FORMAT FOR OUTLINE OF PROPOSED RESEARCH WORK

1. Name of Scholar: (In English) Chauhan Priyank Hasmukhbhai

(In Hindi) चौहान प्रियंक हसमुखभाई

2. Title of Research: (In English): Goal Programming Model and Its application in
Resource Allocation in Industry

Title of Research (In Hindi): लक्ष्य प्रोग्रामिंग मॉडल और उद्योग में संसाधन
आवंटन में इसका अनुप्रयोग

3. Location:

a) Organization/ Department where the work is to be done: Department of Mathematics,

Faculty of Science, Pacific Academy of Higher Education and Research University, Udaipur
(Raj.)

b) Geographical Area of Investigation, if any: Udaipur, Rajasthan

4. Introduction:

Basics of Goal Programming: Goal Programming (GP) is one of highly efficient techniques
for multiple objective decision analysis. It is a very a powerful tool, which is inspired by the
well-established and noted technique of Linear Programming. It additionally offers good
solutions to a sophisticated method of implementing objectives. GP can effectively manage
the decision problem with single goal and multiple sub goals. Occasionally, goals tend to
contain no common measures. Establishing a hierarchy of importance among such conflicting
goals become a very important to meet the goals at lower order. In certain cases, they reach to
level where no additional enhancements can be made. The problems can be easily resolved
through GP; it is also follows that all relationships of the model should be linear.

The major benefit of GP is that; it does not emphasize on maximizing or minimizing the
objective criterion straightforwardly. Instead, it tries to minimize the offset in the objectives
and certain achievements which can made under a given set of constraints. The offset
variables can be denoting in two dimensions, namely, positive and negative deviations/offset
from every sub goal or goal. Later on, the objective function can assist in minimizing such
deviations on the basis of priority assigned to them, or their relative importance.

1
There is certain possibility that the decision maker is not able to gain access to few details, on
the value of cost of a specific objective or part of it. Nevertheless, the decision maker can
assess its upper or lower limits. In general, the decision maker can always decide on the
priority of the required objective or sub-goal. The priorities can be assigned accordingly.
However, it is not very simple to achieve the objective up to a desired level. Hence,
irrespective of Goal Programming, the decision maker can assign particular priority to
accomplish a specific objective. Hence, it can be ascertained the actual objective of Goal
Programming is its achievements towards the determination of solution for various decision
problems, which generally contains numerous contending goals and complicated priority
structure.

General Goal Programming Model: GP is a sophisticated and robust tool with flexible
mechanism, which can be implemented on various decision problems which are related to
multiple objectives. Nevertheless, it must be noted that the GP is not a comprehensive
solution for all decision problems. GP can be implemented only under certain conditions. So
far, majority of the GP applications were restricted to well-defined deterministic problems.
Additionally, the primary analysis is restricted to determine a possible solution to optimize
the achievement of the objective without violating any specified criteria.

The general GP model in terms of mathematically as follows:

m
Optimize Z= ∑ P k ¿ ¿ (1)
i=1

Or

m
Optimize Z= ∑ P k ¿ ¿ (2)
i=1

m
Subject to Z= ∑ aij x j+ ¿ ¿ (3)
i , j=1

+¿ ≥0 ¿

And x i ,d −¿,
i
d i ¿
(4)

−¿ ¿ +¿ ¿
Where Pk are pre-emptive priorities, d i are negative deviational variables,d i are positive
deviational variables, which always determines the attainment below and above goal. If
−¿¿ +¿¿
necessary, we can combine pre-emptive priorities with relative weighting. w i and w i are
−¿ ¿ +¿ ¿
weight attached to deviational variables d i and d i , a ij are technological coefficients, xj are

2
decision variables, bi are right-hand side goal values. The p k where k =1, 2,…..K pre-emptive
priorities are ranking for the goals constraints such that the ranked importance of 𝑝1> 𝑝2> 𝑝3>
> > > > > 𝑝𝑘. The general objective of GP is to reduce the offset between the achieved goals
and targeted goals. Various methods can be used to accomplish this task, which forms
different variants of GP. The formulation of GP is a long process. It first begins by
establishing a set of parameters which must be included for analysis of problem. After the
parameters are established, the target value is estimated, which illustrates the required success
level for each parameter. In short, the formulation of a GP involves setting up of objectives as
a collaboration of each parameter with its consequent target.

