GYANPATH

GYANPATH
Weekly Current Affairs

07-13 APRIL 2024
Weekly Current Affairs | 07-13 APRIL 2024
CONTENTS SPECIES IN NEWS.............................. 15

1) Cicadas..............................................15
2) Invasive Species in India.................... 15
PRELIMS CORNER INTERNAL SECURITY.........................16
GENERAL STUDIES 1 1) Year of technology absorption.............16
GEOGRAPHY........................................2 MAINS CORNER
1) Volcanic Vortex Rings...........................2 GENERAL STUDIES 2
PLACES IN NEWS................................. 2 SOCIAL JUSTICE................................17
1) Erez..................................................... 2 1) One health......................................... 17
2) Orsk.................................................... 3 INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS.............19
3) Mozambique........................................ 3 1) India-Bangladesh relations.................19
4) Botswana.............................................3 GENERAL STUDIES 3
5) Myawaddi............................................ 4 INDIAN ECONOMY..............................21
GENERAL STUDIES 2 1) State of Indian Economy.................... 21
POLITY................................................ 4 2) Unemployment in India......................23
1) Right against adverse effects of climate SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY............. 25
change.....................................................4 1) Green Hydrogen................................. 25
2) Curative jurisdiction............................ 5 2) Different approaches to AI regulation. 27
INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS...............5 3) Space Debris......................................28
1) UNHRC................................................ 5 ENVIRONMENT.................................. 30
2) Asian Development Bank..................... 6 1) Protecting Himalayan Ecosystem........30
3) World Cybercrime index....................... 6 2) Problem with Coal..............................33
4) International Energy Agency................ 7 3) Climate change and women................34
5) Pacific Island Forum............................ 8
GENERAL STUDIES 3
INDIAN ECONOMY................................8
1) Rural Electrification............................. 8
Corporation (REC)....................................8
2) EMPS 2024..........................................9
3) DTAA................................................... 9
4) CDP-SURAKSHA................................ 10
SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY............. 10
1) Total Solar Eclipse............................. 10
2) Sodium Cyanide.................................11
3) HAWK Missile.....................................11
4) Hepatitis............................................ 12
5) God Particle....................................... 13
6) Angara A-5.........................................13
ENVIRONMENT.................................. 14
1) Green Credit Programme....................14
2) Gape limitation.................................. 14
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PRELIMS CORNER
GENERAL STUDIES 1
GEOGRAPHY
TOPICS DETAILS
1) Volcanic Vortex Rings ● Mount Etna, the largest volcano in Europe, has been
sending up almost perfect rings of smoke into the air.
Context: Volcanic vortex ● The rings are a rare phenomenon referred to as volcanic
rings emerge from Mt.Etna. vortex rings which are generated when gas,
predominantly water vapour, is released rapidly through a
vent in the crater.
● The vent that has opened up in Etna’s crater is almost
perfectly circular, so the rings that have been seen above
the mountain are also circular.
● Mount Etna, sometimes referred to simply as Etna, is
an active volcano on the east coast of Sicily, the
largest island in the Mediterranean Sea.
Q) Consider the following statements:

1.The Barren Island volcano is an active volcano located in the Indian territory.
2.Barren Island lies about 140 km east of Great Nicobar.
3.The last time the Barren Island volcano erupted was in 1991 and it has remained inactive
since then.
Which of the statements given above is/are correct?
(a) 1 only (b) 2 and 3
(c) 3 only (d) 1 and 3 [Prelims 2018] [ANS: A]
PLACES IN NEWS
TOPICS DETAILS
1) Erez ● The Erez crossing, previously closed since an attack by
Hamas on October 7, will now permit temporary aid
Context: Israel has agreed delivery.
to open the Erez crossing to ● The Erez Crossing, also known as the Beit Hanoun
allow aid into northern Gaza, Crossing, is a border crossing between the Gaza Strip
following pressure from the and Israel.
United States. ● It is located at the northern end of the Gaza Strip,
between the Israeli kibbutz of Erez and the Palestinian
town of Beit Hanoun.
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2) Orsk
● Orsk is the second largest city in Orenburg Oblast,
Context: Russia evacuates Russia, located on the steppe about 100 kilometres (62
around 2,000 people from mi) southeast of the southern tip of the Ural Mountains.
homes in flood-hit Orsk. ● The city is located where the Ural River turns from
south to west and where the Or River comes in from the
southeast (hence the name).
3) Mozambique ● Mozambique is a country located in southeast Africa

bordered by the Indian Ocean to the east, Tanzania to
Context: Cholera outbreak the north, Malawi and Zambia to the northwest,
in Mozambique. Zimbabwe to the west, and Eswatini and South Africa
to the southwest.
● The sovereign state is separated from the Comoros,
Mayotte and Madagascar by the Mozambique Channel
to the east.
● The capital and largest city is Maputo.
4) Botswana ● Botswana's President Mokgweetsi Masisi has proposed to

send 20,000 elephants to Germany.
Context: Botswana's ● This stems from Botswana's struggle with a rising
elephant dilemma. elephant population, leading to increased human-animal
conflicts.
● Despite efforts such as donating elephants to other
countries, the issue persists, prompting Botswana to lift
its ban on trophy hunting in 2019 as a potential solution.
● Botswana is a landlocked country in Southern Africa.
● It is bordered by South Africa to the south and
southeast, Namibia to the west and north, and
Zimbabwe to the northeast.
● It is connected by the Kazungula Bridge to Zambia,
across the world's shortest border between two
countries.
Q) About three-fourths of world's cobalt, a metal required for the manufacture of batteries
for electric motor vehicles, is produced by:
(a) Argentina
(b) Botswana
(c) The Democratic Republic of the Congo
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(d) Kazakhstan
[Prelims 2023] [ANS:C]
5) Myawaddi ● It is a town in southeastern Myanmar, in Kayin State,

close to the border with Thailand.
Context: Myanmar rebels ● Separated from the Thai border town of Mae Sot by the
fighting the junta seized the Moei River (Thaung yin River), the town is the most
last remaining military base important trading point between Myanmar and Thailand.
in a key border town
Myawaddi.
GENERAL STUDIES 2
POLITY
TOPICS DETAILS
1) Right against adverse ● The bench was hearing a plea to protect the Great Indian
effects of climate change Bustard (GIB) from losing its habitat due to power
transmission lines.
Context: Supreme Court ● Article 21 recognises the right to life and personal liberty
has expanded the scope of while Article 14 indicates that all persons shall have
Articles 14 and 21 to include equality before law and the equal protection of laws.
the “right against the ● Article 48A of the Constitution provides that the State
adverse effects of climate shall endeavour to protect and improve the environment
change. and to safeguard the forests and wildlife of the country.
● Clause (g) of Article 51A stipulates that it shall be the
duty of every citizen of India to protect and improve the
natural environment including forests, lakes, rivers and
wildlife, and to have compassion for living creatures.
Q) In India, which one of the following Constitutional Amendments was widely believed to
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be enacted to overcome the judicial interpretations of Fundamental Rights?

(a) 1st Amendment (b) 42nd Amendment
(c) 44th Amendment (d) 86th Amendment [Prelims 2023] [ANS:A ]
2) Curative jurisdiction ● A curative petition is a petition that is filed to the

Supreme Court of India seeking to review and reconsider
Context: Supreme Court’s its final judgement or order.
curative petition relief for ● It may be filed after a review plea against the final
Delhi Metro conviction is dismissed.
● A curative writ petition as a layer of appeal against a
Supreme Court decision is not prescribed in the
Constitution.
● But the concept of the curative petition is supported by
Article 137 of the Indian Constitution. It provides that
in the matter of laws and rules made under Article 145,
the Supreme Court has the power to review any judgement
pronounced (or order made) by it. Such a petition needs to
be filed within 30 days from the date of judgement or
order.
● It is a judicial innovation, designed for correcting “grave
injustices” in a ruling of the country’s top court.
Q) With reference to India, consider the following statements:

1.Judicial custody means an accused is in the custody of the concerned magistrate and
such accused is locked up in a police station, not in jail.
2.During judicial custody, the police officer in charge of the case is not allowed to
interrogate the suspect without the approval of the court.
(a) 1 only (b) 2 only
(c) Both 1 and 2 (d) Neither 1 nor 2. [Prelims 2021] [ANS:B]
INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS
TOPICS DETAILS
1) UNHRC ● The Human Rights Council is an inter-governmental
body within the United Nations system responsible for
Context: India abstains at strengthening the promotion and protection of human
U.N. Human Rights Council rights around the world.
on vote calling for Gaza ● It is made up of 47 United Nations Member States
ceasefire, arms embargo which are elected by the UN General Assembly
against Israel (UNGA).
● The UNHRC replaced the former United Nations
Commission on Human Rights.
● The Council’s Membership is based on equitable
geographical distribution.
● Members of the Council serve for a period of 3 years
and are not eligible for immediate re-election after
serving two consecutive terms.
● HQ: Geneva, Switzerland.
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Q)With reference to the “United Nations Credentials Committee”, consider the following
statements:
1. It is a committee set up by the UN Security Council and works under its supervision.
2. It traditionally meets in March, June and September every year.
3. It assesses the credentials of all UN members before submitting a report to the General
Assembly for approval.
(a) 3 only (b) 1 and 3
(c) 2 and 3 (d) 1 and 2 [Prelims 2022 ] [ANS:A]
2) Asian Development ● ADB is a multilateral development bank established in

