WAVES AND OPTICS PHYS103

SECOND SEMESTER MIDTERM

ILIPPINE INDIGENOUS
VIBRATION & WAVES
09

period, l is the length of the

INTRODUCTION TO WAVE
pendulum, and g is the
‣ We call a wiggle in time a
acceleration of the gravity
“vibration”
‣ WAVE – is a wiggle in space and
THE SINE CURVE
time
‣ Sine Curve is a pictorial
‣ A wave cannot exist in one place
representation of a curve
but must extend from one place to
another ‣ Crest - high points of a sine wave
‣ Sound is the propagation of ‣ Troughs – low points of the sine
vibrations through a material medium wave
– solid, liquid or gas ‣ Amplitude – refers to the distance
‣ Light is a vibration not of matter, from the midpoint to the crest
but of nonmaterial electric and (trough) of the wave.
magnetic fields ‣ Wavelength – is the distance from
the top of one crest to the top of the
next one.
WAVE DESCRIPTION
‣ The horizontal line represents the
‣ The to-and-fro vibratory motion
“home” position or midpoint of the
(often called oscillatory motion) of a
vibration
swinging pendulum in a small arc is
called simple harmonic pendulum

Figure 1a. Pendulum

swings

Figure 1b. Simple

harmonic motion
above a conveyor
belt

The exact equation for the

period of a simple pendulum
is , where T is the
WAVES AND OPTICS
SECOND SEMESTER MIDTERM
ILIPPINE INDIGENOUS
‣ hertz (Hz) – unit for frequency
‣ 1 vibration per second is 1 hertz
‣ Higher frequencies are measured in
KILOHERTZ (1kHz = 1000Hz), and
still higher frequencies in megahertz
(MHz, million of hertz) or gigahertz
(GHz- billions of hertz).
‣ AM Radio waves are measured in
kilohertz, while FM radio waves are
measured in megahertz; radar and
microwaves ovens operate at
gigahertz frequencies.
‣ A station at 960 kHz on the AM
radio dial, for example broadcast
radio waves that have a frequency of
960,000 vibrations per second.
‣ A station at 101.7 MHz on the FM
dial broadcast radio waves with a
frequency of 101,700,000 hertz.
‣ These radio-wave frequencies are
the frequencies at which electrons are
forced to vibrate in the antennae of a
radio station’s transmitting tower.
‣ The source of all waves is
something that vibrates.
‣ The frequency of the vibrating
source and the frequency of the wave
it produces are the same.
‣ If an object’s frequency is known,
its period can be calculated, and vice
versa.
‣ Example 1. If the pendulum makes
two vibrations in one second.
‣ Its frequency is 2Hz
‣ The time needed to complete one
vibration-that is, the period of
vibration-is 1⁄2 second.
‣ The frequency and the period are
the inverse of each other:
PHYS103
TRY THIS
•A–E •B–F •C–G
•D–H •E–I •F–J
•G–K •H–L •I–M
•J–N •K–O
WAVES MOTION & WAVE SPEED
‣ It is through wave motion that
sounds come to our ears, light to our
eyes and electromagnetic signals to
our radios and television
sets.
‣ “through wave motion, energy can
be transferred from a source to a
receiver without the transfer of matter
between the two points”
‣ The speed of periodic wave motion
is related to the frequency and
wavelength of the waves
‣ A Water wave is an example of a
wave motion, it is generated when a
stone is dropped into a water.