One of the benefits of Goal Programming is the incorporation of multiple criteria on to a

model which can be easily solved with the help of optimization software. On the downside,
Goal Programming requires details on the preferences of the decision maker, which is
generally expressed in terms of priori, in the form of importance weights, priority levels, and
goal target values.

The main advantage of goal programming is environmental, managerial and organization

objectives can be considered and can be incorporated into model by goal levels. Goal
programming tries to maintain the balance between the mathematical optimization and the
desire to decision maker (DM) to satisfy the various goals. Goal programming is oldest
technique for solving MCDM (Multi-Criteria Decision Making). The main aim of GP is to
simultaneously satisfy several goals Interest in goal programming is increased in last few
years because of its application and it was given by Charnes and Cooper. Integer, non-
integer, zero- one, non -linear and simple problems can be solved by using Goal
programming, for all can be prepared by setting the goals.

Goal programming is similar to the linear programming problem (L.P,P) the basis difference
is the details of objective function is entered in desired ordered. Another methodology to goal
programming is to state the goals as constraints in addition to the normal constraints of the
problem. The objective function is always minimizing deviations. The deviation are
represented by weight, and then the problem can be solved by L.P.P . Sensitivity analysis can
also be done for goal programming. The goal programming is one of the mathematical tools,
designed in perspective of solving the multi-objective problems in diverse areas for taking the
efficient, timely and accurate decision. Many researchers are investigating continuously and

3
exploring the uses of goal programming tools in resource allocation. There are different kinds
of goal programming models namely:

1. Lexicographic Goal Programming Model

2. Pre-emptive goal programming
3. Weighted Goal Programming Model
4. Prioritize Goal Programming
5. Mixed integer goal programming
6. Integer goal programming
7. Generic goal programming
8. Chebyshev Goal Programming / Minimax goal programming
9. Fuzzy Goal Programming

Resource Allocation through Goal Programming: Public pressure and limited quantities of
resources necessitate development of more reliable decision making techniques. Modern
resource managers are rapidly becoming aware of new decision aiding techniques which are
capable of reviewing, utilizing, and organizing vast quantities of resource data.

Many models utilizing operation research techniques have been developed to aid range and
other resource managers. The most common technique used has been linear programming for
the resource allocation used from years by several researchers [1-4].

Decision makers realize, however, that linear programming models are single objective or
single goal systems; the objective has commonly been profit maximization or cost
minimization. Organizations seldom have a single goal; in fact, in public land management,
the classical economic objective of maximum net revenue often rates only a low priority.
Linear programming has been modified in order to allocate resources when multiple
[5]
conflicting goals are present . The procedure is called goal programming. The traditional
method of solving multiple goal problems has been to define all goals in a common unit
(usually dollars). Managers and most economists have been highly critical of this procedure
as all goals cannot be translated into strictly economic terms. In goal programming, there is
no requirement that the objectives be defined in the same value, terms. In fact, multiple goals
may be in terms of board feet of timber, number of cattle, or dollars, as well as number of
sales and regional incomes. The only requirement in goal programming is that the manager
can attach ordinal priorities or rankings to the goals that reflect the importance of each goal.
Once goals have been defined and ranked according to importance, a solution via goal

4
programming can be obtained. The decision maker can then change the goal priorities, and by
examining the solutions, he can obtain an estimate of the tradeoffs between goals.

Goal programming is a branch of multi-objective optimization, which is a branch of Multiple-

Criteria Decision Analysis (MCDA), thus also known as Multi-Criteria Decision Making
(MCDM) being considered as an extension of linear programming problem in order to handle
multiple and conflicting objective measures. Each of these objectives is given a goal or target
value required to be achieved. Goal programming model seeks to minimize the deviations
between the desired goals and the actual results to be obtained according to the assigned
[6, 7]
priorities, that is, certain function of the unwanted deviation variables is minimized . In
short, GP is a realistic satisficing philosophy. Goal programming basically performs
following three types of analysis:

• Determine the degree of attainment of the goals with the resources available.
• Determine the resources required to achieve a desired set of objective.
• Provide the best satisfying solution under varying priorities of goals and amount of
resources satisficing in the GP models.