Bank 1966.
● Headquarters: Manila, Philippines.
Context: ADB projects ● Asia Development Outlook report published by ADB
India’s GDP growth in ● Its primary mission is to promote economic growth and
2024-25 at 7%. cooperation in the Asia-Pacific Region.
● The highest policy-making body of the bank is the
Board of Governors, composed of one representative
from each member state
● It is controlled by member countries, with the U.S. and
Japan having the largest stake
● India is a founding member of ADB and the bank's
fourth largest shareholder.
● It provides assistance to its developing member
countries in the region
● It also provides financing to certain private sector
projects as well as public-private partnerships.
● It relies on member contributions, retained earnings
from lending, and the repayment of loans for the
funding of the organisation.
Q) “Rapid Financing Instrument” and “Rapid Credit Facility” are related to the provisions of
lending by which of the following:
(a) Asian Development Bank
(b) International Monetary Fund
(c) United Nations Environment Programme Finance Initiative
(d) World Bank [Prelims 2022] [ANS: B]
3) World Cybercrime index ● The World Cybercrime Index has been developed as a
joint partnership between the University of Oxford and
Context: An international UNSW.
team of researchers have ● Russia tops the list, followed by Ukraine, China, the U.S.,
compiled the first ever Nigeria, and Romania.
"World Cybercrime Index," ● India captured the number 10 spot on the rankings,
getting a score of 7.90 for impact, 6.60 for professionalism
of cybercriminals, and 6.65 for technical skills.
● The researchers also found that certain kinds of cyber
crimes were associated with particular countries
● In the future, this index could help cybercrime research,
allowing organisations to create preventive efforts targeted
at specific “hub countries.”
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● Cybercrime is defined as a crime where a computer is

the object of the crime or is used as a tool to commit an
offence.
● Cybercrimes fall under State subjects as per the
Seventh Schedule of the Constitution of India.
Q) In India, it is legally mandatory for which of the following to report on cybersecurity

incidents?
1. Service providers
2. Data centres
3. Body corporate
Select the correct answer using the code given below:
(a) 1 only (b) 1 and 2 only
(c) 3 only (d) 1, 2 and 3 [Prelims 2017] [ANS: D]
4) International Energy ● IEA is an autonomous inter-governmental organisation

Agency within the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and
Development (OECD) framework.
● Headquarters : Paris, France.
Context: According to the ● It was created in response to the 1973-1974 oil crisis
International Energy Agency when an oil embargo by major producers pushed prices to
(IEA), coal power plants historic levels and exposed the vulnerability of
produce a fifth of global industrialised countries to dependency on oil imports.
greenhouse gas emissions, ● The IEA is made up of 31 member countries.
more than any other single ● India is not a full member but an associate member.
source. ● A candidate country to the IEA must be a member
country of the OECD.
Major Reports by IEA:
● World Energy Outlook.
● World Energy Investment Report.
● India Energy Outlook Report.

1.The Climate Group is an international non-profit organisation that drives climate action
by building large networks and runs them.
2.The International Energy Agency in partnership with the Climate Group launched a
global initiative “EP100”.
3.EP100 brings together leading companies committed to driving innovation in energy
efficiency and increasing competitiveness while delivering on emission reduction goals.
4.Some Indian companies are members of EP100.
5.The International Energy Agency is the Secretariat to the “Under2 Coalition”.
Which of the statements given above are correct?
(a) 1,2, 4 and 5 (b) 1,3 and 4 only
(c) 2,3 and 5 only (d) 1,2, 3, 4 and 5 [Prelims 2022] [ANS: B]
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5) Pacific Island Forum ● The Pacific Islands Forum (PIF) is an intergovernmental

organisation that aims to enhance cooperation among
Context: Tonga’s prime countries and territories of Oceania, including formation
minister says he’s open to of a trade bloc and regional peacekeeping operations.
Chinese help with security ● It comprises 18 members: Australia, Cook Islands,
support at an upcoming Federated States of Micronesia, Fiji, French Polynesia,
summit of Pacific Islands Kiribati, Nauru, New Caledonia, New Zealand, Niue,
Forum. Palau, Papua New Guinea, Republic of Marshall
Islands, Samoa, Solomon Islands, Tonga, Tuvalu, and
Vanuatu.
● Forum for India-Pacific Islands Cooperation (FIPIC)
is a multinational grouping developed for cooperation
between India and 14 Pacific Island Cooperations,
namely Cook Islands, Fiji, Kiribati, Marshall Islands,
Micronesia, Nauru, Niue, Palau, Papua New Guinea,
Samoa, Solomon Islands, Tonga, Tuvalu and Vanuatu.
Q) India is a member of which among the following?

1.Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation
2.Association of South-East Asian Nations
3.East Asia Summit
Select the correct answer using the code given below.
(a) 1 and 2 only (b) 3 only
(c) 1, 2 and 3 (d) India is a member of none of them [Prelims 2015] [ANS: B]
GENERAL STUDIES 3
INDIAN ECONOMY
TOPICS DETAILS
1) Rural Electrification ● REC is a Central Public Sector Undertaking under the
Corporation (REC) Ministry of Power involved in financing projects in the
complete power sector value chain from generation to
Context: REC sanctioned distribution.
record Rs 3.59 lakh crore ● It finances and promotes power projects across India.
loans in 2023-24, focusing ● The PSU provides loans to Central/State Sector Power
on renewable energy Utilities in the country, State Electricity Boards, Rural
Electric Cooperatives, NGOs and Private Power
Developers.
● It is registered with the RBI as a Non-Banking Finance
Company (NBFC), a Public Financial Institution (PFI)
and an Infrastructure Financing Company (IFC).
● Recently, Rural Electrification Corporation (REC) has been
accorded the status of a ‘Maharatna’ Central Public
Sector Enterprise (CPSE).
Q) With reference to solar power production in India, consider the following statements:
Page 8
1. India is the third largest in the world in the manufacture of silicon wafers used in
photovoltaic units.
2. The solar power tariffs are determined by the Solar Energy Corporation of India.
(c) Both 1 and 2 (d) Neither 1 nor 2 [Prelims 2018 ] [ANS:D]
2) EMPS 2024 ● The initiative will support adoption of electric

two-wheelers and three-wheelers through demand
Context: On April 1, 2024, incentives.
the Electric Mobility ● EMPS comes on the heels of the conclusion of the second
Promotion Scheme (EMPS) iteration of Faster Adoption and Manufacturing of
2024 came into effect in (Hybrid &) Electric Vehicles scheme or FAME II,
India ● The scheme mainly applies to e-2W and e-3W vehicles
registered for commercial purposes.
● Additionally, privately or corporately owned registered
e-2W vehicles are also eligible.
● The scheme is under the purview of the Ministry of
Heavy Industries.
3) DTAA ● This amendment aims to curb tax treaty abuse and

minimise avenues for tax avoidance or mitigation by
Context: India has signed a integrating Principal Purpose Test(PPT) into the said
protocol amending the treaty
Double Taxation Avoidance ● This amendment reflects India’s intent to align with global
Agreement (DTAA) with efforts against treaty abuse, particularly under the BEPS
Mauritius framework
● The DTAA was a major reason for a large number of
foreign portfolio investors (FPI) and foreign entities to
route their investments in India through Mauritius.
● Mauritius remains India’s fourth largest source of FPI
investments, after the US, Singapore, and Luxembourg.
● A Double Taxation Avoidance Agreement (DTAA) is a
tax treaty signed between two or more countries. Its
key objective is that tax-payers in these countries can
avoid being taxed twice for the same income.
● A DTAA applies in cases where a taxpayer resides in one
country and earns income in another.
● Base Erosion and Profit Shifting(BEPS) is a term used
to describe tax planning strategies that exploit
mismatches and gaps that exist between the tax rules of
different jurisdictions. It is an OECD initiative,
approved by the G20, to identify ways of providing more
standardised tax rules globally.
Q) With reference to India's decision to levy an equalisation tax of 6% on online

advertisement services offered by non-resident entities, which of the following statements
is/are correct ?
1. It is introduced as a part of the Income Tax Act.
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2. Non-resident entities that offer advertisement services in India can claim a tax credit in
their home country under the "Double Taxation AvoidanceAgreements"
(c) Both 1 and 2 (d) Neither 1 nor 2 [Prelims 2018] [ANS: D]
4) CDP-SURAKSHA ● The CDP-SURAKSHA (Cluster Development

Program-System for Unified Resource Allocation,
Context: New platform to Knowledge, and Secure Horticulture Assistance) is a
disburse subsidies to digital platform that allow an instant disbursal of
horticulture farmers. subsidies to farmers in their bank account by utilising the
e-RUPI voucher from the National Payments
Corporation of India (NPCI).
● In the old system, a farmer had to buy planting materials
on their own and had to approach the officials concerned
for the release of the subsidy.
● The CDP-SURAKSHA platform, however, will provide
subsidies to farmers upfront, at the time of purchasing
the planting material. Vendors, who will supply planting
materials to farmers, will receive their payment only after
farmers verify the delivery of their orders.
● e-RUPI (electronic rupee) is a cashless and
contactless method for digital payment. It is a Quick
Response (QR) code or SMS string-based e-voucher,
which is delivered to the mobile of the users.
● The Horticulture Cluster Development Program (CDP)
is part of NHB's (National Horticulture Board) central
sector scheme.
Q) Consider the following statements :

1. National Payments Corporation of India (NPCI) helps in promoting financial inclusion in
the country.
2. NPCI has launched RuPay, a card payment scheme.
(c) Both 1 and 2 (d) Neither 1 nor 2 [Prelims 2017] [ANS: C]
SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY
TOPICS DETAILS
● A solar eclipse takes place when the Moon moves in the
1) Total Solar Eclipse middle of Earth and the Sun. The Moon blocks the light of
Context: Total solar eclipse the Sun, either fully or partially, which casts a huge
in North America shadow on some parts of the world.
● It takes place only between two to five times annually. It
is because the Moon does not orbit Earth in the same
plane as the Earth orbits the Sun. The Moon is tilted by
about five degrees with respect to Earth.
Different types of Solar Eclipse:
● Total Solar Eclipse: Occurs when the Moon completely
covers the Sun, resulting in a darkened sky and
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revealing the Sun's corona. This phenomenon is visible

from the central area of the Moon's shadow, known as
the umbra.
● Annular Solar Eclipse: Happens when the Moon is at
or near its farthest point from Earth, causing it to
appear smaller and not fully cover the Sun. This creates
a ring of sunlight around the Moon's silhouette, known
as the "ring of fire."
● Partial Solar Eclipse: Takes place when only a portion
of the Sun is obscured by the Moon, resulting in a
crescent shape.
● Hybrid Solar Eclipse: The rarest type of solar eclipse,
occurring when the eclipse shifts between total and
annular along its path.
2) Sodium Cyanide ● Sodium cyanide is a poisonous compound with the

formula NaCN.
Context: The Directorate ● It is a white, water-soluble solid. Cyanide has a high
General of Trade Remedies affinity for metals, which leads to the high toxicity of this
(DGTR) has recommended salt.
imposition of anti-dumping ● Sodium cyanide is used in the extraction of gold and
duty on sodium cyanide silver from their respective ores, in electroplating and the
(NaCN) imported from China, heat treatment of metals, and in manufacturing
the European Union, Japan insecticides, dyes, pigments, and bulk drugs, etc.
and Korea. ● DGTR functions as an attached office of Department of
Commerce, Ministry of Commerce and Industry.
● DGTR is the apex national authority in charge of
administering all the trade remedial measures including
Anti-Dumping Duties, Countervailing Duties and Other
Safeguard Measures.
● Anti-dumping duty is a tariff imposed on imports
manufactured in foreign countries that are priced below
the fair market value of similar goods in the domestic
market.
● The use of anti-dumping measures as an instrument of
fair competition is permitted by the World Trade
Organization (WTO).

