2023/05/08

CTEV201
Transportation Engineering II

Module 6 – Parking
(Module 4 Ch7 – on Moodle notes)

Belinda van der Wat Pr.Eng Civil

Traffic Engineering
Parking Layout and Design
• Providing parking is an essential element of the
transportation system in the world’s cities. Parking
authorities and departments were established in the
1950s due to shortage of parking in major cities.

• Sometimes parking facilities are provided as an integral

part of a new construction or development or ….

• It can be provided on the outskirts of the CBD and then

connected to a public transport feeder system (Park-n-
Ride)

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Traffic Engineering
Parking Layout and Design
Parking terms:
1) Parking accumulation - tot number of vehicles parked in
a given area at given time.
2) Parking deficiency – The extent to which parking
demands exceed supply, expressed in no of parking
spaces.
3) Parking demand – The no of drivers desiring to park in a
given area during a specific time period- often expressed
as the no during the hour of peak parking requirement
for a typical day.
4) Parking duration – length of time a given vehicle remains
in a specific space.
5) Parking inventory – no of parking spaces

Traffic Engineering
Parking Layout and Design
6) Parking supply – no of legal parking spaces available in area
7) Space hour – single parking space occupied by vehicle for 1h
8) Turnover – no of different vehicles that park in a given space
during an average day per unit of time (e.g. Per day)

If the CBD is to remain attractive as a business and

shopping location, the in-town businesses and retail
establishments must be readily accessible via a
automobile and convenient parking facilities must be
available.
(Transportation and Traffic Eng Handbook 2nd Edition, p646)

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Variations in parking Variations in parking

periods: location:
Short & Long On-street & Off-
Term street and Types

• What influence the location of parking areas:

– Inherent shortfalls e.g. space, safety, surrounding
feeding road systems
– Origin and destination of people parking – e.g. visiting
buildings opposite Greenacres shopping centre
– Pedestrian walking distances
– Vehicle access (driving time to parking)
– Ease of movement of pedestrians e.g. Chapel Street,
CBD
– Economic factors and future development

Traffic Engineering
Parking Layout and Design
• What classifies as Short-term or Long-term Parking
• Short term parking is generated by department stores,
shops, banks, sports stadiums, airports, hotels etc.
Require closer proximity to parking.
Duration < 3-4hrs
• Long-term parking is mostly generated by places of
employment, airports, office park etc.
Ratio of walking time vs time parked becomes
acceptable
• Capacity on the streets surrounding the parking facility
should be adequate to handle the additional generated
traffic.

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What you need to keep in mind regarding

Parking Spaces for Parking areas?

1. Different kinds of parking

2. Dimension of parking spaces
3. Handicapped parking spaces
4. Ballpark figure of parking spaces
5. Sample In and Output
6. Sample Output (layout)

Traffic Engineering
Parking Layout and Design

1. On-street parking

Part of the roadway is utilized

Parallel

Angular

Perpendicular

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Different kinds of parking

• perpendicular • parallel • angular

 Good visibility  Good visibility  safe access and

conditions at conditions at egress
parking exiting maneuvers out
 Parking from both ‒ Parking only from
driving directions ‒ Obstruction of the one driving
moving traffic direction
‒ Width driving lane during reverse ‒ under-utilisation of
when maneuvering parking maneuvers available space
in or out

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Dimension of parking space (perpendicular)

Width of parking Width of parking Width of parking

space= 2,50 m space= 2,85 m space= 2,90 m
if there is no long if there is one long if both long sides
side with rising side with rising with rising building
building parts or building parts or parts or barriers
barriers barriers

rising building parts or barriers ≥ 0,75m

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Handicapped parking spaces

double parker single parker edge parker

3 % handicapped parking space

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Indoor swimming pool: 1 parking space/5-10 lockers/coat racks

Tennis court: 4 parking spaces/ playing field

pre-measuarement: 25m²/parking space

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Calculation of Parking Areas

– Off-Street Parking Lot

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Sample Output

PARKING SPACE CALCULATIONS:

The local authority has identified a piece of land for development. The new
development is to be a sport center with indoor swimming pool providing for
250 lockers and also 4 new tennis courts. (no provision for visitor parking)

a) Determine the necessary number of parking spaces required for the

development.
b) An area with a width of 32,00m is available. Allow an entry and exit
into the parking place (driving lane=6,00 m) to be developed into
the parking area at grade. What is the length required for the
parking area, should you build only perpendicular parking spaces?
c) Please create an acceptable parking lot.

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Traffic Engineering
Parking Layout and Design
2. Off-street parking
Refers to the accommodation of vehicles in at-grade parking lots or
parking garages

i) Surface/At-grade parking design considerations:

1) Site characteristics – topography and profile will influence entry and
exit points
2) Traffic circulation – access to and from parking bays must be
consistent with the traffic orderly movement in and around the
facility.
3) Lighting – positioning and intensity
4) Parking dimensions and layout – governed by the type of vehicle
and available space
5) Handicapped parking – must be properly positioned
6) Drainage – stormwater considerations

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Traffic Engineering
Parking Layout and Design
Parking Garages
Viable solution where space is limited
ii) Garage parking design considerations:
1) Site characteristics – topography
2) Access points– Only one required on street level.
3) Lighting – aid safety and movement
4) Traffic and revenue control system– efficient with min. delay
5) Safety – crime and vandalism
6) Drainage – stormwater considerations
7) Fire Protection – Provision in layout and design.
8) Uses of the facility: Long/short term
9) Inter-floor travelling systems

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https://youtu.be/C3CzTWMEOlU

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Traffic Engineering
Inter-floor traveling/ramp systems

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Traffic Engineering
Inter-floor traveling/ramp systems
Continue

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Parking – Specialist Attention

• Special purpose = special events
• Change of transport mode facilities
• Shopping Centres – space; gradient;
protection
• Industrial sites – vehicle types
• Universities and educational facilities
• Hospitals, police stations etc.

PARKING REGULATIONS MUST ALWAYS BE

CONSIDERED – TIME ALLOCATION, COST,
ZONING, POLICING ETC.
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Additional Parking Design

Information
• TMH 16 Vol 2 Ch15 p 85-90 regarding
parking provision & design

• TMH 16 Vol 2 Ch14 p 82-84 regarding

public transport facilities, and

• TMH 16 Vol 2 Ch16 p 91-92 regarding

parking provision & design

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Parking Provision & Design

• On-Street Parking contributes to 40-70%
of total accidents on local streets

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Entrance / Exit and Bay Design

1. All bays are individually accessible
2. Reversing distance <= 20m
3. Aisle lengths not > 100m
4. Height of kerbs not higher than 100mm exit/entrance

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Regulatory signs: Note – Parking and parking regulations

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