HO CHI MINH CITY UNIVERSITY OF TECHNOLOGY

OFFICE FOR INTERNATIONAL STUDY PROGRAMS

DRYING CONVECTION

Processes and Equipment

Class: CC07
Lecturer: Dr. Phạm Hoàng Huy Phước Lợi
Group: 4A
Nguyễn Hoàng Thanh - 1852735
Dương Nguyễn Như Ngọc - 2053269
Vũ Xuân Mai - 2152748

March 27th 2024

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OUTLINE
1. OBJECTIVES…………………..………………………………………………………………….....2
2. THEORY ................................................................................................................................................2
2.1. Definition ......................................................................................................................................... 2
2.2. Characteristic of drying process ...................................................................................................... 2
2.3. Determination of dryong rate based on heat balance of drying process ....................................... 2
2.4. The basic equation of drying kinetics ............................................................................................. 3
2.5. Heat duty applies to material in falling-rate period (q2) ................................................................ 3
2.6. Heat duty applies to material in constant-rate period(q1) .............................................................. 4
2.7. Heat flux of heat-transfer density (q(x)) ......................................................................................... 5
2.8. Drying and drying rate curves ......................................................................................................... 5
2.9. The drying stages ............................................................................................................................. 6
2.10.Drying time ...................................................................................................................................... 7
3. EXPERIMENTAL APPARATUS AND MATERIAL .......................................................................7
3.1. Experimental apparatus .................................................................................................................. 7
3.2. Material ............................................................................................................................................ 7
4. EXPERIMENTAL METHOD..............................................................................................................7
4.1. Content ............................................................................................................................................. 7
4.2. Experiments ..................................................................................................................................... 7
4.3. Collecting data in an experiment .................................................................................................... 8
4.4. Accomplishing.................................................................................................................................. 8
5. REPORT .................................................................................................................................................9
5.1. Experiment data ............................................................................................................................... 9
5.2. Calculated data ................................................................................................................................ 9
5.3. Plots ................................................................................................................................................ 11
5.4. Evaluation of results ...................................................................................................................... 13
6. DISCUSSION .......................................................................................................................................15
7. CALCULATION .................................................................................................................................19
8. REFERENCES.....................................................................................................................................20
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1. OBJECTIVES

Investigation of the convection druing for:

- Producing the drying and drying rate curves
- Determining the data of drying such as constant drying rate, critical moisture content, equilibrium
moisture content, constant-rate period and falling-rate period.
- Evaluating error of drying process.

2. THEORY
2.1. Definition

Convection drying is a process to remove water from the solid material by thermal vaporization.
Wherein, the heat and moisture tranfers are conducted by convection.
2.2. Characteristic of drying process

Drying, a complex process owns the irreversible annd unstable properties. There are four
concurrent process occur in dryong, which is heat tranfer for solid material, diffusion of moisture
inside the material, phase change and vaporizatiom of the moisture into the ambient air.
2.3. Determination of dryong rate based on heat balance of drying process
Heat duty of drying agent flow applies to a dryer in a period of d𝜏
dQ= α.F.( t - 𝜃 )d𝜏 (1)
This heat duty is used for:
• Heating the solid material: ( G0C0 + GaCa) d𝜃 (2)
• Vaporizing the moisture and overheating the vapor: [𝑟 + 𝐶ℎ (𝑡 − 𝑡ℎ )]𝑑𝐺𝑎 (3)
Where
α: Heat-transfer coefficient drying agent into the dried material, W/m2K.
F: surface area of material, m2
t, 𝜃, th: temperature od frying agent, material and saturated vapor, respectively, 0C.
G0,C0: weight (kg) and specific heat (J/Kg0C) of dried material, respectively
Ga,Ca: Weight (Kg) and specific heat (J/Kg0C) of moisture, respectively
r: Latent heat of moisture, J/Kg
Ch: Speciific heat of moisture vapor, J/KgoC
Moisture content vaporized in a period of d𝜏
dGa= d(G0U) = G0dU (4)
Where, U: moisture content of material (kg moisture/ kg dry material)
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From equation (1),(2),(3) and (4), a heat balance is establish as following:

