TLE Lesson 1: Use of Tools and Equipment in Technical Drafting Drafting - is the act and discipline of composing drawings that visually communicate how something functions or is constructed. It is the study of communication of ideas through geometrical figures, codes, symbols, sketches, graphs and ‘maps. Itis essential for communicating ideas in the industry and engineering, Drawing — itis an ait of sketching ideas which is commonly done through freehand, It plays a big role in our cognitive development. It can help us learn to write and think creatively, develop hand-eye co-ordination, and conceptualize ideas. Tools and Equipment in Drafting: 1. Drawing Board / Drafting Table — it is where the drawing paper is laid or fa 2. Drawing Pencil — is used for markings and sketching Grade of Pencil Use to Draw BH (very hard) “onstruction Lines, Dimension Lines PH (hard) , Hidden Lines IH (moderately hard) , Lettering IHB (medium hard) Dimensioning and Border Lines Construction lines are temporary line work that can be used as reference when creating and positioning other objects or line work. Hidden lines are the most common lines used in drawing. The surface part of the object. ¢ thick, solid lines show the visible edges, corners and, ‘T-Square - itis used for drawing horizontal lines, matting, and guiding the knife when cutting a paper into size. Triangles ~ these are used for drawing vertical and oblique lines. They are usually made of celluloid or plastic and come in Compass - itis used for drawing ares and circles. It is made of the lower portion of the pencil leg. It is removable and to be izes. It comes with 45 x 45 and 30 x 60 angle replaced when needed. The pen leg and the needle point leg are held together by a handle. Protractor - it use for measuring and laying out ares and circles as well as angles that cannot be measured with either 45x45 ‘or the 30x60 triangles.‘Triangular Seale - itis used to reproduce the dimensions of an object to full size on a drawing or to reduce or enlarge them to some regular proportion. French Curve - it trument used for drawing irregular curves other than are and circles. It is usually plastic-made and ‘comes in different sizes. French curve is used to draw a smooth line through predetermined points, Eraser ~ itis used to remove smears, pencil or ink lines. A soft eraser is desirable for removing and cleaning dirt off the drawing a harder eraser is useful for making changes and correcting errors. Erasing Shield = It is made up metal or celluloid with irregular holes. These irregular shapes and sizes allow preci masking of small areas. This allows you to erase without smearing or the accidental erasure of surrounding areas of a drawing ‘An eraser shield is useful when correcting and editing a drawing. Drawing Paper / Bop Paper - addrawing paper that is commonly used is oslo paper, Drafting Tapes = Tapes are used for fastening paper to the drawing board or table. Commonly used drafting tapes are masking and scotch tapes. Watercolor = Itis composed of pigment and mucilage, a gummy substance from various plants. They are bought in kits or in a separate container. Lesson 2: Mensuration and Calculations What is the importance of getting the correct sizes? = Itis important to get the right si you get the size wrong. e of an object to avoid any mistakes and to save time since you will have to restart if Mensuration and Calculation - Itisa branch of Mathematics that studies the measurement of the 2D and 3D figures on parame like length, width, height, volume, shape and surface area, Important Terms: 1 [Solid — a body or geometric figure having three dimensions. 2, Surface Area — the total of the surfaces of a three-dimensional figure. 3. Perimeter - a continuous line forming a boundary of a geometrical figure. We add all the measurement of all the sides of the object to get the measurement of the perimeter. 4, Plain Figures —are all about flat 2D figures such as cirele, rectangle, square, ete Introduction: Measuring accurately is a skill that should be developed. Inaccurate measurement is a Waste of time, effort/work, and money/materials Measurements: Time, height, weight, temperature, and length, ‘Two systems of Measurement: 4. English system ~ England 2. Metric System (Systems Intemational) ~ France Meter as a basic unit in System International:A meter is divided into 100 centimeters, each centimeter is divided into 10 millimeters. Abbreviation: Meter ~ m, Centimeter — em, Millimeter ~ mm Useful Conversion Table: 10 millimeters (mm) ~ 1 centimeter (cm) 100 centimeters (em) — 1 meter (m) 1 inch (in) ~2.54 centimeters (em) 1 centimeter (em) ~ 0.39 inch (in) Example: 65mm =___ inches Solution 3. 65%ax Lem 4, 65mmx ‘oonm mm 4. 65%ax Lem _in 2. 65mm x tom Some ten 10mq_ cm 5, 65 MQX LEARY Lin 1OTmR 2.54 =65x1x1in = 2.85906 inches (in) = 2.56 inches (in) 410x254 ling ~ _ itis the process of proportionally reducing the size of an object on the drawing paper. Scaling does not only reduce an object. It reproduces an actual full size of object if it can be completely described on one sheet of paper. It can also proportionally enlarge the size of a very small object. scale real-life measure There are two factors to be considered in determining the scale to be used: 1. The size of the object; and 2. The size of the drawing paper ‘Common Seales Used in the Metric System: Seale Full Size ~the drawing is done with the same size as the drawing, Seale: 1:5 Real Lil Giraffe ~ 150 inches high Drawn Giraffe — 30 inches high Reduction Scale ~ scale half size, scale quarter size. Enlargement Scale — the drawing is done twice the size of the object. Erargement Scale The cranng cone twice the sae Reduction Seale » Seale Hal Sie, Seale Quart bet The cain done with he iia sea the das Cranples Seale HOS Example: Seale $4 . “lye 00 Digeal | Redacton \ osA seal factors the rato of sles of two sata texample, the scale factor is 2 forthe following figures. reat Sine Feet constructed. tetas 4. Decide which figure is the original figure. * See 2. Make a ratio of the corresponding sides. Scale factor is equal 2 pecan tee new figure divided by original figure. ae 8. Simplify, if possible. Ses ee Understand: Having correct measurements in assembly drawing plans is very important to follow because it impacts the actual object that is