To get the deeper insight about the application and significance of the Goal programming in
resource allocation, this research work is conceptualized to study the basic principles and
definition of goal programming used for resource allocation followed with the solution
methodology. Further, the research work will discuss the Fuzzy logic based program for
planning the resource allocation in manufacturing plants followed with mathematical
implementation. Hence, the overall objectivity of the research work revolves around the
proposing the advanced goal programming models in order to solve production planning
problems in industry.

5. Importance/ Rationale of proposed Investigation:

The Industrial world faced a depression after Second World War in solving a variety of
industrial problems. Industrialist after solving problems using various models determined
Operations Research (OR) technique can be used conveniently in solving such problems.
Then onwards, industrial problems are solved using various models of Operations Research
or Goal Programming (OR/GP). These models are used to increase the productivity,
minimize the cost of production, and use carefully the available resources and for healthy
growth of industries.

5
Hence, the principal objectivity behind the research is driven through the need of identifying
the method of administering in resources in specific sector (manufacturing) has become
dynamic and demanding in modern manufacturing system. In different production industries
or the manufacturing companies, there is a lot of space for the manufacturing process. This is
due to the need for finished goods in different segments is increasing with the population
growth. Furthermore, one of the causes of manufacturing cost increases is the rapid rise in the
price of raw material, technology change, increase in wages, maintenance cost etc. In
addition, the difficulty of procedures has rendered the available facilities ineffective. As a
result, administration is a difficult task for management to solve.

In goal programming, goals are considered as constraints along with the normal constraints of
the problem with the minimization of goal deviation as objective given weights to assign
priorities to the various goals. Such problem is then solved using the linear programming
model; hence sensitivity analysis is also feasible. For more than five decades, researchers are
continuously exploring this field where goal programming is termed as one of the
mathematical tool, designed to solve multi-objective problems in different areas for taking
the efficient, timely and accurate decision. Further, Meta-goal programming approach will
also be used as it is more flexible than the usual GP models and allows decision-makers to
establish target values not only for the goals but also for another criterion functions through
allowing to the decision makers to establish target values not only for the goals but also for
another criterion functions assuming fuzziness. A specific determination of the Fuzzy Goal
Programming (FGP) technique to solve the transportation problem in industry will also be
incorporate in the study to explore the Linear Programming (LP) problems with sources and
destinations with the objective function coefficient representing cost of transportation, time of
delivery, number of goods transported, unfulfilled demand, and many others. Several
quantitative techniques in Operations Research (OR) exists for solving transportation
problems involving goals that are multiple and conflicting such as the minimization of cost,
transportation fleets, etc. using Goal Programming (GP) technique.

6. Scope of the Proposed Study: In the light of two biggest problems with goal
programming are to attribute, the decision maker gives satisficing target value which is an
[8]
empirical requirement and lack of theoretical foundation in determining the achievement
functions form for a goal programming model. To overcome issues associated with goal
programming problems in context to solve the production planning problems in industry the
study mainly emphasizes over:

6
 1. Application of the Fuzzy Meta-Goal programming in Production planning in
manufacturing followed with the integration of interactive fuzzy meta-goal
programming in similar context.
2. Capacitated industrial problem solution through application of Fuzzy chance
constrained fuzzy goal programming model.
3. Determination of EPQ through the application of weighted fuzzy goal programming
for solving fuzzy multi-objective linear fractional inventory model.

Hence, the major scope of the proposed research work revolves around planning of
production using goal programming, Fuzzy Meta-Goal Programming (to decide the number
of units to be produced), interactive Fuzzy Meta-Goal Programming followed with the
recommendation of solutions for approximation scheme for deteriorating items. In order to
maximize the profit, the research will also present the fuzzy multi-objective linear fractional
inventory to determine the EPQ. For assessing the optimization of the results LINDO
optimizer solver software will be used.

7. Review of work already done on the subject:

Goal programming, a practical and flexible methodology to solve multi-dimensional planning

problems, was introduced by Charnes and Cooper [9]. This tool was further extended by other
[10] [11] [12] [13] [14]
investigators, specially Ijiri , Jaaskelanen , Lee and Clayton , Ignizio , Gass ,
Romero [15], Tamiz & Jones [16]. Since then extensions of goal programming methodology are
done by many researchers involving preemptive/lexicographic linear goal programming,
integer goal programming and zero-one goal programming by Schniederjans and Hoffman
[17] [18]
, extended lexicographic goal programming by Romero , etc, and surveys of fields of its
[19] [20] [21]
applications by Lee , Schniederjans ; Tamiz et al. , such as production planning,
financial planning, capital budgeting planning, etc.

