VIETNAM NATIONAL UNIVERSITY HO CHI MINH CITY

HO CHI MINH CITY UNIVERSITY OF TECHNOLOGY

FACULTY OF CHEMICAL ENGINEERING

-----------------➢-----------------

EXPERIMENT REPORT

UNIT 10: THERMODYNAMIC

------

INSTRUCTORS: Phạm Hoàng Huy Phước Lợi

SUBJECT: Laboratory of Unit Operations

CLASS: CC01 GROUP: 1B SEMESTER: 222

STUDENT INFORMATION

No. Student ID Surname First name Group Score Note

1 2053266 Nguyễn Trọng Nghĩa 1B

2 2053605 Trần Tường Vy 1B

3 2052808 Dương Hồng Yến 1B

Ho Chi Minh city, 05 tháng 05 năm 2023

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TABLE OF CONTENT
TABLE OF CONTENT .............................................................................................................. i
LIST OF FIGURES .................................................................................................................. iii
LIST OF TABLES .................................................................................................................... iii
I. EXPERIMENTAL THEORY ............................................................................................... 1
1.1. Objectives......................................................................................................................... 1
1.2. Theory .............................................................................................................................. 1
1.2.1. Classification of moist air condition ........................................................................ 1
1.2.2. Characteristic parameters of moist air .................................................................... 1
1.2.3. Classification of steam condition ............................................................................. 2
II. EXPERIMENTAL EQUIPMENT AND METHOD ......................................................... 3
2.1. Experimental equipment ................................................................................................ 3
2.1.1. Experimental model .................................................................................................. 3
2.1.2. Diagram description ................................................................................................. 3
2.2. Experiment method ........................................................................................................ 4
2.2.1. Experimental content ............................................................................................... 4
2.2.2. Operation process ..................................................................................................... 4
III. RESULTS ............................................................................................................................. 6
3.1. Raw data table ................................................................................................................. 6
3.2. Calculations and results ................................................................................................. 7
IV. DIAGRAM............................................................................................................................ 9
4.1. The psychrometric chart for saturated stream ............................................................ 9
4.2. The psychrometric chart for overheated stream ....................................................... 10
V. DISCUSSION ....................................................................................................................... 12
5.1. Explain the change in air when traveling through the aerodynamic tube based on
the change of the humidity of the air ...................................................................................... 12
5.2. Explain why you can determine the humidity of the air through the dry bulb and
wet bulb temperature ............................................................................................................... 12

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5.3. Comparisons between the process cooling, drying and spraying to the wet air in
diagram i-d of the theory and reality. Explain the difference.............................................. 13
5.4. Comparisons between theoretical values and practical values................................. 13
5. 5. The cause of the errors between practice and theory. .............................................. 14
VI. APPENDIX ......................................................................................................................... 15
6.1. Determine parameters of air: ...................................................................................... 15
6.2. Determine the air flowrate passing through the Aerodynamic tube ....................... 15
6.3. Calculations of coolers .................................................................................................. 16
6.3.1. Power of coolers (Qo) .............................................................................................. 16
6.3.2. The theoretical volume of water condensed from the cooler (Gwater) ................... 16
6.3.3 The actual rate of water separating from the cooler (G’water) ................................ 16
6.4. Calculations of the air dryer ........................................................................................ 17
6.4.1. Heat load of air dryer Q ......................................................................................... 17
6.4.2. Heat of the electricity supplied in the resistor ....................................................... 17
VII. REFERENCE ................................................................................................................... 18

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LIST OF FIGURES
Figure 1.................................................................................................................................page 3
Figure 2.................................................................................................................................page 9
Figure 3.................................................................................................................................page 9
Figure 4...............................................................................................................................page 10
Figure 5...............................................................................................................................page 10
Figure 6...............................................................................................................................page 11
Figure 7...............................................................................................................................page 11
Figure 8...............................................................................................................................page 12
Figure 9...............................................................................................................................page 13
Figure 10.............................................................................................................................page 15
LIST OF TABLES
Table 1 ..................................................................................................................................page 6
Table 2 ..................................................................................................................................page 6
Table 3 ..................................................................................................................................page 7
Table 4 ..................................................................................................................................page 7
Table 5 ..................................................................................................................................page 8
Table 6 ..................................................................................................................................page 8
Table 7 ................................................................................................................................page 16

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I. EXPERIMENTAL THEORY
1.1. Objectives
The aim of this experiment is to help students to find out some of the basic theories of the
studied theory in the field of thermodynamics.
It helps students have a general concept of the subject, their role and application in industry
and life.
1.2. Theory
1.2.1. Classification of moist air condition

 Unsaturated moist air : the type of moist air that the amount of vapor contains in which
isn’t maximum. Unsaturated moist air has ability to contain more water. The condition of vapor
in unsaturated moist air is superheated steam. Vapor pressure of unsaturated moist air is smaller
than the saturated pressure corresponding to moist air temperature. (Ph < Phs).

