Materials Today: Proceedings xxx (xxxx) xxx

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Materials Today: Proceedings

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Effect of organic inhibitor on the corrosion behaviour of reinforced

cement concrete
R. Dharmaraj a,⇑, Karuppasamy Narayanan b, Malathy Ramalingam b, P. Vinodhini c, Pon Rajalinggam d
a
Department of Civil Engineering, KPR Institute of Engineering and Technology, Coimbatore, India
b
Department of Civil Engineering, Sona College of Technology, Salem, India
c
Vinodhini Constructions, Tirupur, India
d
Vastu Builders, Omalur, Salem, India

a r t i c l e i n f o a b s t r a c t

Article history: Neem tree production results in a significant amount of garbage produced each year. Reduced environ-
Available online xxxx mental pollution as a result of neem seed coverage is necessary. In order to partially replace cement in
concrete, the usage of Neem extract was researched. In this research work, the corrosion inhibitor impact
Keywords: that has been added to concrete of steel reinforcement by means of NEEM extract. NEEM extract helps to
Neem leaf extract protect the steel reinforcement from corrosion and increase the lifetime of steel. The neem extract (or-
Corrosion inhibitor ganic) as an accelerator in concrete behalf of using the chemical admixture..In this research articles
Mechanical Properties
M25 grade of concrete was used. In the neem extract can add in concrete at various ratios percentage
Durability
as 0 % (M0), 0.5 %(M1), 1 %(M2), 1.5(M3)%, and 2 %(M4).The mechanical test like compression test split
tensile and flexural behavior test were performed at different curing days for various substitution of
extract in concrete mix. The durability test like water absorption test was conducted after 28 days of cur-
ing. The strength properties shows good resistant against bending stress, it improves upto 14.08 % and
9.71 % for compressive and split tensile strength for 1 % substitution of extract, compared to control con-
crete mix. From the finding, substitution of NEEM extract shows good protection for concrete elements.
Copyright Ó 2022 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
Selection and peer-review under responsibility of the scientific committee of the 4th International Con-
ference on Advances in Mechanical Engineering (ICAME 2022).

1. Introduction buildings, sewage pipe and various industrial applications [3,4].

Cement is made by combining the limestone, calcareous and
gypsum-based material with other raw material. It is desired
where quick construction is needed. This cement is available in
three grades: Ordinary Portland Cement 33, 43 and 53 on the mar-
ket. The maximum strength of this concrete after 28 days means
these grades [1,2]. Manfactured-Sand manufactures sand from
crushed rock or granite for use in cement or concrete construction.
Its physical and mineralogical features distinguish it from natural
river sand. The aggregate is a part of the composite material that
is resistant to pressure and provides the composite material with
bulk. It has a wide range of dimensions. Corrosion of steel and
other metal in the leading cause of deterioration in the concrete.
Steel reinforcement mainly used in construction like bridges,
⇑ Corresponding author.
E-mail addresses: dr.r.dharmaraaj@gmail.com (R. Dharmaraj),
21@gmail.com (K. Narayanan), vastagam@gmail.com (P. Rajalinggam).
The construction of steel in massive structure was corroding which
in some kind of construction work worldwide develop a huge prob-
lem. It is a continuous problem and it is difficult to eliminate. It has
a solution to avoid this problem is to form a protective layer on the
steel which act as layer and reduce from corrosion.(See Table 1.).
In this study, neem (Azadirachita Indica) is used to contribute to
the inhabitative characteristics of plants for corrosion. In the Indian
subcontinent the biological properties of the neem trees were rec-
ognized for many decades, but scientists had become attractive in
the last 45–50 years. The bitterness is complex compound called
‘‘triterpenes” or ‘‘limonoids”. The inhibitor of green corrosion is
biodegradable and free from heavy metals and hazardous chemi-
cals. Inhibitor has a substance at low concentration. It is known
as organic inhibitor [5,6]. Neem is a bitter in taste. It is form a pro-
tective barrier for steel reinforcement from corrosion. The extrac-
tion of neem leaves was applied on the surface of embedded
steel as protective layer is a newer concept among the all other
nksamy. method. Neem tree is an economically valuable and medicinal

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matpr.2022.09.353
2214-7853/Copyright Ó 2022 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
Selection and peer-review under responsibility of the scientific committee of the 4th International Conference on Advances in Mechanical Engineering (ICAME 2022).

