Theory Part

Indore Institute of Science and Technology, Indore
Department of Mechanical Engineering
INDORE INSTITUTE OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY, INDORE
ENGINEERING GRAPHICS
THEORY PART
ANSI dimensions are read horizontally. ISO dimensions are parallel to the dimension
line.
ANSI dimensions are centered on the dimension line. ISO dimension are placed above
the dimension line.
ANSI tends to use abbreviations. ISO uses symbols. (example: RAD, DIAM, 3 PLACES
versus R, Ø, 3X)
dimensions have a different syntax.

ANSI: 1.000 DIAM 3 PLACES
ISO: 3X Ø 1.000
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(A) Create the geometries from P1 to P8 using all the coordinates system methods. And we
need to use line tool, and find the missing dimensions.
Absolute cooardinate system:
Absolute coordinates are based on the UCS origin (0,0), which is the intersection of the X
and Y axes. Use absolute coordinates when you know the precise X and
P-7 drawing:
Below we have drawn the P-7 drawing using the absolute coordinate system,
P-8 drawing:
Below we have drawn the P-8 drawing using the absolute coordinate system,
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Relative rectangular coordinate system: You can use absolute or relative Cartesian
(rectangular) coordinates to locate points when creating objects. To use Cartesian
coordinates to specify a point, enter an X value and a Y value separated by a comma. The X
value is the positive or negative distance, in units, along the horizontal axis
P-1 drawing:
Here Below we have drawn the P-1 drawing using the Relative rectangular
coordinate system,
The co-ordinates are (2,1) (@6,0) (@0,1) (@-5,0) (@0,4) (@5,0) (@0,1) (@-6,0)
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P-2 drawing:
Here Below we have drawn the P-2 drawing using the Relative rectangular
coordinate system,
The co-ordinates are (2,1) (@3,0) (@0,4) (@1,0) (@0,-4) (@3,0) (@-2,7) (@-3,0)
(@-2,-7)
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P-3 drawing:
Below we have drawn the P-3 drawing using the Relative rectangular coordinate
system,
The co-ordinates are (2,1) (@1,0) (@0,4) (@2,-2) (@2,2) (@0,-4) (@1,0) (@0,7)
(@-2,-3) (@2,-3) (@-1,0) (@0,-7)
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P-4 drawing:
system,
The co-ordinates are (2,1) (@1,0) (@0,7) (@5,0) (@0,-6) (@-3,0) (@0,-1) (@4,0)
(@0,8) (@-7,0) (@0,-8)
P-5 drawing:
system,
The co-ordinates are {(2,1) (@8,0) (@0,6) (@-8,0) (@0,-6) (3,5) (@2,0) (@0,-3) (@-
2,0) (@0,3) (6,5) (@2,0) (@0,-3) (@-2,0) (@0,3)} in the sequence.
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P-6 drawing:
system,
The co-ordinates are {(0,0) (@0,2) (@4,0) (@0,4) (@-3,0) (0,2) (@8,0) (@0,-2) (@-
3,0) (@0,-4) (4,0) (@0,-2) (@-10,0)} in the sequence.
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P-7 drawing:
system,
The co-ordinates are {(1,1) (@5,0) (@0,2) (@-3,0) (@0,-1) (-1,0) (@0,2) (@3,0)
(@0,2) (@-4,2) (@0,-7)} in the sequence.
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P-8 drawing:
system,
The co-ordinates are {(1,1) (@2,0) (@0,3) (@3,0) (@0,4) (-5,0) (@0,-7) (@2,7)
(@3,0) (@0,-2) (@-3,0) (@0,2)} in the sequence.
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Relative polar co-ordinate system: To specify relative coordinates, precede the

coordinate values with an @ sign. For example, entering @1<45 specifies a point at a
distance of 1 unit from the last point specified at an angle of 45 degrees from the X axis.
By default, angles increase in the counterclockwise direction and decrease in the clockwise
direction. To specify a clockwise direction, enter a negative value for the angle. For example,
entering 1<315 locates the same point as entering 1<-45. You can change the angle conventions for
the current drawing with the UNITS command.
Absolute Polar Coordinates