 Saturated moist air : the type of moist air that the amount of vapor contains in which is
maximum Gh = Ghmax . The condition of vapor in saturated moist air is dry saturated steam.
Vapor pressure of saturated moist air is equal to the saturated pressure corresponding to moist
air temperature. (Ph = Phs)

 Supersaturated moist air: the type of moist air that the amount of vapor contains in
which is maximum and can contain more water condensate. If the temperature is lower than 0oC,
there will be ice. The condition of vapor in supersaturated moist air is moist saturated steam.
1.2.2. Characteristic parameters of moist air

PARAMETER SYMBOL UNIT DEFINITION

- The ratio (expressed as a percentage) of the

water vapor in the air at a certain temperature and
pressure to the maximum water vapor it can
contain at the same temperature and pressure.
Relative
ɸ % Ph 
humidity = 100% = h 100%
Pbh  bh

Ph, Pbh : vapor partial pressure and vapor

saturated pressure of water at the same
temperature condition

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- Density of moisture (water vapor) per unit

volume of air, expressed usually as kilogram per
Absolute
x (d, y) kgH2O/kgdry_air cubic meter (kg/m3)).
humidity
Mh Ph 18 Pbh
x=  = 
M kkk P − Ph 29 P − Pbh

H = Ckkk.t + (r + Cht).x = t + (2493 + 1,97t).x

Ckkk = 1 (kJ/kg. oC): specific heat of dry air
Heat function H (I) kJ/kgdry_air t (oC) : temperature of dry air
r = 2493 (kJ/kg. oC): latent heat of water at 0oC
Ch = 1,97 (kJ/kg. oC): specific heat of steam

- Refers basically to the ambient air temperature.

Dry bulb It is called "Dry bulb" because the air
t (tdry, ) o
C
temperature temperature is indicated by a thermometer not
affected by the moisture of the air.

- Wet bulb temperature can be measured by using

a thermometer with the bulb wrapped in wet
Wet bulb
o
twet C muslin. The adiabatic evaporation of water from
temperature
the thermometer bulb and the cooling effect is
indicated by a "wet bulb temperature".

- Difference between dry bulb temperature and

Drying
 o
C wet bulb temperature
potential
 = tdry – twet

- The dew point temperature tr is defined as the

o
Dew point Tdp C temperature at which condensation begins if the
air is cooled at constant pressure.

1.2.3. Classification of steam condition

 Saturated steam: When the water evaporated at boiling temperature

 Superheated steam: is saturated steam heated up without changing vapor pressure

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II. EXPERIMENTAL EQUIPMENT AND METHOD

2.1. Experimental equipment
2.1.1. Experimental model :
The principle diagram of the experimental model is shown in Figure 1. It is an aerodynamic
tube. In which the air is passed from one end of the tube to the other and the temperature is
cooled by evaporator of air conditioner, dried by resistor, moistened by spraying vaporized water
from the vaporizer.
2.1.2. Diagram description:
The air through the fan (1) with a flow control door blows through the aerodynamic tube
(2), is cooled in turn in the cooler (4), then heated by a resistor (5), then is humidified by the
steam nozzle (6) and then blown out. There are dry bulb thermometers (7) and wet bulb
thermometers (8) at the positions before and after each device in the aerodynamic tube to
measure the temperature and humidity of the air. At the outlet of the aerodynamic pipe, there is
a speedometer to determine the air flowrate through the pipe. Below the cooler (4), there is a
condensate drain hose and a measuring cylinder to measure the volume to determine the flow of
condensate from the cooled air.