Literature relating Application of Goal Programming in Production / Manufacturing:

Ghosh et al. [22] formulate a goal program in nutrient management for rice production in West
[23]
Bengal. Leung and Ng presented a goal programming model for perishable products
[24]
production planning. Larbani and Aouni provided efficient solutions generation new
approach within the goal programming model followed by the efficient test for the solution of
[25]
goal programming. Sinha and Sen formulated a strategic planning using the goal
programming approach to maximize profit, production quantity to make tea and demand and
minimize processing time in different machines and expenditure to Tea Industry of Barak

7
 [26]
Valley of Assam in order to flourish the tea industries. Sen and Nandi applied a goal
[27]
programming approach to rubber plantation planning in Tripura. Sen and Nandi
formulated a goal programming model for rubber wood door manufacturing factory in
[28]
Tripura. Sen and Nandi reviewed goal programming and its application in plantation
[29]
management. Baran et al. formulated a goal programming model by using genetic
algorithm to solve economic environmental electric power generation problem with interval-
valued target goals.

[30]
Anggraeni et al. proposed goal programming method having multiple objectives, namely,
maximizing machine usage, maximizing revenue and minimizing production costs to
[31]
determine a combination of number of products. Schniederjans et al. presented a goal
programming model in order to support planning decisions in the value analysis using critical
path method and concurrent engineering.

[32]
Yu et al. proposed two weighted goal-programming models for optimizing crude oil
production with the problem being divided into two stages. First stage involved optimization
of total planned crude oil yield by four sub-yields and the later stage involved optimal
allocation of each sub-yield among different oil extract plants. Providing crisp definition of
goal priorities, in practice, is not an easy task, where multi-objective decision problems are
considered. Uncertainty may be inherent in relative importance relations among the goals, or
alternatively the perception of the relative importance relations among the goals may be
vague from the decision maker’s point of view. The decision space and correlation between
objectives may also have effects on the definition of importance relations among the goals.
Hence, there is a need to develop a FGP model which takes into account these uncertainties
and provides a flexible decision making tool.

[33]
Iskander M. G. proposed an exponential membership functions in Fuzzy Goal
Programming utilized within two main forms of fuzzy goal program. It showcased the
comparison between the lexicographical minimization model and the model with a
preemptive goal hierarchy applied to a fuzzy textile production planning problem, where the
membership functions of the fuzzy goals are considered exponential with either increasing or
decreasing rate of change. It can be concluded that, if the decision-maker is not sure about the
tolerance limits of the fuzzy data, it is preferable to use the lexicographical minimization
model, in order to minimize the sensitivity of the change in results due to the change in data.
Also, the lexicographical minimization model is recommended, when the desirable

8
achievement levels for the goals having top priority level are extremely limited, so as to avoid
having infeasible solution when the model with a preemptive goal hierarchy is used. This
conclusion is applicable whether in the case of increasing or the case of decreasing rate of
change. On the other hand, if the decision-maker is seeking to get different set of results
based on different tolerance limits that reflect alternative production scenarios, then the
model with a preemptive goal hierarchy can be preferable. Finally, whether in the case of
increasing or the case of decreasing rate of change, if an optimal solution exists for each of
the two models, the trade-off between not getting zero for any membership function and
achieving large values for the membership functions with high priority levels is a main
criterion for choosing between the two models.

[34]
Ighravwe et al. formulated a bi-objective programming based facility layout design
problem having the objectives to minimize workforce costs and maximize efficiency
improvement in a layout. In this procedure, fuzzy goal programming and big-bang big-crunch
algorithm is used in order to generate a Pareto solution. The proposed model was tested using
a small-scale sachet water production enterprise data.

Hocaoğlu[35] addressed the issue of allocating the air defense missiles to incoming air targets
to maximize the air defense effectiveness of land-based air defense systems. A constraint
based nonlinear goal programming (multi-objective) model for weapon assignment problem
to minimize survival probability was developed. A simulation model as an optimizer agent
was developed and located in air defense simulation scenarios. The model collects input data,
optimize assignments, calculates fire times, and schedules fire orders.

