KNUST SDG4 Powerpoint Parking

PARKING
MANAGEMENT
Emmanuel Dzisi, PhD
Lecturer, KNUST
Outline
▪ 1.0 Background to parking in Ghana

▪ 2.0 Parking definition and key concepts
▪ 3.0 Parking data collection and analysis
▪ 4.0 Parking management process
▪ 5.0 Design of on-street and off-street parking (Best practices from
around the world)
▪ 6.0 Signage and Markings for Parking
2/4/2024 Gumap Parking Management slides 2

Learning Outcomes
By the end of this course, participants should be able to:
▪ Assess the impact of parking and suggest management strategies
▪ Understand parking demand and supply management
▪ Understand the need for parking policy and the objectives
▪ Develop traffic management and parking plan for local area.

Background to parking in Accra
▪ Ghana's population has grown significantly, leading to increased
vehicle ownership and demand for parking spaces. The entire
population of Ghana as of 1958 was about 4.75 million, with the
majority of people concentrated in southern and coastal areas.
▪ Accra’s population in 1958 was 337,000
▪ Even in the 1950s, land use planning was recognized as critical
for organized parking provision in growing cities like Accra
▪ Parking facilities are an essential component of road
transportation systems. Vehicles need parking at every destination
they travel to.
2/4/2024 4
Background to parking in Accra
The map on the screen shows the growth of the
city (Accra) from the period between 1830 and
1956.
Over the period, the lived areas within the city

gradually expanded, and in fact, has continued to
do so ever since.
This has of course had implications for parking

demand across the city.

Vehicle registration in
Ghana (1997-2015)
The growth in population in the city, has also

obviously impacted on the increase in individual
vehicles use. Since independence, the number of
vehicles registered year-on-year has continued to
increase.

The Land Use –
Transport
Interactions
Litman, 2023
Land Use and Minimum Parking Requirement
Land Use Type Minimum Parking Requirement
Hospital 1 space per 2 beds plus 1 space per doctor and 1 space per 3 non-
doctor employees
Elementary/High School 1 space per 2 employees plus adequate parking for students
Church 1 space per 8 seats in sanctuary

Libraries, Museums 1 space for each 400 square feet of public floor area
Financial Institutions 1 space per 175 SF plus 4 spaces per drive-in window
General offices 1 space per 200 SF

Source: Adapted
Food retail 1 space per 200 SF
from Nelson \
Personal service retail (barbering /hair dresser 1 space per 200 SF
Nygaard
Consulting saloons etc.)
Associates (2015)
General Merchandise and clothing retail 1 space per 250 SF
Fast-Food Restaurant 1 space per 200 SF plus 1 space per 4 seats

Sit-Down Restaurant 1 space per 4 seats for patron use
Single-Family Residential (detached and 2 spaces per unit
semidetached)
Multifamily - Three or More Bedrooms 2 spaces per unit
Hotel/Motel 1 space per room
2/4/2024 8
Activity 1
▪ Can you attempt to plot the demand for parking throughout the day (6 am- 10pm) at some of the
locations discussed (focus on residential, workplace/office, retail and restaurant)?
▪ 10 minutes
▪ For visibility’s sake, you may use the following line types
Activity Line type

Residential --------------
Workplace xxxxxx
Retail ooooooooooo
Restaurant ____________

Parking Accumulation by Land Use and Time of the Day
Source: Jean-Paul Rodrigue (2020)

2/4/2024 10 10
Parking locations vs
Time of day
▪ Office and retail parking show a level of usage
corresponding to peak commuting hours and
restaurant parking usually peaks during the evening
▪ The provision of parking is one of the key factors that can
help ameliorate some of the challenges in transport
management created by the increased car use.
2/4/2024 11
Why should the need for Parking be
considered seriously in city planning?
▪ Because;
i. in many towns and cities, only little parking provisions
seem to be available for the volumes of parking that are
currently being experienced.
ii. There is an increased need to learn the effective re-
engineering of parking facilities (e.g the Kumasi paid parking
scheme)
iii. effective parking management can balance parking
demand, regulate supply, and minimize land use
impacts through pricing, regulations, and information
strategies.
iv. Parking facilities are needed to provide adequate access to
destinations, but oversupply wastes money and consumes
excessive urban land.
2/4/2024 12
Types of parking facilities
▪ On-street or curbside parking is refers to the practice of
parking vehicles on the side of public roads. It is a
common method of parking in urban areas where
parking facilities, such as parking lots may be limited or
unavailable
▪ Off-street parking refers to the practice of parking
vehicles in designated parking lots, away from the public
road or street. It includes surface parking lots, indoor
garages, and private residential driveways and garages.
2/4/2024 13
On-Street Parking Facilities
▪ On-street parking is very convenient for accessing
destinations but takes up roadway space.
▪ It can be unrestricted or limited by times, permits,
fees etc.
▪ Parking meters, permits and variable pricing can
regulate demand and increase parking turnover.
2/4/2024 14
Off-Street Parking Facilities
▪ Off-street parking facilities can be publicly or

