the magnitude and location of the horizontal and vertical components of the total force
acting on AB.
8. The crest gate shown consists of a cylindrical surface of which AB is the base supported by a
structural frame hinged at O. The length of the gate is 5m. Compute magnitude and location of
the horizontal and vertical components of the total force on AB.

9. Determine the magnitude of the horizontal and vertical components of the total force per meter
length acting on the three-quarter cylinder gate shown.
 HYDRAULICS
III. BOUYANCY
1. A block of wood 0.40 m x 0.40 m x h meters in dimension was thrown into the water and floats
with 0.20 m projecting above the water surface. The same block was thrown into a container of a
liquid having a specific gravity of 0.80 and it floats with 0.18 m projecting above the surface.
Determine the following:
a. the value of h
b. the specific gravity of the block
c. the weight of the block.

2. A block of wood 0.20 m thick is floating in seawater. The specific gravity of wood is 0.65. Find
the minimum area of block which will support a man weighing 80kg.
3. A hollow cylinder 1 m in diameter and 2 m high weighs 3825 N.
a. How many kN of lead weighing 110 kN/m3 must be fastened to the outside bottom of the
cylinder to make it float with 1.5 m submerged in water?
b. How many kN of lead if it is placed inside the cylinder?
4. Two spheres each 1.2m in diameter are connected by means of a short rope. One weighs 4kN and
the other weighs 12kN when placed in water. Compute the:
a. Tension in the rope
b. Volume of sphere exposed above the water surface
c. Height of the segment above the water surface

IV. STABILITY OF FLOATING BODIES

1. A solid wood cylinder of sg=0.65 is 500mm in diameter and 1m high. If placed vertically in oil
(sg=0.82), would it be stable?
2. A wood cone, 700mm in diameter and 1m high floats in water with its vertex down. If the wood
has an sg=0.60, would it be stable.
3. A rectangular scow 9m wide, 15m long, and 3.60m high has a draft in seawater of 2.40m. Its
center of gravity is 2.70m above the bottom of the scow. Determine the initial metacentric height.
If the scow is tilted until one end is just submerged in water, find the sidewise shifting of the
center of buoyancy. Determine also the final metacentric height.

V. ANALYSIS OF GRAVITY DAMS

1. A rectangular dam having a width of 10m and height of 24m has 18m deep water on one side. If
the coef. of friction is 0.85 and the unit weight of concrete is 23.50 kN/m3, determine the:
a. Hydrostatic force acting on the wall and its location from the ground
b. Factor of safety against sliding
c. Factor of safety against overturning
2. A dam 4m wide on top, 18m at the bottom and 24m high has water 20m deep on the vertical side.
Assume weight of masonry be 24000 N/m3, compute the
a. Factor of safety against overturning
b. Maximum stress
c. Minimum stress
3. A trapezoidal masonry dam with vertical upstream face is 20m high, 2m wide at the top and 12m
wide at the bottom. SG of concrete is 2.4, find the
a. depth of water on the vertical upstream face if the pressure at the toe is twice the
average pressure at the base.
b. Using the computed depth, what is the hydrostatic uplift force if the pressure varies
uniformly from the heel to zero at the toe.
c. FS against sliding if the coef. of friction is 0.80. Consider hydrostatic uplift

VI. HOOP TENSION IN CIRCULAR PIPES AND TANKS

 HYDRAULICS
1. A 1.50m diameter pipe, 6mm thick, is full of oil (0.85) under a head of 12m. Determine the stress
in the steel pipe. If it is provided with two hoops, one at the top and one at the bottom, determine
the tension in each hoop due to oil.
2. A cylindrical tank 12 m in diameter and 19m high contains 10.30m of oil(0.80), 6.5m of water,
and 2.20m of mercury. The tank is provided by steel hoops at the bottom and at the top.
Determine the total normal force acting on the wall of the tank and the tension in each hoop.
3. A vertical cylindrical tank 6m in diameter is filled with 7m of liquid (1.03). The tank is bound by
flat steel bands 50mm wide by 6mm thick whose allowable stress is 110 MPa. Determine the:
a. Bursting pressure
b. Tensile force of the steel bands
c. Spacing of the bands near the bottom of the tank
4. A 10 mm thick steel pipe with inside diameter of 600 mm conveys water under a head of 480 m.
a. What is the tensile stress in the pipe in MPa?
b. What is the stress in the pipe wall if the head is increased to 500 meters of
water?
c. What is the required thickness under a head of 500 meters if the allowable tensile stress
of the pipe is 118 MPa and assuming that the joints are 80% efficient?
5. A 1.2-m Ø wood-stave pipe carries 76 m of water. It is provided with 25-mm Ø steel hoops with
an allowable tensile stress of 104.3 MPa.
a. What pressure of water will be resisted by the hoops?
b. What is the actual tensile force in the hoops if they are spaced at 75 mm center to
center?
c. What spacing of the hoops will be implemented?