α.F.( t - 𝜃 )d𝜏 = ( G0C0 + GaCa) d𝜃 + 𝐺0 [𝑟 + 𝐶ℎ (𝑡 − 𝑡ℎ )]𝑑𝑈 (5)
From (5), the drying rate inferred from heat balance is:
𝑑𝜃
𝑑𝑈 𝛼𝐹(𝑡−𝜃)−[𝐺0 𝐶0 +𝐺𝑎 𝐶𝑎 ]
𝑑𝜏
= (6)
𝑑𝜏 𝐺𝑣 [𝑟+ 𝐶ℎ (𝑡−𝑡ℎ )]

2.4. The basic equation of drying kinetics

According to the equation of moisture transfer ffrom the material into drying agent medium:
Where kp: moisture-transfer coefficient in gas phase, kg/m2.h.∆𝑝=1 ( 1 at or 1mmHg, etc)
pm,p: pressure of moisture on the material’s surface and in thee gas phase, mmHg (at)
𝑑𝑈 𝑘𝑝 𝐹
Since Ga=G0U, the equation (7) is: = (𝑝𝑚 − 𝑝)
𝑑𝜏 𝐺0
(8)
As the moisture is not overheated (i.e.t= th), the equation (5) is altered as follows:
𝐺𝑎 𝑑𝜃 𝑑𝑈 𝑑𝑄
(𝐶0 + 𝐶𝑎 ) 𝐺0 + 𝑟𝐺0 = 𝐹 = 𝑞𝐹 (9)
𝐺0 𝑑𝜏 𝑑𝜏 𝐹𝑑𝜏

q: heat flux,
𝐺𝑎 𝐺0 𝑉0
With = 𝑈; = 𝑝0 ; C0 + CaU= C and = 𝑅0
𝐺0 𝑉0 𝐹

Wherein, p0: specific weight of dry material, kg/m3

V0: volume of dry material, m3
C: specific heat of moist material, J/kg0C
R0: equivalent radius of material, m
If the heat duty for overheating the moisture vapor is ignored, we get:
𝑑𝑈 𝑑𝜃 𝐶 𝑑𝜃 𝑑𝑈
q= 𝑝0 𝑅0 𝑟 + 𝐶𝜌0 𝑅0 = [1 + ( ) ] (𝜌0 𝑅0 𝑟 )
𝑑𝜏 𝑑𝜏 𝑟 𝑑𝑈 𝑑𝜏
𝑑𝑈
= (1 + 𝑅𝑏)(𝜌0 𝑅0 𝑟) (10)
𝑑𝜏
𝐶 𝑑𝜃
With : Rb = 1+ : Rebinde number is representative for drying kinetic
𝑟 𝑑𝑈

Experssion (10) is the basic equation of drying kinetics, experessing the change of moisture in a
material with dryong time. We can get the expression (10) after solving a system of differential
equation, showing the heat- moisture in the material. However, the simultaneous differiental
equations can not be solved via calculus methods.
2.5. Heat duty applies to material in falling-rate period (q2)
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In falling rate period of the drying process, the obtained drying raye curve is straight.
Therefore, the drying rate in this period is expressed as:
𝑑𝑈
− = 𝐾(𝑈 − 𝑈 ∗ ) (11)
𝑑𝜏

K: ratio coefficient or called as drying coefficient, depended on drying rate and characteristics of
moist material, 1/s
K is the slope drying rate curve of the falling rate period, then:
𝑁
𝐾= = 𝒳N (12)
𝑈𝑡ℎ −𝑈 ∗

1
𝒳= : relative drying coefficient, depended on moist material
𝑈𝑡ℎ −𝑈 ∗

Uth: critical moist content

U*: equilibrium moisture content
N: constant drying rate, kg moisture / kg dry material.s)
Integral of equation(11) we get:
𝑈−𝑈 ∗
= exp(−𝑥𝑁𝜏) (13)
𝑈𝑡ℎ −𝑈 ∗

Alternatively, logarithmic solving of equation(8):

1
lg( U - U*)= lg( Uth – U*) - 𝑥𝑁𝜏 (14)
2,3

If the drying coefficient is determined via experiments and can be approximately calculated as
following:
1,8
𝒳= (15)
𝑈0

