Dem Lab Manual

Nashik Gramin Shikshan Prasarak Mandal's
Brahma Valley College of Engineering &

Research Institute
Nashik
Electrical Engineering Department
Third Year
DESIGN OF ELECTRICAL MACHINES

LAB MANUAL
Year 2017 –2018
Name of Student:
Roll No: Exam Seat No:___________

Research Institute
Anjaneri, Trimbakeshwar Road, Nashik - 422 212, Maharashtra, India.
Phone: +(91)-(2594)-220202, 220066
LAB MANUAL
DESIGN OF ELECTRICAL MACHINES
T.E.(ELECTRICAL) ENGG
(2017-18)
PREPARED BY
PROF. VIJAY PATIL
(ASSISTANT PROFESSOR IN EE DEPARTMENT)
Research Institute
Anjaneri, Trimbakeshwar Road, Nashik - 422 212, Maharashtra, India.
Phone: +(91)-(2594)-220202, 220066
CERTIFICATE
This is to certify that Mr/Ms. _ _ _ __ _ _ _ __ _ _ _ __ _ _ _
Seat No.__ _ _ _ __ _ _ _ __ Roll No._____ ___________ from Second Year
Electrical Engineering of Academic Year 2017 - 18 has
successfully completed his / her Practical work on Numerical
Method & Computer Programming at Brahma Valley College of
Engineering and Research Institute, Nashik in the partial fulfillment
of the Bachelors Degree in Engineering.
(Prof. P.J.Jawale) (Prof. K.P. Ghuge) (Prof. C. K. Patil)

Practical In-charge Head of Department Director
INDEX
Sub: Numerical Method & Computer Programming Class: S.E.Electrical
Expt. Page
Name of the Experiment Date Remark
No. No.
About AutoCAD
A.
Practice Exercises
B.
Lab exercises:
C.
Developed AC Winding diagram:

1
a. Lap winding with single
layer and full pitch
b. Lap winding with single
layer, short pitched by one slot
c. Lap winding with double
layer, short pitched by one slot
d. Wave winding with single
layer, full pitch
e. Lap winding with double
layer, fractional slot
Transformer:
5
a. Elevation and plan of single
phase transformer
b. Elevation and plan of three
phase transformer
c. Elevation and plan of shell
type single phase transformer
6
Induction Motor:
Elevation and plan of a
squirrel cage induction motor
D. Commonly used commands in
AutoCAD
E. Probable viva questions
BRAHMA VALLEY COLLEGE OF ENGG & RESEARCH INSTITUTE. NASHIK (062)
NUMERICAL METHODS AND COMPUTER SEM. : II (SE)
DEPT. : ELECTRICAL ENGG.
PROGRAMMING ( 203148 )
PROGRAM NO. : BVCOERI/ELECT/NMCP/01 PAGE:__-__ DATE:
PROGRAM TITLE: SOLUTION OF POLYNOMIAL EQUATION USING BIRGE-VIETA METHOD.
Objectives of AutoCAD laboratory

To give an insight into design of electrical machines and their windings, with the use
of computer aided design software such as AutoCAD
To develop creativity, imagination and logical thinking necessary for general and
professional life
Prerequisites required for the conduction of this lab

Before coming in to this lab, students must have -
- Knowledge of electrical machine design
- Knowledge of machine windings
- Basic computer knowledge
Outcome of the lab:

Design of machines is entirely done now in industries using AutoCAD. Students will gain
knowledge of working in AutoCAD which is essential for industries dealing with machine
design and manufacture
Working on different problems in electrical drawing using computer aided design

software like AutoCAD gives the students the logical skill to do different kinds of
design of electrical windings or machines
AutoCAD
AutoCAD is a software application for computer-aided design (CAD) and drafting in

both 2D and 3D. It is developed and marketed by Autodesk, Inc. The native file format
of AutoCAD is .dwg.
Some of the examples of industry-specific CAD applications built on the AutoCAD

platform are:
* AutoCAD Electrical: It is designed specifically to aid in the creation of electrical controls

