SOILS AND FOUNDATIONS Vol.32, No.1, 132-148, Mar.

1992
Japanese Society of Soil Mechanics and Foundation Engineering

NORMALIZED UNDRAINED STRENGTH OF CLAY

IN THE NORMALLY CONSOLIDATED STATE
AND IN THE FIELD

HmEo HANZAWA 1l and HrROYUKI TANAKA 11 l

ABSTRACT
Undrained strength, Su normalized with the effective overburden stress, q' vo or the consolida-
tion stress in the laboratory tests is an important index in 'evaluating engineering properties
of a clay. Extensive studies have been made on this subject and the results mostly suggest
that there is a correlation between the normalized undrained shear strength and plasticity
index, lp. In this paper, undrained strength in the normally consolidated state, Sun
normalized with the vertical consolidation stress, q 1vc obtained from K 0-consolidated triaxial
compression and extension, and direct shear tests is first presented for various clays with
lp=5 to 100 together with discussions on previous studies on this subject. Undrained strength
in the field, Sur normalized with q 1 vo and the consolidation yielding stress, q' y investigated
by field vane, direct shear and oedometer tests is then presented for 7 clays in Arabian Gulf,
Indonesia and Japan. Further, a strain rate effect on Su is also investigated.
Conclusive points obtained from this study are : -1) Normalized undrained shear strengths,
Sun! q' vc and Surf q 1vo as well as strength anisotropy are not correlated to lp, 2) Sur of clays
investigated is expressed by Sun+ k 1 to a certain q 1vo and Sun X k 2 beyond this q' vo• where k1
and k2 are constants, 3) Surfq 1y shows a constant value being close to Sunfq'vc irrespective of
overconsolidation ratio and lp, and 4) the effect of strain rate on Su is independent on lp.

Key words : clay, laboratory test, overconsolidation, shear_ strength, plasticity, vane shear
test (IGC : D/6)

q'vo or Sufq'c is an important indexforeval-

INTRODUCTION uating the shear strength and stress history
Normalized undrained shear strength with of a clay in-situ. Normalized [field vane
the effective overburden stress or the con- shear strength, Sur (vl / q 1vo of normally con-
solidation stress in the laboratory tests, Suf solidated clays was already reported in fifties

i) Director, Technical Research Institute, Toa Corporation, 1-3, Anzencho, Tsurumiku, Yokohama:
city, Kanaga wa.
11> Head, Soil Investigation Laboratory, Port and Harbour Research Institute, Ministory of Transporta-
tion, 3-1-1, Nagase, Yokosuka city, Kanagawa.
Manuscript was received for review on January 8, 1991.
Written discussions on this paper should be submitted before October 1, 1992, to the Japanese Society
of Soil Mechanics and Foundation Engineering, Sugayama Bldg; 4 F, Kanda Awaji-cho 2-23, Chiyoda-
ku, Tokyo 101, Japan. Upon request the closing date may be extended one month.

This is an Open Access article under the CC-BY-NC-ND license.

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 NORMALIZED UNDRAINED STRENGTH 133

relating to plasticity index, Ip (Skempton The normalized undrained shear strengths

and Henkel, 1954 ; Bjerrum, 1954) and liquid
limit, wL (Hansbo 1957). On the other
hand, Bjerrum and Simons (1960) investi-
gated the normalized compression strength
of normally consolidated clays, Sun<cl/a'c ob-
tained from isotropically consolidated triaxial
tests, where Sun<cll a' c ratios were calculated
from the formulae given by Skempton and
Bishop (1954) and Bishop (1958).
Extensive experimental studies were made
in sixties in order to investigate the strength
anisotropy of clay. Based on these studies,
Ladd and Edgers (1972), and Berre and
Bjerrum (1973) presented the normalized
simple shear strength in the normally con-
solidated state (hereafter called NC state),
Sun<sJ/a'vc where Sun<sl and a'vc are simple
shear strength in the NC state and vertical
consolidation stress (Ladd and Edgers), and
the normalized compression, simple shear and
extension strengths in the field, Sut <cl /a' vo>
Suf<sda' vo and 'Suf<el/a' vo (Berre and Bjer-
rum). Recently, Nakase and Kamei (1983 ;
1988)conducted extensive triaxial compression
and extension tests on normally consolidated
clays with Ip=10 to 60 and provided useful
information on Sun! a' vc and Sun! a' c ratios.
in the NC state and in the field presented
in these studies described above are sum-
marized in Fig. 1 where the modified Suf<vl!
a' vo versus I p by Larsson (1980) was used
instead of Suf<vlfa'vo versus wL given by
Hansbo. As can be seen from Fig. 1, it is
likely that both Sunfa'vc and Sutfa'vo ratios
are closely related to the I p except those by
N akase and Kamie.
On the other hand, there have been strong
criticisms to uniquely relating Su to the Ip.
Based on extensive unconfined compression,
triaxial and direct shear tests results on al-
luvial and diluvial clays of Osaka District,
Mikasa (1966 ; 1967) demonstrated that there
is no unique relationship between Su and Ip,
and insisted that physical properties like I P
can not work as an index for directly eval-
uating the shear strength characteristics of
clay. Schmertman and Morgenstern (1977),
and Hanzawa (1983) also insisted that Su is
much more dependent on regional variations
such as formation process than the Ip.
Since Sut! a' vo and Sun! a' vc ratios are indices
directly indicating the shear strength itself,
it is strongly suggested that the undrained
shear strength for design use, Su<mobl is

1 0
• 1 :Suf(v)/<r'vo (Skempton-Bjerrum)
2: - " - (Hansbo-Larsson)
3 :Sun(c )/<r' vc calcul ated(Bjerrum- Simson)
4:Sun(s)/<rvc(Ladd-Edgers)
0.8 5-l:Suf(c)/dvo(Berre-Bjerrum)
.;.2:Suf(s)/rfvo( - u - )
-3:Suf(e)/dvo( - '' - )
o 0: Sun (c) /0' vc ( Nakase-Kamei )
> []:Sun(e)/rfvc( - n- )
~ 0.6
~ ...•• 2
············
::I
C/')

otl

80 1 0
Ip
Fig. 1. Normalized undrained shear strength previously
investigated with different methods plotted versus I P

