INT.

LAW
 Sovereign states are, in international law, equal, and sovereign equality is the basis upon
which the United Nations (UN) operates.
 guarantees equal participa tion by all states in international relations.
 Sovereignty is thus the fundamental principle on which contemporary world order
rests, affirmed by the International Court of Justice (ICJ) and expressed in the UN
Charter Article 2(1).

THREATS TO SOVEREIGNTY
 since the beginning of the 20th century classical approach to sovereignty as absolute a
threat to international peace. criticized on the grounds that in the modern world such
an omnipotent state cannot exit, because such a state would be very dangerous for
international peace and order. Thus, International law came into being.
 sovereignty is changing in an era of globalisation of economic activities. There is also a
growing literature on quasi-states and failed states.

 . If sovereign states systematically abuse the human rights of their citizens, should they
continue to enjoy the privileges of sovereignty in international law? This issue is at the
heart of debates over whether humanitarian intervention should play a greater role in
international law than is currently the case.
It u

P.S.
 loss of the US nuclear monopoly.
 States divided into weak and strong states. Weak: in which the institutions and political
coherence are weak, whereas strong: strong institutions and firm political coherence.
For weak states, a good art of their security problem is protecting the state against
internal threat


War
 Politics remains at the very roots of war
 For Richard Betts this is a fundamental issue, that of 'how to make force a rational
instrument of policy rather than mindless murder ... [that is,] how to integrate politics
and war'.
 The chief objective of revolutionary war is 'the seizure of political power by the use of
armed force, destruction of an existing societ;(; and its institutions and their
replacement with new state structure' .
 The revolu tionary war is a war of the masses; it can be waged only by mobilising the
masses and by relying on them', said Mao Tse-tung.
 Revolutionary warfare can assume different forms: wars of national liberation,
rebellions against or violent efforts to overthrow an established sociopolitical system,
civil war or people's war, secessionist movements, guerrilla war, insurgency and small
wars. According to John Shy and Thomas Collier, 'Revolutionary warfare, as a fully
developed concept, is a relatively recent phenomenon largely because it is so closely
associated with two aspects of modernity- industrialism and imperialism.