Please cite this article as: R. Dharmaraj, K. Narayanan, M. Ramalingam et al., Effect of organic inhibitor on the corrosion behaviour of reinforced cement
concrete, Materials Today: Proceedings, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matpr.2022.09.353
R. Dharmaraj, K. Narayanan, M. Ramalingam et al. Materials Today: Proceedings xxx (xxxx) xxx

Table 1 2.2. Fine aggregate

Chemical Composition of Neem Leaf Extract.

Properties Value The sand which is accessible locally and passing by 4.75 mm is
Family Azadirachta Indica used. Specific gravity was 2.60. Sand River Conforming Zone I Of IS
Molecular Formula C33H44O16 Grading: 383–1970[13]. Clean and dry sand from the river can be
Color Green locally accessible [14,15]. The properties of the fine aggre-
Odour Unpleasent gate should be fulfilled for IS: 383–1970 with their requirements.
pH Value 8
pH State Alkaline
Physical State Viscous 2.3. Coarse aggregate
Molecular Weight 720.7 g/mol
Melting point 156.2 Aggregates usually occupy between 70 and 80 percent of the
Boiling point 230
Freezing point 3
concrete volume and thus have a major effect on their properties.
Flash point greater than1370 F They are granular materials mostly derived from natural rock
Density at 250 C 1.06 (crack or natural gravels) and sand, but in some ways, synthetic
Solubility at Water 0.26 g/H at 250 C materials like slag and expanded clay or shale are mainly found
Log P 1.09
in light concrete [16,17]. They are granular materials.
Vapour Pressure 2.7e-11 mmHg at 25 °C

2.4. Water
value. Plant extract become more important because, it is ecologi-
Water is a major component in the preparation of concrete. It is
cal, renewable, biodegradable, inexpensive, readily available, envi-
equally substance by itself. It should be herbal and should have a
ronmental acceptable and so on. This study seeks that effect of
pH score of 6 to 7[18].
neem leaf extraction as organic inhibitor on mild corrosion of steel
on the concrete in saline water [7,8]. This neem extract was form
2.5. Neem extract
layer in concrete; the concrete material was made by the combina-
tion of cement, sand, coarse aggregate, water. The cement, we used
Azadirachita Indica leaves were collected from local area. The
Ordinary Portland Cement (OPC)-53 grade. Then, the optimum
level of the concrete was founded. The fine aggregate (M
sand) leaves collected were dried and powered. Then the powered was
extract by using ethanol and methanol at 25 °C. It was filtered at
was used by sieving 4.75 mm sieve. The coarse aggregate was used
by sieving 20 mm sieve. The water - cement ratio was calculated make dried at room temperature then, ethanol was evaporated
and extract was remain.
and get mixed together. Then, the trial mix was made and fresh
concrete test like slump cone, compression, flow table and some
test are conducted. Using the trial mix cube, prism and cylinder 3. Experimental program
was casted and then it was tested at 7,14,28,56 and 90 days. The
optimum level of concrete was founded for concrete using corro- 3.1. Concrete mix
sion inhibitor [9,10,11]. Then, the casted specimen was tested like
mechanical properties and durability studies. The mechanical M25 mix design was used. Mix proportion is 1:1.42:2.83 are
properties are compression, split, and flexural strength test. The casting had been prepared for cement, sand, aggregate, and for
durability studies like water absorption. W/C ratio 0.45. Concrete mix proportion was done according to
IS 10262:2009[19].

