WEREDITY AND EVOLUTION feeedity > “VWoramirsion x genic Onexo.dhers Yom axel, SYrpings Voxidlion > Sndivideely 6) Aame 3 Arone Aome diy BEME here axe Colle} eee eee se eae Genst, aslo oy & lbvanch & bicheou Concerned with the Baty 4 woah ca ae * m= he hax o, qendla, Gemelic \erminals Choxadher _, Any heritable, jallose oy the. duvdtwidural, Wak > The dtterndine Jims of a charade ids Leos Gomes ad, i texeditis whide oe dor Inhenittonce ¢ Oppeavance Onaraiurs. Ciossous nora ders oy Wail axe Combrolted by jackors Now coed Q gener), Mendel aired Leon jason. “There josors wore Yoprred as Genes by Tohanny wn). Awe > AMwrnekuve fot, Sho gene whidh axe hocotled On Lome “potion on homsloypud oh Anxomaromed od caled clude. Rome: TO AAAOW, > We condilion 2 lich) © Raid 4) avomoromes Loxry ALoalax wees a a portiurox Avavradier Vdaroprgous > The condilion un uhidh & Gaur 6, JovcomogomssCoxvy dirsimilox odheher jer a yorculox nox DRX: Phenokupe —> at ak aloxervadle mor ghrolooj ro). QQ QVOR ANF oY an ovqaxivamy Jeox o por kcudos Ohox oder. Gomekyee > The gendlic yale ue don Or gasinsm yor O Car Calox Anaxa diary Fo oy gv genexdhion > Wwe SropmuaMs evolved in Ve original, CYOAS Fy qenexchion 5 Myst {hal genexakion , apnerclion Jy habada blaained, Yorn a Grows bakwean uso gpndicolss dyer ed. Faxed, Fa, qenexctlion > Second, Pbish qenerdlion , individealy dsloined wor ‘breeding A bulevids QE Dowinowil 5 When to dynes, JekorA one previ ian Single dndissiduroh only Me qadlor 3a adele To engran Mody an X_ gureraliion | Ds Vinowon an domino Yodior. Recwrtive > Anstey dgdor “Wek Yoila te enprer jin ake S aesetehinn \oul, erproned im Aye ¥, oe, DD Yecengwve Aovtor. a Mendel sured capital Lider to + Cort esgowding smalh eller fpr Ake Yocomive jeday. Monohalcid KOM 3 When % BOM 8 done belweun hive ples, Jading iho Comidecdlion One chasadey at a Time ws cabled Wonghubyid oro. epraud, donned, odor oundtio Dah a done balween Goo glans sudorid cons > When a ofonk Wh ay inl considenation uga gaixk o woidvaaling dials ok Oa Time 2 cabled Sahl lod oxo. CTypes 4) gameles jormed = of N= wkd 4 gored SwoKadex) Vendel’s Lows 0) Sahostance ae fut AGanbyic abate ending, Yo Yormukeions ¥ do amrenonce. w Or comied oul, by Gregor Mendel (99 ~\ggi Known od “Seton ee ee —> Ke v0, want RA On Quilon wank who worked in it cerduea on Feo lash. We to ndudied € mn) QaKd Lots, Jer Seaen goa, eeperimendd o eKdem geo. yh > Re archedied goxden pen pant Jor Atudien becouse oy ee ‘plowing ody y ie Goma glad uth ahovk We le yor 2-3 moni do nwumde , “yy eect mer) a eh O\APHNGS Con Ibe analayed win DW has conkraring vad ue ay oe in pea ghost 4) Grom pallinalion can he med i axlyieadls a a Ie edprmed so A gutsy 20 ee Can be mode ve 5) % ‘ : ‘@ fla 3. ony To cultivate > Mende atadired ‘L dnoxathers ov 4 gaurd ol antbvailing traila A Seed shape | 2. Seed colour 3. Yiowe colour As Pod