Absolute polar coordinates are measured from the UCS origin (0,0), which is the intersection of
the X and Y axes. Use absolute polar coordinates when you know the precise distance and angle coordinates of
the point.
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With dynamic input, you can specify absolute coordinates with the # prefix. If you enter coordinates on the
command line instead of in the tooltip, the # prefix is not used. For example, entering #3<45 specifies a point 3
units from the origin at an angle of 45 degrees from the X axis.
The following example shows two lines drawn with absolute polar coordinates using the default angle
direction setting. Enter the following in the tooltip:
Command: line
From point: #0,0
To point: #4<120
To point: #5<30
Relative Polar Coordinates

Relative coordinates are based on the last point entered. Use relative coordinates when you know the location
of a point in relation to the previous point.
To specify relative coordinates, precede the coordinate values with an @ sign. For example,
entering @1<45 specifies a point at a distance of 1 unit from the last point specified at an angle of 45 degrees
from the X axis.
The following example shows two lines drawn with relative polar coordinates. In each illustration, the line
begins at the location labeled as the previous point.
Command: line
From point: @3<45
To point: @5<285
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Direct distance entry:
The direct distance entry is coordinate system, which the drawing will be drawn with
the direct dimensions and that should be drawn below.
P-1 drawing with direct distance measurements:
P-2 drawing with direct distance measurements :
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Annotations:-
An annotation is extra information associated with a particular point in a document or other piece of
information. It can be a note that includes a comment or explanation.
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Layers are the primary method for organizing the objects in a drawing by function or purpose. Layers
can reduce the visual complexity of a drawing and improve display performance by hiding
information that you don’t need to see at the moment.
Before you start drawing, create a set of layers that are useful to your work. In a house plan, you
might create layers for the foundation, floor plan, doors, fixtures, electrical, and so on.
In this example, the display is limited to the objects on the Floor Plan layer by turning off the other
layers.
For other disciplines, the names and number of layers that you create will be different. Once you
create a standard set of layers, you can save the drawing as a template file (.dwt) that you can use
when you start a new drawing.
For complex drawings, you might want to consider a more elaborate layer naming standard. For
example, layer names could begin with 3 digits followed by a naming code that accommodates
multiple floors in a building, project numbers, sets of survey and property data, and so on. This type
of naming convention also makes it easy to control the order of the layers and limit the layers
displayed in the layer list.
Layer Tools
Use the Layer Properties Manager to manage your layers. Find
• Create, rename, and remove layers

• Set the current layer on which new objects are automatically created
• Specify the default properties for objects on the layer
You can override any layer property of an object. For example, if an object’s color property is set to
BYLAYER, the object displays the color of that layer. If the object’s color is set to Red, the object
displays as red, regardless of the color assigned to that layer.
• Set whether the objects on a layer are displayed or turned off

• Control whether objects on a layer are plotted
• Set whether a layer is locked against editing
• Control the layer display properties for layout viewports
• Sort, filter, and group layer names
In addition to the Layer Properties Manager, you can access layer tools on the Layers panel on the Home tab of
the ribbon.
For example, the Off button turns off the layers of any objects that you select.
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Current Layer
All new objects are drawn on the current layer. The green check mark on the Layer Properties Manager
indicates the current layer.
A layer cannot be the current layer if:
• The layer is frozen