1. India has ratifed the Trade Facilitation Agreement (TFA) of WTO.
2. TFA is a part of WTO's Bali Ministerial Package of 2013.
3. TFA came into force in January 2016.
(a) 1 and 2 only (b) 1 and 3 only
(c) 2 and 3 only (d) 1, 2 and 3 [Prelims 2017] [ANS:A]
3) HAWK Missile ● Homing All the Way Killer (HAWK) is a surface-to-air

missile designed for medium-range engagements.
Context: The U.S. has ● It is a missile system entered service with the US Army
in 1959, notably during the Vietnam War, to counter
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agreed to sell urgently aerial threats.

needed military equipment ● It served as the precursor to the PATRIOT missile
to Ukraine to repair and defense system.
upgrade its HAWK missile ● The Phased Array Tracking Radar to Intercept of
systems. Target (PATRIOT), initially deployed in the 1980s, is a
surface-to-air guided missile system capable of
engaging aircraft, cruise missiles, and shorter-range
ballistic missiles.
Q) What is "Terminal High Altitude Area Defence (THAAD)", sometimes seen in the news?
(a) An Israeli radar system
(b) India's indigenous anti-missile program
(c) An American anti-missile system
(d) A defence collaboration between Japan and South Korea
[Prelims 2018] [ANS: C]
4) Hepatitis ● India has the world's second-highest prevalence of viral

hepatitis cases, accounting for over 11% of the global
Context: India has 2nd burden in 2022, according to the Global Hepatitis
highest hepatitis case: WHO. Report 2024 released by the World Health
Organization (WHO).
● Hepatitis is an inflammation of the liver that is
caused by a variety of infectious viruses and
noninfectious agents leading to a range of health
problems, some of which can be fatal.
● There are five main strains of the hepatitis virus,
referred to as types A, B, C, D and E.
● India’s National Viral Hepatitis Control Program aims
to end viral hepatitis as a public health threat by 2030
in the country.
● Hepatitis A and E typically spread through contact
with contaminated food or water from an infected
individual, and hepatitis E can also be contracted by
consuming undercooked food.
● Hepatitis B, C, and D are transmitted through
exposure to infected blood.
● Hepatitis B and D may spread through contact with
other bodily fluids, including sharing drug needles or
engaging in unprotected sexual activity.
Q) Which of the following statements is not correct?

(a) Hepatitis B virus is transmitted much like HIV.
(b) Hepatitis B, unlike Hepatitis C, does not have a vaccine.
(c) Globally, the number of people infected with Hepatitis B and C viruses are several times
more than those infected with HIV.
(d) Some of those infected with Hepatitis B and C viruses do not show the symptoms for
many years. [Prelims 2019] [ANS: B]
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5) God Particle ● The Higgs boson, sometimes called the Higgs particle, is
an elementary particle in the Standard Model of particle
Context: Death of Peter physics produced by the quantum excitation of the Higgs
Higgs, after whom the God field, one of the fields in particle physics theory.
particle is named. ● In the Standard Model, the Higgs particle is a massive
scalar boson with zero spin, even (positive) parity, no
electric charge, and no colour charge that couples to
(interacts with) mass.
● It is also very unstable, decaying into other particles
almost immediately upon generation
Q) Recently, scientists observed the merger of giant ‘blackholes’ billions of lightyears away
from the Earth. What is the significance of this observation?
(a) ‘Higgs boson particles’ were detected.
(b) ‘Gravitational waves’ were detected.
(c) Possibility of intergalactic space travel through ‘wormhole’ was confirmed.
(d) It enabled scientists to understand ‘singularity’. [Prelims 2019] [ANS: B]
6) Angara A-5 ● Angara A5 is a Russian heavy lift launch vehicle

● The test launch was from a newly built launchpad at the
Context: Russia’s second Cosmodrome.
attempt to test-launch ● The Cosmodrome sits in the forests of the Amur region of
Angara-A5 rocket from the Russia's Far East, not far from the Russian border with
Vostochny spaceport aborted China and about 1,500 km (930 miles) from the port of
Vladivostok.
● The launch was to be the fourth for the Angara-A5 and it
comes nearly 10 years after its first test flight.
● All previous launches were based out of the Plesetsk
Cosmodrome in Russia's north.
● The 42.7-metre Angara launch vehicle, capable of
carrying payloads bigger than 20 tonnes into orbit, is
being developed to replace Russia's Proton M as
Russia's heavy-lift rocket.
Q) Which of the following pairs is/are correctly matched? (2014)

Spacecraft Purpose
1. Cassini
Huygens Orbiting the Venus and transmitting data to the Earth
2. Messenger Mapping and investigating the Mercury
3. Voyager 1 and 2 Exploring the outer solar system
(a) 1 only (b) 2 and 3 only
(c) 1 and 3 only (d) 1, 2 and 3 [Prelims 2014] [ANS: B]
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ENVIRONMENT
TOPICS DETAILS
1) Green Credit Programme ● The Green Credits Programme, launched by the
Environment Ministry in October last year, is an effort to
Context: 10 states identified create a market-based incentive for different kinds of
parcels of degraded forest environment-positive actions.
land for Green Credit ● Participants undertaking environmentally positive actions
Programme will receive tradable green credits.
● These credits can be traded for money. Companies unable
to achieve their emission standards pay to buy these
credits and improve their performance.
● Under this scheme, registered and approved entities can
pay to finance afforestation projects in specific tracts of
degraded forest and wasteland. The actual afforestation
will be carried out by the State forest department.
● Two years after planting and following an evaluation by
International Council of Forestry Research and
Education (ICFRE), an autonomous body of the
Environment Ministry- each planted tree could be
worth one ‘green credit’
● These green credits can then be used by companies
which have diverted forest land for non forest purposes
and razed thousands of trees for some of their
obligations under India’s compensatory afforestation
laws.
● These laws oblige any industry or institution that is
permitted to raze forest and use that land for
non-forestry purposes, to provide an equivalent amount
of non-forest land to forest authorities and pay them to
afforest that land
Q)Consider the following statements:

1. As per law, the Compensatory Afforestation Fund Management and Planning Authority
exists at both National and State levels.
2. People’s participation is mandatory in the compensatory afforestation programmes
carried out under the Compensatory Afforestation Fund Act, 2016.
(c) Both 1 and 2 (d) Neither 1 nor 2 [Prelims 2019] [ANS:A ]
2) Gape limitation ● In ecology, ‘gape limitation’ stands for the idea that a
predator can only eat things that fit in its mouth.
Context: An article on Gape ● Gape limitations also influence how animals evolve over
limitation time. Prey animals might get faster or grow bigger to avoid
being eaten by predators with smaller mouths. On the
other hand, predators may evolve larger mouths to eat
larger prey.
● Understanding gape limitations is essential to predicting
how changes in predator or prey populations, changes in
habitats, and/or environmental disturbances could affect
the structure and function of ecosystems.
Page 14
● The study of gape limitations also helps researchers

understand the intricate dynamics of animal interactions
and the cascading effects they have on biodiversity.
Q) “Biorock technology” is talked about in which one of the following situations?

(a) Restoration of damaged coral reefs
(b) Development of building materials using plant residues
(c) Identification of areas for exploration/ extraction of shale gas
(d) Providing salt licks for wild animals in forests/protected areas [Prelims 2022 ] [ANS:A]
SPECIES IN NEWS
TOPICS DETAILS
1) Cicadas ● Cicadas are insects known for their periodic emergence
in large numbers.
Context: For the first time ● They have a unique life cycle that includes three main
since 1803, two broods of stages: egg, nymph, and adult.
'periodical cicadas' will ● They spend most of their lives underground as nymphs,
emerge in the United States feeding on tree roots.
this summer. ● Male cicadas produce loud buzzing or clicking sounds
using specialised organs called tymbals. These calls are
used to attract females for mating and can be heard from
long distances.
● They do not bite or sting, and they are not poisonous.
However, their sheer numbers and loud calls can be a
nuisance to some people.
2) Invasive Species in ● In a bid to manage the teeming population of chital

India (spotted deer) in Ross Island (officially known as the
Netaji Subhash Chandra Bose Island), the Andaman and
Context: The Andaman and Nicobar Islands administration recently sought help from
Nicobar Islands the Wildlife Institute of India
● In India, the legal definition of Invasive Alien Species
administration recently under the Wildlife Protection Act, 1972 (amended in
sought help from the Wildlife 2022), is narrower. They are defined as “species of animal
Institute of India to manage or plant which is not native to India, and whose
the teeming population of introduction or spread may threaten or adversely impact
chital (spotted deer) wildlife or its habitat.”
Examples:
● Animals: African catfish, Nile tilapia, red-bellied piranha,
alligator gar, red-eared slider (turtle).
Page 15
● Red-eared slider - popular pet, outcompetes native species

due to fast reproduction.
● African catfish - introduced for aquaculture, disrupts the
food chain in rivers and lakes.
● Plants: Cotton mealy bug - damages cotton crops.
● Chital, native to mainland India, were introduced to the
tiny island (0.3 sq km small) by the British in the early
20th century.
● Having no natural predators or competitors, and
being good swimmers, chital swiftly spread across the
Andamans.
Q) Invasive Species Specialist Group' (that develops Global Invasive Species Database)
belongs to which one of the following organisations?
(a) The International Union for Conservation of Nature
(b) The United Nations Environment Programme
(c) The United Nations World Commission for Environment and Development
(d) The World Wide Fund for Nature [Prelims 2023] [ANS: A]
INTERNAL SECURITY
TOPICS DETAILS
1) Year of technology ● Indian Army's focus on embracing technology for
absorption transformation in warfare aligns with the concept of
Atmanirbharta (self-reliance).
Context: The Indian Army is ● The absorption will be mainly in terms of disruptive
observing the year 2024 as technology (DT) comprising artificial intelligence,
the ‘Year of Technology autonomous weapon systems such as drones, sensors,
Absorption’. robotics, space technology, and hypersonic weapon
systems.
● In military parlance, absorption implies the acquisition,
adaptation and integration of technologies into existing
structures called legacy systems.
● The focus is on integrating these technologies into
existing structures while understanding their nuances.
● The emphasis lies on complementing rather than
replacing legacy systems.
Page 16
MAINS CORNER
GENERAL STUDIES 2
SOCIAL JUSTICE
1) One health
GS2- Issues relating to development and management of Social Sector/Services relating to
Health, Education, Human Resources
Why in the news?

