HOLY ANGEL UNIVERSITY

COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND ARCHITECTURE

DEPARTMENT OF ARCHITECTURE

BUILDING UTILITIES 2

Ar. Miguel Paulo A. Quiambao, uap

Building Utilities 2 ( Electrical, Electronics & Mechanical System1 )
 BUILDING

6 UTILITIES 2
COMMUNICATION SYTEMS
Lecture 6
PUBLIC ADDRESS SYSTEMS

HOLY ANGEL UNIVERSITY

COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND ARCHITECTURE
DEPARTMENT OF ARCHITECTURE
PUBLIC ADDRESS SYSTEMS
 Public Address Systems also known as PA system are
widely use all over the world. This system as the name
suggests is required when there is a mass of public to
be addressed at a single point of time. This is basically
used in school, auditoriums, public announcements and
by officials for public use.
 This system makes it easier to communicate with the
crowd with no much effort. It’s different with the music
system used in concerts and used mostly for
reproducing a speech.
PUBLIC ADDRESS SYSTEMS
 PA SYSTEM usually includes:
 MICROPHONE: is an acoustic-to-electric transducer or
sensor that converts sound into an electric signal.
PUBLIC ADDRESS SYSTEMS
 PA SYSTEM usually includes:
 AMPLIFIERS: is an electronic device that increases the
power of a signal. It does this by taking energy from
power supply and controlling the output to match the
input signal shape but with a larger amplitude.
 Amplifiers serves as an essential part to the PA system.
Also known as power amplifiers it is necessary that
these provide sufficient power to the whole system.
PUBLIC ADDRESS SYSTEMS
 PA SYSTEM usually includes:
 MIXING CONSOLE or AUDIO MIXER: is an electronic
device for combining, routing, and changing the level,
timbre and/or dynamics of audio signals.
 This is the most important element in a PA system. It
consists of tools to cater the needs of how many
channels at a time to be delivered? Music equalization
and many more.
PUBLIC ADDRESS SYSTEMS
 PA SYSTEM usually includes:
 LOUDSPEAKERS or SPEAKERS: is an electroacoustic
transducer, a device which converts and electrical audio
signal into corresponding sound.
 These form the output device in any PA system package.
The range and clarity of voice is all dependent on the
loudspeaker range.
PUBLIC ADDRESS SYSTEMS
 DIFFERENT USES OF A PA SYSTEM
1. In school hall, auditoriums, for making announcement
of certain principal or compliance order
2. For events like seminars wherein one needs to address
a mass of people and to conduct a group discussion
smoothly and vividly
3. At open public places for inquiry announcements, and
often for lost and found departments too
4. Parties wherein a sophisticated message is to be
delivered to a particular group
5. These systems are used in church halls to. For making
prayer in a large group of devotees and maintaining the
integrity and silence along.
 HOLY ANGEL UNIVERSITY
COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND ARCHITECTURE
DEPARTMENT OF ARCHITECTURE

BUILDING UTILITIES 3

Ar. Miguel Paulo A. Quiambao

Building Utilities 1 (Lighting and Acoustics) 9
 BUILDING

7 UTILITIES 3
Principles of SPR Noise Control
Lecture 7
Noise Reduction Principles

HOLY ANGEL UNIVERSITY

COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND ARCHITECTURE
DEPARTMENT OF ARCHITECTURE
Principle of SPR Noise Control
➢ We have shown that sound travels from the source, along a
path, to the listener, or receiver. Hence the term SPR-source,
path, receiver noise control. Control of noise thus involves
three considerations:

1. Acoustical treatment at the source of noise.

2. Acoustical treatment of the path it travels-everything
between the source and the receiver.
3. Acoustical treatment at the receiver- where the listener is.

