ROTC NOTES

UNIVERSITY OF SAN JOSE - RECOLETOS | JAGUAR

CORPS S.Y. 2023-2024

MILITARY PROFESSIONALISM
11 GENERAL ORDERS

Men who adopt the profession of arms submit of 1. To take charge of this post and all government
their own free will to a law of perpetual constraint. property in view.
Of their own accord, they reject their right to live
where they choose, to say what they think, to dress 2. To walk my post in a military manner, keeping
as they like. always on the alert and observing everything that
takes place within sight or hearing.
From the moment they become soldiers, It needs but
an order to settle them in this place, to move them to
3. To report all violations of orders I am instructed to
that, to separate from their family and dislocate their
normal lives. enforce

In the word of command, they must rise, march, run, 4. To repeat all calls from posts more distant from the
endure bad weather, go without sleep or food, be guard house than my own.
isolated in some distant post, work until they drop.
They have ceased to be the master of their fate. If 5. To quit my post only when properly relieved.
they drop in their tracks, if their ashes are scattered
to the four winds, that is all part and parcel of their
6. To receive, obey and pass on to the sentinel who
job.
relieves me all orders from the Commanding Officer,
PLEDGE OF LOYALTY Officer of the Day, Non-Commissioned Officer and
the Guard only.
If you work for a man in heaven's name, work for
him, speak well of him, and stand by the institution 7. To talk to no one except in the line of duty.
that he represents. Remember, an ounce of loyalty is
worth a pound of cleverness.
8. To give the alarm in case of fire or disorder.
If you must growl, condemn, and eternally find fault,
why resign your position? And when you are on the
outside, damn to your heart's content. 9. To call the Commander of the Relief in any case
But as long as you are part of the institution, do not not covered by instructions.
condemn it. For if you do, the first high wind that
comes along will blow you away and probably you 10. To salute all officers and all colors and standards
will never know why. not cased.

HONOR CODE
11. To be especially watchful at night, and during the
We, the cadets, do not lie, cheat, steal, nor tolerate time for challenging, to challenge all persons on or
among us those who do. near my post, and to allow no one to pass without
proper authority.
THE 11 PRINCIPLES OF LEADERSHIP 17 RULES OF USJ-R ROTC UNIT

1. Know yourself and seek self-improvement.

1. Obey first before you complain.
[Link] technically and tactically proficient. 2. If you don’t understand the
instructions, go to number 1.
3. Develop a sense of responsibility among your 3. MCD must always been observed.
subordinates. 4. Impose buddy-buddy system.
5. Call time is 0600H for 3CL and 2CL.
4. Make sound and timely decisions. 6. Cell phones must be surrendered
every Saturday.
[Link] an example. 7. Bring tickler every meeting and
every formation.
6. Know your people and look out for their welfare. 8. No grades below 2.5, all subjects.
9. Borrower’s slip shall be completed
7. Keep your people informed. before borrowing.
10. If you’re planning to absent, 3 days
8. Seek responsibility and take responsibility for your before Saturday, all excuse letter
actions. shall be passed to S1 Admin.
11. Inspection of ranks and platoon
9. Ensure assigned tasks are understood, supervised, every Saturday.
and accomplished. 12. Our office is not a courtesy booth.
13. You should salute before and after
[Link] your people as a team. entering the office.
14. Knock 3 times before entering the
11. Employ your team in accordance with its office.
capabilities. 15. No free romantic relationship
16. No PDA
17. No body contact.
GENERAL INFORMATION USJ-R ROTC Unit Corps and Staff

USJ-R CORPS COMMANDER:

Cdt Ltc Arisa Abygyle G Encabo, 1CL
COMMANDER IN CHIEF:
HIS EXCELLENCY
President Ferdinand Romualdez Marcos Jr Corps S1 – Adjutant/Admin :
Cdt Maj Aaron Joshua B Vilbar, 1CL
SECRETARY OF NATIONAL DEFENSE:
Secretary Gilberto Eduardo Gerardo C. Teodoro Jr., Corps S2 - Intelligence :
PAF (Res)
Cdt Cpt Cyle L Rigor, 2CL
CHIEF OF STAFF:
Gen Romeo S Brawner Jr PA Corps S3 - Operations :
Cdt Maj Duff Dexter V Noval, 1CL
COMMANDING GENERAL, PHILIPPINE ARMY:
Lt Gen Roy M Galido PA Corps S4 - Logistics :
Cdt Maj Vanessa Mae S Mission, 1CL
COMMANDER, ARESCOM:
MGen Romulo A Manuel Jr PA (Res)
Corps S7 - CMO :
GROUP COMMANDER, 7RCDG: Cdt Cpt Clance Yvana C Javier, 2CL
Col Edgar G Mangabay Inf (GSC) PA
Corps S1 Deputy :
DIRECTOR, 701ST CDC:
Cdt Cpt Christine Diane M. Cañada, 2CL
Ltc Ryan J Braza (INF) PA

SCHOOL PRESIDENT: Rev. Fr. Eduardo S. Celiz Jr., Corps S3 Deputy :

OAR Cdt Cpt Markdios V Lauron, 2CL

NSTP DIRECTOR OF USJR: Corps S4 Deputy :

Rev. Fr. Hernando D. Coja, OAR
Cdt Cpt Buen Gerard Michael J Caballo, 2CL
ROTC COMMANDANT, USJR ROTC UNIT:
Maj Bryan C Maningo PA (RES) Corps S7 Deputy :
Cdt Cpt Kent Joseph F Llena, 2CL
ADMIN NCO: SSg Emery V Binayas (FS) Inf PA

TACTICAL NCO:
MSg Romulo P Sevilla PA (Res)

TACTICAL NCO: Pvt Dethyl John P Dalino (Inf) PA

TACTICAL NCO: Pfc Jonathan V Saso PA (Res)

TACTICAL NCO: Sgt Via Marie Ahsley Pau PA (Res)

TACTICAL NCO: Sgt Aimee Faith C Dagandan PA

(Res)

TACTICAL NCO: Sgt Jouanna B Tajanlangit PA (Res)

TACTICAL NCO: Sgt Kyle Anthony S Ariza PA (Res)

 10 Rules of Followership 6. Do Your Homework - Give your boss all the
information needed to make a decision. Anticipate
1. Do Not Blame the Boss - Do not blame your boss for possible questions. Being a good staff officer is
an unpopular decision or policy your Job is to support, harder than it looks; do your homework. When given
not undermine. It is insidiously easy to blame an a problem to solve by the boss, you must become an
unpopular policy or decision on your superior. expert on the subject before you attempt to propose a
course of action.
2. Do Not Fight the Boss - Fight with your boss if
necessary, but do it in private. Avoid embarrassing
7. Suggest implementation - When making
situations and never reveal to others what was
recommendations, remember who will probably
discussed. Chronologically, this rule should come
have to implement them. This means you must know
first, but I felt the above principle so important it
deserved priority. Speak honestly and frankly. Do not
your own strengths and limitations. Once you have
be a yes man. There is always a tendency to tell the finished studying the problem in depth and are about
boss what you think he or she wants to hear. Resist the to make a recommendation you want the boss to
temptation. In fact, if you have strong reservations ratify.
about an issue under discussion, you have an
obligation to express them. Fight for your people and 8. Keep the Boss Informed - Keep the boss informed
your organization, but do not roll over on principles or of what is going on in the unit. People will be
issues that you believe are detrimental to the unit’s
reluctant to tell him or her problems and successes.
mission accomplishment.
You should do it for them and assure someone else
will tell the boss about yours. One thing you will
3. Use Initiative - make the decision and then run it past
the boss. No one likes to work for a micromanager.
notice as you advance in rank and responsibility is
We all believe we are smart enough and mature that people will be less inclined to talk to you. As a
enough to get the job done without someone hovering result, what you hear about the unit may be heavily
around and providing detailed guidance. filtered. Staying informed on the true state of affairs
is a constant but essential challenge. Subordinates
4. Accept Responsibility - Accept responsibility who routinely drop the boss notes or mention tidbits
whenever offered The military or any top-flight in passing can really help a boss stay in touch
organization cannot work effectively or continue to
grow and evolve unless it is composed of risk-takers
9. Fix Problems as They Occur - If you see a
willing to assume responsibility. This can be difficult
problem, fix it. Do not worry about who gets the
because no one wishes to risk failure or
embarrassment.
blame, or praise. Army Chief of Staff General
George C. Marshall commented that there was no
5. Tell the Truth and Do Not Quibble -Your boss will limit to the amount of good people could accomplish
be giving advice up the chain of command based on as long as they did not care who received the credit.
what you say. Mighty oaks from little acorns grow.
The same could be the law for major miscalculations 10. Put in an Honest Day's Work - Put in more than an
that were based on minor indiscretions. Another honest day's work, but never forget the needs of your
unfortunate human reaction is to hide or cover up
family. If they are unhappy, you will be too, and
mistakes before they are discovered by others.
your job performance will suffer accordingly.
 GENDER AND DEVELOPMENT (GAD)