3.2. Preparation, casting and curing of test specimen

1.1. Objectives

Specimens were prepared as cube, prism and cylinder. The cube

The key purpose of this study is to conduct a study on proper-
ties of concrete using Azadirachita Indica Leaf Ash (AILA).The fol-
lowing are the main objectives of project work,
 To find the new Organic Inhibitors.
 To find the mix ratio and optimum percentage of inhibitors.
 To determine mechanical characteristics of the concrete and its
durability.
2. Materials and methodology
Ordinary Portland Cement (OPC), Coarse aggregate (CA), Fine
aggregate (FA), Neem extract and water are the ingredient of mix-
ture. Throughout the investigation Ordinary Portland Cement
(OPC) 53 was used.
with size of 150x150x150mm and 100x100x100mm, prism with
size of 300x100x100mm and the cylinder with the size of
300x100mm.Reinforcement were cured in a tap water.
3.3. Test on concrete
Three type of combination of concrete was moulded. The con-
crete cube size is 150x150x150 mm, the concrete prism size is
100x100x 500 mm, the concrete cylinder size of 300 mm height
and 100 mm [20,21]. The cube has been cast for compressive
strength, the prism has been cast to determine the flexural
strength of concrete and the cylinders have been cast for the split
tensile test.
4. Experimental investigation
4.1. Compressive strength