➢ The solution to a specific noise control situation often

involves considering the problem from one, two, or all three
of these factors. However, it is almost always best to start at
the source. That’s where the most effective solutions to noise
control are likely to be easily achieved at the lowest cost.
Controlling Noise at the Source
➢ Before designing acoustical treatment to attenuate noise at the source,
consider the following measures:
1. Moving the source to a more distant location or to another area,
where its noise will not reach an objectionable level at the
listener’s place.
2. Adjusting or modifying the source for quieter operation. If for
example the source of noise is a mechanism such as a fan or
motor, it may be operated at a lower speed.
3. Repairing or servicing the noise source. It may be as simple a
matter as lubricating gears, tensioning drive belts, or tightening
loose and vibrating screws or bolts.
4. Mounting the noise source on a resilient base (such as springs or
soft pads) to isolate vibration and thus reduce the structure
borne sound arriving at the listener’s location.
5. Replacing the noise source with a quieter one. Modern
appliances, for example, generally operate much more quietly
than older models.
Controlling Noise at the Source
➢If these measures are not practical or, if attempted, fail
to yield satisfactory results, the noise source should be
enclosed within a housing having high sound
transmission loss properties. Depending on the size of
the noise source, such a housing might be constructed of
plywood, gypsum board, sheet metal, or fibre glass-
reinforced plastic.

➢We have shown that, if an enclosure with a high sound

transmission loss value is lined with a material having a
high sound absorption value, the overall sound
transmission loss value will be increased and the overall
noise reduction improved.
Controlling Noise at the Source
➢ Obviously, if the noise source is outdoors — in the form
of traffic noise, aircraft, power lawn mower, or any other
source over which we have no control — we cannot
move, adjust, repair, service, or replace it. All we can do in
that case is try to reduce the noise along its path or at the
receiver by building or retrofitting high sound transmission
loss into the exterior walls and roofs of our homes, offices,
and public buildings to attenuate these outside noises.
➢ It should be emphasized that it is far less costly to design
noise control into a structure at the beginning than to
retrofit after the building is built.
Controlling Noise at the Source
➢ Reflected sound may be reduced by placing sound
absorbing materials on surfaces from which sound will be
reflected (Figure 19).
Structureborne sound also travels along a path from
source to receiver (listener). Sound waves can set walls
and other structures into vibration; this motion travels
through the structure and is re-radiated in the form of
noise. The only way to reduce structureborne noise along
its path is to put vibration breaks in the structure. This
treatment can be very expensive to install after a structure
is built. It is more effective to prevent vibration from
entering a structure by isolating the source of vibration
from the structure.
Controlling Noise at the Receiver
➢ As noted, the first and most practical location for
successful noise control is at the source. Other practical
solutions to noise control are often those involving
treatment of the path, which usually involves multiple
components — direct, reflected, and flanking. If source
control is not practical, another approach would be to
treat the problem at the receiver.
“Temporary” Sound Control
➢ Direct ear protection (earplugs or earmuffs) is often used
to protect workers’ hearing when source and path noise
control are not practical or possible. There is only one way
to provide “permanent” receiver noise control, and that is
to enclose the listener in an acoustically effective
enclosure or room. The general principles of noise control
at the source apply to noise control at the receiver.
➢ However, there are additional concerns involved including
such features as doors, windows, ventilation, and lighting.
All of these features will be required in an acoustically
effective workplace, and all present their own sets of noise
control problems.
Controlling Noise along its Path
 HOLY ANGEL UNIVERSITY
COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND ARCHITECTURE
DEPARTMENT OF ARCHITECTURE

BUILDING UTILITIES 3

Ar. Miguel Paulo A. Quiambao

Building Utilities 1 (Lighting and Acoustics) 19
 BUILDING

8 UTILITIES 3
Principles of SPR Noise Control
Lecture 8
HVAC Noise Control

HOLY ANGEL UNIVERSITY

COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND ARCHITECTURE
DEPARTMENT OF ARCHITECTURE
HVAC Noise Control
 If not acoustically treated, noise from heating, ventilating, and
air-conditioning equipment can travel from room to room in
the home or in the office. Noise produced by fans and
motors of central air equipment can be transmitted
throughout the duct system. High air velocities in the duct
system can cause noise-producing turbulence. Also, turning
vanes, dampers, and other elements inside the ducts, grilles,
and diffusers can whistle or rattle. HVAC ductwork can also
act as a “speaking tube,” carrying conversations from one
room or office into other spaces.
HVAC Noise Control
1. NOISE FROM CENTRAL EQUIPMENT