With U0: the initial moisture content of material

Therefore:
1 𝑈0
Uth = + 𝑈∗ = + 𝑈∗ (16)
𝒳 1,8

Replace equation (11) with equation (12) and (15), then:

𝑑𝑈 𝑈−𝑈 ∗
− = 1,8𝑁 ( ) (17)
𝑑𝜏 𝑈0

Combining equation (17) and (10), we get:

𝑈−𝑈 ∗
𝑞2 = (1 + 𝑅𝑏)(𝜌0 𝑅0 𝑟)1,8𝑁 ( ) (18)
𝑈0

2.6. Heat duty applies to material in constant-rate period(q1)

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In constant rate period of drying process, the total heat duty of drying agent flow is equal to the
heat of vaporization and the temperature of material is constant.
Therefore:
𝑑𝑈
q1 = 𝜌0 𝑅0 𝑟 = 𝜌0 𝑅0 𝑟𝑁 (19)
𝑑𝜏

2.7. Heat flux of heat-transfer density (q(x))

𝑞2 𝑈−𝑈 ∗
𝑞 (𝑥 ) = = 1,8 (1 + 𝑅𝑏) (20)
𝑞1 𝑈0

According to expression(20), if the Rb number is known, we can calculate the heat flux by means
of the moisture content of material.
2.8. Drying and drying rate curves

Figure 1: Drying curve Figure 2: Drying rate curve

AB: Heating of material; 1: thin and porous material: paper, paperback...

BC: constant rate drying; 2: colloidal material;
CD: Falling rate drying; 3: porous material;
1: drying curve 4: porous–colloidal material: has inflection point
2: temperature pattern of material; 5: material has break point( second critical point)

2.8.1. Drying curve

It expresses the variation of moisture content (U) with drying time (𝜏)
U = f(𝜏) (21)
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The shape of drying curve :

• Depended on various factors, such as moisture-material bonding, shape, dimension, the
structure of the material; drying method and drying condition.
• Drying curve is a function of the drying process. Therefore, the shape of drying curve is the
same despite different drying methods and or drying conditions.
2.9. The drying stages
2.9.1. Warming-up period(AB)
The warming-up period occurs rapidly, just in very short time. The total heat duty of drying agent
was used for heating the material from initial temperature (𝜃0 ) to the wet-bulb temperature (tu)
(Fig1).
In this stage, the moisture content is vaporized negligibly, and the reduction of humidity of
material is very tiny. The drying rate drastically increases to a maximum value (N). In fact, the
satge is ignored in drying calculation.
2.9.2. Constant rate period (BC)
In this period, the diffusion rate of moisture from inside to the surface of material is higher than
that from the surface to the heating medium. Therefore, the surface of material is covered by the
moisture.
Total heat duty is used for vaporizing moisture on the surface of the material( free moisture), and
the vaporized surface stays constant. Therefore, the temperature on the surface of the material and
drying rate do not alter when the moisture content rapidly decreases.
Drying time of this stage ( constant-rate time, 𝜏1 )is determined as follow
𝑑𝑈
− = 𝑁1 = 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑡 (23)
𝑑𝜏

Integral of equation 923), we get

𝑈0 −𝑈𝑡ℎ
𝜏1 = (24)
𝑁1

Where Uth: critical moisture content, which is the moisture content at the end of the constant-rate
drying period.
2.9.3. Falling-rate drying period(BC)
In this stage, the moisture on the surface of material is completely vaporized, so the vaporizing
surface is restricted to inside the material. The diffusion rate of moisture in the material is slow and
hence, gradually reduces the drying rate. The temperature of the material rises from the wet-bulb
temperature(tu) to the dry-bulb temperature (t). At this time, there are three regions in the material:
moist region, vaporizing region, and dry region.
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If the drying rate curve of this stage is straight or converting to a straight line (-N2= ax+b), we can
integrate for determination of the falling period of drying process (𝜏2 ):
𝑈𝑡ℎ −𝑈 ∗ 𝑈𝑡ℎ −𝑈 ∗
𝜏1 = 𝑙𝑛 (25)
𝑁1 𝑈2 −𝑈 ∗

