pH Sensor

Paper Principle Merit Suggestions and Improvements

Scarpa, E., Mastronardi, V.M., Guido, F. et al. The design comprises of flexible piezoelectric The device exploits the This is the first time that hydrogel
Wearable piezoelectric mass sensor based on pH resonators adorned with cylindrical hydrogel flexibility of piezoelectric mass variations are sensed by a
sensitive hydrogels for sweat pH monitoring. Sci microstructures sensitive to pH variations.
AlN membranes fabricated flexible resonator, fostering the
Rep 10, 10854 (2020).
These microstructures are crafted from an anionic on a polyimide substrate development of a new class of
https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-020-67706-y hydrogel synthesized through the co- combined to the sensitive compliant and wearable devices.[1]
polymerization of a 10 kDa poly(ethylene glycol)- properties of a pH
diacrylate (PEG-DA) macromer with 2-carboxyethyl responsive hydrogel based Peppas et al. [2] devised that
acrylate (CEA), resulting in a pliable material with on peG-DA/ceA molecules Hydrogels show a strong capability
pH-responsive attributes.
to absorb a high amount of water,
The pH sensitivity of the hydrogels stems from the This device shows a and possess biological and elastic
presence of carboxylic groups in CEA, which responsivity of about 12 (i.e. softness) compatibility.
undergo protonation in acidic environments and kHz/pH unit when
deprotonation in alkaline conditions. measured in artificial sweat Dhanjai et al. [3] The smart
formulation in the pH hydrogels, show selective
range 3–8. responsive properties to target
analyte and may represent a more
. stable alternative to the standard
biological sensing element
when Ta2O5 is exposed to the electrolyte, its
Guo, Y.; Zhang, Z.; Yao, B.; Chai, J.; Zhang, S.; The Ta2O5 thin film has an In the practical application stage, it
Liu, J.; Zhao, Z.; Xue, C. Fabrication and surface is hydrolyzed to form tantalum–hydroxy amorphous microstructure, is also necessary to consider the
Performance of a Ta2O5 Thin Film pH Sensor groups (Ta–OH) [4]. The surface is charged by and its surface roughness is influence of many factors, such as
Manufactured Using MEMS receiving or releasing protons during the reaction less than 3.17 nm. interfering ions (Cu2+, Fe2+ and
Processes. Sensors 2023, 23, 6061.
with a solution containing H+/OH , which in turn Fe3+), enzyme activity effects,
form the O , OH and OH+ surface groups. The detection accuracy and microbial attachment, etc.
https://doi.org/10.3390/s23136061
anti-interference ability are
improved. In the future, long-term stability of
the proposed sensor will be tested,
Good linearity (R2 = and it will be applied for the long-
0.99904) and sensitivity term monitoring of pH changes in
(63.12 mV/pH) are the marine environment and
recorded for the proposed aquaculture systems.
sensing element in the
range of pH 2~12 Compared to the pH meter
products, HANNA HI98194 and
The sensor’s drift and Seema pH838, manufactured with

Lin, W.C., Hsieh, C.T., Chang, M.C. and Liao,
C.H., 2022. MEMS Cavity-Based pH Image
Biosensor for Wound Dressings to Monitor Hard-
to-Cure Wounds. IEEE Sensors Journal, 22(19),
pp.18978-18987.
doi: 10.1109/JSEN.2022.3197678
M. Shamsul Arefin, M. Bulut Coskun, T. Alan, A.
Neild, J. -M. Redoute and M. R. Yuce, "A MEMS
capacitive pH sensor for high acidic and basic
solutions," SENSORS, 2014 IEEE, Valencia,
Spain, 2014, pp. 1792-1794,
doi: 10.1109/ICSENS.2014.6985373
Fig: The fringing electrical field and parallel
electrical field in a pH buffer solution.
As a buffer solution containing ions filled on the
sensor surface, since ions can be identified as a
virtual ground, some fringing electrical fields will
be absorbed by the ions, so the RX electrode
cannot receive too much fringing electrical field.
The principle of operation of the sensor is based
on the logarithmic relation between the number
of H+ or OH- ions in a solution (and
correspondingly the permittivity) and pH.
When a solution is placed on top of the sensing
electrodes (Fig. 1), H+ modifies the fringe electric
hysteresis are equal to 5.1 glass electrodes on the market, the
mV and 5.8 mV, sensitivity and response time are
respectively. lower than the HANNA HI98194
products.
has facile miniaturization
process, low fabrication
cost, and suitability for
mass production.
The pH biosensor with The author Lin has verified in his
MEMS cavity structure previous work the readout circuit
exhibits a high sensitivity of which are based on the analog
201 mV/pH, low drift intellectual property of the lab-
voltage over time of 2.08 owned IC [5].
mV, a fast response time of
5 s, high precise repetition There are different types of pH
of 98.9%, and a pH image sensors that have been developed.
of 20 frame rate/s. The glass electrode is the very first
system to measure pH and now is a
The sensor is a 100 × 100 standard[6].
array, it displays a detailed
change in the pH image of The sensor on optical principle by
wound exudate to identify Crespo et al[7] is a pH-sensitive
the inflammation stage inorganic material, for example,
under pH 6 or spontaneous carbon nanostructures and metal
reepithelization above pH 6 oxides. They can absorb hydronium
to indicate the need to ions and form compounds with the
change the dressing, general chemical formula. These
reducing the clinician’s sensors have a general response
wasted resources on time .
frequency change of
wound dressings.
The device can effectively should focus on wireless sensor
measure pH levels from 1 data transmission as well as
to 4 and pH levels from 10 shrinking the form factor of the chip
to 12. and the readout circuit further
down.
This technique provides
high sensitivity, low Yuce et al [8] proposed in his paper
 fields generated by the electrodes. That leads to a hysteresis, and low noise as how to integrate the techniques
change in permittivity, which in return alters the well as low fabrication cost. into miniaturized electronic pill
capacitance value. systems .
Very importantly, the
device and the Ghosh et al [9] showed how to
corresponding measure gastric acid (typical pH
measurement circuitry levels 1-2 ). This device has the
have the potential to be potential to incorporate that.
integrated in an electronic
pill for continuous non-
invasive measurement
within the body.