● The Union Cabinet chaired by Prime
Minister Shri Narendra Modi approved the
proposal of creation of one post at the level
of Scientist H as Director of National
Institute of One Health
The Hindu: http://surl.li/smazy
Introduction
● The concept of One Health underscores the interconnectedness of human, animal,
and environmental health, particularly in the context of addressing emerging
infectious diseases and other health challenges. The recent decision on the 'National
One Health Mission' in India marks a significant milestone in promoting this holistic
approach to health.
● One Health is a holistic approach to problems that recognises the interconnections
between the health of humans, animals, plants, and their shared environment.
Background
● The emergence of pandemics like COVID-19 has highlighted the interconnectedness of
human, animal, and environmental health.
● This interdependence necessitates a holistic approach to address emerging infectious
diseases and promote overall well-being.
National One Health Mission
● Launched by the Government of India in July 2022.
● The mission involves coordination among 13 Ministries and Departments, including
Health, Animal Husbandry, Environment, Defence, Science, and Technology, to
develop integrated strategies for disease surveillance, outbreak response, and
research and development.
● Collaboration extends to science funding agencies such as the Department of
Biotechnology (DBT), Council of Scientific and Industrial Research (CSIR), and Indian
Council of Medical Research (ICMR).
● Aims to establish a comprehensive framework for One Health in India.
Goals of the Mission
● Integrated Disease Surveillance: Develop systems for early detection and monitoring
of diseases across human, animal, and environmental sectors.
● Joint Outbreak Response: Ensure a coordinated response to disease outbreaks,
minimising their impact.
● R&D Collaboration: Strengthen research and development efforts to enhance
preparedness for emerging diseases through the development of vaccines,
therapeutics, and diagnostics
Page 17
● Information Sharing: Establish seamless information sharing mechanisms between
various stakeholders for better disease control.
Mission Highlights
● National Institute for One Health: Established in Nagpur as the nodal agency for
coordinating national and international One Health activities. It will facilitate
seamless information sharing and coordination across the spectrum of One Health
initiatives.
● Network of Laboratories: Creation of a national network of high-risk pathogen
laboratories (Biosafety level 3 and 4) for enhanced outbreak response.
● Focus on R&D: Collaboration between DBT, CSIR, ICMR, ICAR, and Department of
Pharmaceuticals to develop essential tools for disease control.
● Epidemiology and Data Analytics: Integration of AI, machine learning, and disease
modelling for improved disease surveillance.
● Global Collaboration: Promotion of the One Health approach during India's G-20
presidency for international cooperation.
Significance of the Mission
● Enhanced Pandemic Preparedness: Improved capacity to predict, prevent, and
control future pandemics.
● Early Warning Systems: The mission establishes integrated disease surveillance
across human, animal, and environmental sectors. This allows for early detection of
outbreaks, enabling faster response and containment before they become widespread
pandemics.
● Addressing Zoonotic Diseases: A significant portion of emerging infectious diseases
are zoonotic, jumping from animals to humans. The One Health approach ensures
these diseases are monitored and controlled at the animal source, preventing human
outbreaks.
● Tackling Antibiotic Resistance: The mission addresses the growing threat of
antimicrobial resistance (AMR) by promoting responsible use of antibiotics across
human and animal health sectors. This collaborative effort can slow down the
emergence of drug-resistant pathogens.
● Food Safety and Security: By integrating animal health and environmental
monitoring, the mission promotes food safety by minimising the risk of foodborne
illnesses. Additionally, it can help ensure a healthy livestock population, contributing
to food security.
● Holistic Disease Management: Effective control of existing diseases affecting
humans, animals, and plants.
● Climate-Sensitive Diseases: Climate change is altering weather patterns and
ecosystems, leading to the emergence and spread of new diseases. The One Health
approach allows for better monitoring of these changes and their impact on disease
transmission across sectors.
● Climate Change Mitigation: Addresses the impact of climate change on health
across sectors.
● Improved Public Health Outcomes: By addressing diseases at their source and
promoting preventive measures, the One Health Mission can lead to a significant
reduction in disease burden and improve overall public health outcomes.
Global Engagement and Endorsement:
● One Health is recognized as a global topic, highlighted during India's presidency of the
G-20, with widespread endorsement from member countries.
● Focus on areas such as building surveillance capacity, analytic capability, and
establishing an international network of One Health institutes.
Page 18
One Health Initiatives of India

● Consortium on One Health: The Department of Biotechnology launched India’s
first consortium on One Health in 2021.
● One Health pilot project: In 2022, the Department of Animal Husbandry and
Dairy (DAHD) – in partnership with the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation and the
Confederation of Indian Industry – launched a One Health pilot project in
Karnataka and Uttarakhand.
● National One Health Mission: India is also currently preparing for a wider
‘National One Health Mission’ to be spearheaded by the Office of the Principal
Scientific Advisor
Way Forward
● Intersectoral Coordination: Effective collaboration between central and state
governments, NGOs, academia, and the private sector is crucial.
● Community Engagement: Public awareness about One Health principles is essential
for successful implementation.
● Actionable Framework: Developing a clear roadmap for achieving the mission's
goals.
Conclusion:
● The National One Health Mission is a significant step towards creating a robust public
health system in India. By fostering a collaborative and multidisciplinary approach,
this mission can strengthen disease surveillance, outbreak response, and overall
preparedness for future health challenges.
Q) Appropriate local community-level healthcare intervention is a prerequisite to achieve
‘Health for All’ in India. Explain. [Mains 2018]
INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS
1) India-Bangladesh relations
GS2- International relations -India and its neighbourhood
Why in the news?