Where U*: equlibrium moisture content, which is the moisture content at the end of the falling-rate
drying period.
2.10. Drying time
Drying time can be determined via summarizing the drying time of three stages, including
warming-up (𝜏0 ), constant-rate (𝜏1 ) and falling rate period (𝜏2 ).The warming-up stage can be
ignored, the equation expressing the drying time is
𝑈0 −𝑈𝑡ℎ 2,3 𝑈𝑡ℎ −𝑈 ∗
𝜏 = 𝜏1 + 𝜏2 = + (𝑈𝑡ℎ − 𝑈 ∗ )𝑙𝑔 [ ] (26)
𝑁 𝑁 𝑈2 −𝑈 ∗

Where U2: the moisture content at the end of the drying process, corresponding to (𝜏2 ). U2>U*,
usually using U2= U*+2÷3(%)

3. EXPERIMENTAL APPARATUS AND MATERIAL

3.1. Experimental apparatus
The dryer consists of:
• Calorifer, which has two dry resistors, with the capacity of 10KW. The temperature is
stabilized by the automatic switch.
• Sucking blower, which has a sucking speed of 0,85 m/s for loading the moist air ( drying
agent) and blowing through the calorifer to raise the temperature of heating flow.
3.2. Material
Filter paper is used as material for drying

4. EXPERIMENTAL METHOD
4.1. Content
Conducting the experimental drying at three different temperature of calorifer: 500C, 600C, 700C.
4.2. Experiments
4.2.1. Observation of dryer
Students should observe the drying apparatus and compare with the diagram in this unit before
practice
4.2.2. Preparation
- Weighing the initial dry filter paper (G0) using the mass balance of dryer
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- Suffciently humidifying the filter paper, and then determining the weight (G0)
- Preparing and setting zero for the timer
Dryer checking :
• Close the door of drying oven
• Check the valve of air inlet air outlet doors
• Add water into water gourd of wet-bulb thermometer
4.2.3. Start of the dryer
Blower starting:
• Switch on the blower for loading humid air and feeding to the calorifer raises the
temperature of air.
Calorifer starting:
• Switch on the calorifer
• Turn on the first dry resistor for 500C, and turn on the second dry higher temperature
Set the drying temperature for calorifer
4.2.4. Experimental conduction
Conducting the drying process at three different drying conditions as above
4.3. Collecting data in an experiment
4.3.1. The data need collecting: the weight of filter paper before, after and during drying
process, dry and wet-bulb temperature, drying time.
4.3.2. Reporting the weight by mass balance
• The weight (g): reporying the small value on the mass balance
• Temperature (0C): reporting the value on the temperature indicator
4.4. Accomplishing
1/ Turn off all the dry resistors of the calorifer on the control panel
2/ Switch off the blower after shutting down the calorifer
3/ Remove the filter paper from the drying oven
4/ Switch off the circuit breaker (CP) of dryer
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5. REPORT
5.1. Experiment data
Table 1: Raw data

Drying mode at 500C Drying mode at 600C Drying mode at 700C

 (min) G (g) Tư Tk  (min) G (g) Tư Tk  (min) G (g) Tư Tk
0 140.0 36 52 0 140.0 39 58 0 140.0 46 70
5 125.0 35 50 3 130.0 39 57 2 120.0 45 73
10 110.0 35 51 6 115.0 41 61 4 110.0 44 70
15 95.0 36 51 9 105.0 40 62 6 100.0 44 69
20 80.0 34 50 12 95.0 39 59 8 90.0 45 74
25 70.0 36 52 15 85.0 39 57 10 80.0 44 68
30 60.0 34 48 18 75.0 40 58 12 70.0 45 71
35 55.0 36 52 21 70.0 40 61 14 65.0 44 73
40 55.0 34 48 24 60.0 40 60 16 60.0 44 68
45 55.0 36 53 27 60.0 40 60 18 60.0 44 72
30 60.0 39 59 20 60.0 44 73