Goicoechea, J., Zamarreño, C.R., Matias, I.R. and
Arregui, F.J., 2008. Optical fiber pH sensors
based on layer-by-layer electrostatic self-
assembled Neutral Red. Sensors and Actuators
B: Chemical, 132(1), pp.305-311.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.snb.2008.01.056
Avolio, R., Grozdanov, A., Avella, M., Barton, J.,
Cocca, M., De Falco, F., Dimitrov, A.T., Errico,
M.E., Fanjul-Bolado, P., Gentile, G. and Paunovic,
P., 2022. Review of pH sensing materials from
macro-to nano-scale: Recent developments and
examples of seawater applications. Critical
Reviews in
The method used in this work for the fabrication The experimental results
of the nanostructured sensitive films is the LbL obtained for sensors based
method. on self-assembled Neutral
Red and poly(acrylic acid)
The cationic chemicals used for the fabrication of coatings showed a highly
the different films are poly (allylamine linear response with a
hydrochloride) (PAH) and 3-amino-7 dynamic range of 2.5dB,
dimethylamino-2-methylphenazine hydrochloride, fast response times
commonly known as Neutral Red (NR), which is (shorter than 1s), low
the colorimetric indica tor. The anionic hysteresis (13.5%).
polyelectrolyte was poly (acrylic acid) (PAA).
It has high resolution (0.03
pH points) and high
stability with negligible
drift in 30min and a low
cross-sensitivity to
temperature.
The error bars are greater in
middle-range values of pH mainly
due to hysteresis effects. This
hysteresis value should result lower
than a 13.5% of the total dynamic
range of the sensor. L´ opez-
Higuera et al [10] talked about
hysteresis in their paper.
Roy et al [11]showed for some
specific cases, it is possible to build
up LbL structures using only one
polymer and a small molecule as
counter-electrolyte .

https://doi.org/10.1080/10643389.2020.1843312
References:

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(2006).

3. Dhanjai, et al. Polymer hydrogel interfaces in electrochemical sensing strategies: a review. Trends Anal. Chem. 118, 488–501. https ://doi.org/10.1016/j.trac.2019.06.014
(2019).

4. Manjakkal, L.; Szwagierczak, D.; Dahiya, R. Metal oxides based electrochemical pH sensors: Current progress and future perspectives. Prog. Mater. Sci. 2020, 109, 100635.
[CrossRef]

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2021, doi: 10.1021/acsanm.1c02363.

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8. M.R. Yuce, T. Dissanayake, C.K. Ho, “Wireless telemetry for electronic pill technology,” in Proc. IEEE Conference SENSORS, pp.1433-1438, Oct. 2009.

9. T. Ghosh, D.I. Lewis, A.T. Axon, S.M. Everett, “Review article: methods of measuring gastric acid secretion, Aliment. Pharmacol. Ther., vol.33, pp.768-81, Jan. 2011.

10. J.M. L´ opez-Higuera, Handbook of Optical Fiber Sensing Technology, Wiley, West Sussex, UK, 2002.

11. S.Roy,A.J.Pal,Sequentiallyadsorbedlayer-by-layerself-assembledfilms: light emitting devices based on Evans Blue, Mater. Sci. Eng. C 18 (2001) 65–70