HISTORY OF ABO 1628 1658 1818

AND RH BLOOD William Jan James Blundell

Harvey Swammerdam successfully transfused
human blood from a
discovered viewed red blood hemorrhaging woman
circulation cells in a during childbirth
of blood microscope

1901 1924 1940

GROUPS

Karl Landsteiner and

Karl Landsteiner Sergei N. Bernstein Alexander S. Weiner
explained how blood type discovered Rh group leading
discovered the is determined through his doctors to understand
ABO blood groups “Three Allele Model” immune reactions between
donors and
recipient

ABO AND RH BLOOD GROUPS

RBCs has antigen, an identity markers,
ABO
ABO

that allows antibodies identify its own

cells and attack foreign bodies. Alleles of
types IA and IB are dominant over type i.

VV The Rh factor was discovered in rhesis

monkeys which are independently inherited
RH
RH
fromtheABObloodtype.GenotypesfortheRh
SS factor +/+ or +/- possess the Rh(D) antigen
which is Rh positive and -/- do not posess the
Rh(D)antigenwhichisRhnegative.
Type O negative is referred to as the universal donor. Because red blood cells of Type AB positive have all
possible antigens (proteins), none will be seen as foreign so Type AB positive is the universal recipient.

LANDSTEINER'S LAW ABO

A and B antigens can found GLYCOSYLTRANSFERASE
on the surface of RBCs
Postulate: Antibodies of these antigens are
It is where the gene which determines the human ABO blood
type and is located on chromosome 9 (9q34.1)
found in the plasma of individuals
who do not express these antigens three main alleleic forms of ABO locus

BLOOD TYPING
done before blood transfusion or if one is given of an A ALLELE: B ALLELE: O ALLELE:
when identifying an individual's incompatible blood it encodes a encodes a encodes an enzyme
blood for donation and ensures can lead to blood glycosyltransferase glycosyltransferase with no function, so
that a person receives the right clumping, agglutination, which produces the which produces the neither A or B antigen
type of blood which is fatal A antigen with N- B antigen with D- is produced, leaving
important for mother - Rh negative mother needs acetylgalactosamine galactose as its the underlying
pregnant women father - Rh positive RhoGAM drug as its immuno- immunodominant precursor (the H
= child - Rh positive dominant sugar sugar antigen) unchanged.
Rh testing is performed because the difference in Rh blood group types between an
Rh-negative mother and her Rh-positive baby can lead to hemolytic disease

IMMUNE NON-
TRANSFUSION REACTIONS

TRANSFUSION REACTIONS
TYPES OF HEMOLYTIC
TYPES OF HEMOLYTIC

MEDIATED
ACUTE HTR
These are due to
preformed antibodies
against donor RBC
antigens present in
the recipient’s blood
IMMUNE
DELAYED HTR
MEDIATED
generally related to improper storage and handling of blood
These are due to an leading to hemolysis in vitro prior or during transfusion
anamnestic response to Thermal injury Concomitant
donor RBC antigens Cold injury administration of
which produces Mechanical injury hypotonic solutions
antibodies after a lag Infection (D5%W, hypotonic
period of 3-10 days. Concomitant drug- saline) leading to
induced hemolysis osmotic injury