● India Out campaign in Bangladesh.
Indian Express: https://shorturl.at/cpQR8
Introduction
● The India-Bangladesh relationship is
characterised by historical ties,
geographical proximity, and economic
interdependence, but recent
developments such as the emergence of
the "India Out" campaign highlight challenges and complexities in the bilateral
relationship.
India- Bangladesh Relation
● Historical Foundations: The relationship between India and Bangladesh was forged
during the 1971 Bangladesh Liberation War, cementing a strong bond of support and
solidarity. Despite initial challenges and periods of strain, subsequent leadership
changes and diplomatic efforts have pavedthe way for a more cooperative relationship.
Page 19
● Economic Cooperation: Bilateral trade has India out campaign
steadily increased, with Bangladesh emerging
as India's largest trade partner in South Asia. ● The "India Out" campaign
Efforts to explore comprehensive economic emerged from political factions
partnerships signify a commitment to deeper like the Bangladesh Nationalist
economic integration, despite challenges such Party (BNP), seeking to gain
as the potential loss of Bangladesh's LDC political traction by exploiting
status. historical grievances and
● Trade relation: India is Bangladesh’s second nationalist sentiments.
largest import source, with staggering $13.69 ● Activists have called for a boycott
of Indian products in protest
billion worth of goods entering the Bangladeshi against India’s support of the
market in 2021-22. Bangladesh’s garment Awami League’s manipulation of
manufacturing sector, which is a key driver of elections in Bangladesh.
its economic growth, relies heavily on raw ● There is a perception too in
materials and intermediate goods from India. Bangladesh that the Indian
● Infrastructure Development: Both countries Embassy influences key
have invested significantly in infrastructure decision-making processes in the
projects, resolving long-standing issues such civilian and military
as boundary agreements and maritime bureaucracies.
disputes. Initiatives like the Akhaura-Agartala
Rail Link aim to enhance connectivity, facilitate trade, and spur economic
development in the region.
● Energy Sector Collaboration: Collaboration in the energy sector, including electricity
imports and joint projects like the Rooppur Nuclear Power Plant, demonstrates
mutual interests in addressing energy needs and promoting sustainable development.
● Defense Cooperation: Extensive border sharing necessitates close defence
cooperation, evident through joint military exercises and efforts to enhance border
security. Such collaborations contribute to regional stability and security.
● Multilateral Engagement: Both countries actively engage in regional cooperation
through multilateral forums like SAARC, BIMSTEC, and IORA. These platforms
provide opportunities for dialogue, coordination, and collective action on regional
challenges and opportunities.
Challenges
● Political Sensitivities: Historical and ideological factors occasionally fuel anti-India
sentiments, particularly within factions like the Bangladesh Nationalist Party (BNP),
posing challenges to stability.
● Economic Interdependence vs. Political Rhetoric: Strong economic ties between
India and Bangladesh face disruption from recent political rhetoric like the "India Out"
campaign, jeopardising economic cooperation.
● Regional Dynamics Complexity: Geopolitical factors, including border disputes and
regional power dynamics, add complexity to the bilateral relationship, impacting
diplomatic efforts and cooperation.
● Divergent Political Agendas: Multiple political parties in India and Bangladesh may
have differing priorities and approaches, leading to challenges in maintaining
consistency in diplomatic engagements.
● Growing Chinese Influence in Bangladesh: China's increasing involvement with
Bangladesh could potentially undermine India's regional standing and impede its
strategic aspirations.
● Sharing of Transboundary River Waters: India and Bangladesh share 54 common
rivers, but only two treaties have been signed so far of Ganga Waters Treaty and The
Kushiyara River Treaty.
Way forward
Page 20
● Dialogue and Diplomacy: Prioritise sustained dialogue and diplomatic engagement
between India and Bangladesh to address political sensitivities and build mutual trust
and understanding.
● Focus on Economic Cooperation: Strengthen economic ties through continued
collaboration on trade, investment, and development projects to reinforce the
foundation of the bilateral relationship.
● Youth Engagement and Education: Foster greater people-to-people contact and
cultural exchanges, particularly targeting the youth demographic, to promote mutual
understanding and bridge political divides.
● Regional Collaboration: Enhance regional cooperation mechanisms to address
common challenges and opportunities, leveraging platforms such as SAARC (South
Asian Association for Regional Cooperation) for shared prosperity and stability.
Conclusion
● The India-Bangladesh relationship is multifaceted, encompassing historical ties,
economic cooperation, and contemporary political dynamics. While challenges exist,
particularly in navigating political sensitivities, sustained efforts to promote mutual
understanding and cooperation can ensure the continued growth and stability of this
crucial bilateral relationship.
Q) Analyse internal security threats and transborder crimes along Myanmar, Bangladesh and
Pakistan borders including Line of Control (LoC). Also discuss the role played by various
security forces in this regard. [Mains 2018]
GENERAL STUDIES 3
INDIAN ECONOMY
1) State of Indian Economy
GS3- Indian Economy and issues relating to planning, mobilisation of resources, growth,
development and employment.
Why in the news?
● An article on state of indian economy
The HIndu: https://shorturl.at/doCJL
Introduction
● The Indian economy is currently in a
favourable position marked by healthy growth,
moderating inflation, robust Foreign
Institutional Investor (FII) inflows, and strong
corporate and banking sector balance sheets.
Positive Indicators:
● Healthy GDP growth: India has recorded above 8% growth in the first three quarters
of 2023-24, with a full-year projection exceeding the 7.6% estimate. Investment is
driving growth, with signs of improvement in rural demand.
● Moderate inflation: CPI inflation is below the RBI's target of 6%, with core inflation
dipping below 4%. However, high food inflation, particularly in vegetables, pulses, and
spices, remains a concern.
● Strong FII inflows: The Indian economy has witnessed a significant increase in FII
inflows ($41 billion in 2023-24) compared to net outflows in the previous year. This
has bolstered forex reserves to a comfortable level.
Page 21
● Healthy corporate and banking sector: Credit ratio (rating upgrades to downgrades)
is at 1.92, reflecting good financial health.
● Improvement in Rural Demand: Rural demand, as indicated by FMCG sales and
two-wheeler sales, is showing signs of improvement, with expectations of a normal
monsoon further aiding this trend.
● Services-Led Exports: The services sector, particularly software services, business
consulting, and travel services, has performed well, partially offsetting weak
merchandise exports due to the global slowdown.
● Government Focus on Capex: The government's continued focus on capital
expenditure (capex) is expected to further propel growth.
Areas of Concern:
● Weak consumption growth: Consumption GDP growth is estimated at 3% in
2023-24, significantly lower than pre-pandemic levels. Layoffs in the IT sector could
further dampen urban consumer sentiment.
● Job Market Concerns: Layoffs and weak hiring in the IT sector could dampen urban
consumer sentiment.
● Reliance on FII Inflows: The high dependence on volatile FII inflows poses a risk, as
these flows can be susceptible to sudden reversals.
● Liquidity Risks for Banks: Weaker deposit growth compared to strong credit growth
puts pressure on banks' net interest margins and liquidity.
● Moderate private investment: While there are signs of increased private investment
in certain sectors, a sustained pick-up is crucial for long-term growth.
● Vulnerability to external factors: Weak global demand has impacted merchandise
exports. FII inflows, though substantial, are volatile.
● High food inflation: Inflation in essential food items remains a challenge, impacting
household budgets.
● Deposit growth lagging credit growth: This trend poses liquidity risks for banks and
puts pressure on net interest margins.
Way forward:
● Focus on quality of growth: The government should prioritise inclusive and
sustainable growth alongside high GDP figures.
● Boosting rural demand: Measures to improve rural incomes and agricultural
productivity are essential.
● Fiscal consolidation: Continued focus on reducing public debt incurred during the
pandemic is crucial.
● Revive private investment: Policy reforms to improve ease of doing business and
attract investments are needed.
● Managing food inflation: Effective supply-side interventions are required to control
food prices.
Conclusion
● The Indian economy exhibits a mix of favourable indicators and challenges,
necessitating prudent policies to sustain growth momentum, address structural
issues, and ensure inclusivity and sustainability in the growth trajectory.
Q) The nature of economic growth in India in recent times is often described as jobless
growth. Do you agree with this view? Give arguments in favour of your answer. [Mains 2015]
Page 22
2) Unemployment in India
GS3- Indian Economy and issues relating to planning, mobilisation of resources, growth,
development and employment.
Why in the news?
● An article on the employment crisis in
India.
The Hindu: https://shorturl.at/fqrDH
Introduction
● The term unemployment refers to a
situation where a person actively
searches for employment but is unable to
find work. Unemployment is considered
to be a key measure of the health of the
economy.
● India's high economic growth coexists with a massive unemployment challenge,
demanding a multi-pronged strategy for job creation and skill development.
Causes of Unemployment:
● Shifting Development Strategy: India's move away from labour-intensive
manufacturing towards services has limited job creation.
● Skill Mismatch: The education system inadequately equips youth with skills needed
for high-end services. 2023 India Skills Report points to a massive skills deficit with
only half of young Indians employable currently.
● Automation Threat:
Automation and AI threaten to Different types of Unemployment
displace low-skilled jobs in ● Cyclical Unemployment: Cyclical unemployment
sectors like IT. Resultant occurs with changes in economic activity over the
redundancy of jobs in sectors business cycle. During an economic downturn, a
like IT threatens employment shortfall of demand for goods and services results
stability. in a lack of jobs being available for those who
● Informal Sector Dominance: want to work.
Over half of workers are ● Structural Unemployment: Structural
self-employed or unpaid unemployment occurs when there is a mismatch
helpers, with low wages and between the jobs that are available and the people
limited growth prospects. looking for work. This mismatch could be because
● Demographic Pressure: jobseekers don’t have the skills required to do the
available jobs, or because the available jobs are a
India's young population (950 long way from the jobseekers.
million working-age) creates ● Frictional Unemployment: Frictional
immense pressure for job unemployment occurs when people move between
creation. jobs in the labour market, as well as when people
● Policy and Regulatory transition into and out of the labour force.
Hurdles: Complex regulations ● Underemployment: It occurs when people are
and bureaucratic red tape can employed, but would like and are available to
discourage investment and work more hours.
hinder business growth, ● Disguised unemployment: It occurs when
thereby limiting job creation. productivity is low and too many workers are
● Stagnant Manufacturing: filling too few jobs. Marginal productivity in
Manufacturing's share of GDP disguised unemployment is zero.
Page 23
has shrunk (13%), and hopes for revival seem dim.
● Informal Sector Challenges: Lack of social security benefits, poor working
conditions, and limited access to credit stifle growth and formalisation in the informal
sector.
● Global Economic Slowdown: A slowdown in the global economy can lead to
decreased demand for Indian exports and services, impacting domestic job markets.
● Startups and Investment Trends: Recent downturn in investments in Indian
startups. Failures of high-profile startups leading to cautious investor sentiment,
affecting job creation potential.
Impact of Unemployment:Drain on Resources: Unemployed youth represent an
underutilised resource, leading to a burden on the existing workforce and social safety nets.
● Mental Health Issues: Joblessness can lead to stress, anxiety, and depression,
impacting overall well-being.
● Social Inequality: Unemployed youth, particularly from disadvantaged backgrounds,
can get further marginalised, widening the social inequality gap.
● Brain Drain: Talented individuals may migrate to countries with better job prospects,
leading to a loss of skilled manpower.
● Low living standards: Meagre earnings in low-skilled services force many back to
agriculture. (60 million increase in agricultural workforce in 4 years)
● Social unrest: Unemployment can lead to frustration and social instability.
Various Government Schemes for addressing Unemployment in India
● Pradhan Mantri Mudra Yojana (PMMY): Under this scheme collateral-free loans up
to Rs. 10 lakh, are provided to small/micro business enterprises and to individuals to
enable them to set up or expand their business activities.
● Skill India Mission: Under the scheme, a short-duration skill development training
program is being imparted to all prospective candidates including candidates
belonging to BPL in the country.
● Mahatma Gandhi National Rural Employment Guarantee Act (MGNREGA): It
provides a legal guarantee of at least 100 days of unskilled manual work in rural
areas
● Deendayal Antyodaya Yojana- NRLM ( national rural livelihood mission): This
scheme is fully focused on promoting self-employment and the organisation of the
people who live in rural areas.
Policy Recommendations:
● Multiple Job Creation Vectors: Focus on high-end services exports (Global
Capability Centres), nurturing tech startups in strategic sectors (AI, SaaS, defence,
greentech), and promoting green jobs in renewable energy.
● Support for Skill Development: Invest in education and skill-building programs to
bridge the gap between workforce skills and job requirements.
● Green Transition: India's ambitious plans for renewable energy and green hydrogen
production offer prospects for creating millions of "green economy" jobs.
● Focus on Small and Medium Manufacturers: Facilitate access to credit, resources,
logistics, and markets for small and medium manufacturers, who are less susceptible
to automation and can create a larger number of jobs.
● Leveraging Digital Infrastructure: Utilise platforms like Open Network for Digital
Commerce to connect manufacturers with resources and customers.
Conclusion
● Tackling India's unemployment crisis requires a strategic shift towards diverse job
creation, skilling initiatives, and a supportive regulatory environment.
Q) Most of the unemployment in India is structural in nature. Examine the methodology
adopted to compute unemployment in the country and suggest improvements. [Mains 2023]
Page 24
SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY

1) Green Hydrogen
GS3- Science and Technology- developments and their applications and effects in everyday life.
Why in the news?
● The Govt has announced a scheme to
support efforts to test the viability of
green hydrogen as a fuel for cars and
heavy vehicles.
Indian Express: https://shorturl.at/brzRU
Introduction Green hydrogen refers to
hydrogen that is produced from the electrolysis
of water — splitting it into hydrogen and oxygen
— using an electrolyser powered by renewable energy. It holds promise as a clean energy
carrier and a potential solution to combat climate change.
● This is considered to be a virtually emission-free pathway for hydrogen production —
it is ‘end-to-end’ green because it is powered by green energy, uses water as feedstock,
and emits no carbon on consumption.
Advantages of Green Hydrogen:
● Emission Reduction: Production and consumption of green hydrogen result in
minimal carbon emissions, contributing to efforts to mitigate global warming and
climate change.
● Energy Security: India can reduce its dependence on costly fossil fuel imports by
harnessing renewable energy sources for green hydrogen production.
● Pollution Mitigation: Adoption of green hydrogen can significantly reduce air
pollution associated with traditional fossil fuel combustion in the transportation
sector.
● Economic Opportunity: India stands to gain economically by becoming a global hub
for green hydrogen production and export, stimulating job creation and economic
growth.
● Technological Innovation: Investment in green hydrogen technologies fosters
innovation and drives advancements in renewable energy infrastructure and storage
solutions.
Challenges Associated with Green Hydrogen:
● High Production Costs: The initial cost of green hydrogen production remains
prohibitive compared to grey hydrogen, posing a financial barrier to widespread
adoption.
● Storage and Transportation: Challenges persist in storing and transporting green
hydrogen at scale, requiring innovations in infrastructure and logistics.
● Infrastructure Development: The establishment of refuelling stations and
specialised cylinders for hydrogen storage necessitates significant investment and
regulatory frameworks.
● Safety Concerns: Hydrogen's flammability requires stringent safety protocols and
infrastructure modifications to ensure safe handling and distribution.
● Competition with Battery Technology: Advancements in battery technologies pose a
competitive challenge to the long-term viability of green hydrogen-powered vehicles,
particularly in the commercial sector.
Government Initiatives to Promote Green Hydrogen:
Page 25
● MNRE Scheme: The Ministry of Based on the source of production, the

New and Renewable Energy's types of hydrogen are Grey, Brown, and
Rs-496-crore scheme supports Blue.
pilot projects and infrastructure
development for green ● Grey Hydrogen: Hydrogen from
hydrogen-powered transportation. hydrocarbons is called grey hydrogen. The
● Collaboration with Industry: carbon dioxide generated during this
Indian commercial vehicle process is usually released into the
manufacturers and energy atmosphere, making grey hydrogen a
companies are actively investing significant contributor to greenhouse gas
in research, development, and emissions.
manufacturing capacities for ● Black/Brown Hydrogen: Brown hydrogen
hydrogen-powered vehicles and is produced using coal as its feedstock. This
production facilities. process causes high pollution, and carbon
● Policy Support: The government
dioxide and carbon monoxide are released
provides incentives and regulatory into the atmosphere, making it an
environmentally unsustainable option.
frameworks to encourage ● Blue Hydrogen: It is the hydrogen
investment in green hydrogen produced from hydrocarbons where the
technology and infrastructure. emissions generated from the process can
● Stakeholder Engagement: be captured and stored. It is considered a
Initiatives like convening meetings transitional fuel as it reduces greenhouse
with industry stakeholders aim to gas emissions compared to grey hydrogen,
address challenges such as but it still relies on natural gas as its
specialised cylinder development primary feedstock.
and safety standards.
● National Hydrogen Mission : The mission was announced in the Union Budget
2021-22 and aims to make India a global hub for green hydrogen and its derivatives.
Way Forward:
● Technology Innovation: Continued investment in research and development is
essential to overcome technical barriers and drive down production costs of green
hydrogen.
● Infrastructure Expansion: Expansion of refuelling infrastructure and development of
specialised storage solutions are critical for scaling up green hydrogen adoption.
● Policy Alignment: Government policies should incentivize green hydrogen production
and consumption while ensuring safety and environmental sustainability.
● International Collaboration: Collaboration with global partners can facilitate
knowledge exchange and technology transfer to accelerate India's transition towards a
green hydrogen economy.
Conclusion:
● Green hydrogen presents a promising avenue for sustainable energy transition,
offering environmental, economic, and technological benefits, albeit with challenges
that require concerted efforts from government, industry, and stakeholders to
overcome.
Page 26
2) Different approaches to AI regulation

GS3- Recent developments and their applications and effects in everyday life
Why in the news?