‣ Therefore, waves will travel
outward in an expanding circles, the
centers of which are at the source of
the disturbance.
ANCIENT WAVE THEORIES
‣ Much of our current understanding
of wave motion has come from the
study of acoustics.
‣ Ancient Greek Philosophers,
hypothesized that there was a
WAVES AND OPTICS PHYS103
SECOND SEMESTER MIDTERM
ILIPPINE INDIGENOUS
connection between waves and • WAVE SPEED = WAVELENGTH
sound, and that vibrations, or / PERIOD
disturbances, must be responsible for = 10m / 0.5s
sounds = 20m/s
‣ Pythagoras observed in 550 BCE
that vibrating strings produced sound, EXAMPLE 2.
and worked to determine the
mathematical relationships between
the lengths of strings that made
harmonious tones.
‣ Scientific theories of wave
propagation became prominent in the
17th Century when Galileo Galilei Given: Wavelength = 5m
(1564-1642) published a clear Velocity = 2.5 m/s
statement of the connection between WAVESPEED = 5m / 2.5 m/s
vibrating bodies and the sounds they = 2s
produce.
EXAMPLE 3.
WAVE SPEED ➙ The sound waves produced by a
‣ The speed of periodic wave motion tuning fork have a wavelength of 1.3
is related to the frequency and m and travel at a speed of 340 m/s.
wavelength of the waves What is the period of the waves?
‣ Speed is define as distance divided
by time GIVEN: Wavelength = 1.3m
‣ Distance is one wavelength and the Velocity = 340 m/s
time is one period Period = ?
PERIOD = Wavelength / Velocity
= 0.00382s or 3.82x10^-3
therefore,
Wave speed = wavelength x Example 4.
frequency ➙ A sound wave is travelling 500m/s
. It has a wavelength of 0.035 meters.
EXAMPLE 1 What is the frequency of the sound?
➙ If the wavelength is 10 meters and What is the period?
the time between crests at a point on
the surface is 0.5 second, the wave GIVEN: Wavespeed = 500m/s
moves 10 meters in 0.50 seconds and Wavelength = 0.035m
its speed is equal to ________ Frequency = ?
Period = ?
WAVES AND OPTICS PHYS103
SECOND SEMESTER MIDTERM
ILIPPINE INDIGENOUS
FREQUENCY = wavespeed / time, each wave travels 15cm.
wavelength Calculate the frequency, period, wave
= 500m/s / 0.035m speed, and wavelength of this wave
= 14285.71 Hz
GIVEN: wavelength = 15cm
PERIOD = 1 / frequency
= 1 / 14285.71
= 7.0x10^-5s
Example 5.
➙ A harp string supports a wave with
a wave length of 2.3 m and a
frequency of 220 Hz. Calculate its
wave speed.
frequency = ?
GIVEN: wavelength = 2.3m period = ?
frequency = 220 Hz wavespeed = ?
WAVESPEED = wavelength x
frequency FREQUENCY
= (2.3)(220) = number of cycles / time taken
= 506m/s = 11 / 13
= 0.846 Hz
Example 6.
➙ If a water wave oscillates up and PERIOD = 1 / frequency
down three times each second and the = 1 / 0.846Hz
distance between wave crests is 2m, = 1.183s
what is its frequency? Its
wavelength? Its wave speed WAVESPEED = wavelength x
frequency
GIVEN: frequency = 3Hz
wavelength = 2m
wavespeed = ?
WAVESPEED = wavelength x
frequency
= (2)(3)
= 6 m/s

Example 7.
➙ In 13 seconds, 11 cycles of wave
pass by a point in space. In this same = (15)(0.846)
WAVES AND OPTICS PHYS103
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ILIPPINE INDIGENOUS
= 12.69 cm/s