VII. RELATIVE EQUILIBRIUM OF FLUIDS

1. An open square tank 1.82 m wide 1.50 m high weighs 3400N and contains 0.91 m of water. It is
acted by an unbalanced force of 10400 N parallel to a pair of sides. What is the force acting in the
side with the smallest and greatest depth?
2. An open rectangular tank mounted on a truck is 4.8m long, 2m wide and 2.50m high is filled with
water to a depth of 2m.
a. What max. horizontal acceleration can be imposed on the tank without spilling any
water?
b. Determine the accelerating force on the liquid mass.
c. If the acceleration is 5m/s², how much water is spilled out?
3. A closed rectangular tank mounted in a truck 4m long, 2m wide, and 2m high is filled with water
to a depth of 1.80m. If the allowable force at the rear wall of the tank is 200 kN, how fast can it
be accelerated horizontally?
4. An open vessel of water accelerates up a 30º plane at 2m/s2.
a. What is the horizontal component of the acceleration?
b. What is the vertical component of the acceleration?
c. What is the angle that the water surface makes with the horizontal?
5. An open cylindrical vessel, 1.20m in diameter and 2.10m high is 2/3 full of oil. Compute the
amount of oil in liters that will be spilled out if the vessel is rotated about its vertical axis at a
constant angular speed of 90 rpm.
6. An open cylindrical vessel 0.60m in diameter, and 0.90m high is 2/3 full of water. If the vessel is
rotated about its vertical axis, determine the
a. greatest speed that it can have without causing any liquid to spill over the sides.
b. speed must it have in order that the depth at the center be zero
c. speed must it have in order that there may be no liquid within 150mm from the vertical
axis.
7. A closed cylindrical tank 3m high and 1.50m in diameter contains 2m of water with the air space
subjected to a pressure of 150 kPa. When the angular speed is 12 radian per second,
a. Find the radius of contact of water at the top of the tank measured from the axis of
rotation.
b. What is the pressure at the bottom of the tank at the center?
c. What is the pressure at the bottom of the tank at the side?
 HYDRAULICS
VIII. FUNDAMENTALS OF FLUID FLOW
1. Water flows through a 100mm diameter pipe at a velocity of 5 m/s. Find the volume flow rate in
lit/s and the weight flow rate in N/s?
2. A pipe carrying a liquid (sg = 0.89) changes in size from 150mm at section 1 and 400mm at
section 2. The pressures at section 1 and 2 are 90 kPa and 60 kPa respectively. If section 2 is
3.50m higher than section 1 and the discharge is 150 lit/sec, determine the headloss and the
direction of flow.
3. Reservoir X supplies water to a nozzle having a diameter of 100mm which discharge water 240m
below the reservoir water level at a velocity of 60 m/s. Determine the:
a. Total loss of head through the system (res. and nozzle)
b. Horsepower produced by the jet.
c. Power lost in friction
4. A 50-mm-diameter siphon is drawing oil (sg = 0.82) from an oil reservoir, as shown. The head
loss from point 1 to point 2 is 1.50 m and from point 2 to point 3 is 2.40 m.
a. Calculate the exit velocity.
b. What is the discharge?
c. Calculate the pressure at point 2.

5. Pump BC shown brings oil, sg = 0.72 to reservoir D at 170 liters per second. The energy lost
from A to B is 1.1 J/N and from C to D is 4.7 J/N.
a. How many hp does the pump supply?
b. If the pump is 80% efficient, how much power is needed?
c. What is the elevation of the energy grade line just after the pump?

6. A turbine is rated at 60hp when the flow of water through it is 0.61 m3/s. Assuming an
efficiency of 87%, what is the head acting on the turbine?