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 134 HANZAWA AND TANAKA.
uniquely related to the lp if these ratios
can directly be related to the lp. Actually,
the procedure to determine Su(mobl from Suf(vl
proposed by Bjerrum (1972) and the general
report by Ladd et al. (1977) in the Tokyo
Conference were made based on this view
point. However, the fact that half of the
unconfined compression strength, qu/2 can be
used as Su(mobl for Japanese marine clays
with a wide range of lp ranging from 30 to
90 (Nakase, 1967 ; Tsuchida et al., 1989) also
suggests the independency of Su on the I P·
In this paper, Sun! a' vc and Sut/a' vo ratios
shown in Fig. 1 are first discussed and then
Sun! a' vc ratios of various clays in the NC state
measured by K 0-consolidated triaxial com-
pression and extension, and direct shear
tests (hereafter called CKoTCT, CKoTET
and DST) are presented. The normalized
undrained shear strength in the field is con-
ceptually related to various aging effects to
which the clay in-situ has been subjected
since deposition more or less, and then the nor·
malized field vane and direct shear strengths,
Suf (v) /a' vo and Sut (d)/ a' vo are pres en ted for
7 marine clays found in Arabian Gulf,
Indonesia and Japan together with discussions
on aging effects to which each clay has been
subjected. Further, the normalized undra-
ined shear strength in the field with the
consolidation yielding stress, a' y determined
by standard and constant rate oedometer tests
(hereafter called S-oed. T and CR -oed. T)
are also presented and discussed. Finally, the
effect of strain rate on Su, which was re-
ported to be greatly dependent on lp (Bjer·
rum, 1973), is discussed based on a series of
CKoTCT results on various clays.
DISCUSSIONS ON THE NORMALIZED
UNDRAINED SHEAR STRENGTH CUR·
RENTL Y PRESENTED
The famous Skempton-Bjerrum line was
reported for normally consolidated clay, but
it should first be pointed out that the shear
strength used in this line is Sut (vl measured
by field vane test, FVT. As reported by
Bjerrum (1967), clay in-situ is generally in
an overconsolidated state more or less and
the degree of overconsolidation greatly de-
pends on geological stress history as demon-
strated by Hanzawa and Adachi (1983). It
can be said, therefore, that the Skempton-
Bjerrum line does not show the normalized
shear strength of clay in the NC state but
only gives some information on Sut (v> /a' vo
for some clays found in northern part of
Europe. Actually, there are lots of indica-
tions that the Skempton-Bjerrum line does
not work for highly plastic clays found in
South East Asia and India (Cox, 1970 ;
Lumb ; 1977 ; Mohan and Bhandari, 1977).
Larsson (1980) pointed out that the Hansbo-
Larsson line shows good agreement with
Suf(vlfa'v ratios of Scandinavian clays. In
any event, the fact that Suf(v>fa'vo ratios of
clays found in the same area can be expressed
by the two different lines, strongly suggests
that Sut! a' vo can not be uniquely related to
the lp but should depend on factors other
than the lp.
The ratios of Sun(c>fa'c repoerted by Bjer-
rum and Simons were obtainted by calcula-
tion using if>' at the maximum a' 1/a' 3 ratio.
and when ¢' at the maximum (a 1 -a 3) is
used, Sun(c> /a' vc ratio indicates smaller value
than shown in Fig. 1. But when it is con-
sidered that Sun! a' vc ratio can directly be
obtained from the triaxial test very easily,
the Bjerrum-Simons line for Sun! a' vc ratio is
useless at the present time.
The ratios of Sun(sl/a'vc presented by Ladd
and Edgers indicate a constant value of 0. 26;
when the lp is equal to or more than 40,
decrease with decreasing lp from 40 to lS.
and again show a constant value of 0. 20 when
the lp is equal to or less than 15. The ratios
of Sun(c)/a'vc and Sun(el/a'vc obtained from
CKoTCT and CKoTET investigated by Nakase
and Kamie, on the other hand, strongly
suggests that there is no unique relationship·
between these ratios and the lp.
The most questionable one is the Berre-
Bjerrum line. Clay in-situ is generally in an
overconsolidated state, and they assumed that
the main factor for overconsolidation is sec-
ondary compression which was also assumed
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 NORMALIZED UNDRAINED STRENGTH 135

Suf &Suf/u'vo greater the shallower the depth as schemati~

cally shown in Fig. 2, and its amounts greatly
'' change regionally as also shown in Fig. 3
'' which was reported by Hanzawa et al.
' (1991). In addition, the test conducted on
'' a clay with lp more than 35 is only Bangkok
' clay with lp=88.
'' The second questionable point is the un~
'' certainty in determining Suf <e>. The axial
'' strain at the maximum (a 1 -a 3) in CKoTET,
'' Sf<e> is much larger than Sf<c> in CKoTCT,
'' and sometimes reaches more than 15%, par~
ticularly in the NC state. Berre and Bjer~
rum used (a 1 -a 3)/2 at about twice of Sf<c>
Fig. 2. Idealized plot showing Sur and as Suf<eh and as well be known Sf<c> decreases
Surf a' vo of clay subjected to chemical with decreasing lp, which results in smaller
bonding Suf<e> with decreasing lp. Further, they
recommended the reconsolidation time reach~
ing several 10 days in determining Suf in the
7~
laboratory tests, which should give higher
Suf than the actual one.
The ratios of Sun<c>!Sun<s> and Sun<e>!Sun<s>
versus lp presented by Ladd (1973) are shown
in Fig. 4 together with Suf<c>fSuf<sl and Suf<e>f
Sut <s> ratios made from three kinds of Sut!
a' vo ratios by Berre and Bjerrum. The ratios
by Ladd indicate a symmetry above and below
1. 0, and locate more apart from 1. 0 as lp
decreases, which demonstrates that Sun<s> is
equal to the average strength of Sun<c> and
Sun<e> and the strength anisotropy is greater
the lower the lp. But such correlations can