privately owned and operated.
▪ Self-park versus valet parking offer different levels
of convenience.
2/4/2024 15
On/Off Street Parking vs Private/Public Parking
2/4/2024 16
Parking Terminology
▪ Parking bay also known as a parking space or parking stall,
refers to a designated area where vehicles can be parked in a
parking lot, parking garage, or on the side of the road. These
spaces are usually marked with lines or boundaries to
indicate where each vehicle should park.
▪ A space-hour is a unit of parking that defines the use of a
single parking space for a period of 1 hour
▪ Parking volume is the total number of vehicles that park in a
study area during a specific length of time, usually a day
2/4/2024 17
Parking Terminology
▪ Parking accumulation is the number of parked vehicles in a study
area at any specified time
▪ The parking load is the area under the accumulation curve
between two specific times. It can also be obtained by multiplying
the number of vehicles occupying the parking area at each
time interval with the time interval. P.L. expressed as vehicle hours.
2/4/2024 18
Parking Terminology
▪ Parking duration is the length of time a vehicle is
parked at a parking bay
▪ Parking turnover (T) is the rate of use of a parking
space.
▪ Occupancy, is also called parking index or efficiency.
Occupancy = (Parking load/Parking capacity)*100
It is defined as the ratio of number of bays occupied
relative to the total space available.
2/4/2024 19
Parking Data Collection

Parking data collection
▪ Parking data collection refers to the process of
gathering and recording information related to
parking spaces, parking usage, and parking
behaviors in a particular area.
▪ This data is valuable for various stakeholders,
including city planners, transportation authorities,
businesses, and researchers, to better understand
parking patterns and make informed decisions
about parking management and infrastructure
development.

Parking data collection
▪ The study area for a parking study may need to be
broader than the specific area of enquiry, to
include surrounding streets so that the impact
on residents and current business can be fully
appreciated.

Number and Location of Parking Spaces
Parking Inventory
• Inventory documents the Type of Parking
location, number of spaces,
rules, and layout of parking.
• It identifies any oversupply or Method of Operation of Off-street Facilities

undersupply issues.
• Field survey conducted by Parking Restrictions

personnel with maps and data
collection sheets.
Parking Fees

How many of the available spaces are being occupied?
What periods of time are spaces occupied?
Is the demand “peaked” or constant?

Parking Survey
Typical questions
(Field survey) Is there an overflow of parking into surrounding areas, or
excess parking supply?
How long are spaces occupied for?
Do parking durations comply with restrictions or not?

Parking survey techniques
▪ License plate technique
▪ In-out Survey
2/4/2024 25
License plate method
▪ A license plate method parking study is a data collection
technique used to gather information about parking
occupancy and duration in a specific area.
▪ The primary goal of this approach is to understand the
utilization of parking spaces over a designated period.
▪ The method involves recording license plate numbers of
parked vehicles to analyze parking patterns and usage.
▪ https://www.parkingindustry.ca/parking-technology/how-
does-parking-licence-plate-recognition-work
2/4/2024 26
License plate field data sheet
▪ The sheet shown on the left is an example of a data
sheet that may be used to collect the license plates of
vehicles parked, and ultimately used to assess the
demand for parking over a period of time.

In-out survey
▪ In this survey technique, the occupancy count in the
selected parking lot is taken at the beginning.
▪ Then the number of vehicles that enter the parking lot for a
particular time interval is counted. The number of vehicles that
leave the parking lot is also taken. The final occupancy in
the parking lot is also taken.
▪ Not too much labor is required.
2/4/2024 28
Calculating Parking Accumulation
▪ Example question: From an in-out survey conducted for a parking area consisting of 40 bays, the
initial count was found to be 25. The table below gives the result of the survey. The number of
vehicles coming in and out of the parking lot for a time interval of 5 minutes is as shown in the
table below. Find the accumulation, total parking load, average occupancy of the parking lot.
Time In Out Time In Out
(1) (2) (3) (1) (2) (3)
5 3 2 35 2 7
10 2 4 40 4 2
15 4 2 45 6 4
20 5 4 50 4 1
25 7 3 55 3 3
30 8 2 60 2 5
2/4/2024 29
Calculating Parking Accumulation
▪ Sample calculations: From an in-out survey conducted for a parking area consisting of 40 bays, the
initial count was found to be 25.
Time (1) In (2) Out (3) Accumulation Occupancy Parking load