INTERFERENCE WAVE
‣ If we drop two rocks in the water,
the
waves

produced by each can overlap and

WAVELENGTH
= wavespeed / frequency
= 12.69 / 0.846
= 15cm
TRANSVERSE WAVE
The right-angled or side wave motion
is called transverse motion
Longitudinal waves
Waves that travel in the ground
generated by the earthquakes are of
two main types : Longitudinal P
waves, and the transverse S waves
form an interference pattern
‣ When more than one wave
occupies the same space at the same
time, the displacements add at every
point.
‣ This is the superposition principle.
‣ When crest of one wave overlaps
the crest of another, the individual
effect add together to produce a wave
of increased amplitude.
‣ This is called constructive
interference.
‣ When the crest of one wave
overlaps the trough of another, their
individual effects are reduced.
‣ The high part of one wave simply
fills in the low part of another.
‣ This is called destructive
interference.
WAVES AND OPTICS
SECOND SEMESTER MIDTERM
ILIPPINE INDIGENOUS ‣ An increase in frequency is called a
STANDING WAVE
‣ Standing waves are the result of
interference
‣ How does standing wave happen?
‣ when two sets of waves of equal
amplitude and wavelength pass
through each other in opposite
directions, the waves are steadily in
and out of phase with each other.
‣ They produce stable regions of
constructive and destructive
interference
‣ Standing waves are set up in the
strings of musical instruments when
plucked, bowed, or stuck.
‣ They are set up in the air in an
organ pipe, a trumpet, or a clarinet,
and the air of soda-pop bottle when
air is blown over the top.
‣ Standing waves can be produced
with either transverse or longitudinal
vibrations
DOPPLER EFFECT
‣ It is a change in frequency due to
the motion of the source (or receiver).
‣ When is Doppler effect evident?
‣ when you hear the changing pitch
of a horn as the car passes you.
‣ When the car approaches, the pitch
is higher than normal.
‣ Doppler effect also occur in light.
‣ When a light source approaches,
there is an increase in its measures
frequency.; and when it recedes, there
is a decrease in its frequency.
PHYS103
blue shift (end of the color spectrum)
‣ A decrease in frequency is called a
red shift
BOW WAVES
‣ Bow wave, progressive disturbance
propagated through a fluid such as
water or
air as the result of displacement by
the foremost point of an object
moving through it at a speed greater
than the speed of a wave moving
across the water.
‣ From this image, the crest of the
bow wave of a moving ship is V-
shaped; the angle of the V is
determined by the relative speeds of
the ship and of the propagation of
waves in the water.
‣ While in three-dimensional space,
the wave produced by a plane flying
at supersonic speed – the bow wave
is conical in shape and that is Shock
wave
WAVES AND OPTICS PHYS103
SECOND SEMESTER MIDTERM
ILIPPINE INDIGENOUS
SOUND WAVES
‣ The speed at which sound waves
SOUND
propagate through a medium.
‣ A vibration that propagates through
c = d/t
a medium as an audible wave of
‣ Where “d” is the distance traveled
pressure.
by sound and “t” is the
‣ Mediums: solid, liquid, and gas.
time it took to cover the distance.

FREQUENCY OF SOUND
REFLECTION OF SOUND
‣ The number of rarefactions and
‣ It is similar to the reflection of
compressions that occur per unit time
light.
is known as the frequency of a sound
‣ It follows the following laws of
wave.
reflection.
‣ f = 1/T
‣ The angle of incidence is equal to
‣ Where “f” is the frequency of the
the angle of
sound wave and “T” is for the time
reflection.
period.
‣ The incident sound, the normal
sound and the normal sound all lie in
WAVELENGTH OF SOUND
the same plane.
‣ The distance between the ‣ Echo - when a sound hits a hard
successive compression and surface, it reflects back to its source.
rarefaction is known as the
‣ Reverberation - multiple echoes
wavelength of a sound wave.
from a source of sound
‣ wavelength = v/F if the area is large and has multiple
‣ Where “f” is the frequency of the reflecting surfaces such as valleys
sound wave and “v” is its and huge empty rooms.
velocity.
SOUND WAVES
AMPLITUDE
‣ Patterns of disturbances caused by
‣ Is the magnitude of the maximum the energy travelling
disturbance in a sound wave. away from the source of the sound.
‣ A measure of energy.

SPEED OF SOUND
WAVES AND OPTICS PHYS103
SECOND SEMESTER MIDTERM
ILIPPINE INDIGENOUS
LONGITUDINAL WAVES
● Considered to be pressure waves

CHARACTERISTICS OF SOUND
WAVES
● Amplitude
● Frequency
● Time
● Velocity
● Wavelength

COMPRESSIONS
● Are regions of high pressure.

RAREFRACTIONS
● Are regions of low pressure.
WAVES AND OPTICS PHYS103
SECOND SEMESTER MIDTERM
ILIPPINE INDIGENOUS
LIGHT WAVES
LIGHT
‣ Light is defined as the
electromagnetic radiation with
wavelengths between 380 and
750 nm which is visible to the human
eye.