5.2. Calculated data

Table 2: Calculated data

Drying mode at 500C

Tk Pm P
 (h) G (Kg) U (%) ΔU (%) N (%/h) Tư 0 ε
( C) (mmHg) (mmHg)
(0C)
0.000 0.1400 250 0 0.00 36 52 44 36 16
0.083 0.1250 213 38 450.00 35 50 41 35 15
0.167 0.1100 175 37 450.00 35 51 41 34 16
0.250 0.0950 138 38 450.00 36 51 44 37 15
0.333 0.0800 100 38 450.00 34 50 39 32 16
0.417 0.0700 75 25 300.00 36 52 44 36 16
0.500 0.0600 50 25 300.00 34 48 39 33 14
0.583 0.0550 38 13 150.00 36 52 44 36 16
0.667 0.0550 38 0 0.00 34 48 39 33 14
0.750 0.0550 38 0 0.00 36 53 44 36 17
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Drying mode at 600C

Tk Pm P
 (h) G (Kg) U (%) ΔU (%) N (%/h) Tư 0 ε
0 ( C) (mmHg) (mmHg)
( C)
0.00 0.1400 250 0 0.00 39 58 51 43 19
0.05 0.1300 225 25 500.00 39 57 51 43 18
0.10 0.1150 188 38 750.00 41 61 57 48 20
0.15 0.1050 163 25 500.00 40 62 54 44 22
0.20 0.0950 138 25 500.00 39 59 51 42 20
0.25 0.0850 113 25 500.00 39 57 51 43 18
0.30 0.0750 88 25 500.00 40 58 54 46 18
0.35 0.0700 75 13 250.00 40 61 54 45 21
0.40 0.0600 50 25 500.00 40 60 54 45 20
0.45 0.0600 50 0 0.00 40 60 54 45 20
0.50 0.0600 50 0 0.00 39 59 51 42 20

Drying mode at 700C

Tk Pm P
 (h) G (Kg) U (%) ΔU (%) N (%/h) Tư 0 ε
0 ( C) (mmHg) (mmHg)
( C)
0.000 0.1400 250 0 0.00 46 70 74 63 250
0.033 0.1200 200 50 1500.00 45 73 70 58 200
0.067 0.1100 175 25 750.00 44 70 66 55 175
0.100 0.1000 150 25 750.00 44 69 66 55 150
0.133 0.0900 125 25 750.00 45 74 70 57 125
0.167 0.0800 100 25 750.00 44 68 66 56 100
0.200 0.0700 75 25 750.00 45 71 70 59 75
0.233 0.0650 63 13 375.00 44 73 66 54 63
0.267 0.0600 50 13 375.00 44 68 66 56 50
0.300 0.0600 50 0 0.00 44 72 66 54 50
0.333 0.0600 50 0 0.00 44 73 66 54 50
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5.3. Plots
5.3.1. The drying curve
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Using the method of least squares to find the value of the constant drying rate velocity, N,
which is the slope of the isovelocity line on the drying curve graph.

5.3.2. The drying rate curve

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Table 4: Calculated results from plots

Mode Uth (%) U* (%) U2 (%) N (%/h) χ (1/%) K (h-1) t1 (h) t2 (h) Uo (%)
50 45.5 0 2.5 327.27 0.0220 7.1927 0.3332 0.403 154.55
60 16.7 0 2.5 343.25 0.0599 20.5539 0.3398 0.0924 133.33
70 8.3 0 2.5 520.83 0.1205 62.7506 0.2401 0.0191 133.33
From the constant drying rate velocity value N, the drying rate curve graph can be constructed as follows:

5.4. Evaluation of results

5.4.1. Calculated results in theory

Drying mode at 500C

Pm -
U Uth Stage αp Jm N Ntb χ K τ1 τ2
P
154.55 85.9 7 0.038 0.2743 266.58
127.27 85.9 7 0.038 0.2581 250.78
Constant -
100.00 85.9 7 0.038 0.2753 267.46 258.91
rate
72.73 85.9 7 0.038 0.2572 249.95
45.45 85.9 7 0.038 0.2761 268.31
0.0116 3.0156 0.2653 1.2467
27.27 85.9 7 0.038 0.2743 266.58
9.09 85.9 6 0.038 0.2417 234.83
0.00 85.9 Deceleration 7 0.038 0.2743 266.58
0.00 85.9 6 0.038 0.2417 234.83
0.00 85.9 8 0.038 0.2915 283.20
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Drying mode at 600C