(4) (5) (6)
5 3 2 26= 25+3-2
10 2 4
• Accumulation can be found out as initial count plus number of vehicles that entered the
parking lot till the time of the next count minus the number of vehicles that just exited for that
particular time interval.
• For the first time interval of 5 minutes, accumulation can be found out as 25+3-2 = 26. It is thus
tabulated in column 4.
Calculating Parking Occupancy/Index

(4) (5) (6)
5 3 2 26= 25+3-2
10 2 4
• Occupancy or parking index is given by equation.
• For the first time interval of five minutes, parking index = (26/40)× 100 = 65%.
• The occupancy for the remaining time slots is similarly calculated and is tabulated in column 5.
• Average occupancy is the average of the occupancy values for each time interval.
• Thus it is the average of all values given in column 5.

Calculating Parking Loading

(4) (5) (6)
5 3 2 26= 25+3-2 65%
10 2 4
• Parking load is tabulated in column 6. It is obtained by multiplying accumulation with the time
interval.
• For the first time interval, parking load = 26 × 5 = 130 vehicle minutes.
• Total parking load is the summation of all the values in column 6 in this example, that value is equal to
1735 vehicle minutes or 32.25 vehicle hours

Calculating Parking Accumulation (Soln.)
▪ Solution ( 5mins to 30 mins).
Time In Out Accumulation Occupancy Parking load
5 3 2 26 65 130
10 2 4 24 60 120
15 4 2 26 65 130
20 5 4 27 67.5 135
25 7 3 31 77.5 155
30 8 2 37 92.5 185
▪ Can you determine the rest (35mins to 60 mins)?

Calculating Parking Accumulation (Soln.)
▪ Solution ( 5mins to 30 mins).
▪ Can you determine the rest (35mins to 60 mins)?
2/4/2024 34
Parking Accumulation at Bus Terminals
2/4/2024 35
Parking Accumulation at Bus Terminals
2/4/2024 36
Parking Occupancy at Bus Terminals
Total Parking Parking load Average Parking

Load (Veh-mins) (Veh-hr) Occupancy (%) space/bay
Adehyeman 58500 975 169.27 48
KNUST 71370 1189.5 130.42 76
Roman Hill 41820 697 207.44 28
Sofoline 102285 1704.75 76.38 186
Parking lots seemed to be overcrowded based on occupancy data

Activity
▪ Can you determine the parking accumulation, total parking load, average occupancy and
efficiency of the parking lot for the rest (35mins to 60 mins)? Plot graph
Time In Out Time In Out
(1) (2) (3) (1) (2) (3)
5 3 2 35 2 7
10 2 4 40 4 2
15 4 2 45 6 4
20 5 4 50 4 1
25 7 3 55 3 3
30 8 2 60 2 5

License plate field data analysis
• The results show that the
vehicle 1945 for example,
has occupied parking bay 2
for 60 minutes.
• Similar stories can be told

about all the parking bays
depending on which
vehicles have occupied
those bays over the study
period.

License plate field data analysis
Turnover = number of vehicles that have occupied the
specific parking bay over the study period. In the case of
parking bay 1, the turnover is 3 because 3 different vehicles
have used the parking bay within the 1 hour study period.
For parking bay 2, the turnover is 1 given that only 1 vehicle
has occupied the parking bay throughout the 1 hour period
Will be solved as a question in a tutorial session

Design of Parking areas
Parking lot sizing
▪ Ghana Highway Design Manual (1991) specifies minimum
parking space dimensions.
▪ Adequate clearance is added for manoeuvering different vehicle
sizes.
▪ Special minimum dimensions given for small cars, large vehicles,
and trailers.
2/4/2024 41
▪ The Design vehicle used for a parking design is based on the
vehicle type that is most likely to use the parking facility in
greater numbers.
▪ E.g. the design of parking for a port facility that will have
majority of vehicles being large trailers or trucks would be
significantly different from the design of a car park for a bank
within the Central Business District
▪ Choice of design vehicle dimensions will be further discussed in
the slides on the ‘Best practices from around the world’.
2/4/2024 42
The table below shows the minimum dimensions for parking lots
in Ghana based on the recommendations of Ghana Highway Road
Design Guide (1991).
Size of parking lot Unit: m Unit: m
Vehicle size A; Vehicle length B; Vehicle width

clearance clearance
Small vehicle 5.0= 4.70 + 0.3 2.25= 1.70 + 0.55
Large vehicle 13.0= 12.0 + 1.0 3.25= 2.50 + 0.75
Trailer 16.0= 15.0 + 1.0 3.50= 2.50 + 1.00