[36]
Nesticò et al. defined a multi-criteria evaluation model capable of selecting the
combination of the best combination of the projects that must make up an integrated urban
regeneration program. The novelty of the research was the combination of the algorithms of
the Analytical Network Process (ANP) with those of the Zero-One Goal Programming
(ZOGP), where the ANP makes it possible to clarify the interdependence relations between
the criteria, as well as between criteria and projects, while the ZOGP allows considering
requirements and constraints of the reference system. The results of the research showed that
the model is able to direct the decision-maker towards urban regeneration programs that,
effectively, reach the maximization of the final benefits, both in financial and socio-
environmental terms. The algorithms also revealed the considerable flexibility of the

9
instrument, so much that it can be easily applied also for the characterization of urban
programs aimed at different territorial contexts.

[37]
Keynezhad and Goharshenasan analyzed the problems of project portfolio selection and
project scheduling simultaneously based on the resource constraints and specific modelling
parameters. A model was presented based on linear programming that had the capacity of
expressing different possible situations in this problem. Small problems were solved by the
Epsilon constraint method in GAMS whose results are accurate in small scale, and then two
platform-independent meta-algorithms were used to check the quality of the proposed
answers. The quality of the solutions in the two objective functions and the low-level solving
time of NSGA-II algorithm were compared with the MOPSO algorithm which had better
performance than NSGS-II algorithm. It was also mentioned that the C-index, the NSGA-II
method provided better answers than the MOPSO method. In the dispersion index, the
uniform Pareto border was obtained based on the results of the MOPSO method.

[38]
Zhang et al. proposed a resource allocation algorithm based on deep reinforcement
learning (DRL) to solve the problem of co-existing enhanced mobile broadband (eMBB)
slices and ultra-reliable low latency communication (URLLC) slices based on Non-
Orthogonal Multiple Access (NOMA) in downlink network scenarios. Double Deep Q
network (DDQN) is designed to output subcarrier and power allocation simultaneously.
Simulation results showed that compared with the baseline based on heuristic joint user
pairing and power allocation algorithm and Orthogonal Multiple Access (OMA), proposed
algorithm can achieve higher spectral efficiency and ensure isolation between slices.

8. Research gaps identified in the proposed field of investigation:

Following research gaps were identified under the subject area from research works
performed over the goal programming and its applications in resource allocation particularly:

1. There is scope to study the resource allocation or distribution in manufacturing

industry through different goal programming model.
2. Studying the fundamental properties of goal programming model in context to
manufacturing industry to attain the cost minimization based on capacitated problems.
3. Determination of Economic Production Quantity through fuzzy goal programming
approach.

10
 4. Assessment of the optimization of results through optimization software namely
LINDO.

Hence, major research gaps identified in context to planning of production through different
Goal Programming (Fuzzy Meta-Goal Programming, Interactive Fuzzy Meta-Goal
Programming) followed with the maximization of the profit through linear fractional
inventory to determine the Economic Production Quantity. For assessing the optimization of
the results LINDO optimizer solver software will be used.

9. Objectives of the proposed study:

Following are the potential research objectives of the proposed research work:

1. To study the application of Goal Programming model for resource optimization.

2. To study the application of Fuzzy Meta-Goal Programming (FMGP) and Interactive
Fuzzy Meta-Goal Programming (IFMGP) for production planning.
3. To determine the effectiveness of Fuzzy Chance Constrained Fuzzy Goal
Programming technique in transportation.
4. Modelling of an approximation scheme for optimal production run time and duration
of the shortages by minimizing the total system cost.
5. To study the determination of Economic Production Quantity through fuzzy goal
programming approach.

In particular, the research will express the resource allocation optimization through goal
programming, Fuzzy Meta-Goal Programming, interactive Fuzzy Meta-Goal Programming
followed with the modelling of an approximation scheme for optimal production run time and
duration of the shortages by minimizing the total system cost. For the maximization of profit,
the research will also present the fuzzy multi-objective linear fractional inventory to
determine the EPQ. LINDO optimizer solver software will be used to measure the
effectiveness of the results on the basis of different parameters and values.