* AutoCAD Civil 3D: It is designed to aid civil engineers in the creation of
land, transportation, and water systems
* AutoCAD Mechanical: It is designed for mechanical engineers to design parts ranging

in all kinds of fields but mainly automotive
* AutoCAD Map 3D: It is designed to aid in the planning and mapping of

model infrastructures
… and there are many more applications specific to certain applications
Co-ordinate systems in AutoCAD
There are three co-ordinate systems in AutoCAD
- Absolute co-ordinate system

- Relative co-ordinate system
- Relative polar co-ordinate system
a. Absolute co-ordinate system:
Values are based on the origin (0,0) where X and Y axes intersect. This is used when
the precise values of X and Y are known
For ex: A point (5,3) means it is at horizontal distance (X) of 5 units and vertical distance
(Y) of 3 units from the origin (0,0)
b. Relative co-ordinate system:
Values are based on the last point entered. To specify a relative co-ordinate, the
symbol @ is used. This means that last point is treated as origin whenever @ is used.
For ex: @20,36 means that this point is at horizontal distance (X) of 20 units and
vertical distance (Y) of 36 units f rom the p re vious point
c. Relative polar co-ordinate system:
Values are in polar form, with the distance and the angle given. The angle is specified
by the symbol <
For ex: @30<45 means the point is at horizontal distance (X) of 20 units and at angle
of 45o f rom the p re viou s point
The AutoCAD screen contains various toolbars, menus. The designs are drawn in the
Drawing Space. The commands are entered in the Command line window. This
window needs to be watched each time an activity is to be done in the drawing space. It
prompts the user for the next action. The Status Bar contains various modes of
drawing like Grid, Osnap, Otrack etc.
Note that the workspace will always be black in colour, but the lines can be given
colours other than white also.
Layers can be used to group related items so that they can be modified together. For
example, all items in a layer can be given a specific colour. Each layer can be hidden
or viewed separately.
Basic procedures while starting a new file
1. Create a new file: File > New –or- Ctrl+N
2. Set the limits of the image

a. In the command window,
type: limits <enter>
Specify lower left corner: 0, 0 <enter>
Specify upper right corner: <depends on the size of the overall image>
<enter> zoom all <enter>
Suppose the maximum length and breadth of a drawing in 30 cms, set upper right corner
as a bit higher number like (40,40). Limits can be set using the above command, or
menu option Format>Drawing Limits
Note 1: At each and every step, the command window needs to be watched for the next
step
Note 2: In this manual,
- the words in italics are the commands to be entered in the command window
- the words in bold are the toolbar buttons to be clicked in the window, or menus to
be selected
- the words within angle brackets <> are for the buttons to be pressed, like <enter>,
<esc>, or for instructions, like <click anywhere…>
- the words in normal brackets () are explanations for the actions done
To open an existing file: File > Open –or- Ctrl+O
To undo a command: <u> –or Ctrl+Z
To cancel or reset a command: <esc>
To save a file: File > Save –or- Ctrl+S. This saves the file with extension .dwg
Practice exercises
1. Create a rectangle with length 27.8 units and breadth 22.6 units
P rocedu re:
a. Create a new file
b. In the command window, type-

limits <enter>
Specify upper right corner: 30,30 <enter>
zoom all <enter>
Me thod 1: Using the rectangle tool
<click on Rectangle icon in tool bar –or- select from Draw > Rectangle >
Specify first corner point: <click anywhere in the workspace>
Specify other corner point or [Dimensions]: D <enter> (to enter the dimensions given)
Specify length for rectangles: 27.8 <enter>
Specify width for rectangles: 22.6 <enter>
<click once in the workspace to accept the drawing>
Me thod 2: Creating from separate lines using relative co-ordinate system
line <enter>
Specify first point: <click anywhere>
Specify next point or [Undo]: @27.8,0 <enter>
Specify next point or [Undo]: @0,22.6 <enter>
Specify next point or [Close/Undo]: @-27.8,0 <enter>
Specify next point or [Close/Undo]: @0,-22.6 <enter>
Specify next point or [Close/Undo]: <esc>