Methods of parking
▪ Advance-Reverse: In this method of parking, the driver
advances (makes a turn into the parking bay with the front of
the vehicle) once they can find an appropriate spot. During the
unparking manoeuvre, the driver would reverse before
proceeding to leave the parking area.
2/4/2024 44
Methods of parking
▪ Reverse-Advance: In this method of parking, the driver
reverses into the available parking spot with the rear of the
vehicle. This allows them to easily unpark by advancing
whenever they are ready to leave the parking area.
2/4/2024 45
Methods of parking
● Advance-Advance: Under this configuration, the driver can park
by advancing into the available parking bay (in a forward motion),
and can unpark by advancing out of the available parking bay (also
in a forward motion). Refer to figure (b) of the section on
‘dimensions of parking lots’ for a pictorial demonstration of this
parking method.
● This method of parking tends to be the least economical with space

Dimensions of parking lots
▪ Dimensioning of parking lots is essential in estimating how
much parking space is available based on provided land
area specifications.
Under the Advance-Advance parking method (fig. b);

▪ The parking length for a vehicle, W= Aw1 + Aw2 + Sd
▪ The parking area required for a vehicle, A= W x Sw
Under all other parking methods (fig. a);

(i.e Advance-Reverse, Reverse-Advance)
▪ The parking length for a vehicle, W= Aw/2 + Sd
▪ The parking area required for a vehicle, A= W x Sw

Parking configurations
• The layout of a parking space also has an impact on the efficiency of space use and how vehicles
can best manoeuvre around the lot.
• The three main parking configurations are parallel, perpendicular (90 degree), or at an angle to
the aisle (30, 45, or 60 degree).
Angle of parking Method of parking Aw (m) Sd (m) Sw (m) W (m) A (m2) Remark
Small vehicle
300 Advance-Reverse 4.00 4.50 4.50 6.50 29.3 (a)
450 Advance-Reverse 4.00 5.10 3.20 7.10 22.8 (b)
450 Cross Advance-Reverse 4.00 4.30 3.20 6.30 20.2 (c) (d)
600 Advance-Reverse 5.00 5.45 2.60 7.95 20.7 (e)
Reverse- Advance 4.50 5.45 2.60 7.70 20.0 (f)
900 Advance-Reverse 9.50 5.00 2.25 9.75 21.9 (g)
Reverse- Advance 6.00 5.00 2.25 8.00 18.0 (h)

Parking configurations
• Parking configurations
recommended for small
vehicles (GHA Road Design
Guide, 1991)
2/4/2024 49
Parking management
▪ Parking management refers to various policies and programs
that result in more efficient use of parking resources.
▪ Management solutions tend to be better than expanding
supply because they support more strategic planning objectives
such as:
✔ Reduced development costs and increased affordability.
✔ More compact, multi-modal community planning (smart
growth).
✔ Use of alternative modes and reduce motor vehicle use
✔ Improved user options and quality of service, particularly for
non-drivers, etc.

Parking management principles
▪ These ten general principles can help guide planning decision
to support parking management are:
▪ 1. Consumer choice. People should have viable parking and
travel options.
▪ 2. User information. Motorists should have information on
their parking and travel options.
▪ 3. Sharing. Parking facilities should serve multiple users and
destinations.

▪ These ten general principles can help guide planning decision

to support parking management are :
▪ 4. Efficient utilization. Parking facilities should be sized and
managed so spaces are frequently occupied.
▪ 5. Flexibility. Parking plans should accommodate uncertainty
and change.
▪ 6. Prioritization. The most desirable spaces should be managed
to favor higher-priority uses.

▪ These ten general principles can help guide planning

decision to support parking management are:
▪ 7. Pricing. As much as possible, users should pay directly
for the parking facilities they use.
▪ 8. Peak management. Special efforts should be made to deal
with peak-demand.