• The layer is part of an external reference
Layer Visibility
You can control the visibility of objects on a layer by toggling the layer on/off or by using freeze/thaw.
You can turn layers off and on as needed. Objects on layers turned off are invisible in the drawing.
Freezing and thawing layers is similar to turning them off and on. However, when working with
drawings with lots of layers, freezing unneeded layers can speed up display and regeneration. For example,
objects on a frozen layer are not considered during a ZOOM EXTENTS.
Locking Layers
You can prevent objects on selected layers from being inadvertently modified by locking those layers. Objects
on locked layers appear faded and a small lock icon is displayed when you hover over the object.
The fading feature for locked layers lets you reduce the visual complexity of a drawing, but still maintain
visual reference and object snapping capabilities.
You can set the fade level for locked layers. Find
In this example, the fading level is set at 25%, 50%, and the maximum fading level, 90%.
There are a few things to keep in mind when working with locked layers:
• The locked layer fading value further reduces the visibility of transparent objects.
• The locked layer fading value does not affect how objects appear when plotted.
• Grips are not displayed on objects that are on locked layers.
Layer Filters
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Sometimes drawings can include dozens or even hundreds of layers. A layer filter limits the display of layer
names in the Layer Properties Manager and in the Layer control on the ribbon. You can create layer property
filters based on the name, color, and other properties. For example, you can define a property filter that lists all
layers that include the letters "mech" in the layer name and are set to red.
You can also create layer group filters where you choose specific layers to include in the group. For example,
you could create a group called Tool Fixture that includes all the layers associated with the tool fixtures in your
drawing. When you click the Tool Fixture group in the Layer Properties Manager, only the layers in the Tool
Fixtures group are listed.
Orthographic projection
orthographic projection, common method of representing three-dimensional objects, usually by
three two-dimensional drawings in each of which the object is viewed along parallel lines that
are perpendicular to the plane of the drawing.
Parametric Model/Modeling
A parametric model captures all its information about the data within its parameters. All you need to
know to predict a future data value from the model's current state is its parameters. The parameters are
usually finite in dimensions. Knowing the parameters for a parametric model to predict new data is
enough. A parametric model is one where we assume the 'shape' of the data and, therefore, only have
to estimate the coefficients of the model. A significant advantage of parametric modeling is that it
compactly describes the underlying process, making further data processing more accessible. However,
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most work in parametric system identification relies on the assumption of time-invariance of the system
and stationarity of the observed signal. But this assumption is not valid for all signals. In these cases, a
heuristic approach often determines the optimal reduced model.
Parametric models keep a history of the parameters that determine a model's geometry. As a result,
they allow the user to explore different design options while minimizing edit time. Similarly, parametric
models can be visualized in 3D drawing programs. It means that they can more closely simulate the
actual behavior of the original project.
Non-parametric Model/Modeling
A non-parametric model can capture more subtle aspects of the data. It allows more information to pass
from the current set of data attached to the model at the current state to predict future data. The
parameters are usually said to be infinite in dimensions. Hence, it can express the characteristics in the
data much better than parametric models. For a non-parametric model, predicting future data is based
not just on the parameters but also on the observed data state. A non-parametric model is one where
we do not assume the 'shape' of the data, and we have to estimate the most suitable form of the model,
along with the coefficients.
Parametric models require a fixed number of parameters, while non-parametric ones don't. The former
is better for models with well-defined and predictable input data. Non-parametric models can be
trained with a more significant number of data. However, the disadvantages of a parametric model are
greater training time. While both models effectively predict the future, the latter tends to produce
better results. The former requires less training data but is faster than non-parametric methods. Non-
parametric models have the disadvantage of overfitting because they need many observations to
approximate f. Non-parametric models have a much lower precision rate but can produce better-fitting
models.
As for the disadvantages of both models, parametric models are generally easier to understand and use.
Besides requiring less training data, parametric models tend to produce poorer results. It is why they are
more popular. However, the benefits of non-parametric algorithms are far outweighed by their
disadvantages. The latter is often better for data that are not linear or have many missing values.
Parametric models use different methods to estimate model parameters.
Parametric modeling is based on mathematical functions, while non-parametric models are based on
data. The difference between the two is a big one and can make the difference between success and
failure in the field of statistics.
wireframe and surface modeling?