Figure 1. Experimental diagram of Thermodynamics

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Notation:
1) Fan 10) Pressure measurement
2) Aerodynamic tube 11) Temperature measurement
3) Air conditioner 12) Drain valve
4) Cooler 13) Boiler
5) Drying equipment by resistor 14) Air flowrate adjustment
6) Steam nozzle 15) Electronic control panel
7) Dry bulb thermometer R1) Pot resistance
8) Wet bulb thermometer R2) Resistor steam overheat
9) Pressure relief valve
2.2. Experiment method
2.2.1. Experimental content
1. Determine the state of air including temperature, air humidity at positions in front of the
cooler (4) as well as the state of the air in the surrounding environment; in front of the drying
equipment by a resistor (5) ( behind the cooler (4)), in front of the hot steam nozzle (6) and after
the steam injection position (6) (release to the environment). From the measured data, students
determine the process of changing the state of the air on the i-d diagram and on the basis of
determined data and the vapor content of the air at the above locations.
2. Calculate the heat balance of the aerodynamic tube including: determining the flowrate
of air, determining the cold yield of the cooler and the heating load of the drying equipment.
2.2.2. Operation process:
1. Fill the cup of the wet bulb thermometer with water.
2. Turn on the master switch, check the three-phase indicator light on the electrical cabinet.
3. Check that the valve is always in the fully open position, the pressure gauge on the boiler
is only at 0 kg/cm2.
4. Open the switch of the water supply valve, supply water to the boiler to the specified
line on the water pipe.
5. Turn off the water supply valve switch, lock the steam release valve, open the saturated
steam switch to make the boiler work.

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6. Turn on the air blower, adjust the air flow by adjusting the gap of the air outlet.
7. Turn on the air conditioner switch, set temperature 20-22oC.
8. Turn on the heating resistor switch (can use resistors R1 or R2, or both).
9. Monitor temperature and pressure at the boiler. When the pressure in the boiler reaches
1.5 kg/cm2, open the steam injection valve to push the condensate in the steam pipe out. Then
close the steam injection valve.
10. When the boiler pressure reaches 1.5 kg/cm2, the experiment is started by gently
releasing the steam injection valve. At this time, the dry and wet bulb temperatures at the position
behind the steam injection valve begin to change continuously; Wait for the boiler pressure to
decrease to 1 kg/cm2 and the dry and wet bulb temperatures to stabilize (within about 5 minutes),
then record the measured temperatures at 4 different positions on the air duct. During that
process, measure the condensate flow behind the indoor unit using a measuring cylinder.
11. Turn on the superheat steam generator control switch. Allow the system to run for about
2 minutes to stabilize and take the same measurement for superheated steam as for saturated
steam.
12. Change other operating modes by changing the position of the knob to adjust the intake
opening of the blower, increasing or decreasing the resistance, increasing or decreasing the
amount of steam injected.
Note: The water level in the boiler was tested after each experiment (turn off the resistor)
by opening/closing the valve between the boiler and the water tank to provide water for the
boiler. Provided water level is equal to saturated steam thermometer.

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III. RESULTS
3.1. Raw data table

Table 1. Temperature of air for saturated steam

Point 1 Point 2 Point 3 Point 4 Time to

Air Condensed take
Td Tw Td Tw Td Tw Td Tw water (ml) water
velocity No.1
(oC) (oF) (oC) (oF) (oC) (oF) (oC) (oF) (s)
(m/s)
1 32.30 28.50 19.40 18.00 34.70 24.00 38.30 36.10 34.00 120

3.9 2 32.60 28.50 25.30 20.30 39.10 26.30 39.30 33.10 31.00 120

Ave 32.45 28.50 22.35 19.15 36.90 25.15 38.80 34.60 32.50 120

1 32.50 28.50 26.30 21.40 36.10 26.50 37.50 32.40 31.00 120

4.6 2 32.50 28.60 24.10 20.40 34.20 25.00 39.80 33.60 30.50 120

Ave 32.50 28.55 25.20 20.90 35.15 25.75 38.65 33.00 30.75 120

1 32.50 28.60 25.80 22.40 34.00 26.10 38.50 32.90 29.00 120

5.2 2 32.30 28.50 20.60 21.00 33.70 25.20 37.00 35.00 28.00 120

Ave 32.40 28.55 23.20 21.70 33.85 25.65 37.75 33.95 28.50 120

Table 2. Temperature of air for overheated steam

Point 1 Point 2 Point 3 Point 4 Time to

Air Condensed take
Td Tw Td Tw Td Tw Td Tw water (ml) water
velocity No.1
(oC) (oF) (oC) (oF) (oC) (oF) (oC) (oF) (s)
(m/s)
1 32.20 28.30 23.90 18.00 30.90 22.50 35.20 35.40 32.00 120