BERSTEIN’S
BERSTEIN’S THREE
THREE ALLELE
ALLELE THEORY
THEORY
In this model, Bernstein postulated that there are three alleles, A, B, and O, at a single ABO
genetic locus, and that A and B alleles are co-dominant against the recessive O allele. This
produces 6 genotypes (AA, AO, BB, BO, AB, and OO) resulting in 4 phenotypes.
EXAMPLE: phenotype and genotype probabilities in the offspring of a Father with a genotype of A/O and a
Mother with A/B.
GENOTYPE:
IA IA - 25% IA i- 25% IA IB – 25% IB i- 25%
PHENOTYPE:
Type A- 50% Type B- 25% Type AB- 25%
 PUMPS AND PIPES
DIFFERENT TYPES OF PUMPS
Diaphragm Pump
POSITIVE DISPLACEMENT
Advantages: seal-less and oil-free, self-priming up to 6 meters,
simple cleaning/maintenance, versatile design and function (can
handle most media types), can run dry for short periods
Disadvantages: low maximum speed, not very energy efficient
simple cleaning/maintenance, pulsed flow - requires dampener
for reduction versatile design and function
Applications: used to push liquids like corrosive chemical,
volatile solvents, viscous, shear-sensitive foodstuffs, pharma
product, sticky fluids, dirty water, smaller solids, creams, abrasive
slurry, oils, and gels
POSITIVE DISPLACEMENT
Gear Pump
Advantages: maintenance is simple, handles an extensive range
of viscosities, the output is controllable, easy to reconstruct,
cavitations are less sensitive
Disadvantages: liquid should be free of abrasives, and
interlocking gears can also be loud
Applications: pumping high viscosity fluids such as oil, paints,
resins, or food, used in different fuel, lube oils, solvents, and
alcohols, used in chemical preservatives, polymer metering,
mixing and blending of chemical, agriculture, industrial, and
mobile hydraulic applications
Peristaltic Pump
Advantages: no contamination, it is easy to sterilize and clean,
low maintenance, able to handle slurries, viscous, shear-
sensitive, and aggressive fluids, pump design prevents backflow
and siphoning without valves, can be used to roughly measure
the amount of pumped fluid
Disadvantages: tubing will tend to degrade with time and
require periodic replacement, flow is pulsed, particularly at low
rotational speeds, and less suitable where a smooth consistent
flow is required
Applications: to move fluids that are sterile or aggressive
NON POSITIVE
chemicals, used to pump IV fluids or slurries with a high degree
of fluid content, used for heart/lung machines during surgery
Lobe Pump
Advantages: can handle solids, slurries, pastes, and many liquids, no metal-
to-metal contact, superior CIP/SIP capabilities, long-term dry run with
lubrication to seals, non-pulsating discharge
Disadvantages: require timing gears, Require two seals, reduced lift with
thin liquids
Applications: polymers, paper coatings, soaps and surfactants, paints and
dyes, rubber and adhesives, pharmaceuticals, food applications
Piston Pump
NON
Advantage: wide pressure range, pressure can be controlled without
affecting flow rate, capable of moving viscous fluids, slurries, and abrasives
with proper valve design
Disadvantage: high operating and maintenance costs, heavy and bulky, only
handles lower flow rates
Applications: irrigation system, paint sprays, fertilizer industry, water waste
treatment, drilling, oil production industry
DIFFERENT TYPES OF PIPES
PEX
Advantages: easy to understand color-codes: red for hot water,
blue for cold, super flexible, push-fit plumbing fittings will
work to attach, inexpensive, easy to cut
Disadvantages: since its new, long-term capabilities are
untested, may leak with push-fit plumbing fittings, not
recyclable
Applications: water supply lines, heat transfer applications,
residential fire/sprinkler systems
Copper Pipe
Advantages: can handle the heat and intense pressure well,
easy to recycle, and has a monetary value
Disadvantages: need the experience to work copper piping
due to soldered connections, expensive
Applications: domestic water service and distribution, air
conditioning & refrigeration, medical gas and vacuum, fire
sprinklers, fuel gas
ABS Pipe
Advantages: stronger than PVC pipes, suitable for
underground exterior use, works well in cold temperatures
Disadvantages: often not permitted by building code, warps
and deforms at certain temperatures
Applications: often the choice of plumbers for use in drain,
waste, and vent piping systems, and as electrical insulation
Steel Pipe
Advantages: durable, resistance to corrosion, easily malleable,
recyclable, cost-efficient
Disadvantages: maintenance cost is high, likely to be rusted
by acidic or alkaline water,require more time for repairs
during breakdown and hence are not suitable for distribution
pipes, deform in shape under the combined action of external
forces.
Applications: irrigation systems, electrical wiring, HVAC
systems, as well as exhaust components
Submitted by: Mary Shaniq F. Lauras BSCHE-2 V1-C2
Centrifugal Pump
Advantages: space saving, less capital costs, easy for maintenance,
work with medium to low viscous fluid
Disadvantages: extra priming requires, cannot be able to work high
head, cannot deal with high viscous fluid
Applications: water supply for residential areas, sewage/slurry disposal,
food and beverage manufacturing, chemical manufacturing, oil and gas
industrial operations
Vertical Centrifugal Pump
DISPLACEMENT
Advantages: the flow rate is continuous and even, the work
is stable and easy to adjust, pump wear parts are less and
easy to manage and maintain, high speed can be directly
connected with motor or steam turbine, simple and compact
structure, size and weight is smaller than the same flow
reciprocation pump, low in cost
Disadvantages: performance of the pump to the liquid
viscosity change is more sensitive, a single screw transport,
power is not too large
Applications: industrial and urban drainage, pressurized
water supply in high-rise buildings
Horizontal Centrifugal Pump
Advantages: Smooth operation, no leakage, low noise, low
failure rate, easy maintenance, easy to replace the seal and
bearing, less space
Disadvantages: takes up more space than the vertical
centrifugal pump, limitation of suction height, easy to be
damp and flooded
Applications: High Temperature, Spraying Systems, Water
Circulation, Liquid Transfer, General Purpose
Submersible Pump
Advantages: completely watertight, minimizes repair
costs, the pressure is optimized, does not need to be
primed before operating, saves time, reduces risks of
overexertion
Disadvantages: hard to identify and repair damages
like a rupture, tend to have a higher cost than regular
ones
Applications: sewage treatment plants, seawater
handling, fire fighting, water well and deep well
drilling, offshore drilling rigs, artificial lifts, mine
dewatering, and irrigation systems
Fire Hydrant Systems
Advantages: low maintenance and virtually, does not
leak water, a long durability and life, most effective
system for fire protection ever discovered
Disadvantages: has to be manually activated, so
strong that there are two men required to hold the
water hose, may cause damage to the instruments or
machines
Applications: for commercial construction work,
sewage and street cleaning, roadway building
PVC
Advantages: comes with clearly marked diameters on the
surface of the pipe, inexpensive easier to work with than steel
or copper
Disadvantages: cannot be unjoined and must be cut, if not
installed properly, it can be prone to leaking, degrades in
sunlight
Applications: used as vinyl siding, magnetic stripe cards,
window profile, pipe, plumbing and conduit fixtures,
insulation on electric wires.
Galvanized Pipe
Advantages: will fit in a tight and even unusually shaped area,
excellent tolerance for high heat
Disadvantages: expensive, thin and prone to breaking
Applications: used in water supply lines, fences, railings,
scaffolding, and farm irrigation systems
Cast Iron Pipe
Advantages: extremely strong, durable, and heavy, reduces
sound, heat-resistant
Disadvantages: susceptible to rust over time
Applications: used as a pressure pipe for transmission of
water, gas and sewage, and as a water drainage pipe
Concrete Pipe
Advantages: most durable with usual life of about 75 years,
can be cast at site work and thus there is the reduction in
transport charges, maintenance cost is less, inside surface of
the pipe can be made smooth, no danger of rusting
Disadvantages: transportation is difficult, repair work is
difficult, initial cost is high, affected by acids, alkalies, and
salty waters
Applications: sanitary, storm sewers and culverts, storm
drainage, tunnels, bridges, and underground detention
systems