PROPERTIES OF LIGHT

ELECTROMAGNETIC WAVES
VELOCITY
‣ All of these electromagnetic waves
(whether radio, visible or gamma)
travel at the same speed.
ELECTROMAGNETIC WAVES ‣ They all travel at the 'speed of light'
‣ Electromagnetic waves are a form through a vacuum, that is at 3 ×
of radiation that travel though the 108m/s.
universe. ‣ The relationship among the speed
‣ They are formed when an electric of propagation, wavelength, and
field (Fig. 1 red arrows) couples with frequency for any wave is given by
a magnetic field v=fλ, so that for electromagnetic
(Fig.1 blue waves, c=fλ, where f is the frequency,
arrows). λ is the wavelength, and c is the
speed of light.
‣ Magnetic and
electric fields of ELECTROMAGNETIC SPECTRUM
an electromagnetic wave are ‣ The electromagnetic (EM)
perpendicular to each other and to the spectrum is the range of all types of
direction of the wave. EM radiation.
‣ Radiation is energy that travels and
spreads out as it goes – the visible
light that comes from a lamp in your

SEVEN TYPES OF EM WAVES

WAVES AND OPTICS
SECOND SEMESTER MIDTERM
ILIPPINE
house and the radio
INDIGENOUSOPAQUE MATERIALS
waves that come from
a radio station are two
types of
electromagnetic
radiation.
EM SPECTRUM
TABLE
TRANSPARENT MATERIALS
‣ Three examples of transparent
objects are glass, clear water, and air.
‣ All of these allow light to pass
through completely without being
absorbed or refracting.
PHYS103
‣ An opaque object is an object that
does not allow light to pass through.
‣ Examples of opaque objects
include grass, a brick, and a piece of
wood.
TRANSLUCENT MATERIALS
‣ Translucent Objects let a lesser
amount of light pass through them,
such that the materials on the
opposite side are not clearly visible.
‣ Rosted glass, butter paper, tissue,
and various polymers are examples of
translucent materials.
SHADOWS
‣ A shadow is light blocked by an
object.
‣ The object can block all or part of
the light.
‣ Shadows change size based on how
close they are to the light source.
WAVES AND OPTICS PHYS103
SECOND SEMESTER MIDTERM
ILIPPINE INDIGENOUS
SEEING LIGHT – THE EYE
‣ We The act of 'seeing' an object is
the result of light from any luminous
source e.g. the Sun, a glowing candle
or a torch, radiating outwardly from
the source until it strikes the object
and is reflected to travel to the
observer's eyes.
WAVES AND OPTICS PHYS103
SECOND SEMESTER MIDTERM
ILIPPINE INDIGENOUS
LIGHT
WHAT IS LIGHT? ELECTROMAGNETIC WAVE
‣ All lights originates from the VELOCITY
accelerated motion of electric charges. ‣ Gravity can change the frequency of
‣ Light is an electromagnetic light or deflect light – but it can’t
phenomenon, a tiny part of a larger change the
whole – the electromagnetic spectrum speed of the light.
‣ What keeps light moving always at
ELECTROMAGNETIC WAVES the same time, unvarying speed in
empty space?
‣ Electromagnetic Waves – an energy
carrying wave emitted by vibrating ‣ That has to do with electromagnetic
charge (often electrons) that is induction and energy conservation.
composed of oscillating electric and
magnetic fields that regenerate one ‣ James Maxwell found the speed of
another. the light as 300,000 kilometers per
‣ Shake the end of the stick back and second