The term wireframe comes from designers using metal wire to represent the 3 dimensional shape of
solid objects. 3D wireframe allows to construct and manipulate solids and solid surfaces. 3D solid
modeling technique efficiently draws high quality representation of solids than the conventional line
drawing.
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You may have heard of wireframe modeling, a technique used by artists and engineers to
create a visual presentation of a physical or three-dimensional object. Using simple lines
and curves, the wireframe model is used as a skeleton for building the 3D object.
Surface Modeling is the method of showing or presenting solid objects. The process
requires you to convert between different 3D modeling types, such as converting the 3D object
to show procedural surfaces, validate imperfections, and apply smoothness.
BLUEPRINT
What is blueprint in engineering drawing?
A blueprint is a reproduction of a technical drawing or engineering drawing using a

contact print process on light-sensitive sheets. Introduced by Sir John Herschel in
1842, the process allowed rapid and accurate production of an unlimited number of
copies.
What is the main purpose of a blueprint?

A blueprint is a two-dimensional set of drawings that provides a detailed visual
representation of how an architect wants a building to look. Blueprints typically
specify a building's dimensions, construction materials, and the exact placement of all
its components.
What are the 3 main parts of a blueprint?

Blueprints are documents that contain three major elements: the drawing,
dimensions, and notes. The drawing illustrates the views of the part necessary to
show its features.
What Are the Six Types of Construction Drawings?

• Plans.
• Interior and exterior elevations.
• Building and wall sections.
• Interior and exterior details.
• Schedules and room finishes.
• Framing and utility plans.
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Mesh Topology :
In mesh, all the computers are interconnected to every other during a network. Each computer not only
sends its own signals but also relays data from other computers. The nodes are connected to every
other completely via a dedicated link during which information is travel from nodes to nodes and there
are N(N-1)/2 links in mesh if there are N nodes. Every node features a point-to-point connection to the
opposite node. The connections within the mesh are often wired or wireless.
There are two types of Mesh topologies –
Fully-connected Mesh Topology
Partially-connected Mesh Topology
1. Full Mesh Topology :
All the nodes within the network are connected with every other If there are n number of nodes during
a network, each node will have an n-1 number of connections. A full mesh provides an excellent deal of
redundancy, but because it is prohibitively expensive to implement, it’s usually reserved for network
backbones.
Total number of links required for the mesh topology is [n(n-1)]/2.
2. Partial Mesh Topology :
The partial mesh is more practical as compared to the full mesh. In a partially connected mesh, all the
nodes aren’t necessary to be connected with one another during a network. Peripheral networks are
connected using partial mesh and work with a full-mesh backbone in tandem.
Advantages of Mesh Topology :
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Failure during a single device won’t break the network.
There is no traffic problem as there is a dedicated point to point links for every computer.
Fault identification is straightforward.
This topology provides multiple paths to succeed in the destination and tons of redundancy.
It provides high privacy and security.
Data transmission is more consistent because failure doesn’t disrupt its processes.
Adding new devices won’t disrupt data transmissions.
This topology has robust features to beat any situation.
A mesh doesn’t have a centralized authority.
Disadvantages of Mesh Topology :
It’s costly as compared to the opposite network topologies i.e. star, bus, point to point topology.
Installation is extremely difficult in the mesh.
Power requirement is higher as all the nodes will need to remain active all the time and share the load.
Complex process.
The cost to implement mesh is above other selections.
There is a high risk of redundant connections.
Each node requires a further utility cost to think about.
Maintenance needs are challenging with a mesh.
Geometric dimensioning and tolerancing

Geometric dimensioning and tolerancing (GD&T) is a system of symbols used on
engineering drawings to communicate information from the designer to the manufacturer
through engineering drawings. GD&T tells the manufacturer the degree of accuracy and
precision needed for each controlled feature of the part.
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What is the purpose of Geometric
Dimensioning & Tolerancing?
Geometric dimensioning and tolerancing (GD&T) is a system of
symbols used on engineering drawings to communicate information
from the designer to the manufacturer through engineering drawings.
GD&T tells the manufacturer the degree of accuracy and precision

needed for each controlled feature of the part. GD&T is used to define
the nominal geometry of parts and assemblies and to define the
allowable variation of features.
Common GD&T Symbols