➢ When operating heating and air-conditioning equipment, a good

guideline is “lower and slower”: lower volumes of air moved
through the system with fans and blowers operating at a slower
speed. Central air equipment should also be acoustically isolated
from spaces where airborne noise would be objectionable.
Equipment should be mounted on vibration isolators to avoid
transmission of structureborne noise. Sound traps or baffles will
help to attenuate equipment noise in adjacent ductwork.
HVAC Noise Control
2. NOISE IN AIR-DUCTS SYSTEM

➢ Heating, ventilating, and air-conditioning ductwork can be a

source of noise as well as a transmitter of it. Sheet metal
ductwork without insulation can produce popping and
banging noises due to expansion and contraction caused by
changes in air temperature. Components within the duct
system, abrupt changes in direction, and restrictions in the
system can produce turbulence and air rush noise.
HVAC Noise Control
2. NOISE IN AIR-DUCTS SYSTEM

➢ Most of these noise problems can be solved with fiber glass duct
insulation in either of two forms:
1. Fiber glass duct liner, designed for installation inside sheet
metal ductwork to attenuate air rush and central equipment
noise as well as to control heat loss or gain through duct walls.
2. Fiber glass duct board, combining acoustical/thermal
insulation with a reinforced foil-kraft air barrier/vapor retarder,
from which complete air duct systems may be fabricated.
3. Fiber glass duct wraps, used as thermal insulation on exterior
of sheet metal ducts, provide little acoustical benefit except by
muffling the popping and banging noises when ducts undergo
temperature changes.

* Fiber Glass is a type of fiber reinforced plastic where the

reinforcement fiber is specifically glass fiber.
HVAC Noise Control
Fiberglass Duct Liner
Fiberglass duct liner is designed for
sheet metal ducts in air conditioning,
heating and ventilating
systems. Fiberglass duct liner offers
outstanding durability and superior
acoustical and thermal performance.
Features:
Absorbs noise
Outstand thermal and acoustical
performance
Easy fabrication
Lasting performance
Damage proof construction
Bacterial and fungi protection

Fiberglass Spiral Duct Liner

HVAC Noise Control

Fiberglass Duct Board Duct Board

HVAC Noise Control

Fiberglass Duct Wraps

Fiberglass Duct Wraps

HVAC Noise Control
 BUILDING

8 UTILITIES 3
Principles of SPR Noise Control
Lecture 9
Residential Sound Control Practices

HOLY ANGEL UNIVERSITY

COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND ARCHITECTURE
DEPARTMENT OF ARCHITECTURE
Residential Sound Control Practices
SUMMARY
➢ To obtain maximum benefit with sound rated constructions, the
perimeter of the construction must be sealed with caulking
wherever it is not completely sealed by normal construction
methods (e.g., tape and joint compound). In general, penetrations
such as service lines (e.g., plumbing and gas lines), electrical outlets
and medicine cabinets should be minimized.
➢ Plumbing noise can be reduced by using larger pipes or cast-iron
pipes, installing air chambers to eliminate water hammer, and by
isolating pipes from structural framing with resilient rods. Doors of
solid wood or mineral core provide better sound control than
hollow core doors. Door frames and sills should be gasketed to
seal tightly when doors are closed. Windows should have weather-
stripping and double panes of insulating glass. The use of heavy
curtains or draperies can help reduce sound transmission.
Residential Sound Control Practices
SUMMARY
➢ As with partition and wall construction, penetrations in sound
rated floor/ceiling assemblies should be caulked airtight. Ceiling
fixtures should be surface mounted, not recessed, and carpet and
pad or resilient tile will greatly reduce impact sound transmission
through these assemblies.