▪ These ten general principles can help guide planning
decision to support parking management are:
▪ 9. Quality vs. quantity. Parking facility quality should be
considered as important as quantity, including aesthetics,
security, accessibility and user information.
▪ 10. Comprehensive analysis. All significant costs and
benefits should be considered in parking planning (Littman,
2023)

The determination of the demand for parking
is the first step in the design of parking
facilities
3.0 Parking Parking demand management techniques

should then be employed to consider the type,
management placement, timing and potentially pricing of
parking
process
The relationship between the demand for

parking and its relationship to its supply
should then be studied

Developing a parking
management plan
1. Define Goals and Objectives: Clearly identify the purpose
of the parking management plan. It could be to reduce
congestion, improve accessibility, enhance safety, or generate
revenue.
2. Conduct a Parking Study: Gather data on current parking
usage, peak times, occupancy rates, and turnover rates.
Identify parking problem areas, areas with insufficient
parking, or locations experiencing congestion.
3. Engage Stakeholders: Involve key stakeholders, such as
local authorities, property owners, experts.

management plan
4. Explore Parking Solutions: Evaluate various parking
management strategies, such as pricing adjustments, time
limits, permit programs, valet services, shared parking, or
shuttle services.
5. Establish Parking Regulations: Based on the study and
stakeholder input, create specific parking regulations and
guidelines for different zones or areas.
6. Implement Technology: Consider implementing parking
technology solutions like automated payment systems,
mobile apps for parking information and payment, etc.

management plan
7. Develop Communication and Education Plan: Inform
the public about the parking management plan and its
benefits. Provide guidance on how to use new technologies
and adhere to the new regulations.
8. Implement the Plan in Phases: Roll out the parking
management plan in stages, monitoring the impact and
making adjustments as needed. Pilot programs can be useful
for testing certain strategies before full implementation.

management plan
9. Monitor and Evaluate: Continuously assess the effectiveness
of the parking management plan through data analysis and
feedback from stakeholders. Make necessary adjustments to
achieve the desired outcomes.
10. Review and Update Regularly: Parking needs and patterns
may change over time, so the parking management plan
should be regularly reviewed and updated to stay relevant and
effective.

Activity
• On the screen is the
parking lot for minibuses
(trotro) at Tech-junction,
Kumasi.
i. Identify the
problems in the
current parking
arrangement
ii. Identify some

potential impacts
of current parking
arrangement on
traffic/surrounding
locations
Activity
Kumasi.
iii. Who are the
relevant
stakeholders?
iv. Propose a feasible

parking
configuration
based on the
space available

Activity

Kumasi.
v. Propose feasible
solutions to the
problems
vi. Propose feasible

signage for the
facility

Activity
• Length= 68.5m
• Width= 12m
• *Width includes width of one way road

(3.65m)

Activity
• Parking signs and

marking will be
discussed in the next
few slides.
• You are required to
search for images of
the relevant signage,
and markings for your
presentation.
2/4/2024 64
Parking Signage
▪ Parking Lot Entrance and Exit Signs: These signs indicate where vehicles should enter and exit
the parking lot. They may include arrows to show the direction of traffic flow.
▪ Stop Signs: Placed at intersections or pedestrian crossings within the parking lot to ensure
vehicles come to a complete stop and yield to other vehicles and pedestrians.
▪ Speed Limit Signs: Display the maximum speed limit within the parking lot to promote safety
and reduce the risk of accidents.
▪ No Parking Signs: Indicate areas where parking is not allowed, such as fire lanes, loading zones,
or other restricted areas.
▪ Handicap Parking Signs: Designate parking spaces reserved for vehicles carrying individuals
with disabilities. These signs typically have the International Symbol of Access (wheelchair
symbol).

Parking Signage
▪ Reserved Parking Signs: Identify parking spaces reserved for specific individuals
or purposes, such as employees, visitors, or VIPs.
▪ Fire Lane Signs: Mark areas that must be kept clear to allow access for
emergency vehicles.
▪ Pedestrian Crossing Signs: Indicate areas where pedestrians have the right of
way, prompting drivers to watch out for people walking.
▪ One-Way and Do Not Enter Signs: Indicate the direction of one-way traffic and
areas where entry is prohibited.
▪ Yield Signs: Placed at yield points to instruct drivers to give the right of way to
oncoming traffic or pedestrians.
▪ Lane Arrows and Directional Signs: Guide drivers on the correct lanes to
follow and the direction of traffic flow within the parking lot.

Markings for Parking
▪ Parking Space Lines: Divide parking spaces and provide a clear boundary for each vehicle.
These may be painted in white or yellow.
▪ Handicap Symbol in Parking Spaces: Reserved accessible parking spaces typically have the
International Symbol of Access painted on the ground.
▪ Crosswalk Markings: Indicate pedestrian crossing areas, ensuring a safe path for pedestrians to
cross vehicle lanes.
▪ Stop Lines: Painted lines at stop signs or intersections, indicating where vehicles must come to a
stop.