Feature Datum Bonus
Geometric
Symbol Modifie Datums Modifie Toleranc
Characteristic
r r e
Datums
Not
Allowed
✓ Only
Form Straightness ✓ NA at MMC
Form
or LMC
tolerances
are
defined to
limit the
deviations
of a
Flatness X NA X
geometric
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feature
from its
ideal
form.
Circularity X NA X
Cylndricity X NA X
Profile Profile of a line X Datums ✓ X
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sometime
s required
Profile of a
X ✓ X
Surface
Datums ✓ Only
Orientatio Required
Angularity ✓ ✓ at MMC
n
or LMC
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✓ Only
Perpendicularit
✓ ✓ at MMC
y
or LMC
✓ Only
Parallelism ✓ ✓ at MMC
or LMC
Circular Runout X X X
Runout
Total Runout X X X
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✓ Only
Position ✓ ✓ at MMC
or LMC
Location
Concentricity X X X
Symmetry X X X
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Modifiers
If no modifier follows a datum feature size, the datum feature applies
regardless of material boundary.
Symbol Modifier Notes
This symbol is used to identify a group of

features when there is a requirement that
Continuous Feature
they be teated geometrically as a single
feature.
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Features identified as statistical toleranced

Statistical Tolerance should be produced with Statistical Process
Control (SPC).
The upper value of a external feature defines

a virtual cylinder that the entire feature has
Envelope
to fit inside. Likewise a internal features
requirement
minimum value defines a cylinder that has to
fit inside the hole.
Applies only when part is otherwise

Free State
restrained.
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This principle sets no limits to the number of

errors of form possessed by individual
Independency features of a work piece. is the default for
requirement ISO tolerancing.
For ANSI/ASME tolerancing this has to be
specified.
Least Material
Useful to maintain minimum wall thickness.
Condition (LMC)
Maximum Material Provides bonus tolerance only for a feature

Condition of size.
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Projected Tolerance
Useful on threaded holes for long studs.
Zone
Useful for interfaces where form is not

Tangent Plane
required.
Appears in the 2009 version of the standard,

Unequal Bilateral
and refers to unequal profile distribution.
Tolerance Zones
Specifies the type of zone applied to the tolerance.
Symbol Tolerance zone Notes
Controlled radius Creates a tolerance zone defined by two arcs
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that are tangential to the adjacent surfaces
Spherical diameter Creates a spherical tolerance zone defined

tolerance zone by a specified diameter
Creates a tolerance zone defined by two

Spherical radius
spherical segments with the minimum and
tolerance zone
maximum radii mentioned
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This prefix can be used to signify that a

Diameter tolerance zone exists of a diameter specified
by the numerical value after this prefix.
Feature Control Frames