CAULKING
Residential Sound Control Practices
FIVE NOISE CONTROL MISTAKE TO AVOID :

1.Thinking you don’t have a noise problem

➢ In a factory, you have a noise problem if a person is exposed
to a noise level greater than an A-weighted level of 85 dB. Ear
protectors should only be considered a temporary solution
to such a noise problem. Even lower levels could be a
problem, such as a 55 dB level in a classroom. In general, if
communications is difficult in a noisy area, you have a noise
problem.
Residential Sound Control Practices
FIVE NOISE CONTROL MISTAKE TO AVOID :

2. Not considering noise control before a project is

started.
➢ Although a source of noise can be treated after installation,
it’s generally twice as expensive and half as effective
compared with designing proper noise control into the
system before the noise source is installed.
Residential Sound Control Practices
FIVE NOISE CONTROL MISTAKE TO AVOID :

3.Not conducting a detailed study of noisy equipment.

➢ Most noisy equipment has several noise sources, all of which
must be considered. When analyzing noise sources, the
spectrum of the noise from the equipment needs to be
studied. At minimum, octave band noise levels from the
equipment should be obtained.You cannot solve a noise
problem by knowing only the overall noise level generated by
the equipment.
Residential Sound Control Practices
FIVE NOISE CONTROL MISTAKE TO AVOID :

4. Not using a systems approach to noise control.

➢ A common waste of noise control dollars is the failure to
consider all possible solutions and noise paths. To treat one
noise source and not consider all possible noise sources
could lead to unacceptable noise levels when a project is
completed. The same is true if only one path of noise
transmission is considered. All airborne and structureborne
noise paths must be studied.
Residential Sound Control Practices
FIVE NOISE CONTROL MISTAKE TO AVOID :

5. Not sealing air leaks.

➢ Sound always takes the easiest path around or through a
barrier. Construction gaps or air leaks are by far the easiest
way for sound to pass from one space to another.
Sound Absorption Coefficients of typical
Bldg Materials.
 HOLY ANGEL UNIVERSITY
COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND ARCHITECTURE
DEPARTMENT OF ARCHITECTURE

BUILDING UTILITIES 3

Ar. Mguel Paulo A. Quiambao, uap

Building Utilities 1 (Lighting and Acoustics) 38
 BUILDING

9 UTILITIES 3
Solid-borne Noise Reduction
Lecture 9
Mechanical Noise Control

HOLY ANGEL UNIVERSITY

COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND ARCHITECTURE
DEPARTMENT OF ARCHITECTURE
Mechanical System Noise Control
Mechanical Noise Sources
➢ Mechanical devices obviously make noise. And, generally, the
more power they consume the more noise they make. In
many of today’s buildings, 40% of the total cost is spent on
mechanical systems. These system are located throughout a
building.
➢ In most building, the primary sources of mechanical noise are
the components of the air-conditioning and air handling such
as fans, compressors, cooling towers, condensers, ductwork,
dampers, mixing boxes, induction units and diffusers.
➢ Pumps are another source of mechanical noise. Pump noise is
frequently transmitted along pipes to remote points due to
water pressure.
Mechanical System Noise Control
➢ Difference of AHU and HVAC
1. AHU is Air Handling Unit. HVAC is Heating,Ventilation and
Air-conditioning system
2. HVAC is the central unit to which AHU is connected. AHU
is only part of HVAC.
3. HVAC comes in medium to large designs. HVAC is used to
condition the atmosphere in industrial houses, skyscrapers
and aquariums
4. AHU is a large metal box that conditions the air, which
helps in creating a perfect atmosphere.
Mechanical System Noise Control
➢ FANS
Mechanical System Noise Control
➢ COMPRESSORS
Mechanical System Noise Control
➢ COOLING TOWER
Mechanical System Noise Control
➢ CONDENSER
Mechanical System Noise Control
➢ DUCT WORKS
Mechanical System Noise Control
➢ DAMPERS
Mechanical System Noise Control
➢ MIXING BOXES
Mechanical System Noise Control
➢ INDUCTION UNIT
Mechanical System Noise Control
➢ DIFFUSERS
Mechanical System Noise Control
Mechanical Noise Sources
➢ Elevators, escalator and freight elevators also introduce
mechanical noise into the building. Escalator and freight
elevators pose few problems, since they are located in
specific area and have low operation speeds. However,
elevator-car operation is rapid and it affects large areas. In
addition, the motors and switchgear are located on or above
the prime upper floors of a building. Motor, shaftway and
switching noise must be properly controlled to prevent
annoyance to building tenants located near the shaftways or
mechanical penthouses.Vibration isolation of these major
components is a specialized problem.
Mechanical System Noise Control
Quieting of Machines
➢ Machine cause noise by vibration. This noise is impacted to
the surrounding air and by vibrational contact to the
surrounding structure. Therefore, there are three ways to
reduce this noise.