Markings for Parking
▪ Directional Arrows: Painted on the pavement to indicate the flow of traffic or the direction to
follow in the parking lot.
▪ Loading Zone Markings: Designate areas where loading and unloading of goods are permitted.

Parking demand estimation
▪ Parking demand reflects the underlying desire to access
destinations by vehicle.
▪ Demand is estimated using parking generation rates or
field surveys.
▪ Parking demand varies by land use type, time of day, and day
of the week.

Estimating demand in mixed-use
developments
▪ Different land uses like residential, office and retail have
different parking patterns over the course of the day.
▪ Shared public parking in mixed-use areas can reduce the
total parking needed compared to separate lots.
▪ Parking peaks vary by use allowing shared parking to serve
multiple demands.

Latent demand versus revealed
demand
▪ Revealed demand refers to observed occupancy and
utilization of existing parking.
▪ However, at 100% occupancy revealed demand underestimates total latent
demand.
▪ Surveys are needed to estimate the full hidden (latent)
demand for parking.

Supply of parking
▪ Oversupply wastes money and land. Undersupply creates spillover
problems.
▪ The location of parking supply impacts trip generation and
congestion.

Calculating parking demand and
supply
Calculating parking demand and supply
▪ In calculating Parking Demand, we multiply number of vehicles by
their duration.
▪ In calculating Parking Supply, we consider number of spaces and
an efficiency factor.
▪ Demand and supply determine occupancy rates.

Parking demand calculation
▪

Parking supply calculation
▪
2/4/2024 75
Types of parking management
▪ Price controls include parking meters, permits, and
variable rate pricing.
▪ Quantity controls include time limits, zoning
requirements, and space maximums.

Parking Quantity Control
By:
1. Reducing the overall number of parking spaces,
permanently or during specific times of day
2. Changing the duration of parking
3. Restricting parking to specific groups

Parking Price Control
Price control can be one of the most controversial,
emotive and political issues faced in traffic management
▪ Strong public resentment may be generated
▪ Many users may not pay the fee
▪ Meter-feeding may be encouraged

Parking Questionnaire surveys
▪ trip purpose
▪ final destination of trip
▪ origin of trip
▪ places visited during the visit
▪ Cedis/dollars ($) spent
▪ alternate parking locations considered
▪ frequency of parking in the study area
▪ alternate transport modes

Reporting should include the raw numbers
and statistics on areas or zones, and summary
information on occupancy, accumulation and
duration of stay data
The presentation of results should be

offered in a variety of formats
Reporting including numerical, graphical and
street map overlays
A GIS compatible format should also be

considered, as it provides a powerful capability
for entry, presentation, analysis and archiving
of the data

Parking studies reporting

Parking studies reporting

Best practices from around
the world
Selection of design vehicle
▪ The base vehicle dimensions for Australian parking
Standards (2004) for instance, were determined
following a consideration of the vehicle fleet in the year
2000. Here, a frequency distribution curve of vehicle
dimensions was created for all vehicles in the country,
and the 85th percentile and 99th percentile dimensions of all
vehicles were determined. The vehicle that had dimensions
that were approximately similar to the 85th percentile
dimensions of all vehicles was the Ford Falcon Sedan

Selection of design vehicle
▪ The 99th percentile vehicle could not be adequately
described in the study by a single vehicle, and instead
represented a combination of larger vehicles.
▪ Bay widths and lengths for parallel and angle parking,
based on the 85th percentile dimensions were subsequently
adopted as the standard for parking lot design in the
country. These may however be increased or decreased to
meet particular conditions. The figure below shows the
dimensions of the 85th percentile vehicle

Off-Street Parking Management
▪ Guide: Australian/New Zealand Standard™ guide on Parking
facilities

On-Street Parking Management
▪ On-Street Parking Management
International Toolkit (Sustainable Urban Transport Technical
Document #14) by GIZ
▪ This toolkit is aimed especially at local government staff
whose work touches on urban parking.
▪ According to this document, the answer to most parking
problems is not glamorous and is not costly. The secret to
parking success is on-street parking management

On-Street Parking Management
▪ On-street parking management goals are pursued using a
wide range of tools, including (i) marking where parking is
allowed and prohibited, (ii) designing parking spaces and
associated facilities and (iii) signs, (iv) limiting access to
certain groups, (v) setting time limits, (vi) charging fees,
(vii) enforcing compliance with all of these arrangements
and monitoring success.

