BONE DEVELOPMENT

1. Intramembranous ossification – development of flat bones of the skull, mandible,

maxilla, clavicle
- similarly formation of the compact bone in
diaphysis
2. Endochondral ossification – development of long & short bones
Intramembranous ossification
1. Condensation of mesenchyma = several primary ossification centra (bone blastema)
2. Mesenchymal cells differentiate to osteoblasts
3. Formation of new bone matrix (primary bone), followed by calcification
4. Osteoblast are surrounded by bone matrix – change to osteocytes
5. Newly formed islands of the bone - spicules

6.Fusion of the spicules – gives

the bone - spongy structure
7. Cavities between spicules –
bone marrow (mesenchymal
origin)
8. Several ossification centres
grow radially – fuse – fully
replace former mesenchymal
tissue by bone
9. Cranial flat bones:
a./ two layers of compact bone (inner
& outer plate)
b./ central part – spongy bone (diploë)
Cranial flat bones:
a./ two layers of compact bone (inner & outer plate)
b./ central part – spongy bone (diploë)
Endochondral ossification
1. Bone developes from hyaline cartilage model
2. Development of short and long bones
3. One primary ossification centre in the centre of future diaphysis (3rd month prenatal)
hypertrophy of chondrocytes, disturbance of the cartilage and replacement by bone spicules;
ossification continue longitudinally toward both epiphyses

4. Two secondary ossification centra in both epiphyses (after birth in long bones)
hypertrophy of chondrocytes, ossification and replacement of the cartilage by bone spicules goes
radially – formation of spongy bone

5. Cartilage on the future articular surfaces remains (persists through adult life)
6. Between epiphysis and diaphysis epiphyseal plate (hyaline cartilage) remains to the
age 20-25 – responsible for growing of the bone to the lenght
Hyaline cartilage mod
el for bone development

Formation of the bone collar

at the periphery of
diaphysis
Primary ossification
centre in the diaphysis
Result of ossification in long bone
Formation of the bone by 2 processes:
A. Result of endochondral ossification
1. growing of the bone to the lenght
2. formation of bone marrow cavity
- firstly filled with bone spicules and bone marrow
- later spicules are resorbed by osteoclasts
B. Result of intramembranous (perichondral, periostal) ossification is thickening of
the bone collar (of diaphysis)
SECONDARY OSSIFICATION: Primary woven bone is replaced by lamellar bone with
Haversian systems
2. secondary
ossification
centre Epiphyseal plate – growing plate
1. Resting zone

2. Proliferative zone

3. Hypertrophic cartilage zone

4. Hypertrophic calcified cartilage zone

5. Line of erosion (chondroclasts)

6. Osteoid zone
7. Ossiform zone
 LM:

4.Hypertrophic calcified cartilage zone

5.Line of erosion (multinucleated

chondroclasts)

6.Osteoid zone
remnants of the cartilage (basophilic)
osteoid (eosinophilic)

7.Ossiform zone
- bone spicules

Bone marrow
REMODELING OF THE BONE Secondary ossification
- formation of new osteons (6,9)
- older osteons replaced by new one
become interstitial systems (11)