Me thod 3: Creating from separate lines using relative polar co-ordinate system
line <enter>
Specify first point: <click anywhere>
Specify next point or [Undo]: @27.8<0 <enter> (horizontal line of length 27.8)
Specify next point or [Undo]: @22.6<90 <enter> (vertical line of length 22.6)
Specify next point or [Close/Undo]: @27.8<180 <enter>
Specify next point or [Close/Undo]: @22.6<-90 <enter> (270 can also be used instead
of -90)
Specify next point or [Close/Undo]: <esc>
2. Create a circle of radius 10 units
P rocedu re:
<click on Circle icon in toolbar –or- select from Draw > Circle > Center, Radius >
Command: _circle Specify center point for circle: <click anywhere for the centre>
Specify radius of circle or [Diameter] : 10
Note: If diameter is known, type D and then give the value
3. Create an array of ten circles each 1 cm radius, separated by a distance of 1.5 cms
P rocedu re:
a. Create a new file
b. In the command window, type-

limits <enter>
Specify upper right corner: 20,20 <enter> zoom

all <enter>
circle <enter> (-or- Circle button in toolbar –or- select Draw > Circle > Center,
Radius)
Specify center point for circle: <click anywhere in workspace> <enter>
Specify radius of circle or [Diameter]: 1
array <enter> (-or- click the Array button in toolbar)
(This command opens an Array window. In this window -

Select Rectangular Array
Rows is 1, Columns is 10
Row offset: 1
Column offset: 3.5
(Offset is from centre to centre. Two circles separated by 1.5 cms means distance
between their centres is 1+1.5+1, i.e., 3.5 cms)
Select object. The window disappears. Click on the circle and press <enter>.
Click Preview. If ok, click Accept, else Modify to make changes)
11
DESIGN OF ELECTRICAL MACHINES WITH AUTOCAD
Electrical Drawing exercises
2. AC winding diagr ams
AC windings can be –
- Lap or Wave
- Single or double layer

- Full pitch or short pitch
- Integral slot or fractional slot
2a. Single layer Lap winding
Draw a developed winding diagram for an AC machine with 4 poles, 24 slots. The winding
is single layer lap.
Ob je ct ive:
To design and draw winding for an AC machine which is lap wound, single layer and full
pitched
Given data:
Number of slots, Z: 24
Number of poles, P: 4
Calcu lat ions:
Slot pitch, slots/pole = 24/4 = 6, that is, 6 slots under each pole
Slot angle, 180o/slot pitch = 180o/6 = 30o electrical degrees
Slots/pole/phase = 24/6/3 = 2, that is, under each pole, there are 2 Red, 2 Blue, 2
Yellow conductors
Slot distance, 120o/slot angle = 120o/30o = 4, that is, 4 slots difference between same
phase
BVCOERI Page 13
Coil span, winding pitch/slot angle = (180o-(slots shorted x slot angle))/slot angle =
(180o-(0 x 30o))/30o = 6
Usually small single layer windings are Mush windings, which should have an odd coil
span. So coil span=6-1=5, to make it odd
Assume sequence as RYB
Starting conductor of:
- R is 1 (by default)
- Y is 1 + 120/slot angle = 1+120/30 = 5
- B is 1 + 240/slot angle = 1+240/30 = 9
Sl o t-po le tab le:
Red Blue Yellow
Pole 1 (N) 24, 1 2, 3 4, 5
Pole 2 (S) 6, 7 8, 9 10, 11
Pole 3 (N) 12, 13 14, 15 16, 17
Pole 4 (S) 18, 19 20, 21 22, 23
This table does not give the connection status. It is only useful for finding which
conductor is under which pole and what phase. For example, 12th line is a Yellow
conductor under pole 2, i.e., first South Pole
Procedure:
1. Create a new file
2. In the command window,

type-limits <enter>

zoom all <enter>
3. Create layers to place each phase in a separate layer so that they can be viewed
and modified separately.
BVCOERI Page 14
Format > Layer -or- command layer