Fig. 3. An example indicating regional

variation of chemical bonding for 2
clays in Tokyo Bay and Kyushu
Island

to be greater with increasing lp (Bjerrum,

1973). An increase of Sufi a' vo ratios with
increasing I p as shown in Fig. 1 is just for .,..,.
this reason. But Hanzawa and Adachi .,.,. , .... --"""
(1983) revealed that the main factor for
overconsolidation is rather chemical bonding
,.,,.,. ,_.- ~""" Sun(e)/Sun(s)

,.,, Suf(e)/Suf(s)
than secondary compression for clays found
in Arabian Gulf, Tokyo Bay and Singapore.
The clay samples used for laboratory tests Ip
to determine Suf by Berre and B jerrum were Fig. 4. Succ>fSucsl and Suce /Sues> ratios by
mostly taken from depths shallower than Ladd and Berre-Bjerrum plotted ver·
10 m. The effect of chemical bonding is sus Ip

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 136 HANZAWA AND TANAKA

not be observed in the ratios by Berre and
Bjerrum.
NORMALIZED UNDRAINED SHEAR
STRENGTH IN THE NORMALLY CON·
SOLIDATED STATE
A series of CKoTCT, CKoTET and DST
were carried out on various clays in the NC
state. Physical properties of clays, sample
preparation methods and the laboratory tests
conducted are summarized in Table 1. Un-
disturbed and slurry methods in sample prep-
aration are that undisturbed samples were
K 0-consolidated under a' vc being more than
twice of a'v in the former, while slurry
state clays preliminarily consolidated were
mounted on a device and then K 0-consolidat-
ed in the latter. Because of difficulty in
obtaining low plastic pure clays in Japan,
low plastic clays were artificially prepared with
mixing sand or silt sized particles as shown
in Table 1 except Fao clay in the Arabian
Gulf.
Testing Procedures and Conditions
K 0 -consolidation in the triaxial test was con-
ducted with the procedure explained in the
following. A preliminarily consolidated
sample from slurry state was trimmed and
mounted on the device. Consolidation at a
constant horizon tal consolidation stress, a' he

Table 1. Properties of clays, sample preparation methods and tests conducted

for investigating Sun/a' vc ratio in the NC state
r,. ..1

lT 1' .1 . .1
c >TCT CKoTET

Cl;j
OS-1 40 56 42 2 0 0 0
~ 24 36
-2 49 15 0 0 0
"t:l
<l)
.s"'
,.!4 -3 13 21 48 31 0 0 0 0
1-< 0
cd
c.. -4 5 9 91 0 0 0 0
<l)
1-<
c.. KS-1 51 48 52 0 0 0 0
>.
"';; :..;; -2 39 43 37 20 0 0 0
·u cd
N
34
~
....
cd
~
-3 32 26 20 0 0 0
< :.a -4 22 18 22 60 0 0 0
1-<
rt)

~"' -5 16 14 22 64 0 0 0
-6 13 12 19 69 0 0 0
."T .L

.::Cl;j 0 0 0 0
c..
Cl;j
......
K """""'
0 0 0 c

Isogo
Upper 50 0 0
Lower 25 0 0
. Surabaya 85 0 0 0 0
.
~

0 20
Fao 0 0 0

~
<(
Al-Zub:lir

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 NORMALIZED UNDRAINED STRENGTH 137

was commenced and q' ve was controlled so CKoTCT and CKoTET, respectively together
as to satisfy the condition given by .JV = A 0 with daughnut shaped membranes lubricated
X Ov during consolidation, where ·.JV, A 0 and with silicone grease at both ends of the
Ov are volumetric change, initial sectional specimen.
area of the specimen and vertical deformation
of the specimen, respectively. After q' ve K 0 Value
showed a constant value for 60 minutes, a The values of K 0 determined by the method
new q' he was applied and a new q' vc to explained above are plotted versus lp in Fig. 6
satisfy the condition of .JV = A 0 X Ov was which clearly indicates that K 0 values de-
determined. Repeating this operation several crease with decreasing lp and there is no
times, K 0 value given by q' he/ q' ve was ob- significant difference in K 0 values of clays
tained as presented in Fig. 5 which indicates
a test result for Ariake clay found in Kyushu
Island, Japan. After the determination of
K 0 value with this method, the specimen oo
for shear test was consolidated with q' vc and 0 Q_ 0
q' he from the begining stage until primary
consolidation has been achieved. Completion
0 OifJ~ eJ:) 0
of primary consolidation was determined by Bl
:slurry
log t method for the triaxial test and -v't
method for the direct shear test. The speci- 8 :Undisturbed
0. .
men was then subjected to shear at a strain 0 20 40 60 80 100
rate of 0. 1%/min in CKoTCT and CKoTET, Plasticity index, Ip
and a deformation rate of 0. 25 mm/min in Fig. 6. K 0 values obtained from triaxial
DST. A back pressure of 200 kPa was ap- test plotted versus lp
plied both during consolidation and shear
stages in CKoTCT and CKoTET, while the
modified direct shear device developed by
Mikasa (1960), where constant volume shear 0.3
is possible, was used for DST. Dimensions
of the specimen were 35 mm in diameter, D
and 85 mm in height, H for the triaxial c
.,...
test, and 60 mm in D and 20 mm in H for
the direct shear test. Drain papers with a 0.1 1~-
long strip and a spiral shape were used in ~

0.

.....c
1-
(,J

0 ~0--~----~--~--~40~--._--~68·
i
Plasticity index, Ip
Fig. 7. Sun/a'vc ratios and er(el in CKoTCT
Fig. 5. A result to determine K 0 value in plotted versus lp for Okinawa and
triaxial consolidation test Kashiwazaki clays prepared artificially