Parking data analytics can provide insight into
a parking program, fostering effective policy
and pricing decision-making
Parking data Effective data visualization will assist in

efficient parking space allocation, technology
analytics deployment, and staffing utilization
Parking data analytics are therefore crucial to

making sure that all the necessary factors for
smooth operation of a parking facility are met

Parking data analytics can be an extremely
valuable tool for parking managers
The Importance
of Data
Analytics With parking data analytics, decision-makers
can determine where and how parking facilities
Parking Lot and are used
Garage
Management Managers can use this data to improve the efficiency of
their operations, plan improvements to their
infrastructure, and even predict future parking demand
by tracking which spaces are most in-demand and how
different pricing schemes will affect the parking lot

Data analytics refers to the process of
converting data into information, knowledge,
and insight
How Parking
It is often used to find ways to improve
Data operations through understanding how
commuters interact with systems, products,
Analytics and services
Works
Data analytics help parking lot management
by analyzing how people use their parking
spaces or garages

State-of-the-art in Parking
management
▪ City scale smart parking solutions have been developed that
can predict parking violation, demand, etc.
▪ Demand for instance can be estimated based on historical data.
▪ And these solution can help city managers to forecast when
parking spots would be free or more busy.

management
▪ Based on that, parking managers can offer better/flexible
pricing to consumers during less demanded periods. Moreover,
parking managers can also make better decisions to manage
staffing based on when they would need less or more staff.
Sparking is intelligent, secure and just needs a phone call to set
up.

management
▪ The parking industry is constantly evolving
and adapting to the changing needs of
customers.
▪ Cashless and digital payment methods are
becoming essential components for the
efficient operation of a smart parking and
mobility ecosystem.

management
▪ Some of the popular modern approaches for
parking include:
i. Manual payment methods
ii. Cashless payment on site
iii. Mobile payment
iv. Prepayment methods

• How many problems do you
see?
• How many of these are

ENFORCEMENT problems?

Legislation
▪ Parking Planning and Policy in the CBD of

Accra, Ghana
▪ Eunice Yorgri , Prof. Cheng Wen , and Prof. Leng
Hong
The results indicate that there is no available parking

policy but a parking regulation governing parking.

Results from policy enactment
▪ Parking Management in Metropolitan Cities in West

Africa Case Study of the Kumasi Paid Parking
Scheme, Ghana
▪ Charles Anum Adams, Richter Opoku – Boahen, M.
Abdul Muhsin Zambang
▪ The results show that the proportion of vehicles that
park for more than two hours had almost doubled for
all the study locations.
▪ Leaving $$$ on the table

Enforcement
Provision of Lorry Park

“Where a lorry park has been provided by the
Assembly or provided by a private company and
approved by the Assembly, a vehicle shall not
load, or unload goods or passengers unless
that place has been designated for that
purpose.”
(AMA Business Operating Permit Bye-laws,
2017)

Enforcement
Provision of Lorry Park

▪ (e) A person shall not sell any alcoholic beverage
within 2 kilometers of the Lorry Park/ Parking
Lot.
(AMA Business Operating Permit Bye-laws,
2017)

Enforcement
(ROAD TRAFFIC (AMENDMENT) ACT, 2008 (ACT 761))
Clause 19 Prohibition of parking of motor vehicles:
▪ A person who parks wholly or partly
▪ (a) on a verge or shoulder of a road,
▪ (b) on land situated between two carriage ways and which is not a
footpath
▪ (c) on a foot path,
▪ (d) on a pedestrian crossing
▪ (e) on a place reserved for physically challenged person

Enforcement
▪ (ROAD TRAFFIC (AMENDMENT) ACT, 2008 (ACT 761))
▪ Penalty
▪ A person who contravenes this Bye-law commits an offence and
is liable on summary conviction to a fine, not more than one
hundred penalty units or a term of imprisonment of not less
than thirty days and not more than six months or to both;
and in case of a continuing offence, is liable to a fine of not more
than one penalty unit for each day that the offence continues.
Fifty percent (50%) of the fine paid should be allotted to
Accra Metropolitan Assembly

Parking Signage & Marking
Examples of single panel

signs

Examples of single panel signs

Examples of waiting restriction

Examples of prohibition signs

for waiting or stopping

Disabled parking bay

Alternative types of parking bay

Upright signs prescribed for parking places

without time limit or payment

Example of a sign that has shared use at

the same time for part of day and single
use at other times
vs
Example of a sign that is reserved times
or permit holders for only part of the
day; at other times the parking
conditions apply to all users including
permit holders


Bus stop clearway road marking

Signs for the entrance to a type of facility

restricting movement to certain vehicles at
certain times.
In this example, only 5 tonne vehicles and buses

are allowed during certain times of day to park

Conclusion
▪ In conclusion, we need to design parking systems holistically, by placing an emphasis on effective

management, to ensure our cities and urban centers are not overwhelmed by the influx of vehicles.