shage S 6 , Pod Colour ™ Mendsh condudted oxtinetoh /evots Povinsti.on enporisneie WANA ReVeWah, “wus breeding pen lines > A Woe \oreed corlinnious xd <— ne * Dinrous elinslon , Anows Ae Noble trail inhortone Ona. SAprenion, WY Aweroh aprucdkvons. > Mandeh drlerke, Checker Board Malo) Clann Agyraxe) = Fat tone ok Wor wed by Reginald -C-Punnat. => Nh wa Yraghicoh Lepreertolion te Cobuubale the Poloakility oY adh gomrble gendbapen oy Oyapring AN aendlie OOM - >We pomble gamédes axe writen on hoo aides , wavalhy We Kop You ond lex Column.a. .—) Character Dominant trait Recessive trait Seed shape Round Wrinkled Seed colour & Green Flower colour White al Pod shape BD Full Constricted Pod colour Zz - Green | : Yellow Flower position Dwarf Tall Figure 5.1 Seven pairs of contrasting traits in pea plant studied by Mendel aR SaSYTc TR ee fossa peep oO Don akKH DOH OO eM F L k wen calf-nollinatior; elo SW) poadlele cordoinaions oxe Tepreruiled un boxer an Xe Aqpaxer. Saber itonce Q. ME gene ™ LY us tohe Me enample dy one audn Iuoradinckion waperament canrked oh \y Mendeh: oe > Me crored tah ad dua) "pee glad to abadsy te ~ Vol) Bante one guns ™ Ke coldedicd ne Sadr produced ay g Sepulls | Wan U0088 Gnd grew then Te generate ghasth al We eat pial ~ Mende clotored aha all he ¥, oxo gai wore Lal, dike Me dG, PALMA None wore Sworr > Mendel hen 2h). pollisnaled Ane tol 5 Slots and ound Wok in the ¥. We Xe Geerdion a aly” O\ Ane glam, wor talk I , 7 Yhe Kal, and Swvos) Troi, wore deialica), Yo Ander poxuila ype and Vd pA Anow OM dlending \.2 none ene. a > Similory Yeuly weve dktoined Gah Yre, dhe Talk Ine AMudied > Bared on hig clrexvalion, Mende) Poopored rad Aornalliing war bey ey Ataby pored down Unchanged Yorn pared te Siping “Yevough jhe QendA | over ALCOR WE generalions: Be called there thangs % Jackora Wow Caled gener Are ont) acerikante), = oe g &. a0 “aia > Gens whidn code gor a poor dy coAbosing {oil oxe known 93 alleher ay Wwe Wwe Aghadodlivcal Syrools ov edn ope Anan the Sapte \ethax as ured Jor Mhe “hroitk enproned ol Yor 5, a SF and small alghalék Jor lhe Awouk _ > Sor example, in care 0} the chaxadtex Oy bali Ts used. fev the Tal Wak and Lyx “he duo). Vand 4 axe alleles each ether. > Wence dan, lawl, he pain 9 hele sor nei woud be TT, we ao % Ses Jor neat — Mendeh also ed : A ; Fropored thick on a true reading Yelk ov dassaxy We Waxtdiy the lige REX Of gener dor Yheahdl ore ieaiol a Ahomor9ous TT ond th ‘Teapedneds = monn ot Oe calhed he geolee «he plod whale the ay Vern, tol, and, dwvas} axe The Preashape - > Mendel Jound he ghenstare the ¥ caste Tt ty be todd ine ae a ee ea VT porcerl, in, > We Proposed tha con a. FEL O} duveihor yackors one domin- Sa We Sher Car in they) ok hence eee Ydlor sale Ae Alex jattor a Xecemwe “9 So Ba cane L CGor tatty WA dor dass ror) thst 35 oon, P) 8 donisadt over 3 Caps “| >From we observation