In GD&T (Geometric dimensioning and tolerancing), a feature control
frame is required to describe the conditions and tolerances of a
geometric control on a part's feature. The feature control frame
includes four parts:
• GD&T symbol/control symbol
• Tolerance zone type and dimensions
• Tolerance zone modifiers - such as features of size
• Datum references (if required by the GD&T Symbol)
Combined, the feature control frame provides all the information you
need to measure the geometric tolerance of the features of the part
and determine if the part is in spec.
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Solid and Assembly Modeling
CAD solid model programs use a database of primitive forms of solid geometry like cubes, cones,
cylinders, pyramids, spheres, etc. These are combined in a variety of ways (adding or subtracting) to
produce more complex models.
This gives a well defined model. All volumes, surfaces and angles are well defined and known unlike
surface modelers or wire frame modelers. Since all solids are represented inside the system as
combinations of primitives or parts of primitives a task like calculating the volume of a complex
space present few problems. It is just a question of taking the volumes of the constituent primitives
and adding or subtracting them as appropriate. So volumes and weights are well known in the
beginning of the design process and lead no room for misinterpretation.
Also designers found out that building a shape up out of primitives allows them to concentrate on
essentials. The whole process brings them closer to the actual manufacturing process, and is in
some cases almost a literal simulation of it. The parallel between boring a hole in an object and
subtracting a model of a cylinder from a model of that object is after all very close and adding a
model cogwheel to a model cylinder is very like slipping a real cogwheel onto a real axle.
The solid models are representing the geometry and can be the base for engineering analysis
because the geometry is well defined. This integration between CAD and Engineering is very
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important in Concurrent Engineering because it makes more iteration steps possible during the
design. So many changes during the design process are possible. This will help to optimise the
product, which will give an increasing product quality and a reduction in the product development
time.
The analysing methods that are mostly used can calculate and the mechanical, kinematics and
dynamic behaviour of the simulated software prototypes.
The ability to develop 3-D solid models is bridging the gaps
between design, engineering, and manufacturing in a concurrent
engineering environment. To save time and costs 3-D solid
model files are electronically transferred to moulders, and used
to cut tools directly (CAD/CAM); the same files can also be used
for rendering and analysis to reduce the risk of failure.
Assembly modeling further builds on solid modeling by
combining solid part models together into an overall assembly
model. The individual part solid model data files describing the
3D geometry of individual components are assembled together
to create an assembly describing the whole product or assembly.
Components can be positioned within the product assembly
using absolute coordinate placement methods or by means of
mating conditions. Mating conditions are definitions of the
relative position of components between each other; for example
alignment of two holes or location of two part faces to one
another.
Solid and assembly modeling can caputure more than just the part geometry. Tolerancing, geometric
dimensioning, and notations can also be captured.
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Assembly modeling
Assembly modeling is a technique applied by CAD and product
visualization software systems to utilize multiple files that shows components
within a product. The components within an assembly are called as solid / surface
models.
The designer usually has approach to models that others are functioning on
concurrently. For example, different people may be creating one machine that has
different components. New parts are extra to an assembly model as they are
generated. Every designer has approach to the assembly model, during a work in
progress, and while working in their own components. The design development is
noticeable to everyone participated. Based on the system, it might be essential for
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the users to obtain the most recent versions saved of every individual component to
update the assembly.
The personal data files defining the 3D geometry of personal components

are assembled together via a number of sub assembly levels to generate an
assembly explaining the complete product. Every CAD methods support the
bottom-up construction. A few systems, through associative copying of geometry
between components allow top-down construction. Components can be situated
within the assembly applying absolute coordinate position methods.
Mating conditions are defines of the relative location of mechanism between

each other; for example axis position of two holes or distance between two faces.
The final place of all objects based on these relationships is computing using a
geometry constraint engine built into the CAD package.
The significance of assembly modeling in obtaining the full advantages of

Product Life-cycle Management has directed to ongoing benefits in this
technology. These contain the benefit of lightweight data structures that accept
visualization of and interaction with huge amounts of data related to product,
interface between PDM systems and active digital mock up method that combine
the skill to visualize the assembly mock up with the skill to design and redesign
with measure, analyze and simulate.
1. Assembly Concepts
When components are additional to an assembly, parent and child

relationships are created. These relationships are displayed by graphically as an
assembly tree. Parts are parametrically connected by position constraints. These
constraints have data about how a part should be placed within the assembly
hierarchy and how it should respond if other components are edited.
Functioning within the framework of an assembly is prepared easier by

accepting to apply more commands to other parts and sub-assemblies. These
contain the Annotation Text, Inquire, Point, Datum Plane and Pattern Component
commands. Bigger assembly performance is improved by removing unwanted
redraws and improved display management while zooming.
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Assembly models have additional data than simply the sum of their components.
With assembly modeling interference verifies between parts and assembly specific
data such as mass properties.
Assembly of parts
2. Bottom up Assembly design
In a ‘bottom up’assembly design, complex assemblies are divided into minor