Further Reading List
▪ Parking Management in Metropolitan Cities in West Africa Case Study of the Kumasi Paid Parking
Scheme, Ghana (C.A, Adams, et.al. 2014)
▪ https://www.parkingindustry.ca/parking-technology/how-does-parking-licence-plate-recognition-
work
▪ https://www.scribd.com/document/409749962/as-nzs-2890-1-2004-off-street-car-parking-facilities-
pdf
▪ https://www.scribd.com/document/355318657/GIZ-SUTP-TD14-on-Street-Parking-Management-
En
▪ https://iicbe.org/upload/8899U0616305.pdf
▪ https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/
file/782724/traffic-signs-manual-chapter-03.pdf

THANK YOU

KNUST SDG4 Powerpoint Parking

Uploaded by

Document Information

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

KNUST SDG4 Powerpoint Parking

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

PARKING

▪ 1.0 Background to parking in Ghana

2/4/2024 Gumap Parking Management slides 2

2/4/2024 Gumap Parking Management slides 3

Over the period, the lived areas within the city

This has of course had implications for parking

2/4/2024 Gumap Parking Management slides 5

The growth in population in the city, has also

2/4/2024 Gumap Parking Management slides 6

Church 1 space per 8 seats in sanctuary

General offices 1 space per 200 SF

Fast-Food Restaurant 1 space per 200 SF plus 1 space per 4 seats

Hotel/Motel 1 space per room

Activity Line type

2/4/2024 Gumap Parking Management slides 9

Source: Jean-Paul Rodrigue (2020)

▪ Off-street parking facilities can be publicly or

2/4/2024 Gumap Parking Management slides 20

2/4/2024 Gumap Parking Management slides 21

2/4/2024 Gumap Parking Management slides 22

• It identifies any oversupply or Method of Operation of Off-street Facilities

• Field survey conducted by Parking Restrictions

2/4/2024 Gumap Parking Management slides 23

What periods of time are spaces occupied?

Is the demand “peaked” or constant?

How long are spaces occupied for?

Do parking durations comply with restrictions or not?

2/4/2024 Gumap Parking Management slides 24

2/5/2024 Gumap Parking Management slides 27

Time (1) In (2) Out (3) Accumulation Occupancy Parking load

Time (1) In (2) Out (3) Accumulation Occupancy Parking load

2/4/2024 Gumap Parking Management slides 31

Time (1) In (2) Out (3) Accumulation Occupancy Parking load

2/4/2024 Gumap Parking Management slides 32

▪ Can you determine the rest (35mins to 60 mins)?

2/4/2024 Gumap Parking Management slides 33

▪ Can you determine the rest (35mins to 60 mins)?

Total Parking Parking load Average Parking

Parking lots seemed to be overcrowded based on occupancy data

2/4/2024 Gumap Parking Management slides 37

2/4/2024 Gumap Parking Management slides 38

• Similar stories can be told

2/5/2024 Gumap Parking Management slides 39

Will be solved as a question in a tutorial session

2/5/2024 Gumap Parking Management slides 40

Vehicle size A; Vehicle length B; Vehicle width

2/4/2024 Gumap Parking Management slides 43

● This method of parking tends to be the least economical with space

2/4/2024 Gumap Parking Management slides 46

Under the Advance-Advance parking method (fig. b);

Under all other parking methods (fig. a);

2/4/2024 Gumap Parking Management slides 47

2/4/2024 Gumap Parking Management slides 48

2/4/2024 Gumap Parking Management slides 50

2/4/2024 Gumap Parking Management slides 51

▪ These ten general principles can help guide planning decision

2/4/2024 Gumap Parking Management slides 52

▪ These ten general principles can help guide planning

2/4/2024 Gumap Parking Management slides 53

2/4/2024 Gumap Parking Management slides 54

3.0 Parking Parking demand management techniques

The relationship between the demand for

2/4/2024 Gumap Parking Management slides 55

2/4/2024 Gumap Parking Management slides 56