that Ane YUE parental Trak ws Uiprered withoul Bending in the F, genexciion we con inyer thal when whe Sa ond “duiox ela, podnce gansta Ae procs PL maton the alleles 0}, Yee. poxeatial Pod Aeqegale Pow eadh ster and ordy one allele +S Wonsyidted Xo a gamle.Mele T ond gamelan ay, Ane Sasos) UE haat ave alka During Jdudlion The two addalas json one pore L Yrom ther poked, axe usted Xe produce aaqea, hal have Te, he planks axe élorogygous, RM Be ast gf queaction ose ta (a8 gona HOM 94 adpe TR lan st palinded grokaun amelgy, Lond ton taproh Proporkion. > Arg Yeaulk 9 Wirals es |, ondam jerlubnation he Yeruionk zyqshes Can be o} the ueskypes TT Te oy at, > 4h the ¥ rie asta Th an hy ol he planks Oxe tal) (Ho plat ore diva SS Ha ofe TY) ona dh g He ° a Madd fae hendtie vaio 4:1 Soot Chine 45 Tal) X Yoo is) 4 TT (rowing) Gomi 5 O® @®The F, thes 0} qunsiyge Tk axe aay - pollinate Te x CSelyn Se> DOH O© T + T(IT| Tt + Fy question” Tire itt | = mondulord cromer Manda Ve general sules To % dnhortane 3 Conbolidde Vis, underdondin 1n monohularis NORD. There ruley oxe called Tingeler 9 2, bowwa dnheritance: “Tee Gust low Law Vorminance ong “he Aecond Vous oy Low. 9) deaceaaition. l. 4 0) Dominance > Cronachrr axe contivelled by dbude vats called \udloxa ov enews > qadiory SLWUX in 4 RandW Parental Dwarf F, generation Tall Tail Figure 5.3 Diagrammatic representation of monohybrid cross ration Dwarf( ae y. 4 Dwarf tt ‘Gametes Selfing Tall Tail Tt Tt dwarf 1 Genotypic ratio : TT: Te: tt 1:2:1 Phenotypic ratio : tall : 3: igure 5.4 A Punnett square used to understand a typical monohybrid cross conducted by Mendel between true-breeding tall plants and true-breeding dwarf plantseee Moe ahr lore eax 4 Aodiors ane wemboer. We PAX dowsnatlds (Aoninodd) he ther (cecvaine). Tre haw 0) dominance Ws wred to rghaion sae a q onlay ove a Ye ganeahal choxathera ees CTOAS am he. ¥) ond “be vaprarion oY boty in Y, ** Low 9 sameagtion ~ Wa hao ik bated on the ob nol he del do nal Aha ang Busting ond “hah th the dhaandlaca, one Weoovered 03 audn in Abe Fe 9gnexdtion hough ong. 6) Vrete u Severed, = DAL Been al, Ye ¥, Mage - ~? Feud ake gaxuite caitiun Loo oMbaler Sorina garnet orm. ron he, Yodkors OX ahheles o\ & ROK “Rearegdle Yvorn each othex Aud Wah o gomndle, Xecewed ony one a Ye Koo - faders. > homoznaous Paxerk produces ok Qomeler hak axe Semilor ulsle hileron igo, OME Produced too ands al goxslen adh owing, One alshe wily Lo.eh proportion. daheitance Sh Lavo ened > Mendal aio worked ith ond Crome pea phasis Yat diyered 40 Goo Choxotarr 0% een ‘yn the Urol leihween a gen plot Anal nos deody, with ydlow colour and Yound Aoge ond one nek ad rced, Bl, green colour andinked ahope “Venda jound Ana We Seeds tervdtiong vom We an oY he posers hod yehow coloured k Yound Boaged AwDA- > Wun ydlow colour wax doranarh over axean and {ound Anape dominat over