Pm -
U Uth Stage αp Jm N Ntb χ K τ1 τ2
P
133.33 74.1 9 0.038 0.3222 313.06
116.67 74.1 8 0.038 0.3053 296.63
Constant -
91.67 74.1 9 0.038 0.3364 326.90 322.02
rate
75.00 74.1 10 0.038 0.3715 360.95
58.33 74.1 9 0.038 0.3391 329.50
0.0135 4.3472 0.1840 0.8309
41.67 74.1 8 0.038 0.3053 296.63
25.00 74.1 8 0.038 0.3041 295.48
16.67 74.1 Deceleration 9 0.038 0.3546 344.59
0.00 74.1 9 0.038 0.3378 328.22
0.00 74.1 9 0.038 0.3378 328.22

Drying mode at 700C

Pm -
U Uth Stage αp Jm N Ntb χ K τ1 τ2
P
133.33 74.1 10 0.038 0.3943 383.18
100.00 74.1 12 0.038 0.4621 449.06
Constant -
83.33 74.1 11 0.038 0.4313 419.09 422.88
rate
66.67 74.1 11 0.038 0.4148 403.02
50.00 74.1 13 0.038 0.4786 465.04
0.0135 5.7089 0.1401 0.6327
33.33 74.1 11 0.038 0.3982 386.95
16.67 74.1 11 0.038 0.4292 417.09
8.33 74.1 Deceleration 13 0.038 0.4809 467.26
0.00 74.1 11 0.038 0.3982 386.95
0.00 74.1 12 0.038 0.4644 451.21
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5.4.2. The error

Table 5: Error evaluation

Drying Critical Humidity Constant-rate drying rate

Mode Exp Theory Error Exp Theory Error
45°C 45.5 85.9 -47.0588 327.27 258.91 26.4024
55°C 16.7 74.07 -77.5000 343.35 322.02 6.6245
65°C 8.3 74.07 -88.7500 520.83 422.88 23.1615

Drying Relative drying coefficient Ratio coefficient

Mode Exp Theory Error Exp Theory Error
45°C 0.0220 0.0116 88.8889 7.1999 3.0156 138.7601
55°C 0.0600 0.0135 344.4444 20.6010 4.3472 373.8867
65°C 0.1200 0.0135 788.8889 62.4996 5.7089 994.7688

Drying t1 t2
Mode Exp Theory Error Exp Theory Error
45°C 0.3333 0.2653 25.6491 0.4028 1.2467 -67.6881
55°C 0.3398 0.1840 84.6433 0.0921 0.8309 -88.9164
65°C 0.2400 0.1401 71.2690 0.0193 0.6327 -96.9552

6. DISCUSSION
1) The shape of drying curve, drying rate curve as compared to theory
• Drying Curve:

The shape of the drying curve significantly differs from the theoretical form in the constant rate drying
stage, especially noticeable during the heating-up and deceleration drying stages. There are considerable
errors in the experimental process: equipment inaccuracies, errors in data recording, etc.
Applying the least squares method, we deduce the constant rate drying curve at 50°C, 60°C, and 70°C with
R² values of 1, 0.9904, and 0.807, respectively. This indicates that the experimental data reflects the
characteristics of the constant rate drying stage at 60°C and 70°C, and notably at 50°C, which is relatively
consistent with the theory.
• Drying Rate Curve:

The drying rate curve's shape conforms well to the theory. We directly differentiate on the drying curve.
Generally, while the shape of the drying rate curve is accurate, the values are not precise.
The drying rate curve consists of three stages: material heating, constant rate drying, and deceleration
drying. In the initial stage, moisture changes are minimal, consistent with theory, particularly at 60°C,
70°C, and notably at 50°C. Subsequently, in the constant rate drying stage, moisture reduction is rapid and
 16

the drying rate remains constant until a sudden decrease, marking the beginning of the deceleration drying
stage. During this phase, the drying regimes at 60°C, 70°C, and notably at 50°C are relatively accurate. The
drying process concludes when the drying rate reaches zero in all three regimes.
2) The calculated results and relation of drying factor
• The calculated Results
1. Critical Humidity (Uth):