1. Reduce the vibration itself. (modifying the source for

quieter operation)
2. Reduce the air-borne noise by decoupling the vibration
from efficient radiating sources. (vibration damping and
vibration absorption)
3. Decouple the vibrating sources from the structure.
(vibration isolators and mounting the noise source on a
resilient base)
Mechanical System Noise Control
Quieting of Machines
1. Install motors, pumps, fans etc. on
massive base.
2. Install such components on
resilient mounts or vibration
isolators (Springs, rubber mounts)
3. Use belt drive or roller drive
system in place of gear trains.
4. Use flexible hoses and wiring
instead of rigid piping and stiff
wiring.
5. Apply vibration damping materials
to surfaces undergoing most
vibration.
6. Install acoustical lining to reduce
noise build-up inside machine.
7. Minimize mechanical contact
between the cabinet and the
machine chassis.
8. Seal openings at the base and FIGURE-1.0 Generator with Acoustical
other parts of the cabinet to Treatment
prevent noise leakage.
Mechanical System Noise Control
FIGURE-1.0

➢ Referring to the figure, Items

1,3 and 4 reduce vibration;

➢ items 4,5,6 and 7 reduce and

decouple the vibration from
the radiating cabinet

➢ items 2 and 8 decouple the

vibrating sources from the
structure.

FIGURE-1.0 Generator with Acoustical

Treatment
Mechanical System Noise Control
➢ It takes two forms, damping and isolation.
➢ DAMPING is a term that used in industrial applications
when there is a need to reduce the amount of energy
(vibration) that produced by the system
➢ DAMPING is accomplished by rigidly coupling the
vibrating source to a large mass, frequently called an
inertia block. Much of the energy is absorbed and
dissipated as friction; the remainder results in lower-
amplitude vibration.
Mechanical System Noise Control
➢ ISOLATION is accomplished by supporting the
vibrating mass on resilient supports. These take many
forms and are used in tandem. Thus, machines are
supported on fibrous rubber, or spring steel vibration
isolators and the entire mass can be supported on a
floating floor, which in return rests on resilient vibration
isolator.
Mechanical System Noise Control
Mechanical System Noise Control
Mechanical System Noise Control
 BUILDING
UTILITIES 3
Air-borne Noise Reduction
Lecture 10
BUILDING SITING

HOLY ANGEL UNIVERSITY

COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND ARCHITECTURE
DEPARTMENT OF ARCHITECTURE
BUILDING SITING
➢ As important as interior structural design is building
sitting vis-à-vis exterior noise sources. Building should
be sited, with respect to noise sources:

(a.)To use natural terrain as noise barriers.

BUILDING SITING
(b.)With respect to trees as noise barriers, rely only
on thick wooded areas.
BUILDING SITING
(c.)To avoid naturally poor sites
BUILDING SITING
(d.)To avoid sound reflections from other buildings.