The to-infinitive is used to express purpose She lied to avoid being punished. after certain verbs (agree, appear, decide, expect, hope, plan, promise, refuse etc) He promised to be back at 11.00. after certain adjectives (difficult, glad, happy, obliged, sorry, unable ete) He was happy to hear he had been promoted. after “I would like/would love/would prefer” to express specific preference. I'd prefer to stay in tonight. after certain nouns. it's my privilege to present the winner of the competition. after “too/enough” constructions. It's too late to go now. She's experienced enough to be appointed Sales Manager. He's got enough patience to cope with children. after: be + the first/second etcjnext/last/best etc. You'll be the first to break the news. with: it + be + adjective (+of + noun/pronoun) It was rude of him to speak like that. with: so + adjective + as Would you be so kind as to help me with the washing? with “only” expressing an unsatisfactory result. She went there only to find the meeting had been called off in the expression: for + noun/pronoun + to-inf. For Mary to behave like that was very unusual. in the expressions: to tell you the truth, to begin with, to be honest, to start with, to sum up etc. To begin with, I'd like to introduce our new manager, Mr Jones. Note that if two infinitives are joined by “and” or “or”, the “to” of the second infinitive can be omitted. I'd like to go to an island and swim and sunbathe all day long during my holidays. Dare expressing lack of courage is used with an infinitive with or without to. | don't dare (to) tell him the truth. Dare expressing anger, threat or warning is used with an infinitive without to. Don’t you dare come back late. Dare expressing challenge is used with a to-infinitive. / dare you to jump over the fence, The infinitive without to is used after modal verbs (can, may, will, would etc) You may use the phone. after had better/would rather/would sooner. I'd rather have an early night. after feel/hear/let/make/see in the active. Will you let me play in the garden? : be heard/be made/be seen, all take a to-inf. She was made to work overtime. “Let” turns into “was/were allowed to” in the passive. He wasn’t allowed to play in the garden. The -ing form is used as a noun. Collecting stamps is his favourite hobby. after prepositions. He left without being seen. after certain verbs (anticipate, appreciate, avoid, consider, continue, delay, deny, discuss, detest, escape, excuse, explain, fancy, finish, forgive, go (physical activities), imagine, it involves, keep ‘ontinue), it means, mention, mind (= object to), miss, pardon, postpone, practise, prevent, quit, recall, recollect, report, resent, resist, risk, save, stand, suggest, tolerate, understand etc) She doesn't mind working fong hours. after: detest, dislike, enjoy, hate, like, love, prefer to express general preference. | enjoy snorkelling. (in general) {like + to-inf = it's a good idea John likes to walk long distances. ] after: I'm busy, it's no use, it’s no good, it’s (not) worth, what's the use of, can’t help, can’t stand, feel like, there’s no point (in), have difficulty (in), in addition to, as well as, have trouble, have a hard/difficult time. Tom had difficulty (in) driving on the left when he first came here. after: look forward to, be/get used to, be/get accustomed to, admit (to), object to, what about... how about ...? He admitted (to) stealing the old woman's jewels. after: spend/waste (money, time etc) She spent a fortune redecorating her house. after: hear, listen, notice, see, watch to express an incomplete action, an action in progress or a long action. ! saw her window-shopping as | drove by. (I sav part of the action.) but: hear, listen, see, watch + infinitive without to express a complete action, something that one saw or heard from beginning to end. | saw the car crash into the shop window. (1 saw all the action.)‘THE INFINITIVE & -ING FORM to the correct form of the infinitive or the -ing form. (take) part in anything illegal. (pay) for at least part of the wedding. . (do) whatever they like. 1 Put the verbs in brackets it 1 L absolutely refuse 2 Many parents feel obliged 3 Some people seem to let their kids 4 How about 5 It was unkind of her ... 6 Stacey spends all her free time 7 He became rich by . (borrow) from anyone. 8 Here is a chance for everyone . 9 We've been advised not to risk ......... 10 My mother says she's looking forward ... (go) for a walk? (say) that, .. (paint). (work) hard and without ...... .. (learn) new skills (travel) in these conditions. (meet) you. 11 Surely no one would be foolish enough (end) him the money? 12 Big companies often delay ... —_ bills. 13 I think you'd better -. (ask) Jo first. 14 For John . (lend) you his car was unusual. 15 What's the use Of ......-ceccsssvosseeceeseses (WoMTY) about it? 16 like him because he makes me ......... (laugh), 17 He won in the lottery only 18 We were accustomed (work) together. 19 They had great difficulty in .... (find) a replacement. 20 Don't you dare 27 Galk) to me like that! 21 She must be made (comply) with the rules. 