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 138 HANZAWA AND TANAKA

prepared with different methods. In order 0.4

to make clear that K 0 -lp relationship, how~ 0 Q,~OXQ 00 0
(a}

a>

. •.·' •
ever, it is desirable to investigate the K 0 0.3
QJ
value of low plastic pure clay because the 0 • aDO EJD8 10 [J
••••
"
(,.)
>
low plastic pure clay used in the tests was 0
'c: 0.2
only Fao clay in Arabian Gulf. ::::1
Vl •
0.1 Q:Sun(c}P'vc
Sun/ a' vc ratios [J:Sun(d)/O'vc
The ratios of Sun<c>fa'vc and Sun<e>fa'vc and e:Sun{e)/o'vc
their average values for Okinawa and Kashi~ ......
(1,1 {b)
wazaki clays artificially prepared are plotted c
::::1
"CVll.l
versus IP in Fig. 7 together with &f<c> values
c +
in CKoTCT and Sun<e>fa' vc ratios at the axial ::::1 ......
Kl ~ 1.0
-0Average=0.99 0 O (J)
strain being twice of &f<c>· When the maxi~ c
::::1
0 0 0
Vl
mum Ca 1 - a3) is not obtained until the axial 0.9
0
strain reaches 15% m, Ca 1 a3)/2 at 15% was
_ZOII----~------+----~----+---~
adopted as Sun <e>. When Sun <c> /a' vc ratio is ~ -Ladd for Sun (c)
noticed, this ratio decreases with increasing § ••••Berre-Bjerrum for Suf _______ ,.
........ - .......oo-
Vl
.......
lp for Okinawa clay, while it indicates ap~
~ 1.5
proximately a constant value irrespective of c
::::1
lp for Kashiwazaki clay. There is a tendency VI
0
that Sun<e>fa'vc ratio decrases with decreasing
lp, particularly when lp is less than 20, but
the average of Sun<c>fa'vc and Sun<e>fa'vc shows
-
~
c
::::1
approximately a constant value of 0. 28 to ~ 0.5
0. 29 irrespective of lp. It can clearly be ~
c
observed that &f<c> values decrease with de- ~
creasing lp and the values of Okinawa clay 20 40 60 80 100
are smaller than those of Kashiwazaki clay. Plasticity index, Ip
The ratios of Sun<e>fa' vc at the axial strain Fig. 8. Sunfa'vc ratios (a), 2Sunut>f(Sun<c>+
being twice of &f <c> are ranged from 0. 05 to Sun<e>) (b), and Sun(c fSun(d) and Sun<e I
0. 2, decreasing with decreasing lp except for Sun<d> (c) obtained from CKoTCT,
the OS-4 sample with lp=5 which mostly CKoTET and DST plotted versus I p
consists of silt sized particles as shown in
Table 1. This is a quite u'atural result from Sun<d> are presented in Fig. 8( c) together
the change of &f<c> values with lp shown with those by Ladd for Sun. and by Berre
in the :figure. and Bjerrum for Sut· It is difficult to :find
Various test results on all the samples are out any correlation between these ratios and
summarized in Fig. 8 Ca), Cb) and Cc). lp, which is different from Ladd's indication.
The ratios of Sun! a' vc do not suggest any
correlation between this ratio and lp, which
agrees with the test results by Nakase and CLAY PROPERTIES AND TESTS CON-
Kamei presented in Fig. 1. In Fig. 8 Cb) DUCTED
are indicated the strength ratios between The ratios of Sun! a' vc in the NC state were
Sun<dl and the average strength of Sun<c> and presented in the previous section. In the
Sun<e>. The ratio of 2 Sun<d>l CSun<c> +Sun<e>) followings of this paper, the ratios of Sufi a' va
is 0. 99 in average which demonstrates that in the :field are investigated and discussed for
Sun<dl is equal to the average of Sun<c> and 7 marine clays found in Arabian Gulf, In-
Sun<e>· The ratios of Sun<c>!Sun<d> and Sun<e>l donesia and Japan. Tests conducted on each

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 NORMALIZED UNDRAINED STRENGTH 139

Table 2. Properties and tests conducted for 7 marine clays for investigating Sur
and a' v in this study
Sun/a' vc FVT Oedometer
Clay lp - DST
Sun<c> I Sun(e) I fSun(d)
SFVT I Drillng. S-oed. T I CR-oed. T
0 Fao 10--30 0.39 0.29 66 6*-1 I
~
o:s
:.0o:s
I I I I I I I I
1-1 Khor Al-Zubair 32-36 0.355 0.25 40 10*-21
< I I I I I I I I
o:s Surabay a 0.34 0.22 0.27 51 56 34
·;n
<!) I 48-1031 I I I I I I I
~
0
'"0
;::::
Bani": I Upper 54-110 I 0.29 I
0.24 0.27 20 16
masm Lower 52,.....105 0.31 0.22 0.27 !
29 20
~
I I I I I
I
Ariake I Upper I
45.......,91 0.31 0.24 0.28 !
11 11 11 11
Lower 33.......,63 0.32 o.20 0.27 8 8
I I I I I 8
I I 8
;::::
o:s Upper 30-60 0.30 16 12 14
0.
o:s Isogo
......, Lower 24-27 0.30 6 4 6
I I I I I I I I
Kuwana I Upper
L
31-38 0.35 0.20 0.27 7 7 7 7
ower 45-60 0.35 0.20 0.27 5 13 13
I I I I I I I
13
*-1 : t
=2 hrs. & Lla./a'c=l/4, *-2 : tc=2 hrs. & Lla0 fa'.=l
0
•

Numbers of FVT, DST and Oedometer test are numbers of tests

Water content, wn (0), Liquid lim it, WL (-<) .:nd Plastic limit, wp ()-)
0 50 0 50 0 50 100 0 50 100 0 50 100 150 0 50 0 50 100 1 0
S~nd ·' o1
~
'
><h. & clay >---0-< ) ( 0 s.. >--0<

i
c
5 >-0< L )---(}< 1 >---< 0 ~ res

10~
~
~
...
~
>--0-<
.....n.c >--0<
>--0< c.
>---0< :=
CIJ
c.
s..
~00
>---< 0
-f ~ i >--0<

~ s..
..51 'i~
>----0-< '>---<·o
>--0-< >----0-< >----<0 s..
::3 >-0< >--0-< ~-
>---0--<
T~
>--0< c.

i
~-'-

(f
0
>-0--< >--<0 ~
>--0--< >--0-< ...J
s.. >--0<
>--0---<
>--0-<. ~s.. ~~
25
~ >-0---< ~~ r- >--0-<
30~
>---0---<
~...J {::8:t
35
Fao
Khor Al-
Zubair Surabaya Banjarmasin I Ariake Kuwa,na Isogo
0
...J