This opens a layer window.
Click New to create a new layer. Rename it as Red. Click on its Color column and
select red colour. Repeat this for Yellow and Blue
4. Create 24 lines using Line and Array tools.
5. Number the conductors from 1 to 24 using Text tool
6. According to the slot-pole table, lines 1, 2, 7, 8, 13, 18, 19, 24 are red.
Open Layers window. If not visible, go to View > Toolbars and check Layers
option Select the red numbered lines 1, 2, 7, 8, 13, 18, 19, 24
From the drop down menu of layers window, select Red

layer Repeat the same for yellow and blue lines.
Now all the 24 lines are separated into three layers. They can be viewed separately
by turning off the other two layers.
7. The first conductor is connected to next conductor as 1+coil span, that is, 1+5=6. 1st
is connected to 6th.
8. Draw the arrows for the current direction for all the three phases.
9. Note that the direction of current for Blue phase is opposite to the direction of
movement, that is, current will move out of BS, start of Blue, and move into BF, finish
of Blue
BVCOERI Page 15
Winding diagram:
BVCOERI Page 16
2b. Single layer, short pitched, Lap winding
Draw a winding diagram for an AC machine with 2 poles, 24 slots. The winding is
single layer lap, short pitched by one slot.
Ob je ct ive:
To design and draw winding for an AC machine which is lap, single layer and short
pitched
Given data:
Slots shorted: 1
Calcu lat ions:
Slot pitch, slots/pole = 24/2 = 12, that is, 12 slots under

each pole Slot angle, 180o/slot pitch = 180o/12 = 15o
electrical degrees
Slots/pole/phase = 24/2/3 = 4, that is, under each pole, there are 4 Red, 4
Blue, 4 Yellow conductors
Slot distance, 120o/slot angle = 120o/15o = 8, that is, 8 slots difference

between same phase
Coil span, winding pitch/slot angle = (180o-(slots shorted x slot angle))/slot

angle = (180o-(1 x 15o))/15o = 11
Coil span is 11. This can also be calculated as slot pitch-slots shorted = 12-1=11
A single layer winding is a Mush winding, which must have an odd coil span. Here,
due to the short pitch, coil span is 11 which is odd.
BVCOERI Page 17
Assume sequence as RYB. Starting conductor of:
- Y is 1 + 120/slot angle = 1+120/15 = 9
- B is 1 + 240/slot angle = 1+240/15 = 17
Sl ot p os i ti on tab l e:
Since the winding is short pitched by 1 slot, the whole winding is shifted left
by one position. That is, the first red conductor moves to the last, i.e., 24th
position.
24 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23
R R R R B B B B Y Y Y Y R R R R B B B B Y Y Y Y
Slot-pole table:
Red Blue Yellow
Pole 1 (N) 24, 1, 2, 3 4, 5, 6, 7 8, 9, 10, 11
Pole 2 (S) 12, 13, 14, 15 16, 17, 18, 19 20, 21, 22, 23
P rocedu re:

2. In the command
window, type-limits
<enter>
zoom all <enter>

BVCOERI Page 18
4. Create 24 lines using Line and Array tools.
5. Number the conductors from 1 to 24 using Text tool
6. According to the slot-pole table, lines 1, 2, 3, 12, 13, 14, 24 are red.
Open Layers window. If not visible, go to View > Toolbars and check Layers
option Select the red numbered lines 1, 2, 3, 12, 13, 14, 24

7. The first conductor is connected to next conductor as 1+coil span, that is, 1+11=12.
1st is connected to 12th.
of Blue
BVCOERI Page 19
BVCOERI Page 20
2c. Double layer, Wave winding
Draw a double layer wave winding diagram for an AC machine with 6 poles, 36 slots
Ob je ct ive:
To design and draw winding for an AC machine which is wave wound and double layer
Given data:
Calcu lat ions:
Yellow conductors
phase
(180o-(0 x 30o))/30o = 6
Since this is a full pitched winding, number of slots shorted is 0. Coil span is 6. This can
also be calculated as slot pitch-slots shorted = 6-0=6
- Y is 1 + 120/slot angle = 1+120/30 = 5
- B is 1 + 240/slot angle = 1+240/30 = 9
BVCOERI Page 21
Slot-pole table:
Red Blue Yellow
Pole 1 (N) 1, 2 3, 4 5, 6
Pole 2 (S) 7, 8 9, 10 11, 12
Pole 3 (N) 13, 14 15, 16 17, 18
Pole 4 (S) 19, 20 21, 22 23, 24
Pole 5 (N) 25, 26 27, 28 29, 30
Pole 6 (S) 31, 32 33, 34 35, 36
P rocedu re:

2. In the command window, type-
limits <enter>

zoom all <enter>

4. Create 36 solid and dashed lines using Line and Array tools.
5. Number the conductors from 1 to 36 using Text tool. The bottom conductors can
be numbered as 1’, 2’ etc. or as 1b, 2b etc.
BVCOERI Page 22
6. According to the slot-pole table, lines 1, 2, 7, 8, 13, 14, 19, 20, 25, 26, 31, 32 are
red. Open Layers window. If not visible, go to View > Toolbars and check Layers
option Select the red numbered lines 1, 2, 7, 8, 13, 14, 19, 20, 25, 26, 31, 32

7. The first conductor is connected to next conductor as 1+coil span, that is, 1+6=7’. 1st
is connected to 7th.
8. Blue starts from 9, moves through 15, 21, 27, 33, 3. 3+coil span, 6 will give 9. But 3
cannot be connected to 9 as the coil will close into itself as a loop. So draw a small
overhang and connect 3 to 10 and continue through 16, 22, 28, 34, where the Blue
phase will end at conductor 4.
of Blue
<diagram>
BVCOERI Page 23
2d. Double layer, short pitched, Lap winding
Draw a winding diagram for an AC machine with 24 slots and 4 poles. The winding
is double layer lap, short pitched by one slot.
Ob je ct ive:
To design and draw winding for an AC machine which is lap wound, double layer and
short pitched
Given data:
Slots shorted: 1
Calcu lat ions:
Yellow conductors
phase
(180o-(1 x 30o))/30o = 5
Coil span is 5. This can also be calculated as slot pitch-slots shorted = 6-1=5
- Y is 1 + 120/slot angle = 1+120/30 = 5
BVCOERI Page 24
- B is 1 + 240/slot angle = 1+240/30 = 9
Slot position table:
This is a double layer. Top conductor in slot 1 is numbered 1 and the bottom conductor in
the same slot is numbered 11. The winding is short pitched by 1, so the bottom set is
shifted by 1 slot t oward s le ft.
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12
R R B B Y Y R R B B Y Y
R1 B1 B1 Y1 Y1 R1 R1 B1 B1 Y1 Y1 R1
13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24
R R B B Y Y R R B B Y Y
R1 B1
B1 Y1 Y1 R1 R1 B1 B1 Y1 Y1 R1
Therefore 11 is moved to 24th slot, 21 is moved to 1st slot, 31 is moved to 2nd slot and so
on.
P rocedu re:
2. In the command window, type- limits <enter>

zoom all <enter>
3. Create layers to place each phase in a separate layer so that they can be viewed and
modified separately.
BVCOERI Page 25
Click New to create a new layer. Rename it as Red. Click on its Color column and select
red colour. Repeat this for Yellow and Blue
4. Create 24 solid and 24 dashed lines using Line and Array tools.
5. Number the solid lines from 1 to 24, and 11 to 241 for the dashed lines using Text tool
6. Open Layers window. If not visible, go to View > Toolbars and check Layers option
Select the red numbered lines
From the drop down menu of layers window, select Red layer
Repeat the same for yellow and blue lines.
Now all the 24 lines are separated into three layers. They can be viewed separately by
turning off the other two layers.
7. First top conductor must be connected to bottom conductor of 1+coil span, that is, to
61
movement, that is, current will move out of BS, start of Blue, and move into BF, finish of
Blue
BVCOERI Page 26
BVCOERI Page 27
2e. Double layer, fractional slot, Lap winding
Draw the winding diagram of a 30 slot, 4 pole, 3 phase lap wound rotor of an induction
motor
Ob je ct ive:
To design and draw winding for an AC machine which is fractional slot lap wound and
double layer
Given Da ta
Slots, S = 30
Poles, P = 3
Phases, m=3
Calcu lat ions:
Slot pitch = slots/pole = 30/4
Slot angle = 180o/slot pitch = 180o/30/4
Slots/pole/phase = 30/4/3 = 5/2 = 2 ½
This is a fractional slot winding. In a fractional slot winding, S/P/m = M/d = I n/d
M=5
d=2
I=2
n=1
Basic unit of this winding consists of d=2 poles. Since there are 4 poles, this winding has
4/2 = 2 units
Each phase in a unit has d-n=2-1=1 group of I=2 coils and