subassemblies and parts. Every part is considered as individual part by one or more
designers. The parts can be archived in a library in one or more 3D Files. This is
the high effective way to generate and manage
complex assemblies.
Every part is included into the active part making a component request and
thus an assembly. The component will be the child of the active part and then it
will be the active part. Hence an instance
of the actual part is applied; it revises automatically if the archived part is edited by
activating.
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Floor Plans - Types, Symbols & Examples
What Is a Floor Plan?
A floor plan is a type of drawing that shows you the layout of a home or property from above. Floor
plans typically illustrate the location of walls, windows, doors, and stairs, as well as fixed installations
such as bathroom fixtures, kitchen cabinetry, and appliances. Floor plans are usually drawn to scale and
will indicate room types, room sizes, and wall lengths. They may also show furniture layouts and include
outdoor areas.
Why Are Floor Plans Important?
According to research by Zillow, 81% of home buyers say they are more likely to view a home if the
listing includes a floor plan they like. Floor plans are an essential part of real estate marketing, as well as
home building, interior design, and architecture projects Floor plans show the relationship between
rooms and spaces, furniture layout, and communicate how one can move through a property.
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Building Information Modelling:

An Introduction to BIM
According to the United Nations, the global population is projected to reach 9.8 billion by 2050. The
global architecture, engineering, and construction (AEC) industry is responsible for supporting this
growth by developing sustainable infrastructure, and maintaining and restoring existing buildings and
developments. This obligation is a tall order and requires smarter, and more efficient ways to design and
build – not just to keep up with the ever-growing population, but for the overall quality and resilience of
future developments.
Building Information Modelling is the perfect solution to this. It is used to design and document building
and infrastructure designs, and helps stakeholders understand what the finished product will be –
highlighting key steps of the construction process along the way. Additionally, it is a great way to ensure
all parties involved are kept up-to-date with the project’s progress.
What is Building Information Modelling?
Building Information Modelling (BIM) is an intelligent 3D model-based process that provides AEC
professionals with every detail need to plan, design, construct, and manage buildings and infrastructure.
BIM allows design and construction teams to work more efficiently, while enabling them to capture the
data they create during the process. This data benefits operations and maintenance activities, and
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informs planning and resourcing on the project. BIM can be used in a number of industries, but in
architecture it is used to make better design decisions, improve building performance, and collaborate
more effectively throughout the project lifecycle. Other industries using BIM include civil engineering,
construction, plant, MEP (mechanical, electrical, plumbing), and structural engineering.
The BIM process
Plan
BIM’s ability to capture real-world data and generate context models of pre-existing environments is
essential information for project planning.
Design
During this phase, conceptual design, analysis, detailing and documentation are performed. The
preconstruction process begins using BIM data to inform scheduling and logistics.
Build
During this phase, fabrication begins using BIM specifications. Project construction logistics are shared
with trades and contractors to manage timing and efficiency.
Operate
BIM data carries over to operations and maintenance of finished assets. BIM data can be used down the
road for cost-effective renovation or efficient deconstruction too.
Uses and benefits
BIM technology is used to manage information on a construction project across the project lifecycle. It is
the digital description of every aspect of the built asset, and provides modelling and management
information which enables all the parties to work to the same standard and to be kept in the loop
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regarding any updates and changes. Additional benefits include, better project coordination and
collaboration with stakeholders, efficient workflows, 3D virtualizations, and overall improved project
outcomes.
BIM brings together all the information about each individual component of a building, in one easily
accessible place. This makes it possible for anyone to access that information for any purpose and to
integrate different aspects of the design more effectively. This results in mistakes and abortive costs
being minimised. So who uses BIM? We’ve broken it down to the types of clients who are and should be
using BIM, and what they can use it for:
Contractors and sub-contractors – BIM compliance, reworking native BIM models from consultants and
building in additional data, and of course shop drawing production.
Project Managers – Overall management and coordination of projects via BIM, time-lining, and
animations linked to the program.
Claims and litigation legal firms – Forensic BIM to validate and support claims.
Quantity surveyors – Re-measure via bulk quantity takeoffs through BIM.
What is a BIM object?
BIM objects are the components that make up a BIM model. These components feature the following
characteristics:
Information content that defines a product.
Product properties, such as thermal performance.
Geometry representing the products physical characteristics.
Visualisation data giving the object a recognisable appearance.
Functional data, such as detection zones, that enables the object to be positioned and behave in the
same manner as the product itself.
If any of the above elements are changed, BIM software will update the model to reflect the change.
This means that all parties involved in the construction process, from designers to project managers, are
able to work in a more collaborative environment as the model will remain consistent and coordinated
throughout the entire process.
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BIM Levels
Various projects use different levels of BIM, with each level catering to a different set of criteria. The
levels start at 0 and go up to 4D, 5D, and even 6D BIM, and each level is determined by how much
information is shared and managed throughout the process. Take a look at the criteria needed to
determine which level you are working at for levels 0-3D:
Level 0 BIM
Level 0 refers to no collaboration whatsoever. This level is generally in operation when using 2D CAD
and working with drawings/digital prints.
Level 1 BIM
Level 1 usually means that 3D CAD is being used for concept work, while 2D CAD is used for drafting
production information. A large number of firms are at level 1 which doesn’t tend to involve much
collaboration with each stakeholder publishing and managing their own data.
Level 2 BIM
In April 2016, it was made a mandatory requirement for all publicly tendered projects in the UK to
operate a level 2 BIM. At level 2, all parties involved utilise 3D CAD models, and the way stakeholders
exchange their data varies from other levels.
Information is shared through a common file format, and all firms involved combine this with their own
data. This saves time, costs, and reduces the need for rework.
Level 3 BIM
Level 3 means that everyone on the project uses one, shared project model instead of working on their
own 3D model independently. This makes it the most collaborative level among the first 4. This ‘open
BIM’ approach exists in a central environment making it easily accessible and editable by everyone.
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Building Information Modelling
RMJM DX is a global studio with over 30 years of experience in delivering projects using Building
Information Modelling. The team at RMJM DX manages the entire BIM process for its clients, as well as
providing support and advice on data management through innovative workflows and plug-ins. The
studio provides first-class BIM services across multiple sectors, including luxury residential, mixed-use,
aviation and healthcare. Services offered by the DX studio include:
BIM Audits/Assessments
BIM Turn-Around Solutions
Building Information Modelling (BIM1) Management
Building Information Management (BIM2) Management and Solutions
BIM Training & Up-Skilling
DX (Digital Transformation Solutions)
As hardware, software, and cloud applications herald greater capability to handle increasing amounts of
raw data and information, the use of BIM will become even more pronounced than it is in current
projects. The future of the construction industry is digital, and Building Information Modelling is the
future of design and long-term facility management.
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Indore Institute of Science and Technology, Indore