Fig. 9. Water contnet, liquid limit and plastic limit of the clays
investigated in this study

clay are summarized in Table 2 together with tc and .J ac/ a' c for these two clays were Z
I p and Sun! a' vc ratios. SFVT and drilling hours for both clays, and 1/4 and 1. 0 for
methods for FVT are the penetration type Fao clay and Khor Al-Zubair clay. Strain
of sheathed FVT and drilling type FVT, rates in CR-oed. T were determined to be
respectively. Undisturbed samples were pri- 0. 02%/min from preliminary tests so as to
marily consolidated at a' vo and then subjected satisfy the full drainage condition until a' 11
to shear at a deformation rate of 0. 25 mm/ is obtained. The values of water content,.
min in DST. Two kinds of oedometer tests, Wm liquid limit, wL and plastic limit, Wp of
S-oed. T and CR-oed. T were carried out. each clay are presented in Fig. 9.
Consolidation time, tc and stress incremental Engineering properties of clay in-situ are
ratio, .J a cl a' c in S-oed. T were 24 hours closely related to geological history as demon-
and 1. 0, respectively except for Fao and strated by many engineers. Form this point
Khor Al-Zubair clays in Arabian Gulf. The of view, sedimentation time of each clay

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 140 HANZAWA AND TANAKA

E
0
-4 .E
.....QJ
>
-8 ~
"'
QJ
II)

~~~~~~--~~---L--~~~~~--~-12
4 8 12 16 20
Years before present (xlOOO)
Fig. 10. Sedimentation time of each clay investigated
and sea water level change for past 20,000 years

qc (xlO kpa}
00 50 100 NORMALIZED UNDRAINED SHEAR
Khor Al STRENGTH IN THE FIELD
Zubair
In-situ clay is generally in an overconsoli-
dated state more or less and main factors
for overconsolidation are chemical bonding
Upper clay and secondary compression which are dif-
ferent from each other in mechanism. In-
situ undrained shear strength, Suf of clay
10
subjected to these actions is expressed by Eq.
( 1 ).
Suf=Sun+k 1 for chemical bonding
=Sun X k 2 for secondary compression
(1)
Fig. 11. Point resistance of Khor al-Zubair where k 1 and k 2 are constants.
and Banjarmasin clays subjected to Hanzawa and Adachi revealed that a'v of
cementation and desiccation stress in marine clays is fundamentally given by a'v=
the past

:are first summarized in Fig. 10 together with Suf/O'vo

the sea level change for past 20, 000 years.
Clay appeared on land when the sea level
was lowered was subjected to either desicca-
tion stress, cementation and oxidization or
their combined actions as discussed in detail 0
>
by Hanzawa and Adachi (1983). Point re-
b
sistance, qc of khor Al-Zubair clay in Ara-
bian Gulf and Banjarmasin clay in Indonesia,
which were subjected to small scaled sea
level lowering for past 5, 000 years for the
former and large scaled sea level lowering
at 10, 000 years ago for the latter, are shown
in Fig. 11 which clearly indicates the drastic Fig. 12. Idealized plot showing Sur and
change of qc at the depths subjected to cemen- Surfa'vo of clay subjected to combined
tation (Khor Al-Zubair clay) and desiccation actions of chemical bonding and second-
stress (Banjarmasin clay). ary compression

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 NORMALIZED UNDRAINED STRENGTH
a' vo + k' 1 to a certain a' vo and a' y=a' vo X kz
beyond this a' vo· Then Sut and Sut! a' vo of
a clay in-situ are fundamentally given by
Eq. ( 2) as schematically presented in Fig. 12.
Sut =Sun+ k1 to a certain a' vo
=Sun X k 2 beyond a certain a' vo
(2. 1)
Sutf q' vo =(Sun+ k 1) /a' vo to a certain a' vo
=Sun! a' vc X k 2 beyond a certain a' vo
(2.2)
The value of a' vo bounding Sun +k 1 and Sun
+k 2 depends on amounts of chemical bonding
and secondary compression.
In Fig.13 are compared Sut<vl and Sut<dl
values measured in SFVT and DST for Sura-
baya, Ariake and Kuwana clays. A q' vc ratio.
unique correlation is obtained between Sut<vl
and Sut<dl for each clay as given by Sut<v> =
0. 8 Sut<dl for Surabaya and Ariake clays and
Suf<v> =Sut<dl for Kuwana clay. Since Sut<vl
of clay with sand seams and shells indicates
a greater value than the actual one as typi-
cally observed for Kuwana clay and Sut is
a function of Sun as given by Eqs. ( 1) and
( 2 ), Sut<d> values were used in the following
discussions except for clays in Arabian Gulf
for which DST were not carried out.
Sut! a' vo ratios
The ratios of Sut <vl / q' vo for Arabian Gulf
clays and Sut <dl / q' vo for other clays are plotted
versus q' vo in Fig. 14 together with Sun! a' vc
ratios corresponding to vane and direct shear
strengths. The following comments can be
made for each clay.
Fig. 13. Sur<vl measured by FVT plotted versus Suf<dl measured
by DST for Surabaya, Ariake and Kuwana clays
141
( 1 ) There are some scatters in Sut <vl /a' va
ratios of Fao clay with lp=10 to 30 but it
could he possible to represent the Sut <vl /a' v~>
by Sun<vlfq'vc ratio of 0. 31 which was predict-
ed from correlation among Sut <cl, Sut <vl and
Sun<c>fq' vc as indicated below. Hanzawa
(1977) reported that q' 11 of Fao clay deter-
mined by special S-oed. T with tc=2 hours
and L}qcfq'c=1/4 showed good agreement with
q' vo' while q' 11 from ordinary S-oed. T were
much smaller than q' vo indicating q' y=O. 7
a' vo· Since there is no reason that Fao clay
is in an underconsolidated state, Hanzawa
(1977) concluded that Fao clay is in the
normally consolidated state. It is reasonable
to express Sut <vl /a' vo of this clay by Sun<v> /
* S un<cl / a' vc= 0. 39 & S uf(v)-