n=1 group of I+1=3 coils each
BVCOERI Page 28
Note: 1 x 2 + 1 x 3 = 5 (M)
Difference between two slots which correspond to two consecutive phasors of slots is D,
given by D = (1+mMp)/d, where p is the smallest integer that can make D an integer. D
= (1+15p)/2
If p=1, D=8
Distribution of slots is:
Red phase: 1, 1+D, 1+2D-mM, 1+3D-mM, 1+4D-mM, 1+5D-mM
Blue phase: 1+6D-2mM, 1+7D-2mM, 1+8D-2mM, 1+9D-2mM, 1+10D-2mM
Yellow phase: 1+11D-3mM, 1+12D-3mM, 1+13D-3mM, 1+14D-3mM, 1+15D-3mM
Substituting the values, the slots in each phase in one unit are:
Red : 1 9 2 10 3
Blue : 11 4 12 5 13
Yellow : 6 14 7 15 8
Sorting them in ascending order and grouping them-
BVCOERI Page 29

Dem Lab Manual

Uploaded by

Document Information

Original Title

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

Dem Lab Manual

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

Nashik Gramin Shikshan Prasarak Mandal's

Brahma Valley College of Engineering &

Electrical Engineering Department

DESIGN OF ELECTRICAL MACHINES

Roll No: Exam Seat No:___________

DESIGN OF ELECTRICAL MACHINES

This is to certify that Mr/Ms. _ _ _ __ _ _ _ __ _ _ _ __ _ _ _

Seat No.__ _ _ _ __ _ _ _ __ Roll No._____ ___________ from Second Year

Electrical Engineering of Academic Year 2017 - 18 has

successfully completed his / her Practical work on Numerical

Method & Computer Programming at Brahma Valley College of

Engineering and Research Institute, Nashik in the partial fulfillment

of the Bachelors Degree in Engineering.

(Prof. P.J.Jawale) (Prof. K.P. Ghuge) (Prof. C. K. Patil)

Developed AC Winding diagram:

Objectives of AutoCAD laboratory

Prerequisites required for the conduction of this lab

Outcome of the lab:

Working on different problems in electrical drawing using computer aided design

AutoCAD is a software application for computer-aided design (CAD) and drafting in

Some of the examples of industry-specific CAD applications built on the AutoCAD

* AutoCAD Electrical: It is designed specifically to aid in the creation of electrical controls

* AutoCAD Mechanical: It is designed for mechanical engineers to design parts ranging

* AutoCAD Map 3D: It is designed to aid in the planning and mapping of

… and there are many more applications specific to certain applications

Co-ordinate systems in AutoCAD

There are three co-ordinate systems in AutoCAD

- Absolute co-ordinate system

- Relative polar co-ordinate system

a. Absolute co-ordinate system:

(Y) of 3 units from the origin (0,0)

b. Relative co-ordinate system:

1. Create a new file: File > New –or- Ctrl+N

2. Set the limits of the image

Specify lower left corner: 0, 0 <enter>

Note 2: In this manual,

To open an existing file: File > Open –or- Ctrl+O

To undo a command: <u> –or Ctrl+Z

To cancel or reset a command: <esc>

a. Create a new file

b. In the command window, type-

Specify upper right corner: 30,30 <enter>

zoom all <enter>

Me thod 1: Using the rectangle tool

Specify length for rectangles: 27.8 <enter>

Specify width for rectangles: 22.6 <enter>

<click once in the workspace to accept the drawing>

Me thod 2: Creating from separate lines using relative co-ordinate system

Specify first point: <click anywhere>

Specify next point or [Undo]: @27.8,0 <enter>

Specify next point or [Undo]: @0,22.6 <enter>

Specify next point or [Close/Undo]: @-27.8,0 <enter>

Specify next point or [Close/Undo]: @0,-22.6 <enter>

Specify next point or [Close/Undo]: <esc>

Specify first point: <click anywhere>

Specify next point or [Close/Undo]: @27.8<180 <enter>

Specify next point or [Close/Undo]: <esc>

2. Create a circle of radius 10 units

Note: If diameter is known, type D and then give the value

a. Create a new file

b. In the command window, type-

Specify upper right corner: 20,20 <enter> zoom

Specify center point for circle: <click anywhere in workspace> <enter>

Seat No.__ _ _ _ __ _ _ _ Roll No._ _________ from Second Year