IX. FLUID FLOW MEASUREMENT

1. A sharp edge orifice, 80mm in diameter lies in a horizontal plane of a tank, the jet being directed
upward. If the jet rises to a height of 8m, and the coef. of velocity is 0.96, determine the velocity
of the jet, and the head loss through the orifice.
 HYDRAULICS
2. Compartments A and B are connected by an orifice having a diameter of 150mm at its sides. At
A, the water is 3m deep above the orifice while on B the water is 2m deep above the orifice. If
Cc=0.96 and Cv=0.92, determine the discharge through the orifice, head loss through the orifice,
and the power loss in watts.
3. Compartments A and B are connected by an orifice having a diameter of 150mm at its sides. At
A, the water is 3m deep above the orifice while on B the water is 2m deep above the orifice.
Consider that compartments are closed and the pressures at A and B are 48 kPa and 18 kpa
respectively. If Cc=0.96 and Cv=0.92, determine the head through the orifice and the discharge
through the orifice.
4. A 75mm diameter orifice under a head of 4.88 m discharges 8900 N of water in 32 seconds. The
trajectory was determined by measuring x=4.76m for a height of 1.22m vertically. Compute the
coef. of velocity, headloss in the orifice and the power loss in watts.
5. A cylindrical tank with vertical axis contains water. A 60 mm diameter orifice is located at the
side 0.60m above the bottom of the tank and 1.50m above this orifice is another 75mm diameter
orifice. The coef. Of velocity and coef. Of discharge for both orifices are 0.98 and 0.61
respectively. If the point of intersection of the jets is at a horizontal distance of 4m and a vertical
distance of 1.50m from the center of the lower orifice, compute the:
a. Head on the upper orifice
b. Discharge flowing in the lower orifice
c. Total discharge from the orifices
6. A circular vessel 2m in diameter and 5m high as shown is filled with liquids A(SG=1.05, h=1m),
B (SG=0.90, h=1.5m), and C (SG=0.8, h=2m), respectively. At the bottom of the vessel is a 0.10
m2 standard orifice. If C=0.60, find the time to remove
a. Liquid A out of the container
b. Liquid B out of the container after A is removed
c. Time to empty the container

X. FLUID FLOW IN PIPES

1. Oil of SG=0.095 is flowing through a pipe of 20 cm in diameter. If a rate of flow 50 lit/s and
viscosity of oil is 1 poise, decide the type of flow.
2. A new cast iron pipe must carry 1.2 m3/s at a head loss of 5m per km length of pipe. Compute the
diameter of pipe using:
a. C = 120
b. n = 0.012
c. f = 0.021
3. A liquid having a Reynolds Number of 1900 flows through a 200mm diameter pipe 150m long.
The head loss of the pipe due to friction is 22m.
a. Compute the friction factor.
b. Compute the kinematic viscosity
c. Compute the rate of flow in L/hr.
4. The pipe flow in the figure is driven by pressurized air in the tank. Assuming f=0.014 and the
flow rate is 13.60 lit/s.
a. Find the velocity of water in the pipe
b. Find the head loss in the pipe neglecting minor losses
c. Find the gage pressure needed to provide
 HYDRAULICS

5. Oil of sg=0.85 has an absolute viscosity of μ=0.1 Pa-s flows from a reservoir of surface
elevation 100m to one with a surface elevation of 94m through a 150mm diameter smooth copper
pipe which is 300mm long.
a. Calculate the average velocity in the pipe
b. Compute the Reynold’s Number
c. Compute the friction factor, f

XI. PIPE NETWORKS

1. The total head loss from A to D is 6m. Using roughness coef. of 0.011, compute for the discharge
in pipelines 2, 1, and 3.

Pipe – Length (m) Diameter (mm)

1 – 600 900

2 - 450 600

3 - 540 600

4 - 480 900

2. Oil of sg=0.85 has an absolute viscosity of μ=0.1 Pa-s flows from a reservoir of surface elevation
100m to one with a surface elevation of 94m through a 150mm diameter smooth copper pipe
which is 300m long.
a. Calculate the average velocity in the pipe
b. Compute the Reynold’s Number
c. Compute the friction factor, f
3. Three concrete pipes are connected in series. If the rate of flow in the pipe is 0.12 cu.m. per sec.
Determine the total head loss in the pipe, the length of a 200mm diameter equivalent pipe, and the
diameter of a 1260m long equivalent pipe with friction factor of 0.0255.

4.
Pipe Length (m) Diameter (mm) Friction Factor

1 360 200 0.0248

2 300 150 0.0242

3 600 250 0.0255

Pipelines 1, 2, and 3 are connected in parallel with each other with pipeline 1 having 450mm diameter
and 600m long, pipeline 2 of 400mm and 800m long, and pipeline 3 of 500mm diameter and
700m long. The three pipelines carries a combined discharge of 0.86 cu.m/s. Assuming a friction
factor of 0.02 for all pipes, compute the discharge in pipeline 1, 2, and 3.
 HYDRAULICS
5. Pipeline A is connected to pipelines B and C which are parallel to each other at junction Y and
merges again at junction X to form a single pipeline D. The rate of flow through pipeline A is 50
lit/s and the total head loss from A to D is 9m. Using Hazen Williams coef. C=120 compute for
the :
a. Head loss of pipeline B
b. Rate of flow at pipeline B
c. Diameter of pipeline C.

