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Parking studies
• Planning to improve the existing parking facility
Parking & Accident studies • To estimate future parking demands
• Parking survey methods:
• (1) Cordon Volume count: A cordon is an imaginary
Dr Rawid boundary around a study area of interest. The
incoming and outgoing vehicles during peak hour at
observation stations are recorded in cordon.
• A=Ai+(I(in)-I(out))
• ‘Ai’ number of already present vehicles, ‘I(in)’ vehicles
coming and ‘I(out)’ vehicles leaving.

Parking
• Parking, an important part of traffic Engineering:
• Increase in number of vehicles specifically in
urban area, commercial places and residential
areas.
• parking studies are done for:
• Evaluate existing parking demand (Number of
vehicles to be parked)
• Average duration of parking
• Evaluation of the existing available parking facility
Parking
• Plot of number of vehicles vs. Time
• Vehicles miles travelled=VMT=volume*distance
• Number of vehicles moving during study
period=VMT/average trip length
• By subtracting the vehicles moving during study period
from the cordon accumulation curve, the parking
accumulation curve is drawn.
• (2) Space inventory: All available spaces and facilities in
the study area are mapped.
• Keeping balance between capacity and parking
demand, new facility for parking are planned
• (3) Observing parking practices: Observing the parking
practices in the selected area under observation. This
gives an idea of the number of vehicles need parking

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Parking
• Parking supply P=(N*T*E)/D
• N is the number of parking spaces
• T is the time for which the parking space is
available
• D is the average duration of parking
• E is the factor of safety
• Average parking duration D=(Nx*I)/Nt hr/veh.
where Nx is the number of vehicle parked for x
interval, I is the length of observation period, Nt
is the total number of vehicles observed
Parking
• Parallel parking: equal spacing of 20feetx19-8feet for a
single vehicle, leaving (3.65m)12 feet clear lane width.
• Angled parking: It may be 30,45
and 60 degree. This type of
parking accommodate more
vehicles per unit length of the
curb. This type require more road
width for parking and un-parking
manoeuvres. This type causes
obstruction to traffic flow and there
is chance of accident compare to parallel parking.

Types of parking facility

• On street parking
• Off street parking
• On street parking is also known as curb parking as
in this type of parking the vehicles are parked
along the curb of road. On street parking can be
done in three ways,
• Parallel parking-parallel to the curb
• Angled parking- at certain angle with curb
• 90 degree parking- at right angle to the curb

2

Parking
• 90 degree parking: This type accommodate
maximum number of vehicles in a unit length
of curbs. It may also produce maximum
obstruction to the through traffic and chances
of accident becomes more. This type of
parking is adopted when the road is enough
wide. The space for parking one vehicle is
8feet x41feet.
Off street parking
• In this type of parking, the vehicles are parked
in specifically designed and prepared parking
areas. They are in the form of
• Parking lots
• Porches
• Shades
Parking lot is the open area either on the road
side or near the market /business centre etc.
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Parking
• Porches: it is the parking specifically constructed
in offices, houses, public places etc.
• Shades: these types of parking are mostly uses in
bus stands, hospitals etc, they are covered by a
shade.
• Basement parking: These parking are mostly in
multi- storied buildings, plazas etc. This type of
parking is very efficient. This type is provided in
industrial Engg.. Department of UET.
Parking studies
• Elevators: In developed countries USA, UK
etc., a multi-story building is constructed for
parking and the vehicles are conveyed to the
empty parking places through elevators.
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Parking guideline

Parking guideline Parking guideline

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Road users (drivers)

Accident studies Accident studies

• Accidents : loss of economy, lives (1) Road users:
• USA survey: Annual loss due to accidents is 65% • driver’s speed
of the total annual road’s cost (maintenance, • Physical condition, Age
operation, construction etc). • Sense (drunk drivers are stopped/fined by traffic
• Accidents occurs due to : officers)
• Training/education
(1) Road users (Drivers, Pedestrians)
• Pedestrian’s responsibility
(2) Vehicles
(2) Vehicles:
(3) Roadway • Tyre’s condition (maximum kms allowed by manuf.)
(4) Environment • Lights (head, tail, left/right turning indicators,

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Accidents Weather condition

• wipers,
• Seat belt, fire extinguisher, air bags
• Age of vehicle (a very important factor)
(3) Roadway:
• Geometric design
• Roadway surface condition (poor skid resistance
etc., failed roadway)
• No maintenance (poor road condition),
maintenance work without safety /traffic
diversions.

Accidents Accidents
(4) Environment: • Accident study is necessary to:
• Evaluate causes of accidents from past reports of
• Weather (rain, fog, snow fall) accidents
• Dust storm, • Evaluate causes of accidents from existing road
condition which can cause accidents
Animals, railway crossing, pedestrians, failure in
• Correction/ improvement
function of signals, non visible sign boards etc.
• Estimate/compensate losses due to accidents
also cause accidents. • Keep accident records so that to identify high
accident locations and to prepare the
condition/collision diagrams

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How to prevent accidents To prevent accidents

(1) Engineering
(2) Education
(3) Enforcement
Engineering:
• Design of road, selection of safe design speed,
channelization (particularly at intersections),
width of shoulders, parking, curves, traffic control
devices, minimize number of entries/exists,
controlled pedestrians crossing
Enforcement:
• Enforcing traffic law, strictly check on drivers,
vehicle condition
• Patrolling of law enforcing persons
• Annual check of vehicle condition before
renewal of vehicle licence. It is complete check
up including engine/ lights etc ( it is must in
developed countries).

To prevent accidents Enforcing traffic law

Education:
• Training drivers
• Understandable sign boards, symbols
• Media /Radio, TV, advertisement, talk shows
to create public awareness
• Distribution of pamphlets to drivers, school
children's parents
• Lectures in schools, colleges