- Sut<cl
1. 25-
-+Sun(v)/a'vc=O. 39/1. 25=0. 31
( 2) The ratios of Sut <vlf q' vo of Khor Al-
Zubair clay subjected to complicated aging
effects such as desiccation stress and cemen-
tation indicate approximately a constant
value of 0. 30 in the zone beyond a' 110 =80 kPa
except the cemented zone from q' vo = 115 to
125 kPa, and this suggests that secondary
compression is predominant in the zone
beyond q' vo=80 kPa. The ratio of Sun<v>fa' vc
was predicted to be 0. 22 as shown below and
then overconsolidation ratio, OCR is given
by 0. 30/0. 22=1. 4 which shows good agree-
ment with OCR determined using q 111 from
a special S-oed. T with tc=2 hours and
LJqcfq'c=l. 0 as revealed later.
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 142 HANZAWA AND TANAKA

upper part (lJ'vo;;;;;90 kPa), while secondary

compression for the lower part (lJ' vo~90 kPa)
where OCR is predicted to be 0. 4110. 27 = 1. 5
( 4) The ratios of the upper Banjarrnasin
clay with lp=54 to 110 indicate a typical
ratio subjected to chemical bonding, while
the ratios of the lower clay with I P =52 to
105 show approximately a constant value of
0. 5 except the desiccated zone. A constant
Sutl lJ 1vo ratio suggests that secondary corn-
pression is predominant for the lower clay,
but as pointed out by Subagio and Setiwani
(1991), the fact that there are lost of slick-
0 enside cracks in the lower clay also suggests
>
that the lower clay was entirely subjected to
~0.5 desiccation stress more or less.
~
'+-
::s ( 5) The ratios of Suf(d)llJ'vo of the upper
~ o~r---~----~~----~--~~
Isogo clay with lp=30 to 60 clearly indicate
2.4
0
.>
that the upper clay was subjected to relatively
~ 1.6 large chemical bonding, while the ratios of
the lower clay with lp=24 to 27% indicate a
constant value of 0. 64 which gives OCR of
2.1 ( =0. 6310. 30). This OCR shows good
agreernen t with OCR determined by lJ' y from
CR-oed. T as indicated later.
( 6) The ratios of Sut<dlllJ' vo of the upper
Ariake clay with lp=45 to 91 also indicate
a typical ratio of the chemically bonded clay,
while the ratios of the lower clay with lp=33
to 63 approximately show a constant value
0.38~· 44 though there are some scatters. These char-
Sun(d)/~'vc = 0.27 acteristics in Sut (d) I lJ 1vo ratio are consistent
0~--~5--~1~0~~15~~20~~2~5~3~0 with those for an Ariake clay found at coastal
o 'vo (x 1Okpa)
reclaimed area as reported in detail by Han-
Fig. 14. Normalized undrained shear
zawa et al. (1990).
strength, Suf<v fa' vo and Suf<d /a' vo of
( 7) It is suggested that secondary com-
7 clays plotted versus a' vo
pression is predominant for Kuwana clay
* S un(c) I(] 'vc= 0 • 355 & S uf(v)-
- Suf(c)
1. 6
covered with a sand layer of 10 rn thick as
ideally indicated in Fig. 12. As can be seen
-+Sun(v)llJ'vc=O. 35511. 6=0. 22 from Fig. 14, the Su!<d)/lJ' vo ratios indicate a
( 3) The ratios of Sut (d) IlJ 1vo of Surabaya constant value of 0. 38 in the zone of lJ'vo;;;;,
clay with lp=48 to 103 covered with an 200 kPa irrespective of the upper clay with
alternation layer of sand and clay of 6 rn lp=31 to 38 and the lower clay with lp=45
thick decrease with increasing lJ' vo until lJ' vo to 60, and the ratio beyond lJ' vo=200 kPa is
reaches 90 kPa, while the ratios beyond lJ' vo= 0. 44. Study on geological history does not
90 kPa indicate a constant value of 0. 41, suggest any possibility for this discontinuity
which is just the same as SutllJ' vo ratio given in formation process of the lower clay. On
by Eq. (2. 2). It is therefore suggested that the other hand, pumping up of the ground-
chemical bonding is predominant for the water had been done in the past and then

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 NORMALIZED UNDRAINED STRENGTH 143

101r-----~----~----~------r-~~~
Fao
i_ 8 Sun(v)/6'\c = 0.31
..ll(

~6
-><
0.31 O''vo

Kuwana
..-.10 Sun (d) /6'vc
10
0. 0.27
~8
.....
><

-
.....
~4
1;
6

V')2

1 ~o!:---~5---•lo---~1~::-5---2.~-o_ ____,25 ~4
Isogo ~2
-;; 1 Sun(d)/6'vc = 0.30 V'l
0.
~

0
Upper
35 + o.300"vo

0~-~'------'----L---'
4 8 12 16 20 0 2 4 6 8
a'vo (xlOkpa) rr'vo (x10kpa)
Fig. 15. Undrained shear strength in the field, Sut of each clay
plotted versus a' vo as related to aging effects

Table 3. Summary for But as related to aging effects for 7 clays investigated
in this study
Clay Sun/ct'~c ct'~• (kPa) S,.t (kPa) Aging effects

Fao Sun(v)/<J 1vc=0. 31 0. 31 d1vo Young clay with OCR= 1

0 ~50 (0. 4--2. 7) ct' vo Desiccation stress
=
0::
(0. 6.- 1. 3) ct' ~·
·~ Khor Al-Zubair Sun<v)/d 1vc=O. 22
50.-60
Cementation
....
< 115-125 0. 55 a' vo

;r;;;so 0. 30 a' vo Secondary compression

Upper Sunw/ct' vo=O. 28 ~45 9+0. 28 a'~• Chemical bonding

Ariake
Lower S'UnCd){C1 1 ve=O. 27 ~45 0. 48 a'vo Secondary compression
Upper Sunwla' vc = 0. 27 100.-140 0. 38 a'vo Secondary compression
=
0::
0. Kuwana 140-200 0. 38 a'vo Secondary compression
0::
t-, Lower Sunw/ct' vo=O. 27
;r;;;200 0. 44 a' vo Pump-up of groundwater
Upper Sun< 1n/a' vc=O. 30 ~130 35+0. 30 d1vo Chemical bonding
Isogo
Lower Sun<a,,/a'"c=O. 30 ;r;;;130 0. 64 a'vo Secondary compression

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 144 HANZA WA AND TANAKA

this factor which gives higher a' y at the
lower part of the clay is the most probable
reason for discontinuity in Sut(d)/a' vo ratio
of the lower clay.
The values of Sut of each clay and the
aging effects that the clays have been sub-
jected to are presented for Sut versus a' vo in