Pipes Length (m) Diameter (mm)

A 300 200

B 266 160

C 190

D 510 250

XII. WATER HAMMER, OPEN CHANNELS, ALTERNATE STAGES OF

FLOW, & HYRAULIC JUMP
1. Oil (sg=0.85), bulk modulus 1723.75 MPa, is flowing in a 600-mm steel pipe at 0.65 m3/s. The
rigid pipeline is 2500m long.
a. If a valve is located at the end of the line, what is the minimum closure time in order to
avoid a maximum pressure surge?
b. Find the water hammer pressure developed by closure of a valve at the end of the line if
the closure time is 1.8 s.
c. Find the water hammer pressure developed by closure of a valve at the end of the line if
the closure time is 6 s?
2. A non-rigid steel pipe 600 mm in diameter is to carry a maximum static head of 350 m of water
and additional pressure due to water hammer when quick closing valve stops a flow of 0.85 m3/s.
The pipe has a thickness of 18mm, EB = 2068.5 MPa, E = 200 GPa for steel.
a. What is the composite modulus of elasticity?
b. Determine the water hammer pressure.
c. What is the maximum stress acting on the pipe?
3. A rectangular channel carries a flow of 22 m3/s in a velocity of 5 m/s. The roughness coef is.
0.013, for a best hydraulic section compute the
a. Depth of the channel
b. Width of channel
c. Slope of channel if roughness coef. is 0.013
4. A brick (n=0.014) rectangular channel with slope equal to 0.002 is designed to carry 7 m3/s of
water in uniform flow. There is an argument over whether the channel width be 1.22 m or 2.44m.
a. What is the depth of the 1.22m width?
b. What is the depth of the 2.44m width
c. Which width needs fewer bricks and by what percent?
5. The rate of flow through a storm sewer shown is 2.50 m3/s. It is laid on a 1/200 gradient and
n=0.02. Compute for the
a. Depth of flow
b. Hydraulic depth
c. Critical depth
6. The bottom width of a trapezoidal canal is 2.50m and its sides are both inclined at 65° with the
horizontal water flows at a depth of 3m, the slope is 0.0008 and n=0.03. Find the:
a. Hydraulic radius
b. Kutter’s coefficient
c. Discharge using Chezy’s formula and Manning’s coef.
 HYDRAULICS
7. Water flows at the rate of 3 cu.m/s through a triangular channel with side slopes of 1:1. The depth
of water in the channel is 2.50m. Determine the specific energy, Froude no., and the type of flow.
8. Water is flowing in a 3m wide rectangular channel at a depth of 360mm. A hydraulic jump occurs
and the depth of water downstream from the jump is 1300mm. Determine the discharge.
9. Water is moving in a 5m wide rectangular channel at a depth of 1m and a Froude Number is 3.10.
If the water undergoes a jump, determine the depth of flow and the Froude number after the jump.
10. A hydraulic jump occurs in a trapezoidal channel with side slope of 1:1 and a base width of 4m.
If the upstream depth is 1m and the downstream depth is 2m, compute the discharge and the
power lost in jump.

XIII. HYDRODYNAMICS
1. A jet of water 50 mm in diameter having a velocity of 25.4 m/s strikes against a plate at right
angles.
a. Determine the force on the plate if the plate is stationary.
b. Determine the force on the plate if the plate is moving in the same direction as the jet at a
speed of 12 m/s.
c. Determine the force on the plate if the plate is moving towards the nozzle at a speed of 12
m/s.
2. A reducer connects two horizontal pipes, 600 mm and 300 mm. the amount of pressure in the
bigger pipe is 200 kPa and the velocity of flow in the smaller pipe is 12.72 m/s.
a. What is the velocity of flow in the larger pipe?
b. Determine the amount of pressure in the smaller pipe.
c. What is the amount of water thrust on the reducer?
3. The discharge of water through a 130º bend is 3 liters/s. the bend is lying in the horizontal plane
and the diameter at the entrance and exit are 200 mm and 100 mm respectively. The pressure
measured at the entrance is 100kN/m2/
a. Determine the amount of pressure in the smaller pipe.
b. What is the magnitude of the force exerted by the water on the bend?
c. Determine the direction of the force exerted by the water on the bend.
4. A 50 mm diameter jet of water flowing horizontally is deflected by a 135ºcurve vane at a
velocity of flow of 20 m/s. Compute the force needed to hold the vane in position. Assume that
there is no friction.