Experimental results at drying temperatures of 50°C, 60°C, and 70°C are 45.5%, 16.7%, and 8.3%
respectively. Uth decreases gradually as the temperature rises because higher temperatures lead to more
moisture evaporation, resulting in a decrease in the remaining equilibrium moisture content.
2. Constant rate drying velocity (N):

Experimental results:
- At 50°C drying regime: N = 327.27 (%/h).
- At 60°C drying regime: N = 343.25 (%/h).
- At 70°C drying regime: N = 520.83 (%/h).

As the drying temperature increases, the constant rate drying velocity also increases. This aligns with
theory as higher temperatures increase the driving force of the drying process (drying potential ε).
3. Relative drying coefficient in the deceleration stage (χ):

Experimental results:
- At 50°C drying regime: χ = 0.0220 (1/%).
- At 60°C drying regime: χ = 0.0599 (1/%).
- At 70°C drying regime: χ = 0.1205 (1/%).

The relative drying coefficient χ depends solely on the properties of the moist material and is independent
of the drying temperature. In this experiment, we observe that the relative drying coefficients at all three
drying regimes are nearly equal, consistent with theory.
4. Drying coefficient in the deceleration stage (K):

Experimental results:
- At 50°C drying regime: K = 7.1927 (1/h).
- At 60°C drying regime: K = 20.5539 (1/h).
- At 70°C drying regime: K = 62.7506 (1/h).

The drying coefficient K depends on the drying regime (constant rate drying velocity N) and the properties
of the moist material (χ) according to the formula K = χN. This means that with constant material
properties, as the drying temperature increases, K increases (since N increases). The experimental results
reasonably align with theory, considering experimental errors.
5. Constant rate drying time (τ1):

Experimental results:
 17

- At 50°C drying regime: τ1 = 0.3332 (h)

- At 60°C drying regime: τ1 = 0.3398 (h)
- At 70°C drying regime: τ1 = 0.2401 (h)

According to theory, as the drying temperature increases, τ1 decreases. This is because 1 = (U0−Uth)/N1,
and when the drying temperature rises, the drying velocity N1 significantly increases, causing 1 to
decrease.
6. Deceleration drying time (τ2):

Experimental results:
- At 50°C drying regime: τ2 = 0.4030 (h)
- At 60°C drying regime: τ2 = 0.0924 (h)
- At 70°C drying regime: τ2 = 0.0191 (h)

According to theory, as the drying temperature increases, τ2 decreases. The experimental results perfectly
match the formula for calculating deceleration drying time τ2.
• Relationship between drying parameters according to theory:

As temperature (T) increases, Uth decreases, constant rate drying velocity N1 increases, relative drying
coefficient χ remains unchanged, drying coefficient K increases, and drying times decrease.
3) The error evaluation, the reasons for error and the methods for remediation of error
• Critical Humidity (Uth):

Error Assessment Results:

- At the 50°C drying regime: δUth = -47.06%
- At the 60°C drying regime: δUth = -77.5%
- At the 70°C drying regime: δUth = -77.75%

The error in Uth determination is relatively high. This is because of inaccuracies in pinpointing the
equilibrium point on the drying curve, which itself has experimental errors and data processing
inaccuracies.
• Constant Rate Drying Velocity (N):
- At the 50°C drying regime: δN = 26.4%
- At the 60°C drying regime: δN = 6.62%
- At the 70°C drying regime: δN = 23.16%

The error in constant rate drying velocity N is relatively low. However, computational inaccuracies arise
from using the empirical formula αp = 0.0229 + 0.0174vk, kg/m2.h.mmHg, which oversimplifies the
dependency of the moisture exchange coefficient αp on influencing factors, merely reflecting its
dependence on the drying agent's velocity. This assumption of αp as a constant throughout the drying
process leads to the aforementioned discrepancies. Errors also stem from using the psychrometric chart to
determine Pm and P, compounded by discrepancies between the experimental pressure and the chart's
reference pressure of 745mmHg. Furthermore, errors in constructing the drying and drying rate curves
contribute to experimental inaccuracies.
 18

• Relative Drying Coefficient in the Deceleration Stage (χ):

Error Assessment Results:

- At the 50°C drying regime: δχ = 88.89%
- At the 60°C drying regime: δχ = 344.44%
- At the 70°C drying regime: δχ = 788.89%

The error in δχ is substantial due to inaccuracies in determining Uth and U*.

