STEM DEPARTMENT

THERMODYNAMICS
Prepared by
Karla Lea C. Bajenio
LESSON OBJECTIVES

1. Predict the spontaneity of a process based on entropy.

2. Explain the second law of thermodynamics and its
significance.
3. Use Gibbs free energy to determine the direction of a
reaction.
Spontaneous Reaction

Generally associated with

natural occurrences or those
that proceed even without an
external triggering factor.
ENTROPY (S)

-disorderliness of a system
and its surroundings.

-measure of the degree of

spreading and sharing of
thermal energy within a
system.
 Factors Affecting Entropy

1. Temperature

- as T increases, S increases
- upon the application of heat, molecules start moving, thus triggering an increase
of disorder, and an increase of entropy.
 Factors Affecting Entropy

2. Number of Molecules

- as the number of molecules increases, entropy increases.

Example:
CaCO3(s) → CaO(s) + CO2(g)

Entropy(S) is increasing because a gas is being produced and the number of

molecules is increasing.
 Factors Affecting Entropy

3. Phase Changes
- KE ↑, movement ↑ , entropy ↑
- Phases which promote more
molecule movement tend to have
higher entropy (S)

Example:
Solid water turning into liquid water
promotes more molecule movement,
KE↑ , movement ↑ , entropy ↑ .
Change in Entropy (ΔS)

- Since entropy is a state function, therefore DS= 𝑺𝒇𝒊𝒏𝒂𝒍 – 𝑺𝒊𝒏𝒊𝒕𝒊𝒂𝒍

Δ𝑺= 𝑺𝒇𝒊𝒏𝒂𝒍 − 𝑺𝒊𝒏𝒊𝒕𝒊𝒂𝒍

- The entropy of a substance depends on the temperature and on its physical phase. Entropy
changes are based on a change in volume and on a change in heat as given by:

𝑉2
Δ𝑺=𝒏𝑹 𝒍𝒏
𝑉1
SECOND LAW OF THERMODYNAMICS

- the Entropy of the universe increases in any

spontaneous process.
- natural processes tend to move towards states
of greater disorder.
Standard Entropy and Chemical Reactions
 Gibbs Free Energy (ΔG)

- measures the maximum reversible work that may be

performed by a thermodynamic system at constant
temperature and pressure. It is often used to determine
whether a chemical reaction will occur spontaneously or not.
 Gibbs Free Energy (ΔG)
Gibbs free energy combines entropy and enthalpy changes to predict the
spontaneity and directionality of chemical reactions.
Gibbs Free Energy (ΔG)
REFERENCES
• Apodaca (2017) DIWA Senior High School General Chemistry 2
• Teaching Guide General Chemistry 2
• Image from https://www.nytimes.com/guides/well/strength-training-
plyometrics
• https://www.nytimes.com/guides/well/strength-training-plyometrics
• https://www.youtube.com/watch?reload=9&v=0AlfuexxfsU
• http://large.stanford.edu/courses/2014/ph240/ukropina2/