3.9 2 32.20 28.30 25.50 19.90 29.40 22.90 36.00 35.30 31.00 120

Ave 32.20 28.30 24.70 18.95 30.15 22.70 35.60 35.35 31.50 120

1 31.90 28.30 21.80 20.50 37.30 26.60 40.40 36.00 32.00 120

4.6 2 32.10 28.30 21.80 19.70 37.50 26.70 40.10 36.80 30.00 120

Ave 32.00 28.30 21.80 20.10 37.40 26.65 40.25 36.40 31.00 120

1 32..20 28.40 25.20 20.80 33.80 25.00 37.00 31.60 29.00 120

5.2 2 31.90 28.30 26.10 22.60 37.20 27.20 37.90 32.30 31.00 120

Ave 31.90 28.35 25.65 21.70 35.50 26.10 37.45 31.95 30.00 120

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3.2. Calculations and results

Table 3. Parameter of air for saturated air

Temperature t (OC)
v (m/s) Location ɸ (%) I (kJ/kg) d (kg/kg)
Td (OC) Tw (OC)
Point 1 32.45 28.50 77.00 94.01 0.0240
Point 2 22.35 19.15 75.00 54.50 0.0130
3.9
Point 3 36.90 25.15 38.44 76.02 0.0154
Point 4 38.80 34.60 80.00 127.09 0.0350
Point 1 32.50 28.55 73.50 92.05 0.0233
Point 2 25.20 20.90 73.50 62.38 0.0148
4.6
Point 3 35.15 25.75 52.14 78.76 0.0170
Point 4 38.65 33.00 70.00 119.87 0.0316
Point 1 32.40 28.55 79.50 92.05 0.0233
Point 2 23.20 21.70 92.50 65.02 0.0166
5.2
Point 3 33.85 25.65 51.25 78.03 0.0173
Point 4 37.75 33.95 82.25 121.02 0.0326

Table 4. Parameter of air for overheated air

Temperature t (OC)
v (m/s) Location ɸ (%) I (kJ/kg) d (kg/kg)
Td (OC) Tw (OC)
Point 1 32.45 28.30 73.75 90.27 0.0230
Point 2 24.70 18.95 57.50 53.35 0.0115
3.9
Point 3 30.15 22.70 56.88 69.77 0.0156
Point 4 35.60 35.35 99.00 130.96 0.0372
Point 1 32.00 28.30 75.00 90.88 0.0230
Point 2 21.80 20.10 85.00 57.18 0.0140
4.6
Point 3 37.40 26.65 48.75 128.14 0.0188
Point 4 40.25 36.40 78.50 137.44 0.0380
Point 1 31.90 28.35 43.25 91.00 0.0200
Point 2 25.65 21.70 70.00 62.76 0.0147
5.2
Point 3 35.50 26.10 48.00 80.61 0.0176
Point 4 37.45 31.95 67.50 108.78 0.0279

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Table 5. Calculation results for saturated steam

tdry.1 ρ1 Gkk Q0 Gwater G'water tdry.3 ρ3 G’kk Q

v (m/s)
(oC) (kg/m3) (kg/s) (kW) (kg/h) (kg/h) (oC) (kg/m3) (kg/s) (kW)

3.9 32.45 1.1567 0.0650 2.5665 2.6892 0.0163 36.90 1.1393 0.0640 1.0506
4.6 32.50 1.1555 0.0433 1.2835 1.4017 0.0154 35.15 1.1454 0.0429 3.0430
5.2 32.40 1.1564 0.0866 2.3404 1.6677 0.0143 33.85 1.1506 0.0862 1.5379

Table 6. Calculation results for overheated steam

tdry.1 ρ1 Gkk Q0 Gwater G'water tdry.3 ρ3 G’kk Q

v (m/s)
(oC) (kg/m3) (kg/s) (kW) (kg/h) (kg/h) (oC) (kg/m3) (kg/s) (kW)

3.9 32.45 1.1567 0.0650 2.3982 2.6892 0.0155 30.15 1.1644 0.0654 1.0737
4.6 32.00 1.1570 0.0433 1.4598 1.4035 0.0155 37.40 1.1374 0.0426 3.0218
5.2 31.90 1.1574 0.0867 2.4475 1.6692 0.0150 35.50 1.1440 0.0857 1.5291