Fig. 15 and summarized in Table 3. It can
be seen that Sui of each clay is expressed
by Eq. (2. 1) except for the desiccated and
the cemented zones.
Sufi a' y ratios
As presented in Fig. 15 and table 3, Sut of
each clay is fundamentally given by Eq.
(2. 1). Such clay is classified into normally
consolidated aged clay and it's a' y and OCR
can be obtained from Eq. ( 3) (Hanzawa
(1979) ).
a' y= Sut +Sun! a' vc
OCR=Sut/a'vo+Sunfa'vc
On the other hand, the value of a'y from an
oedometer test is greatly influenced by Llac/
a' c• tc and strain rate (Leonards, 1962 ;
Crawford, 1964 ; Leroueil, 1983). Accord-
ing to these studies, smaller Ll ac/ a' c• shorter
tc and faster strain rate give larger a' Y· The
values of a'y determined by CR-oed. T show
greater a' y than by S-oed. T as reported
in detail by Leroueil et al. (1983) and Han-
zawa (1989). But an important advantage
of CR-oed. T is that a'y can easily be
determined from stress-strain curve as also
indicated by Leroueil et al. and Hanzawa.
In Fig. 16 are presented OCR of each clay
except Fao clay with OCR= 1. 0 obtained
from S-oed. and CR-oed. T and from Eq.
( 3 ). It can be pointed out first of all that
OCR from CR-oed. T and Eq. ( 3) showed
good agreement with each other, while the
values from S-oed. Tare smaller with larger
scatters when OCR of Ariake, Isogo and
Kuwana clays are compared. The same
trend can be observed in OCR of Surabaya
and Banjarmasin clays for which either S-
oed. T (Surabaya clay) or CR-oed. T
(Banjarmasin clay) was conducted. The
( 3) values of OCR of Khor Al-Zubair clay deter-
mined by Special S-oed. T with tc=2 hours
show quite good agreement with OCR from
Eq. ( 3 ).
On the other hand, Sui of clay is an
unique function of a' y irrespective of nor-

OCR OCR OCR

-;;- 01 2 3 5 7 10 2 3 5 7 2 5

.•
Di
Q.

'0""'
.....
>< tl[JI
of~ o• Sand
0 /1. •.o riff
-b >
5
•t:~
••
.c. •
e•
•e
a<>
ae, +---'--110
V1
V1
" •
1//J
.-ll
• ·!9
Q 0
•
Jteo
c
CbS": Oo
OCl

~··
CIJ tl)
08
.....V1s.. c tO
Cf!J<i;> e
c:
CIJ
"E 10
;::5
..Q
s..
CIJ
>
0
CIJ
.,...>
..~ •
•
!J
• •
~
•
10 co.
c.o
tJI
.tit c
CtO
atpo
Oo

00•
CO•
o
c &>Ot
()t
15

tCIJ 15 • •·o c
c
0 20
4-
•o 4)
4-
LI.J
G:Jto
B~

Fig. 16. Overconsolidation ratio determined by S-oed. T, CR-oed. T and

Eq. ( 3) plotted versus a'vo which starts with 50 kPa for Kuwana clay

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 NORMALIZED UNDRAINED STRENGTH 145

mally consolidated aged clay or overconsoli- oed. T and special S-oed. T are plotted
dated young clay as given by Eq. ( 4 ). versus OCR in Fig. 17 for Khor Al-Zubair,
S~IJ =Sun! a' vc x a' v for normally consolidated Banjarmasin and three Japanese clays. As
aged clay quite naturally expected from Eq. ( 3 ), Sut!
=Sun/a' vc X a' v X a for overconsolidated a'v ratios of each clay show approximately a
young clay ( 4) constant value being close to Sunfa'vc ratio
irrespective of OCR though some scatters
where a=coefficient for strength decrease
can be observed for Banjarmasin and Isogo
induced by swelling.
clays. The ratios of Sutfa'v are also plotted
From this point of view, it is an important
versus lp in Fig. 18. As quite naturally ex-
check point in determining a proper a'v value
pected from Eq. (3), no correlation exists be-
whether or not a' y determined by any method
tween Sulfa' v and lp, there is no meaning-
can well explain the correlation given by
ful correlation between Sut! a' y and I P·
Eq. ( 4 ). Though there is a problem in de-
termination of a'v by CR-oed. T, that is,
how the appropriate strain rate should be, EFFECT OF STRAIN RATE ON UN·
it is recommended to determine a' v by CR- DRAINED STRENGTH
oed. T than by S-oed. T because of its
Bjerrum (1972) presented a method to de-
easier determination of a' y from a stress-
strain curve and better correspondence to the termine Su<mob) based on FVT in which Sut <vl
values are corrected using factors obtained
correlation between Sut and a'v as can be
seen from OCR compared in Fig. 16.
The ratios of Sutfa'v determined by CR- Khor Al-Zubai :Sun(v)/CT~c = 0 • 22
0
0 .4
--<9i>'- 0.22
,>,Q.31-
~
:;0. 21-
~0. 1
•:• •
•
~ . . lKhor Al-Zubairl

'
Sun(v)/0" vc = 0.22
Vl
0
•4f-
,•"''
'~#

't-~ Qesiccated
...
......

,. Banjarmasin

3~ •
2
••• •
rctttw• ""=sun(d)ldvc = 0.27

11- .
Ariake:Sun(d)/G,vc = 0.27 ..... 0.28
0
9&»~
• ,.,o. 3
b •' '!P Au
~ o.21s
8 00
';:::,.0. 21-o • •'\:sun(d)la'vc = 0.275 •
.
.
"'C
<i:'O. 1
Jf
0
31--
Zf-
~·
•
.. .. .
~Sun(d)la'vc = O.:ll
~ --i'!~..-0--~..,.~------o.Jo
0

11--

...
1.,5 2 3 4 5 6 7 ~ 9
IKuwanal
1- • 1 1

1- ~· ·~0.3
...... ~0.27
Sun(d)/d:c =:.27 ~ 0.2
1-o

1.2 1.4 1.6

. 1.8 2.0
";' 0.1
II')

Overconsolidation ratio, OCR lZO

Fig. 17. Normalized undrained shear
strength, Suf<v>la' v and Sut<d>fa' y of Fig. 18. shear
each clay plotted versus overcon· strength, Sut<v)fa' v and Sur<d fa' v of
solidation ratio each clay plotted versus Ip

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 146 HANZAWA AND TANAKA

from a comparison of measured strength assumed that the discrepancy in measured

values with those required to give a factor values is primarily due to strain rate effect,
of safety of 1. 0 for observed failures. As and then it was concluded that the strain
pointed out by Ladd and Foott (1974), it is rate effect on Su is greater the higher the
lp as shown in Fig.19. But it should be
pointed out that Sut<vl value is affected by
clay properties such as whether or not sand
