NEWTON’S LAW OF COOLING Newton’s Law of Cooling states that the rate of cooling of an object is proportional to the temperature difference between the object and its surroundings, provided that the temperature difference is not too large. Using calculus, the following model can be deduced from this law. If Dg is the initial temperature difference between an object and its sur- roundings, and if its surroundings have temperature T,, then the tempera- ture of the object at time r is modeled by the function T(t) = T, + Doe where k is a positive constant that depends on the type of object. EXAMPLE 6 ™ Newton's Law of Cooling A cup of coffee has a temperature of 200°F and is placed in a room that has a temperature of 70°F. After 10 min the temperature of the coffee is 150°F. (a) Find a function that models the temperature of the coffee at time r. (b) Find the temperature of the coffee after 15 min.office have cooled to 10°F? (©) When raph of the temperature function, (a) Mlustrate by drawing SOLUTION Ga) The temperature ofthe room is 7, = 70°F, and the initial temperature difference is Dp = 200 — 70 = 130°F So, by Newton's Law of Cooling, the temperature alter r minutes is yyy ‘ Odeley by the function . Tit) = 70 + 1300-* We need to find the constant k associated with this cup of cofige Ti this, we use the fact that when f= 10, the temperature is 7(10) = js," 150, s, have Oe 70 + 130e7'% = 150 130¢7 '°* = 80 Subtract 70 Divide by 130 Take In of each side Divide by ~10 k= 0.04855 Use a calculator Substituting this value of k into the expression for T(t), we get T(t) = 70 + 130¢~908885" (b) We use the function we found in part (a) with 1 = 15. T(15) = 70 + 13008855115) ~ 133° (c) We use the function we found in part (a) with 7(¢) = 100 and solve the reit ing exponential equation for t. 10 130e= 203885! = 100) 1302505! = 39 Subtract 70 e 088551 3 —0.04855¢ Divide by 0.048: Use a calculatorThe coffee will have cooled to 100°F after about half an hour. (d) The graph of the temperature function is sketched in Figure 3. Notice that the line ¢ = 70 is a horizontal asymptote. (Why?) 10 20 30 40 ¢ ‘Time (min)29. 30. A hot bowl of soup is served at a dinner party. It starts to cool according to Newton’s Law of Cooling so that its tem- perature at time tis given by T(t) = 65 + 145e~°°% where ¢ is measured in minutes and T is measured in °F. (a) What is the initial temperature of the soup? (b) What is the temperature after 10 min? (c) After how long will the temperature be 100°F? Newton’s Law of Cooling is used in homicide investiga- tions to determine the time of death. The normal body temperature is 98.6°F. Immediately following death, the body begins to cool. It has been determined experimentally that the constant in Newton’s Law of Cooling is approxi- mately k = 0.1947, assuming time is measured in hours. Suppose that the temperature of the surroundings is 60°F. (a) Find a function 7(t) that models the temperature f houts after death. (b) If the temperature of the body is now 72°F, how long ago was the time of death?31. 32. A roasted turkey is taken from an oven when its tempera- ture has reached 185°F and is placed on a table in a room where the temperature is 75°F. (a) If the temperature of the turkey is 150°F after half an hour, what is its temperature after 45 min? (b) When will the turkey cool to 100°F? A kettle full of water is brought to a boil in a room with temperature 20°C. After 15 min the temperature of the water has decreased from 100°C to 75°C. Find the tempera- ture after another 10 min. Illustrate by sketching a graph of the temperature function.