Note :
v: velocity measured at the outlet of the gas pipe, m/s
tdry,1: dry temperature at the entrance of aerodynamic tube, oC
tdry,3: dry temperature at the entrance of dryer, oC
ρ1: specific mass of air before cooler, kg/m3
ρ3: specific mass of air before dryer, kg/m3
Gkk: mass flowrate of air into the aerodynamic tube, kg/s
G’kk: mass flowrate of air before dryer, kg/s
Q0: cooling capacity of cooler, kJ/s
Gwater: flowrate of water condensed from the cooler in theory, kg/h.
G’water: flowrate of water condensed from the cooler in practice, kg/h
Q: thermal load of air dryer, kW

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IV. DIAGRAM
4.1. The psychrometric chart for saturated stream

Figure 2. Saturated steam with v1 = 3.9 m/s

Figure 3. Saturated steam with v2 = 4.6 m/s

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Figure 4. Saturated steam with v3 = 5.2 m/s

4.2. The psychrometric chart for overheated stream

Figure 5. Overheated steam with v1 = 3.9 m/s

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Figure 6. Overheated steam with v2 = 4.6 m/s

Figure 7. Overheated steam with v3 = 5.2 m/s

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V. DISCUSSION
5.1. Explain the change in air when traveling through the aerodynamic tube based on the
change of the humidity of the air.
Air through fan (with flow rate adjustment) 1 passes through aerodynamic tube 2 that is
cooled in cooler 4, which reduces the amount of water of the air, leading to the reduction in
absolute humidity. Then the air is heated and dried in dryer 5, after that, air is moistened by
steam nozzle 6 and goes out. In the front and behind positions of each equipment in the
aerodynamic tube, there are dry bulbs 7 and wet bulb 8 to measure the temperature and humidity
of the air. At the outside aerodynamic tube, there is a speedometer 9 to determine the flowrate
of air. Below colder 4, it is equipped with a volume measuring device to determine the flowrate
of the condensed water from cold air.
5.2. Explain why you can determine the humidity of the air through the dry bulb and wet
bulb temperature
- On i-d diagram, based on wet bulb and dry bulb temperature, we can determine Relative
Humidity ϕ (%), Enthalpy I (kJ/kg) and Density d (kg/kg) of the air at different points
- Draw a line through twet, parallel to t = const line, intersects with ϕ = 1 at point A.
- Draw a line through tdry, parallel to t = const line
- Draw a line through point A, parallel to i = const line (this line shows us enthalpy I values
at different states) , intersects with tdry line at point B.
- B is the point indicating the state of air determined by twet and tdry value.
- ϕ = 0 line through B shows the Relative Humidity ϕ value of air.

Figure 8. Way to determine parameters of air, knowing wet bulb and dry bulb temperature

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5.3. Comparisons between the process cooling, drying and spraying to the wet air in
diagram i-d of the theory and reality. Explain the difference.
- When passing through the indoor unit (AB, BC): the change of state of the air is not the
same as the theory. At the end of the cooling process (point C), the state of the air is not
theoretically saturated, but unsaturated. That's because when the air leaves the indoor unit, it
receives more heat from the surrounding environment before reaching the dry bulb thermometer
and the wet bulb thermometer.
- When passing through the drying device (CD): the change of state of the air is not the
same as the theory. This heating process does not take place at the theoretical constant absolute
humidity, d, but here d increases gradually. That is because the air after leaving the dryer has
received more moisture from the surrounding environment before reaching the dry-bulb
thermometer and the wet-bulb thermometer.
- When passing through the steam nozzle (DE, DE'): the change of state of the air is similar
to the theory. The surrounding environment does not affect the results much.

Figure 9. Diagram of the change in state of the air passing through the aerodynamic tube based on the
reality

5.4. Comparisons between theoretical values and practical values

Capacity of cooler: Theoretical capacity is larger than practical capacity because of the
heat loss to the surroundings, so the cooler can not receive full heat load in the exposed air. That
is the reason the cooler can not play out the best capacity as in principle.