2.1. Cement According to IS: 516 – 1959[22], conductive testing prepared

150  150  150 mm cube after a treatment period of 3, 7, 14,
Ordinary Portland Cement (OPC)-53 grade is required to con- 28, 56 and 90 days shall assess the cube of concrete compressive
form to BIS Specification IS: 12269–1987[12]. force. The test specimen will be placed through its paces in a
2
R. Dharmaraj, K. Narayanan, M. Ramalingam et al.
CTM with a capability of 2000 kN. The cubes are positioned such
that the load is applied to opposite sides of the Compression test-
ing machine [23,24]. The load will be using at the rate of 140 kg/
cm2/min (approximately) up to the specimen fails. Concrete com-
pressive strength provides insight into the concrete performance.
4.2. Split tensile test
A split tensile test is one of the most important characteristics
of concrete. The tensile forte of the concrete, on the other hand,
It should be measured to assess the load under which the particu-
lar components can be split. Rupture is a form of failure of tension
that occurs in the traverse direction. The challenge in preparing the
test specimen and applying a truly axial tensile load is used to
assess the direct tensile forte of concrete [25,26]. The indirect
way of assessing the tensile forte of concrete is split tensile
strength. The cylindrical specimen has a dia of 150 mm and a
length of 300 mm. The testing is performed by horizontally situat-
ing the cylinder between the CTM influence point and then apply-
ing a force along the vertical diameter until the cylinder fails. The
experiment will take 28 days.
4.3. Flexural strength test
The flexure strength test was performed by a manual flexural
strength testing machine on beam specimens. For flexural strength
tests of prism in size 500x100x100mm has been used. The mould
has been applied with lubrication oil, and concrete in the mould
has been placed in an equal three layer, with each layer being
tamped compact [27–29]. Different percentages of Neem in con-
crete are accompanied by the same procedure. The beams were
tested in fresh water 28 days after curing.
The flexural strength of concrete is determined by testing plain
concrete prism.
If ‘a’ is greater than 20 cm for 15 cm specimen fb = PL/BD2.
If’a’ is less than 20 cm but greater than 15 cm fb = 3PL/BD2.
5. Results and discussion
5.1. Compressive strength
In Fig. 1, the compressive forte results of cubes after 3, 7, 14 and
28 days of cure processes show 17.50 N/mm2 for 7 days and
28.50 N/mm2, for 28 days, without any inhibitors, of the compres-
sive forte of the concrete. The compression strength was increasing
by 1(M2 mix) percent of neem extract in the concrete to 20.50 N/
Fig. 1. Compressive Strength vs Neem Leaf Extract.
3
Materials Today: Proceedings xxx (xxxx) xxx
mm2 (7 days) and to 32.50 N/mm2 (28 days). The compression
strength results show that the inhibitor of Neem extract indica-
tions the modest increase in the compressive forte of concrete rel-
ative to the control specimen.The 28 days strength of concrete
specimens with 1 % substitution of neem leaf extract improved
by 14.02 % than control concrete. The early age strength improve-
ment shows good increase in percentage at all mix id. But the poz-
zolanic reaction of Neem is what gives Neem concrete its notable
improvement in strength. The cementing compounds that arise
from cement hydration and those that result from lime reacting
with the added pozzolan are responsible for the increase in
strength.
5.2. Split tensile test
The strength of the cylinder is shown in Fig. 2 after 7 and
28 days of curing. The split tensile forte of concrete is 3.50 N/
mm2 for 28 days in control mix (without an inhibitor). Specimens
with 1 % neem extract show 3.84 N/mm2 in 28 days of split tensile
forte. Similar to compressive strength, the split tensile forte results
indicate a slight improvement in tensile forte by the Neem extract
inhibitor in comparative to the control specimen. The result at
28 days showed that there is higher percentage increase in split
strength by NEEM concrete over that of the control. This is an indi-
cation that pozzolanic activity had commenced. The percentage
increase with respect to the 28 day strength for control was
3.1 %, while it was 4 %, 7.1 %, 9.7 % 8.6 %and 6.6 % for 0 %, 0.5 %,
1 %, 1.5 % and 2 % NEEM replacements, respectively. This increase
in split strength can be attributed to the reaction of NEEM with cal-
cium hydroxide liberated during the hydration of cement.
5.3. Flexural strength test
Fig. 3 indicate the significance of the flexural forte of the beam
after 7 and 28 days of curing. The flexural strength of concrete is
6.54 N/mm2 for 28 days in the control specimen (without an inhi-
bitor). The flexural strength of concrete specimens 1 % neem
extract in 28 days is 8.15 N/mm2. The results of flexural
strength that the neem extracts inhibitor showed a smaller
improvement in flexural strength compared to the control speci-
men.(See Fig. 4.).
5.4. Water absorption
For concrete specimens based on ASTM C
642–81[30] the
waters absorption test were performed. The cube of the specimen
was 100x100x100mm in dimension. Each mix proportion was
casted with a cube that was tested for water absorption in 28 days.
The value of absorption of water is shown in ratio to the dry weight
of the concrete (the difference between saturated and dry weight).
Water Absorption ð%Þ ¼ ðWet mass
Dry mass = Dry massÞ
 100
6. Conclusion
The following results appear to be accurate based on the short
experimental study on M25 grade of concrete: It may be deter-
mined that incorporation of NEEM extract increases the strength
of M2(Optimized 1 %) mix. Hardened concrete properties and dura-
bility properties up to 1 % NEEM extract substitution in concrete
mix as compared to conventional concrete (CC).The following con-
clusions drawn from this research outcomes.
R. Dharmaraj, K. Narayanan, M. Ramalingam et al. Materials Today: Proceedings xxx (xxxx) xxx

Fig. 2. Split tensile strength vs Neem Leaf Extract.

Fig. 3. Flexural strength vs % of Neem Leaf Extract.

 The various substitution of NEEM extract upto 2.0 % improves

the strength of M25 grade concrete mix. Data availability
 The compressive strength of concrete containing extract is
higher than that of control concrete. However, with the increase Data will be made available on request.
in percentage of NEEM extract will decrease the compressive
strength.
 The compressive strength value is upgraded from 1 to 32.50 %
Declaration of Competing Interest
for concrete mix with 1 % NEEM extract. Increase upto 17.9 %
than that of control concrete mix after 28 days.
The authors declare that they have no known competing finan-
 The split tensile and flexural strength improved upto 9.6 % and
cial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared
7.4 % for M2 mix.
to influence the work reported in this paper.
4
R. Dharmaraj, K. Narayanan, M. Ramalingam et al. Materials Today: Proceedings xxx (xxxx) xxx

Fig. 4. Water Absorption vs Neem Leaf Extract.

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