● An article on global movement towards
regulating AI systems.
The Hindu: https://shorturl.at/kBO02
Introduction
● The regulation of Artificial Intelligence (AI)
has emerged as a critical global concern
due to its potential impact on various
aspects of society, including ethics,
economy, and governance.
● Several nations and international bodies have adopted diverse approaches to address
the challenges associated with AI regulation. This note outlines the key approaches
taken by the United Nations, the European Union (EU), China, the United Kingdom
(U.K.), and India towards AI regulation.
1. United Nations (UN) Resolution on Artificial Artificial Intelligence (AI)
Intelligence:The UN resolution emphasises the
need for responsible use of AI systems to achieve ● Artificial Intelligence (AI) is a
the 2030 Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). branch of computer science that
● It highlights concerns regarding the aims to create systems capable of
adverse impact of AI on the workforce, performing tasks that typically
especially in developing and least developed require human intelligence.
countries. ● The ideal characteristic of AI is its
● The resolution underscores the importance ability to rationalise and take
of collaborative action to address the future actions that have the best chance
implications of AI systems. of achieving a specific goal. A
2. European Union (EU) Approach: subset of AI is Machine Learning
● The EU recently passed the AI Act, the (ML).
foremost law establishing rules and
regulations governing AI systems.
● With its risk-based approach, the Act categorises systems into four categories, namely
unacceptable, high, limited, and minimal risks, prescribing guidelines for each.
● The Act prescribes an absolute ban on applications that risk citizens’ rights, including
manipulation of human behaviour, emotion recognition, mass surveillance etc.
● While the Act allows exemptions to banned applications when it is pertinent to law
enforcement, it limits the deployment by asking for prior judicial/administrative
authorisation in such cases.
● The Act addresses compliance burdens on businesses and regulates Generative AI
systems like ChatGPT, recognizing their disruptive potential.
3. China's Stand on AI:
● China focuses on promoting AI innovation while implementing safeguards against
potential harms.
● It has released regulatory frameworks addressing content moderation, personal data
protection, and algorithmic governance.
● China's approach aims to balance AI development with social and economic goals.
4. United Kingdom's Framework:
Page 27
● The U.K. adopts a principled and context-based approach to AI regulation,
emphasising consultations with regulatory bodies.
● It aims to bridge regulatory gaps by expanding technical expertise and knowledge in
regulating complex technologies.
● The U.K. opts for a decentralised and soft law approach, contrasting with the EU's
more stringent regulations.
5. India's Position:
● India recognizes the importance of regulating AI to align with its commitment to the
SDGs while fostering economic growth.
● The Indian government allocates funds for initiatives like the India AI Mission to
enhance the AI ecosystem and promote startups.
● India will be home to over 10,000 deep tech start-ups by 2030. In this direction, a
₹10,300 crore allocation was approved for the India AI mission to further its AI
ecosystem through enhanced public-private partnerships and promote the start-up
ecosystem.
● Amongst other initiatives, the allocation would be used to deploy 10,000 Graphic
Processing Units, Large Multi-Models (LMMs) and other AI-based research
collaboration and efficient and innovative projects.
● India's approach emphasises public-private partnerships and a gradual phase-led
approach towards AI regulation.
Conclusion:
● Learning from diverse global approaches will be instrumental in shaping India's AI
regulatory framework. The focus should be on fostering innovation while mitigating
risks, ensuring responsible development, and aligning AI with national goals and
global aspirations.
3) Space Debris
GS3- Achievements of Indians in science & technology: Indigenisation of technology and
developing new technology.
Why in the news?
● The Indian Space Research Organisation
(ISRO) has said its PSLV-C58/XPoSat
mission has practically left zero debris in
earth’s orbit.
The Hindu: https://rb.gy/xjad5y
Introduction
● Space debris, consisting of defunct
satellites, rocket stages, and collision
fragments, poses a significant threat to
operational space assets in Low Earth Orbit (LEO).
● The increasing number of satellite launches and potential anti-satellite tests
exacerbate the problem.
Challenges of Space Debris
● Risk to Space Assets: Debris travelling at high speeds (27,000 km/hr) can damage or
destroy operational satellites leading to disruption of critical services like
communication, navigation, and Earth observation.
Page 28
● Proliferation and Collision Risk: The growing number of satellites and debris pieces
in Earth's orbit heightens the risk of collisions, leading to cascading impacts known
as the Kessler syndrome.
● Kessler Syndrome: Cascading collisions can create more debris, exponentially
increasing the risk of future collisions - a runaway scenario.
● Environmental Impact: Debris re-entering Earth's atmosphere poses risks to
populated areas, potentially causing property damage and human casualties.
● Interference with Future Space Activities: Accumulating debris limits future space
endeavours by hindering satellite deployment and scientific missions, potentially
rendering orbits unusable.
● International Cooperation and Regulation: Effective mitigation of space debris
requires coordinated efforts among nations and organisations; however, the absence
of robust regulatory frameworks hampers mitigation efforts.
Magnitude of the Problem
● Over 7,000 operational satellites and millions of debris pieces currently orbit Earth.
● The number of debris objects larger than 10 cm in LEO is expected to reach 60,000 by
2030.
● Incidents like the Long March 5B uncontrolled re-entry highlight the dangers of
uncontrolled debris.
Mitigation Strategies:
● Active Debris Removal: Develop and deploy spacecraft equipped with capture
mechanisms to actively remove defunct satellites, spent rocket stages, and large
debris fragments from Earth's orbit, reducing collision risks and orbital clutter.
Various concepts are under development, including robotic arms (e.g., Astroscale),
nets (e.g., Origin Space), and controlled re-entry of defunct spacecraft (e.g.,
POEM missions by ISRO).
● Space Situational Awareness: Enhance space surveillance capabilities to accurately
track and monitor space debris, enabling timely collision avoidance manoeuvres and
space traffic management to mitigate the risk of collisions. Eg: Space agencies like US
Space Force and ISRO's Space Situational Awareness Control Centre track debris for
collision risk assessment.
● Improved Satellite Design: Building satellites with self-passivating features (e.g.,
fuel depletion) and shorter operational lifespans can minimise debris generation.
● Launch Vehicle Stage Disposal: Develop and enforce regulations requiring the safe
disposal of spent rocket stages and upper stages after satellite deployment to prevent
the creation of new debris in critical orbital regions. Eg: The Inter-Agency Space
Debris Coordination Committee (IADC) guidelines promote responsible practices
like post-mission disposal and collision avoidance manoeuvres.
● International Collaboration: Foster international cooperation and information
sharing among space agencies, research institutions, and commercial entities to
develop and implement effective debris mitigation strategies, including joint research
initiatives and data exchange platforms.
International Efforts in Addressing the Issue:
● Inter-Agency Space Debris Coordination Committee (IADC): The IADC provides
guidelines and recommendations for space debris mitigation to member countries,
fostering international collaboration and best practices in debris management.
● European Space Agency (ESA): ESA's Zero Debris charter aims to achieve zero
space debris by 2030 through coordinated action, research, and technology
development, setting a benchmark for global debris mitigation efforts.
● NASA's Orbital Debris Program: NASA leads efforts to track and mitigate space
debris, conducting research and implementing measures to minimise the risks posed
by debris to space missions and infrastructure.
Page 29
● Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency (JAXA): Project, called the Commercial
Removal of Debris Demonstration (CRD2), to tackle space junk.
India's Initiatives in space debris removal
● ISRO's POEM (PSLV Orbital Experimental Module): This innovative mission
utilises spent rocket stages as orbital platforms for scientific experiments and
controlled re-entry, minimising debris creation.
● Space Situational Awareness Control Centre: ISRO tracks debris movement to
safeguard its space assets.
● Indian Start-ups: Companies like Manastu Space are developing technologies for
de-orbiting old satellites and satellite life extension.
Conclusion
● Efforts to address the challenges of space debris require collaborative action,
technological innovation, and international cooperation to safeguard space assets and
preserve the sustainability of Earth's orbital environment.
Q) What is India’s plan to have its own space station and how will it benefit our space
programme? [Mains 2019]
ENVIRONMENT
1) Protecting Himalayan Ecosystem
GS3- Conservation, Environmental pollution and degradation, Environmental impact
assessment
Why in the news?
● Ramon Magsaysay award winner (2018)
and climate activist Sonam Wangchuk
climate fast has highlighted the larger
issue of the fragility of the Himalayan
ecosystem.
The Hindu: https://shorturl.at/nBHOV
Introduction
● The Himalayan region, comprising
Ladakh and Uttarakhand, faces
multifaceted challenges, including climate change, rapid infrastructure development,
and recurring disasters.
● Neglecting the ecological fragility of the Himalayas poses significant risks to both the
environment and human lives.
Significance of Himalayan region
Geographical Significance:
● Water Source: The Himalayas are often referred to as the "Third Pole" due to their
vast number of glaciers. These glaciers meltwater feed major rivers like the Indus,
Ganga, and Brahmaputra, providing water to millions of people downstream in India
and neighbouring countries.
● Climate Regulation: The Himalayas act as a natural barrier, protecting the Indian
subcontinent from harsh cold winds blowing from Central Asia. They also influence
the monsoons, bringing crucial rainfall to a large part of South Asia.
● Biodiversity Hotspot: The Himalayan region is recognized as one of the world's
biodiversity hotspots and contributes to global ecological balance.
Page 30
Human Significance:
● Cultural and Religious Importance: The Himalayas hold immense cultural and
religious significance(Buddhism and Jainism) for people in India, Nepal, Bhutan, and
other neighbouring countries. Many pilgrimage sites and sacred landscapes are
located in the Himalayas.
● Livelihoods and Tourism: The Himalayas provide livelihoods for many people
through agriculture, animal husbandry, and tourism. The scenic beauty and
adventure opportunities attract tourists from all over the world.
Strategic Significance:
● Border Region: The Himalayas form a natural border for India with China and
Pakistan. Maintaining control of strategic locations in the Himalayas is crucial for
national security.
● Geopolitical Importance: It plays a significant role in the geopolitics of South Asia,
with water resources and border disputes being key issues between countries.
Environmental Significance:
● Fragile Ecosystem: The Himalayan ecosystem is highly sensitive to changes. Climate
change and unsustainable development practices pose a significant threat to the
ecological balance of the region.
● Impact on Downstream Regions: The health of the Himalayas directly impacts the
well-being of downstream regions. Melting glaciers and extreme weather events can
lead to water scarcity, floods, and other disasters.
Challenges and concerns
● Melting Glaciers: Global warming threatens the Himalayan glaciers, crucial water
sources for the Indus, Ganga, and Brahmaputra rivers.
● Increased Floods & Droughts: Climate change leads to more frequent floods and
droughts, impacting Himalayan communities and downstream regions.
● Landslides & Other Disasters: The fragile mountain ecosystem is increasingly prone
to landslides and other disasters due to climate change.
● Loss of Indigenous Livelihoods: Rapid infrastructure development threatens
Ladakh's indigenous tribes, relying on farming and animal rearing, worsening social
and economic inequalities.
● Neglect of Environmental Impact Assessments: Despite the NMSHE, there's a lack
of rigorous environmental assessments for projects, risking ecological damage.
● Disregard for Ecological Carrying Capacity: Ignoring recommendations to limit
pilgrim numbers in Uttarakhand undermines environmental sustainability and
increases disaster risks.
● Limited Accountability: Government bodies and developers often evade
accountability for environmental impacts due to lax regulatory mechanisms.
● Inadequate Disaster Preparedness: Despite recurring climate change-related
disasters, there's insufficient investment in resilience and mitigation measures,
amplifying human and environmental costs.
● Unsustainable Infrastructure Development: Large-scale projects proceed without
proper environmental assessments, prioritising mega projects like the 10 gigawatt
solar energy project, disregarding ecological impacts.
● Inadequate Risk Assessment: Multi-crore projects lack proper risk assessments,
safety measures, and geological/seismic analyses before construction.
Committee recommendation
● Mishra Committee Report 1976: The committee gave its findings about land
subsidence in Joshimath. It recommended placing restrictions on heavy construction
work, blasting or digging to remove boulders for road repairs and other construction,
and felling of trees in the region.
Page 31
Government Initiatives are Related to Protecting the Himalayan Region

● National Action Plan on Climate Change (NAPCC): This plan launched in 2008
includes a mission under the Ministry of Science and Technology called the National
Mission for Sustaining the Himalayan Ecosystem (NMSHE). Its objective is to assess
the vulnerability of the region and monitor its health status.
● National Mission on Sustaining Himalayan Ecosystem: It was launched in 2010
and covers 11 states (Himachal Pradesh, Uttarakhand, Sikkim, all northeast states
and West Bengal) and 2 UTs (J&K and Ladakh).
● SECURE Himalaya Project: It promotes sustainable management of alpine
pastures and forests in the high range Himalayan ecosystems.
Way forward
● Integrated Sustainable Planning: Prioritise sustainable development in the
Himalayan region by integrating environmental impact assessments and community
participation into all projects.
● Risk Assessment and Planning: Implement mandatory risk assessments, safety
measures, and thorough geological and seismic analyses before approving any
infrastructure project in the Himalayas.
● Learn from Disasters: Analyse past disasters like Kedarnath floods and Joshimath
subsidence to inform future development strategies and prioritise disaster
preparedness.
● Respect Carrying Capacity: Impose limitations on infrastructure projects and
pilgrim numbers to prevent exceeding the ecological carrying capacity of the region.
● Capacity Building and Awareness: Invest in building understanding of climate
change impacts and sustainable practices among stakeholders through awareness
campaigns and training programs.
● Community Involvement: Include local communities in decision-making processes
to ensure development plans are sensitive to their needs and the environment.
● Stronger Regulation and Enforcement: Enforce strict environmental protection laws
and safety standards to hold government bodies and developers accountable for their
actions.
● Resilience and Preparedness: Focus on building resilience and preparedness for
climate change-related disasters through early warning systems and
community-based adaptation initiatives.
● International Collaboration: Collaborate with international organisations and
neighbouring countries to share knowledge and best practices in sustainable
development and climate change adaptation.
Conclusion:
● The Himalayas, a treasure trove of biodiversity, cultural heritage, and a vital water
source for millions, demand a delicate balancing act between development and
environmental protection for a sustainable future.
Q) ‘Climate Change’ is a global problem. How India will be affected by climate change? How
Himalayan and coastal states of India will be affected by climate change? [Mains 2017]
Page 32
2) Problem with Coal