WHAT IS GENDER AND DEVELOPMENT (GAD)

It is a development perspective that recognizes the unequal GENDER MAINSTREAMING
status and situation of women and men in society. - Is the Philippine government’s strategy for making
- Women and men have different development needs and agencies work for women’s empowerment and gender
interests, which is institutionalized and perpetuated by equality.
cultural, social, economic and political norms, systems and - It is the process of analyzing existing development
structures. paradigms, practices, and goals; assessing the
GOAL OF GAD implications for women and men of existing legislation
- As a development approach, GAD seeks to equalize the policies, programs, projects, and mechanisms
status and condition of and relations between women and men
by influencing the process and output of policy-making, WOMEN’S EMPOWERMENT
planning, budgeting, implementation and monitoring, and - Is a goal of and an essential process for women’s
evaluation so that they would deliberately address the gender advancement.
issues and concerns affecting the full development of women. - Is a process and condition by which women mobilize to
understand, identify, and overcome gender
GENDER EQUITY discrimination and achieve equality.
- Means giving more opportunities to those who have less and - Women become agents of development and not just
those who are historically and socially disadvantaged based on beneficiaries.
their needs for them to operate on a level playing field. - A kind of participation in development that enables
“Focusing on the needs of women does not mean women to make decisions based on their own views and
discriminating against men or putting them at a disadvantage” perspective.
- UN–CEDAW (United Nations Convention on the - To empower women, access to information, training,
Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination Against Women) technology, market, and credit is necessary.
recognized the need to remove the biases against and provide
special attention to women through affirmative action. It is a DEVELOPMENT
temporary measure that will be discontinued when the A process that fosters power in people for use in their
objectives of equality of opportunity and treatment have been own lives, their communities and in their society, by
achieved. acting on issues they define as important.
MILITARY HISTORY & EVOLUTION SUN TZU (544-496 B.C.)