wrilded aad © O\ Ye pareda can le written a QRYY ond Vy — Re gands axe WY ond sy 3 Te gends RY and ty on jeibidisalion produce Xba ¥, ori a on yebtord)- ere. Bade We % Xy pho, Jour Tages BY, Qy mae ( goux fuga, a pollen ond i Ape 4 *98) Axe, te > Te Qoamiler on Sea “$n Ake dubia Oo he giles 1 Adund areen Bo O35. the Ay generckion > Produced oy Sa at - enstge ‘ound, ond fe fas Round elbows . Se Wankled seem, RRYY ap Ns Remels —5 ay ¥\ generdlion —> Nw Reve) Yellou¥, Qeneration > RY _ (Round, Yelhow) \ Sey Polbindkion RY, WY ) Ry ity ( Jerobe, goxndler ) Gaméles —s RY, WY, Ry vy CMake gametes) RY OW Ry oy RY TRRYY | RAY | RRYy RY YY RY [ey RY | ey . Ry ] RRYY RYYy | ayy Rryy Vy | RY | wey |Reyy ose | “hag Tessas Wie Bouylon; Ronde ge raha ge BN ad Based oy Sudn oaeruchons on diudoi.d COMM Mandgh Proposed Q Aetond ack Of Qenexalingkions Monde’ Lox ey Sndependent Aroilmert. few 4 Sndepeador Anoitment Tre Jaws stele nat chen tos POUAL 0} Trail oxeP generation - @ ® INR gor 3 Ro und yellow Wrinkled green yy nied green A “ag Bags y } Ae on Gametes (=) Onova © k F, generation ory ens al F, generation wrinkled 1 round yellow : round green : wrinkded yellow : 3 Phenotypic ratio =ot, na) Gerdic bats 0 set détucnindtion (see 7 > Bodh Yuman ed). Conon oo ee 2B paixr , 22 ROMA one rome ‘un bebh hate “axe called OK arihoromen. 77 SSE RE Uhich Biya lin sank ond emoles 3 called, aur Avomosome, or ahboro . — Molex < 22. gous OY cuihoromas +) paix A Ae dexomarsme (oe) — Fomale = 22 ons + XK > Son ddkeamtnatiion UN AR - XY Drganiam > Te Se 0 The t x URN Ls) On 29, SY sprog ad dabernineds oy X , amd, a SHON - Maxx Wusxy Wa xy Male Male De rammali.c, Yeptaonlalion Sen ddlexninalion in, 2 4 Yuoman {enave 444XX 464XX 444 XY 444 XY Female Female Male Male Kens Diagrammatic representation of sex determination in human being.Specidlion > Yndiniduols 4 a Apacer axe similox & Yee Loresd Ornong Themadued: . AL Ye Same Lune, Hore axe rome ama 233 Cuorsalions) lbdivein Ye individuals OL & Apeded. > Nortoble Vorialion, axe Yronmmidheh to tne Qyey, >The beak to Murrow oluilion on a amolh xcole sith the Omaxgemce 4 Dew dub species. > Ys gages 9 pal PS divided silo hoo ado (aon by & arysen, Ca vey or a moustaia) Wan ah will be Scull Apr We members 2} gre Aubpopulstion Yo ga ty he athersde e moaling ~ Eek a St genélic rnaorich Lekwoeun Ahem will Aeoreare. a e Nvidled, Ke wild Wy Our = hee ded To wate wilkin Ahan oun Ay The I ul ont . is tapping now be etprened Ging oeney or haxm oe new, apnexatlions Kyler av muds from he ONig} Feulaion hal Yass con no Aovnx Muted to produce joule Oy ring. sa heads to Ageciahon ormalion § O% ov ome roots yorn an existing Apecies > Mrrowolibon ix RMA 0 Conreqrence 8\, gene mulls Bul Laxgpx changes ny he ahd make-up , ike oange am Ae wander 4 Auvorazomes, mag rySh abou opany alla fine Asopopuation Yo june, camer She emeropn open pet