GS3- Conservation, Environmental pollution and degradation Environmental impact assessment
Why in the news?
● According to the International Energy
Agency (IEA), coal power plants produce a
fifth of global greenhouse gas emissions,
more than any other single source.
The Hindu: https://shorturl.at/finEM
Introduction
● Coal power plants remain a significant
contributor to global greenhouse gas
emissions, posing a substantial challenge
to international efforts to combat climate
change.
● The persistent reliance on coal presents multifaceted challenges, necessitating urgent
action and innovative solutions.
Challenges of Coal Dependence:
● Emissions and Climate Change: Coal plants contribute significantly to global
warming, jeopardising the Paris Agreement's target of limiting temperature rise to
1.5°C. Coal power plants produce a fifth of global greenhouse gas emissions,
exacerbating climate change impacts.
● Emerging Economies' Dilemma: Balancing energy needs for growing populations
with clean energy transition.The green energy transition hasn't kept pace with the
increase in electricity demand.
● Social and Employment Concerns: Coal sectors in developing countries are major
employers, posing challenges during transition.
● Rising Capacity: China and India continue to augment their coal power capacity,
hindering efforts to phase out coal use. China alone accounted for two-thirds of the
world's newly operating coal plants in the past year.
● Public Health Risks: Exposure to coal-related pollutants such as particulate matter,
sulphur dioxide, and mercury poses significant public health risks, including
respiratory diseases and cardiovascular ailments. Vulnerable populations, such as
children and the elderly, are particularly susceptible to adverse health effects.
Case Studies:
● China: Despite promises to curb coal use, China continues to expand its coal power
capacity, posing a major challenge. China has committed to retiring 30 GW by 2025.
But last year, it decommissioned only 4 GW.
● India: While India has made strides in renewables, the rise in energy demand
outpaces green energy growth.
● US: Slowdown in decommissioning of coal plants in the US is a worrying trend.
Potential Solutions:
● Carbon Capture Technology: Exploring the feasibility and affordability of capturing
carbon emissions from coal plants.
● Role of Development Finance Institutions: Enhancing collaboration with national
and global development financial institutions to address social and environmental
impacts of coal dependence.
● Focus on Renewables: Accelerating the development and deployment of renewable
energy sources.
Page 33
● Energy Efficiency Measures: Different types of Coals
Implementation of energy efficiency
measures in industrial and residential Based on carbon, ash and moisture
sectors to reduce overall energy content coal is divided into Peat, Lignite,
consumption and dependency on coal. Bituminous and Anthracite Coal.
● Investment in Clean Energy Research ● Peat: Not technically coal but an early
and Development: Increased stage in the formation of coal.
investment in research and Composed of partially decayed plant
development of clean energy matter and has the lowest carbon
technologies, such as advanced solar, content.
wind, and hydroelectric systems.Policy ● Lignite Coal: Lowest rank of coal with
Reforms: Enactment of policies and the lowest carbon content. Soft and
regulations that incentivize the brown in colour, often referred to as
transition away from coal and promote ● "brown coal."
Bituminous Coal: Second-highest rank
the adoption of renewable energy of coal with a relatively high carbon
alternatives. Implementation of carbon content. Softer than anthracite and has
pricing mechanisms, emissions trading a black or dark brown appearance.
schemes, and renewable energy ● Anthracite Coal: Highest rank of coal
mandates to level the playing field and with the highest carbon content and
spur investment in clean energy. energy value. Hard and lustrous, with a
● International Collaboration and high density and low moisture content.
Climate Finance: Strengthening
international cooperation and climate finance mechanisms to support developing
countries in transitioning away from coal.
Conclusion:
● To meet the goal of phasing out current coal capacity by 2040, the world must retire
an average of 126 GW of coal power plants every year for the next 17 years. While coal
remains a significant source of energy, transitioning towards a future powered by
clean energy sources and robust international cooperation are crucial to combat
climate change and ensure a sustainable future for all.
Q) “In spite of adverse environmental impact, coal mining is still inevitable for development”.
Discuss. [Mains 2017]
3) Climate change and women

GS3- Conservation, Environmental pollution and degradation Environmental impact assessment
Why in the news?

● An article on impact of climate change on
Women
The Hindu : https://shorturl.at/zBTX7
Introduction
● Women and girls face higher health risks
due to climate change, especially in
poverty-stricken areas.
Climate Change Impact on Women
Unequal burden:
Page 34
● Women and girls experience higher health risks due to climate change, particularly in
poverty and with existing social inequalities. (UNDP reports women and children are
14 times more likely to die in disasters).
Livelihoods & food security:
● Agriculture, the main income source for many rural women, suffers from
climate-driven crop yield reductions, worsening food insecurity (impacting poor
households most).
● Women in small landholdings face increased burdens (domestic work, health issues)
and violence during droughts compared to men.
● NFHS data shows women in drought-prone areas are more underweight, experience
more violence, and have higher child marriage rates.
Extreme events & violence:
● 75% of Indian districts are vulnerable to floods, droughts, and cyclones (CEEW
report).
● Over half of women and children in these districts are at risk (NFHS data).
● Studies show a link between natural disasters and increased gender-based violence.
● Natural disasters increase the risk of intimate partner violence, further endangering
women's safety.
● Extreme weather disrupts water access, increasing women's workload and reducing
time for productive activities.
Health impacts:
● Heatwaves endanger pregnant women, young children, and the elderly (Can cause
preterm birth, eclampsia)
● Air pollution harms women's health (respiratory/cardiovascular diseases, impacting
foetal development).
● PM2.5 air pollution increases risks of lung cancer, heart disease, stroke, and
dementia.
Intersectionality:
● Women's vulnerability varies based on factors like geography, socio-economic status,
and cultural norms.
● Certain sub-groups of women face higher risks due to intersecting factors.
Socioeconomic factors and location further increase vulnerability for certain
subgroups. Eg: Tribal women may have limited access to resources and
decision-making power, further exacerbating their vulnerability.
Mental health:
● The increasing food and nutritional insecurity, work burdens and income
uncertainties for women lead not only to poor physical health, but also impact their
mental health and emotional well-being.
Actions to Reduce Climate Change Impact on Women
Empowerment & Resources:
● Provide women with equal access to resources like credit, land ownership, and
technology to improve agricultural yields and livelihoods.
● Invest in building the capacity of women leaders in Panchayats (local governing
bodies) and Self-Help Groups (women's collectives).
Gender-Inclusive Climate Action Plans:
● Integrate a gender lens into State action plans (NAPCC, SAPCC) to recognize women's
vulnerabilities and potential as agents of change.
● Move beyond portraying women as victims and prioritise women's leadership in
climate solutions.
Gender-Responsive Disaster Preparedness:
● Develop gender-responsive disaster preparedness plans that consider the specific
needs and vulnerabilities of women and girls.
Page 35
● Ensure that evacuation shelters and relief efforts are accessible and safe for women,
with provisions for maternal and reproductive health care.
Community-Led Resilience:
● Encourage convergence of services and prioritise actions at the village level,
empowering Panchayats with resources for local adaptation strategies.
● Promote community-based rainwater harvesting and water resource management
plans.
● Support women's collectives, self-help groups, and farmer producer organisations to
develop and implement local adaptation strategies tailored to their needs.
Heatwave Action Plans:
● Implement heatwave action plans with warnings, adjusted work schedules for outdoor
workers, cooling centres, and public water facilities.
● Promote urban planning with increased tree cover, reduced concrete surfaces, and
heat-resistant housing design.
Data & Research:
● Address data gaps by collecting sex-disaggregated data to better understand the
impact of climate change on women across various social groups.
● Invest in research on the intersectionalities of gender, social factors, and climate
vulnerability.
Capacity Building and Awareness Raising:
● Build the capacity of local institutions, including panchayats and community
organisations, to effectively address gender and climate issues.
● Raise awareness among policymakers, stakeholders, and the general public about the
importance of gender equality in climate action and the disproportionate impact of
climate change on women.
Case Study
● The Mahila Housing Trust in Udaipur showed that painting the roofs of low-income
houses with reflective white paint reduced indoor temperatures by 3° C to 4° C and
improved quality of life.
● Work done by the M.S. Swaminathan Research Foundation in a few districts of
Tamil Nadu showed that using geographic information systems, the panchayat
could map key water sources, identify vulnerabilities and climate hazards and
develop a local plan to improve water access by directing government schemes and
resources.
Conclusion
● Climate change disproportionately affects women in India. Recognizing these
inequalities and integrating a gender lens into climate action plans is crucial for
building community resilience and achieving sustainable development. Women can be
powerful agents of change in mitigating climate change impacts and creating a more
equitable future.
Q) Discuss the positive and negative effects of globalisation on women in India [Mains 2015]
Page 36

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Weekly Current Affairs

CONTENTS SPECIES IN NEWS.............................. 15

Q) Consider the following statements:

3) Mozambique ● Mozambique is a country located in southeast Africa

4) Botswana ● Botswana's President Mokgweetsi Masisi has proposed to

5) Myawaddi ● It is a town in southeastern Myanmar, in Kayin State,

be enacted to overcome the judicial interpretations of Fundamental Rights?

2) Curative jurisdiction ● A curative petition is a petition that is filed to the

Q) With reference to India, consider the following statements:

2) Asian Development ● ADB is a multilateral development bank established in

● Cybercrime is defined as a crime where a computer is

Q) In India, it is legally mandatory for which of the following to report on cybersecurity

4) International Energy ● IEA is an autonomous inter-governmental organisation

Q) Consider the following statements:

5) Pacific Island Forum ● The Pacific Islands Forum (PIF) is an intergovernmental

Q) India is a member of which among the following?

2) EMPS 2024 ● The initiative will support adoption of electric

3) DTAA ● This amendment aims to curb tax treaty abuse and

Q) With reference to India's decision to levy an equalisation tax of 6% on online

4) CDP-SURAKSHA ● The CDP-SURAKSHA (Cluster Development

Q) Consider the following statements :

revealing the Sun's corona. This phenomenon is visible

2) Sodium Cyanide ● Sodium cyanide is a poisonous compound with the

Q) Consider the following statements:

3) HAWK Missile ● Homing All the Way Killer (HAWK) is a surface-to-air

agreed to sell urgently aerial threats.

4) Hepatitis ● India has the world's second-highest prevalence of viral

Q) Which of the following statements is not correct?

6) Angara A-5 ● Angara A5 is a Russian heavy lift launch vehicle

Q) Which of the following pairs is/are correctly matched? (2014)

Q)Consider the following statements:

● The study of gape limitations also helps researchers

Q) “Biorock technology” is talked about in which one of the following situations?

2) Invasive Species in ● In a bid to manage the teeming population of chital

● Red-eared slider - popular pet, outcompetes native species

Why in the news?

One Health Initiatives of India

Why in the news?

SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY

● MNRE Scheme: The Ministry of Based on the source of production, the

2) Different approaches to AI regulation

Why in the news?

Government Initiatives are Related to Protecting the Himalayan Region

2) Problem with Coal

3) Climate change and women

Why in the news?

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