22 The company expects . - (complete) work in April. 23 You should take a few days .- (recover). 24 Phillips openly admits ......0..-ssssese.ess0- (have) an alcohol problem. 25 She was the first (congratulate) him. 26 It’s no good .. (complain)—they never listen. (be) honest, I don't like him very much. usually involves (work) long hours. (feel) that there has been a mistake. (pass) the sauce? - (find) that the others had already left. - (if). » (hear) about your accident, .. (read) maps. (teach) teenagers is very hard work. sssseee (Write) his essay tonight. . (check) my e-mail. . (play) tennis and squash. ... (stay) in this evening, if that's all right with you. (buy) a new ear. -. (go) out tonight. - (lose) at the casino. 29 Ican't help . : 30 Would you be so kind as 31 Larrived only 32 The box was too heavy for me . 33 was sorry «....+ . 34 She is not very good at 35. 36 He said he planned 37 I've been having trouble . 38 She enjoys . 39 Pd rather .....---eseeee 40 We're considering 41 Sorry, but I don't fancy .. 2 Underline the correct form, the infinitive without to or the -ing form. 1 I saw you put/putting the key in your pocket. 2 Karl noticed someone watch/watching him from an upstairs window. 3 L was able to watch them building/build the new car park from my office window. 4 With a good telescope you can see the eagles feeding/feed their chicks in the nest. 5 Theard the tyre bursting/burst and then the lorry skidded across the road. 6 I noticed him climb/climbing through the window, and then I called the police. 7 Jenny could hear them arguing/argue outside.+ forget + fo-inf (= fall to remember to do sth) He forgot to turn off the radio, forget + -ing form (= not recall a past event) I'll never forget seeing the Eiffe! Tower for the first time. 2. remember + to-inf (= not forget to do sth) lease, remember to feed the dog before leaving. remember + -ing form (= recall a past event) | don't remember seeing him at the party lastnight, 3. mean + to-inf (= intend to) She means to study atin Paris this summer. mean + sing form (= involve) | won't go itt ‘means taking the train during rush hour, 4 go on + to-inf (= finish doing sth and start doing sth else; then; afterwards) He pruned the hedges, then went on fo mow the lawn. goon + Ing form (= continue) We went on dancing unt! we got ted. 5 regret + to-inf (= be sorry to) | regret fo inform you that there are no seats on the 12.30 flight. regret + -ing form (= have second thoughts about sth alteady done) He regrets buying such an expensive sports car, 6 would preter + to-inf (specific preference) I'd prefer to eat at this restaurant. prefer + -ing form (In general) | prefer reading spy stories. prefer + to-inf + rather than + inf without to | prefer to drive fo work rather than take the bus, 1 Underline the correct form in italics. Verbs taking to-infinitive or -ing form with a change in| 11 hate + to-int 7 try + to-inf (= do one’s best; attempt) Try to throw the ball into the basket, try + -Ing form (= do sth as an experiment) Try cooking with alive oll, you might find it improves the taste 8 want + to-inf (= wish) / want to go home. want + -ing form (= sth needs to be done) These windows want cleaning. 9 stop + to-inf (= pause temporarily). Can we stop tere to admire the view? stop + -Ing form (= finish, cease) He stopped studying and switched on the TV. 10 be sorry + to-int (= reret) / was sory to hear he failed his exam. be sorry for + -ing form (= apologise fr) She was sorry for yelling at him. = nat like what one is about to do) hate to argue, but you are definitely wrong, hate + -ing form (= feel sorry for what one is doing) / hate bothering you at such a late hour. 12. be afraid + to.inf (= be too frightened to do sth; hesitate) She was afraid to jump into the pool. be afraid of + -ing form (= be attaid that what is referred to by the -ing form may happen) When diving in the rain, 'm afrald of skidding on the Wet road. 1) Darling, did you remember packing / to pack some spare cassettes for the video camera yesterday? 2) [really regret /eaving / to leave school so young, it’s ruined my career prospects. 3) Don’t forget recording / 10 record ‘Friends’ tomorrow evening. 4) [tried pressing / to press the ‘escape’ button, but the program just wouldn’t respond. 5) She stopped eating / to eat sweets years ago 6) Nothing will stop their enquiries, they mean getting / to get to the bottom of this strange business. 7) He was sorry for shouting / to shout at his son. 8) Do you remember seeing / 0 see that film last summer? 9) After a career in the secret service, he went on achieving / to achieve fame as an author. . 10) Transglobe Airlines regrets announcing / to announce the cancellation of today’s service to Beijing due to air traffic restrictions. 11) [hate asking / fo ask you, but can you help me with the housework? 12) The plants want watering /to water daily. 13) [prefer going out /to go out whenever I’ve got free time. 14) She was afraid opening / to open the door. 15) We were all exhausted so we stopped geting / to get some rest at a hotel.3 Under! 