seams, shells and organic materials are con-
tained. Such clays give higher Sut Cvl value
resulting in lower correction factor, fl·
Factor of safety is also dependent on drain-
age conditions during construction. These
points are not clear in the method proposed
by Bjerrum.
K 0-consolidated triaxial compression tests
with different strain rates have been con-
ducted on various clays in the NC state.
Fig. 19. Correction factor, p to determine The ratios of Sun<cl/a'vc are plotted versus
Sucmobl from Sur<vl plotted versus Ip strain rate for 7 clays with Ip ranging from
(after Bjerrum, 1973) 35 to 85 in Fig. 20. On the other hand,
strain and rotating rates in unconfined com-
0£~----~--~-----.-----.----~
pression tests, qu tests and FVT are gener-
ally 1. 0%/min and 6o/min which could be
equivalent to each other, while the strain rate
in actual stability problems has been said to
be 10- 2 to 10- 3 %/min (Ladd and Foott, 1974 ;
Larsson, 1980). From this point of view,
0: Ip = 50
• : = 70 strength ratios at a strain rate of 1. 0%/min
[J: "'50
to at 10- 3 %/min shown in Fig. 20 are plotted
versus I p in Fig. 21 together with /JR shown
in Fig. 19. Though it is desirable to inves-
0.2 4 tigate the strain rate effect on Su for low
10- l0-3 1o-2 1o-1 100 101
Strain rate (%/min}
plastic pure clay, it is difficult to find out
any possibility from the Su 1/Su 2 ratio in the
Fig. 20. Sun<c>fa' vc obtained from CKoTCT figure to say that the strain rate effect is
plotted versus strain rate greater the higher the I P·

.U R by lljerrum CONCLUSIONS
Og 0 Normalized undrained shear strength both
0 0 in the normally consolidated state and in
the field was investigated for various clays
Sul :Su at l0-3%/min with a wide range of Ip. The following
Su2:Su at 1%Anin
0 •5 o 20 40 60 80 100
conclusions can be made from the study
Plasticity irdex, Ip though more studies on low plastic pure
Fig. 21. Undrained strength .ratio at strain clay are desirable.
rate of 1.0%/min and 10-3 %/min, Su1/Su2 ( 1) Normalized undrained shear strength
plotted versus I P together with flR pro· both in the NC state and in the field, Sun!
posed by Bjerrum a'vc and Sutfa'vo as well as strength anisotropy

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 NORMALIZED UNDRAINED STRENGTH
:are not influenced by the lp.
( 2) Undrained shear strength in the
field, Suf of clays investigated in this study
is given by Eq. (2. 1) except for the desic~
cated and the cemented clays.
Suf=Sun+k 1 to a certain a'vo
=Sun X k 2 beyound this a' vo
( 3) Normalized undrained shear strength
with the consolidation yielding stress, Sufi a' y
of clays investigated in this study shows
approximately a constant value being close
to Sunfa'vc irrespective of OCR and lp, which
demonstrates that all the clays are classified
into normally consolidated aged clay except
Fao clay in Arabian Gulf.
( 4) It is strongly suggested that the
strain rate effect on Su is also independent
.of the lp.
NOTATION
OCR= overconsolidation ratio
qc=point resistance in cone penetrometer test
Su=undrained shear strength
Sur=undrained shear strength in the field
Sur<c)=compression shear strength in the field
sttf({j, =direct shear strength in the field
Sur<e)=extension shear strength in the field
Sur<s)=simple shear strength in the field
.Suf<vl =vane shear strength in the field
Sun=undrained shear strength in the normally
consolidated state
Stm<cl =compression shear strength in the NC state
Sun<dl =direct shear strength in the NC state
SunCe)=extension shear strength in the NC state
Sun<sl =simple shear strength in the NC state
SunCvl =vane shear strength in the NC state
t 0 =consolidation time in oedometer test
a =coefficient for strength decrease induced by
swelling
fiR= correction factor for strain rate effect
a' c=consolida tion stress
a' nc= horizon tal consolidation stress
a' vc= vertical consolidation stress
a' vo=effective overburden stress
a' y=consolidation yielding stress
REFERENCES
1) Berre, T. and Bjerrum, L. (1973) : "Shear
strength of normally consolidated clays," Proc.,
147
8th ICSMFE, Vol.1, pp. 39-49.
2) Bishop, A. W. (1958) : "Test requirement for
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3) Bjerrum, L. (1954) : "Geotechnical properties
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4) Bjerrum, L. (1967) : "Engineering geology of
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5) Bjerrum, L. (1972) : "Embankment on soft
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8) Crawford, C. B. (1960) : "The influence of
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9) Cox, J. B. (1970) : "The distribution and
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10) Hansbo, S. (1957) : "A new approach to the
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11) Hanzawa, H. (1977) : "Geotechnical properties
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NII-Electronic Library Service
 148 HANZAWA AND TANAKA
parameters for soft clays as related to geological
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17) Hanzawa H., Fukaya, T. and Suzuki, K.
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Vol. 30, No.4, pp.ll-24.
18) Hanzawa H., Suzuki, K. and Tanaka, H.
(1991) : "Normalized shear strength of clay
in the normally consolidated state and in the
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SMFE, Vol. 39, No.8 (in Japanese).
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