forth in still water, and you’ll produce ‣ He discovered that light is simply an
waves on water surface. electromagnetic radiation with a
‣ Similarly, shake an electrically frequency range from 4.3 x 10^14 to 7
charged rod to and fro in empty space, x 10^14 vibrations per second
and it will produce electromagnetic ‣ Such waves activate the “electrical
waves in space. antennae” in the retina of the eye.
‣ This is because the moving charge is ‣ The lower the frequency waves
actually an electric current. appear read, and the higher frequency
‣ Which surrounds a magnetic field. waves is violet
‣ What surrounds a changing electric
current?
‣ It’s a magnetic field.
‣ A changing magnetic field generates
an electric field, in accordance with
Faraday’s law.
‣ If the magnetic field is oscillating,
the electric field that generates will be
oscillating too.
‣ The vibrating electric and magnetic
fields regenerate each other to make up
an electromagnetic wave, which
emanates(move outward) from the
vibrating charge.
WAVES AND OPTICS
SECOND SEMESTER MIDTERM
ILIPPINE INDIGENOUS
‣ Electromagnetic radiation of any ‣ X-ray and Gamma rays are higher
frequency propagates at the same speed
as light
‣ Light of any kind is energy-carrying
waves of electric and magnetic fields
that continually regenerate each other
and travel at one fixed speed
THE ELECTROMAGNETIC
SPECTRUM
‣ All electromagnetic waves move at
the same speed and differ from one
another in their frequency (in avacuum)
‣ The classification of electromagnetic
waves according to frequency is
electromagnetic spectrum
‣ Electromagnetic waves with
frequencies of several thousand hertz
(kHz) are classified as very low
frequency radio waves
‣ One million hertz (MHz) lies in the
middle of the AM radio band.
‣ Very high frequency (VHF)
television band (starts at 50MHz) and
FM radio is from 88 to 108 MHz
‣ Then Ultra high frequency (UHF),
followed by microwaves, beyond which
are infrared waves (heat waves)
‣ Followed by visible light, which
makes up less than a millionth of 1
percent of the measured
electromagnetic spectrum
‣ Higher frequency is the Ultraviolet,
these waves cause sunburns
PHYS103
frequencies beyond ultraviolet
‣ Note: Different frequencies
correspond to different wave lengths –
waves of low frequency have long
wavelengths and waves of high
frequencies have short wavelengths
‣ Is it correct to say that a radio wave
is a low-frequency light wave? Is a
radio wave also a sound wave?
‣ Both a radio wave and a light wave
are electromagnetic waves, which
originate in the vibrations of electrons.
‣ Radio waves have lower frequencies
than light waves, so a radio wave may
be considered to be a low- frequency
light wave (and a light wave a high-
frequency radio wave).
‣ But a sound wave is fundamentally
different from an electromagnetic
wave.
‣ So a radio wave is definitely not a
sound wave.
WAVES AND OPTICS PHYS103
SECOND SEMESTER MIDTERM
ILIPPINE INDIGENOUS
INTERFERENCE WAVE
WHAT IS A WAVE?
‣ Transfers energy.
‣ Usually involves a periodic,
repetitive movement.
‣ Carrying energy from one location two interfering waves have a
to another displacement in the opposite
‣ It can be form as the movement of direction.
water in the ocean, the vibration of
guitar string, or the propagation of
light and sound.