Department of Mechanical Engineering

INDORE INSTITUTE OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY, INDORE

dimensions have a different syntax.

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Absolute cooardinate system:

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Relative polar co-ordinate system: To specify relative coordinates, precede the

Absolute Polar Coordinates

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From point: #0,0

Relative Polar Coordinates

From point: @3<45

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Direct distance entry:

P-1 drawing with direct distance measurements:

P-2 drawing with direct distance measurements :

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P-3 drawing with direct distance measurements:

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P-5 drawing with direct distance measurements :

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P-6 drawing with direct distance measurements:

P-7 drawing with direct distance measurements:

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P-8 drawing with direct distance measurements :

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Use the Layer Properties Manager to manage your layers. Find

• Create, rename, and remove layers

• Set whether the objects on a layer are displayed or turned off

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A layer cannot be the current layer if:

• The layer is frozen

wireframe and surface modeling?

A blueprint is a reproduction of a technical drawing or engineering drawing using a

What is the main purpose of a blueprint?

What are the 3 main parts of a blueprint?

What Are the Six Types of Construction Drawings?

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There are two types of Mesh topologies –

Fully-connected Mesh Topology

Partially-connected Mesh Topology

1. Full Mesh Topology :

Total number of links required for the mesh topology is [n(n-1)]/2.

2. Partial Mesh Topology :

Advantages of Mesh Topology :

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Fault identification is straightforward.

It provides high privacy and security.

Adding new devices won’t disrupt data transmissions.

This topology has robust features to beat any situation.

A mesh doesn’t have a centralized authority.

Disadvantages of Mesh Topology :

Installation is extremely difficult in the mesh.