1e the correct form. 1) Joe dared his brother fo kick / kicking the ball out of the window. 2) Lused to spend a lot of time fo worry / worrying about the future. 3) Gina tried 10 open / opening the door, but it seemed to be stuck. 4) The police made the two boys to pick up / pick up the litter they had dropped. 5) All night people kept to bang / banging car doors outside in the street. 6) I remember to appear / appearing in the Christmas play when I was at primary school. 7) Your car really needs fo clean / cleaning. It’s filthy! 8) I can’t help to wonder / wondering whether we are going in the right direction. 9) My parents always encouraged me fo think / thinking for myself. 10) What do you mean to do / doing about the leaky pipes? 11) Don’t forget to wake me / waking me before you leave. 12) I regret so sell / telling you that we cannot accept your offer. 13) Did you manage to find / finding the book you were looking for? 14) We have postponed to sei! / telling anyone the news until after Easter. 15) Have you considered to buy / buying a microwave oven? 16) Sorry I'm late, I had to stop to pick up / picking up the children from school. 17) Margaret wasn’t a good student, but she went on fo be / being Prime Minister. 18) This construction project will involve to demolish / demolishing part of a run-down industrial area. 19) We saw the Queen fo welcome / welcome the British Olympic winners. 20) Despite all the rejections, Dave’s continuing fo apply / applying for every vacancy he sees. Participles ¢ Present participles (verb + ing) describe what somebody or something is. it was a fascinating story. (What kind of story? Fascinating.) © Past participles (verb+ ed) describe how somebody feels. We were fascinated by his story. (How did We fee! about his story? Fascinated.) 4 Complete the sentences, using one of the words below. amusing/amused confusing/confused exhausting/exhausted annoying/annoyed disgusting/disgusted interestingyinterested boring/bored exciting/excited surprising/surprised 1) He works very hard. It’s not ... 2) I’ve got nothing to do. I’m .. 3) The teacher’s explanation was . Most of the students didn’t understand it. 4) The kitchen hadn’t been cleaned for ages. It was really ..... 5) I seldom visit art galleries. I'm not particularly 6) There’s no need to get .. just because I’m a few minutes late. 7) The lecture was .. fell asleep. 8) L asked Emily if she wanted to come out with us but she wasn’t .. 9) She’s been working very hard all day and now she’s .. 10) I'm starting a new job next week. I’m quite 11) Tom is very good at telling funny stories. He can be very « 12) Lizis avery .. | person. She knows a lot, she’s travelled a lot and she’s done lots of different things. .. that he’s always tired. inart,Verbs taking to-infinitive or -ing form without a change in meaning ‘begin, continue, intend, start + to-inf or -ing form. We don’t normally have two -ing forms together. ‘She began dancingito dance. not: She is beginning daneing, © advise, allow, encourage, permit, require + object + to-inf. He advised me to stay indoors. @ advise, allow, encourage, permit, require + -ing form. He advised staying indoors. ‘@ be advised, be allowed, be encouraged, be permitted, be required + to-inf. We were advised to stay indoors. @ need, require, want + to-inf/-ing form/passive inf. You need to prune the trees. The trees need runing. The trees need to be pruned. 2. Complete the sentences, using the words in bold. Use two to five words. 1) We are allowed to take a one-hour lunch break. allow They .. .... 2one-hour lunch break. 2) You need to improve your handwriting considerably. be Your handwriting .. 3) She has been learning German since last year. began considerably. She .- last year. 4) They advised not drinking the water. were we . the water. 5) She made him carry the bags. was He 6) I think that ths isthe right street. appears This . the right street. 7) Jane succeeded in finishing all her work on time. managed Jane all her work on time. 8) Calling Jim is pointless, because his phone is out of order. use It’s no because his phone is out of order. 9) It is compulsory for all students to leave a cash deposit. required the bags. All students . acash deposit. 10) You waste time if you copy your work out again, so don’t doit. eopying Don’t . . your work out again. 11) If take the job, I'll have to move to Paris. mean ‘Taking the job .. . to Paris. 12) Parking is not permitted here. park You are .. . here. 15) Winning the football pools meant we could buy a new car. enabled Winning the football pools .. : buy a new car. 14) There is a risk that he will mis s the plane if he waits. risks He... . ifhe waits. 15) It took him two hours to reach London. took He. London. 16) She let them use the spare room. to They... the spare room. 17) Could you do the washing? mind Would .. 18) I prefer dancing to listening to music. rather I prefer 19) 1's too hot for him to go jogging. cool Itisn’t go jogging. 20) He had difficulty in concentrating on his work. found He. sectsesssseseeseees OM His Work, the washing? .. listen to music.