INTERFERENCE WAVE
‣ Wave interference is the
phenomenon that occurs when two
waves meet while traveling
along the same medium.
‣ Interference of waves causes the
medium to take on a shape that
results from the net effect of the two
individual waves upon the particles
of the medium

TWO TYPES OF INTERFERENCE

WAVE
➢ CONSTRUCTIVE
‣ Constructive interference is a
type of interference that occurs at any
location along the medium where the
two interfering waves have a
displacement in the same direction.

➢ DESTRUCTIVE
‣ Destructive interference is a type
of interference that occurs at any
location along the medium where the
WAVES AND OPTICS PHYS103
SECOND SEMESTER MIDTERM
ILIPPINE INDIGENOUS
UNDERSTANDING REFLECTION, REFRACTION, DIFFRACTION AND LENSES
‣ Light ray travel in lines from a WHAT IS REFLECTION?
source. ‣ Reflection occurs when a wave
‣ When a light wave encounters an encounters a boundary and bounces
object, they are either transmitted,
reflected, absorbed, refracted,
polarized, diffracted, or scattered

back, following the law of reflection.

‣ This law states that the angle of
incidence equals the angle of
reflection.
‣ A common example is the
reflection of light off a mirror.

‣ The equation for reflection, known

as the law of reflection,
relates the angles of incidence (θi)
and reflection (θr) to each other.
It states: θi=θr
Where:
‣ θi is the angle of incidence, the
angle between the incident wave and
the normal to the surface.
‣ θr is the angle of reflection, the
angle between the reflected wave and
the normal to the surface.
‣ This law essentially says that the
angle at which a wave hits a surface
equals the angle at which it bounces
off that surface.
‣ For example, consider a beam of
light hitting a mirror.
‣ If the light beam strikes the mirror
at a 40∘ angle to the “normal” (the
WAVES AND OPTICS PHYS103
SECOND SEMESTER MIDTERM
ILIPPINE INDIGENOUS
UNDERSTANDING REFLECTION, REFRACTION, DIFFRACTION AND LENSES
imaginary line perpendicular to the
mirror's surface), it will reflect off the
mirror at a 40∘ angle on the other side
of the normal.
‣ When we look at a mirror, we
observe the phenomenon of
specular reflection.
‣ Specular reflection occurs when
light waves strike a smooth surface,
such as a mirror, and reflect off in a
single direction, following the law of
reflection.
‣ In this case, as we look at the
mirror, our eyes receive light that
reflects off the mirror's surface and
travels to our eyes.
WAVES AND OPTICS PHYS103
SECOND SEMESTER MIDTERM
ILIPPINE INDIGENOUS
WHAT IS REFRACTION?
‣ Another
‣ Refraction occurs when a wave,
familiar
such as light, encounters a change in
example is the
medium and its speed changes
apparent
accordingly
bending of
‣ This change in speed is
objects, such as a pencil, when
accompanied by a change in
immersed in a transparent medium
direction, causing the wave to bend
like water.
‣ One of the key principles
‣ This bending occurs because light
governing refraction is Snell's Law
waves traveling from the pencil to the
‣ SNELL'S LAW, which
observer's eyes undergo refraction at
quantitatively describes how the
the surface of the water, making the
angle of incidence of a wave relates
object appear displaced from its
to the angle of refraction as it passes
actual position.
from one medium to another.
‣ Mathematically, Snell's Law is
WHAT IS DIFFRACTION?
expressed as:
‣ Diffraction is a phenomenon that
n1sin(θ1)=n2 sin(θ2)
occurs when a wave encounters an
Where:
obstacle or aperture and bends around
‣ n1 and n2 are the refractive indices
it, spreading out instead of continuing
of the first and second mediums,
in a straight line
respectively.
‣ This bending occurs due to the
‣ θ1 and θ2 are the angles of
wavefronts interfering with each
incidence and refraction, respectively,
other as they propagate through the
measured with respect to the normal
obstacle or aperture.
(a line perpendicular to the surface) at
the interface between the two
‣ One of the key principles that
mediums.
describes diffraction is Huygens'
Principle, which states that every
‣ Refraction can be observed in
point on a wavefront acts as a source
various everyday phenomena.
of secondary wavelets that spread out
‣ For instance, when white light
in all directions.
enters a prism, it is refracted at
different angles depending on its
wavelength.
‣ This causes the light to spread
out into its constituent colors,
creating a spectrum, as seen in a
rainbow.
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‣ These secondary wavelets combine • When a light ray hits an object it
to form the overall wavefront shape. can be reflected of its surface into our
sin(θ)= mλ / a
Where:
• θ is the angle of diffraction,
• m is the order of the diffraction
(usually an integer),
• λ is the wavelength of the wave, and
• a is the size of the aperture or
obstacle.
‣ An example of diffraction is when
light passes through a narrow slit.
‣ As light waves encounter the edges eyes
of the slit, they bend and • This is how we see object
spread out, forming a pattern of • Some materials can reflect
alternating bright and dark fringes on well
a screen behind the • These are objects with shiny and
slit. smooth surface
‣ This phenomenon is known as • Mirrors are one of
single-slit diffraction. these object
• Some materials
do not reflect light
well
• These materials have
rough and dull surface
• We can see them, but we
cannot see images reflected
in their surface

‣ Another example is when sound

waves diffract around
obstacles in the environment, such as
buildings or trees.
‣ This is why we can still hear sound
from a source even if it's not directly
visible, as the sound waves bend
around obstacles and reach our ears.