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Condensed water from cooler:

In theory: Gwater (kg/h) and in practice: G’water (kg/h)
→ The difference between theory and practice maybe due to the error when we take the
condensed water sample and record the time
Thermal load of air dryer: Practical thermal load is smaller than theoretical thermal load
because of the heat loss to the surroundings, so the amount of heat the air receives is smaller
than the amount of heat supplied by the dryer.
5. 5. The cause of the errors between practice and theory.
Because of the numerous factors influencing the experiment, the dependability of the given
results is not high. Experiments are not as accurate as theory. To achieve the greater results, it
should be done under tighter conditions with optimized equipment.
Causes of errors:
Errors when reading temperature values: The temperature values shown on the screen are
not stable. They usually vary up or down 1+2oC , so we can’t get accurate temperatures.
Errors when measuring the condensed water flow rate: We can not read accurately the
value of the graduated cylinder; The self-error of the graduated cylinder, anh the errors when we
record the time.
Errors due to equipment: self-error of equipment, the equipment is not well thermally and
humidly insulated, air flow rate into the equipment is not stable, equipment has just been fixed
so its work is not properly right,...
Errors due to calculations: when we look up and round the data.

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VI. APPENDIX
6.1. Determine parameters of air:
- On i-d diagram, based on wet bulb and dry bulb temperature, we can determine Relative
Humidity  (%), Enthalpy I (kJ/kg) and Density d (kg/kg) of the air at different points

- Draw a line through twet, parallel to t = const line, intersecs with  = 1 at point A.

- Draw a line through tdry, parallel to t = const line

- Draw a line through point A, parallel to i = const line (this line shows us enthalpy I values
at different states) , intersecs with tdry line at point B.
- B is the point indicating the state of air determined by twet and tdry value.

-  = 0 line through B shows the Relative Humidity  value of air

Figure 10. Way to determine parameters of air, knowing wet bulb and dry bulb temperature

6.2. Determine the air flowrate passing through the Aerodynamic tube
- Mass flowrate Gkk (kg/s) of air in aerodynamic tube can be determined using the following
formula:
Gkk = v.F.ρ, kg/s (1)
Where:
+ v: velocity of the air measured at the outlet of aerodynamic tube (Table 2), m/s.
+ F = 0.0144 m2: the outlet area of aerodynamic tube
+ ρ: specific mass of air (determined in Table 5), kg/m3.
+ ρ is determined based on the dry bulb temperature (oC) at the point we want to examine

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Table 7. The specific mass of air ρ (kg/m3) depends on the temperature (ºC) of it

t 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39
ρ 1.165 1.161 1.157 1.154 1.15 1.146 1.142 1.139 1.135 1.131
t 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49
ρ 1.128 1.124 1.121 1.117 1.114 1.11 1.107 1.103 1.1 1.096
t 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59
ρ 1.093 1.089 1.086 1.083 1.079 1.076 1.073 1.07 1.066 1.063
t 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69
ρ 1.06 1.057 1.054 1.051 1.047 1.044 1.041 1.039 1.035 1.032
t 70 71 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79
ρ 1.029 1.026 1.023 1.02 1.017 1.014 1.011 1.009 1.006 1.003

6.3. Calculations of coolers

6.3.1. Power of coolers (Qo)

Qo (kJ/s) = Gkk (I1 – I2) (2)

Where:

- Gkk is the mass flow rate of the air in the Aerodynamic tube, kg/s

- I1 and I2 are the enthalpy of the air at the input and output of the coolers, respectively
(Table 3 and 4), kJ/kg

6.3.2. The theoretical volume of water condensed from the cooler (Gwater)

Gwater (kg/h) = 3600 × Gkk × (d2 – d1) (3)

Where:

- Gkk is the mass flow rate of the air in the Aerodynamic tube, kg/s

- d1 and d2 are the absolute humidity at the input and output and the coolers, respectively
(Table 3 and 4), kg/kg

6.3.3 The actual rate of water separating from the cooler (G’water)

G’water (kg/h) = 0.06 × V1 / t1 (4)

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Where:

- V1 is the rate of water separating from the coolers, mL

- t1 is the measurement time, min

Note: As we do the experiment twice to get more accurate result, we have to calculate the
average flowrate from 2 experiments, then we substitute it to the equation to calculate G’water
6.4. Calculations of the air dryer
6.4.1. Heat load of air dryer Q

Q (KW) = G’kk × (H3 – H2) (5)

Where:

- H2 and H3 are the enthalpies of the air at the input and output of the air dryer, kJ/kg

6.4.2. Heat of the electricity supplied in the resistor

Q’ = 1 kW (one resistor)
Q’ = 2 kW (two resistor)

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VII. REFERENCE
[1] Guide book “Thí nghiệm quá trình và thiết bị”, Department of Processes & Equipment
Engineering, HCM Bach Khoa University, 9/2003.
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[5] Engineeringtoolbox.com. (2018). Air - Density, Specific Weight and Thermal
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