10. Research Methodology:

In today’s world, goal programming to handle multi-objective decision is considered as a

unique approach reflecting the Simon’s theory of “satisficing” for modern decision-making
problems. Through various priorities assigned to the goals and levels, GP allows decision

11
maker to incorporate organizational, environmental and managerial consideration into model.
Goal programming can involve linear, integer, zero-one, or nonlinear multi-objective
problem, for which preemptive priorities can be established. The objectives of the research
work would be attained by following the methodological execution of the Goal Programming
for different aspects, which is as follows:

1. Conceptualization of Fuzzy Meta-Goal Programming (FMGP) and Interactive Fuzzy

Meta-Goal Programming (IFMGP) for production planning.
2. Assessing the Effectiveness of Fuzzy Chance Constrained Fuzzy Goal Programming
technique in transportation.
3. Application of approximation scheme for optimal production run time and duration of
the shortages by minimizing the total system cost.
4. Determination of Economic Production Quantity through fuzzy goal programming
approach.

11. Detailed Research Plan

Methodology and Research Plan followed for Fuzzy Meta-Goal Programming (FMGP)
and Interactive Fuzzy Meta-Goal Programming (IFMGP) for production planning:

1. Formulation of different sets of Meta-goal programming model and Interactive Meta-

Goal Programming (IFMGP).
2. Conceptualizing or modelling of fuzzy meta-goal programming model (FMGP) and
Interactive Fuzzy Meta-Goal Programming (IFMGP).
3. Numerical Explanation of fuzzy meta-goal programming approach (FMGP) and
Interactive Fuzzy Meta-Goal Programming (IFMGP) -– Application of LINDO
optimizer solver.

Methodology and Research Plan for effectiveness of Fuzzy Chance Constrained Fuzzy
Goal Programming technique in transportation:

1. Formulation of Mathematical Model Involving Fuzzy Chance Constrained Multi-

Objective Capacitated Transportation Problem
2. Modelling of FGP (Fuzzy Goal Programming) of Chance Constrained Multi-
Objective Capacitated Transportation Problem
3. Numerical Explanation – Application of LINDO optimizer solver

12
Methodology and Research Plan for approximation scheme for optimal production run
time and duration of the shortages by minimizing the total system cost:

1. Enlisting of Assumptions and Notations

2. Mathematical Modelling
3. Solution Procedure
4. Numerical Experimentation – Application of LINDO optimizer solver

Methodology and Research Plan for determination of Economic Production Quantity

through fuzzy goal programming approach:

1. Problem Formulation – Enlisting the Assumption and Notations

2. Modelling the Transformation of Multi-Objective Linear Fractional Programming
Problem to Liner Programming
3. Numerical Experimentation – Application of LINDO optimizer solver

12. Tentative Chapter Scheme:

The tentative chapter scheme of the proposed research work is as follows:

Chapter 1: Introduction to Goal Programming: This chapter will present the introduction
of Goal Programming incorporating some definitions relating the goal programming and its
application. Subsequent section of the chapter will present the different types of goal
programming model with solution methodology.

Chapter 2: Review of Literature: This chapter will incorporate some specific studies
related with the study topic and allied topics in form of summaries.

Chapter 3: Fuzzy Meta-Goal Programming (FMGP) Application in Production

Planning: This chapter will present the production planning using Fuzzy Meta-Goal
Programming (FMGP). Subsequent section will discuss the results drawn through LINDO
optimizer solver.

Chapter 4: About Fuzzy Meta-Goal Programming: This chapter will present an

interactive fuzzy meta-goal programming for production planning in industry and the
asymptotic properties would be briefly discussed in successive section. This chapter will also
present fuzzy chance constrained fuzzy goal programming model using capacitated multi-
objective industrial problem discussion and the mathematical explanation of results.

13
Chapter 5: About Production Inventory Modelling: This chapter will present single item
production inventory model. Subsequent section will present the model developed for finite
time horizon. A solution procedure for an approximation scheme will be discussed. A
numerical example will be carried out for the illustration of the model.

Chapter 6: About Fuzzy Multi-Objective Linear Fractional Inventory Model: This

chapter will present the fuzzy multi-objective linear fractional inventory model in
determining EPQ.

Chapter 7: Conclusion, Major Findings and Recommendations: This chapter will present
the conclusion, major findings and recommendations for the future research work.

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