• Drying Coefficient in the Deceleration Stage (K):

Error Assessment Results:

- At the 50°C drying regime: δK = 138.76%
- At the 60°C drying regime: δK = 373.89%
- At the 70°C drying regime: δK = 994.77%

The error in K is significant, primarily driven by the large error in N determination, as K is calculated
based on χ and N.
• Constant Rate Drying Time (τ1):

Error Assessment Results:

- At the 50°C drying regime: δτ1 = 25.65%
- At the 60°C drying regime: δτ1 = 84.64%
- At the 70°C drying regime: δτ1 = 71.27%

The error in τ1 is considerable. Experimental values of τ1 are smaller than theoretical values due to errors
in the parameters' determination.
• Deceleration Drying Time (τ2):

Error Assessment Results:

- At the 50°C drying regime: δτ2 = -67.69%
- At the 60°C drying regime: δτ2 = -88.92%
- At the 70°C drying regime: δτ2 = -96.96%

The error in τ2 is significant, with experimental values smaller than theoretical values due to errors in
parameter determination
4) The methods for remediation of error
• Causes of Errors:
1. During the Experimental Process:
- The initial moisture content of the materials used in each experiment was not completely
homogeneous, leading to inaccuracies in determining calculated parameters.
- Timing measurements were not entirely accurate.
 19

- The Equipment was not precisely calibrated. Fans, heaters, temperature sensors, and scales operated
unstably and inaccurately.
2. During the Computational Process:
- The use of a psychrometric chart to determine Pm and P introduced errors due to the need for
multiple curve constructions and interpolation. Additionally, the chart was constructed at a pressure
of 745mmHg, which did not match the experimental pressure.
- The construction of the drying rate curve based on the drying curve equation.
- The choice of formula when calculating theoretical N, αp = 0.0229 + 0.0174vk (kg/m2.h.mmHg).
• Methods to Reduce Errors:
1. During the Experimental Process:
- Pay close attention to ensure accurate data reading.
2. During the Computational Process:
- Exercise greater caution when referring to graphs. It's preferable to use formulas for calculations
rather than relying solely on the Ramzin chart.
- Minimize rounding errors.

7. CALCULATION
1) For table 1:
( ph )
( h) =
60
G( g )
G(Kg) =
1000
2) For table 2:
G − GC
U (%) =  100
GC
U
N(% / h) =


 = tk - tö
The ways to determine Pm and P
 20

For the table 4:

Uth: determine from the intersection of drying curve and drying rate curve
U*=0
U2= U* + (2-3) %
1
=
U th − U *
K = N ,1/h
U − U th
1 = 0
N1
U th − U * U th − U *
2 = ln
N1 U2 − U*
3) For the table 5
U
U th = o + U *
1,8
Uo : the moisture of the material at t=0
U* : equilibrium content, U*=0
p = 0,0229 + 0,0174vk , kg/m2.h.mmHg
N= 100p (Pm – P) F/Go %/h
F: the area for evaporation of the material
F= 0.3*0.2*2*3= 0.36 m2
Go: mass of dry material (kg)
4) For table 6:
exp eriment − theory
Error (%) =  100
theory

8. REFERENCES
[1] Tài liệu hướng dẫn “Thí nghiệm quá trình và thiết bị”, Bộ môn Máy và thiết bị Trường Đại học Bách
Khoa TP,HCM, 9/2003,
[2] Võ Văn Bang – Vũ Bá Minh, “Quá trình và thiết bị công nghệ hóa học và thực phẩm”, Tập 3 “Truyền
khối”, NXB ĐHQG TP,HCM, 2004,
[3] www,sugartech,co,za/psychro, 29/4/2018,