THE ROMAN EMPIRE (336-323 B.C.) Sun Tzu, the famous Chinese mil-tary scholar in the a2t
of war in his dialogue with Chmg Yu, circa 500 B.C.,
In the army of Philip of Macedon, the unit resembled the brought out the follow.g principles concerning the
modern military organization. The infantry company, management of an-army. His basic thesis that
insisting of 256 men, was divided into 16 files of 16 men management of many is the Eame as the management of
each. These files were roughly equivalent to the modern a few is sound when one considers his emphasis upon
infantry squad. Four compares of infantry comprised proper military organization.
what would be now called a battalion; eight companies a His discourse upon the assignment of responsibilities to
regiment. Sixteen companies, or two regiments, the generals and their & assistants and the establishment
constituted a brigade or a half phalanx totalling about 4. of the strength of units established a military command
During the Grecian period of military history, it must be system, The first consideration according to Sun Tzu
remembered that centralized control of one battle by one was the assignment of the responsibilities of the generals
commander had not been achieved. Once the supreme and t-c establishment of unit strength.
commander gave the first ordem, tunt commanders led The Chinese army like the Homeric Greek army based
their troops as they saw fit. There was little coordination its organizational formations around the war chariot.
other than di:ect observation of the combat battle by the While essentially a combat vehicle, the chariot was also,
supreme commander. In reverses and emergencies, in a sense, a personnel carrier. It served as the base for
leaders like Alexander moved Immediately to the trouble the Chinese infantry organization with each light chariot
site and gave personal leadership on the ground. For this accompanied by 75 infantrymen and each heavy chariot
period of history, and for the weaponry and tactics accompanied by 25 infantrymen. Generally, the battalion
involved, this method was generally successful. The consisted of two chariots and 100 infantrymen. In the
advent of future weapon power unknown to these Chinese army of this period there were about one
physical warriors was to have far-reaching effects on the thousand of these 100 men, 2 chariot units.
battlefields of the future. Until a later age, wars would
continue to be waged and controlled by muscle power AMERICAN CIVIL WAR (1861-1865)
and the individual bravery and leadership of the
commanders. In the Civil War, the armies and corps did not always
operate in accordance with the book. The modern term
THE NAPOLEONIC PERIOD (1803-1815) "span of control" had not as yet been limited to elain
how far the influence of a single commander could
Napoleon was a professional soldier who by his extend under the uncertain conditions of combat. The
competence became an emperor. His contributions to the number of subordinates who can be successfully
art of war are well known and do i~ot reqaire recounting commanded by the senior officer determines the basic
here except those contributions which affected unit span of control. The factors of organization and
control in battle. As an artillerist, Napoleon understood communication must be in a favorable relationship to the
the working of the infantry, artillery, cavalry human factor of leadership if military control of
combination. The "Little Corporal" massed his artillery individuals and units be maintained.
and his infantry. The Army Corps of the Civil War period was one of the
The mobile command post of Napoleon was established first military tactical formations of the United States
in a covered chaise or horse-drawn carriage in which the Army to adopt badges for purposes of identification and
soldier-Emperor lived w1ile on campaign. Earlier in his unit control. Corps badges of colored cloth were cut in
career Napoleon had successfully led his troops in various designs and shapes - each symbolic of some
person at the Battle of Arcola. His reputation for bravery facet of the corps tradition or battle history. The value of
was well-established with the troops and did aot require the corps badge in unit control as worn by 'the individual
reaffirmation with each battle. In addition to all the soldier lay in its identification function. The soldier, as
intellectual and physical requirements for the practice. he became a veteran n campaigner, prided himself in his
right to wear the badge of the corps.
WORLD WAR I (1914-1918) COLD WAR (1947-1991)

The static warfare thus conducted created an almost The involvement of the United States Army in the
completely new set of tactics and unit controls. In the Korean War began with the bending of a small Korean
infantry, mobility was reduced, advancing a few yards at force to assist the South Kcreans in their attempts to stop
a time. With terrific cost in casualties, the war the invasion of their country by the Communists from
degenerated into a war of static siege. As a result, there the north. While it is not the purpose of this study to
was no maneuver worthy of the name. The battlefield devek:p the political and other details behind this
was parceled up into barbed-wire sectors of commitment, it must be indicated that eventually the
responsibility for the units concerned. Frontages were United Nations became participants, in this test to try
laid out in accordance with unit strengths -- man for their effectiveness. The Korean Conflict, as it was
man. Larger areas and gaps where men were not termed by some, was essentially a war of maneuver. At
available to cover with their fire were covered by the beginning, the hastily-mobilized and
interlocking bands of machine gun fires. Zones of poorly-equipped 4 South Korean Army fought along
responsibility, phase lines, and delineation of terrain with the limited American units to delay the enemy' s
objectives were all indicated as new means of unit progress. The plan was to mount a delaying action in
control in both defensive and offensive combat. order to permit deployment of additional American
troops from Japan.

CONTEMPORARY ARMIES
WORLD WAR II (1939-1945)
Most modern armies are professional volunteer forces,
World War II was a global conflict which involved most with highly trained and specialized personnel.
of the world powers and their hundreds of millions of Technology plays an even greater role, with drones,
people. This struggle was marked by several unique cyberwarfare, and advanced weaponry becoming
situations. Among these situations were those of climate, commonplace. Special forces trained in unconventional
terrain, and air space. Troops fought in every type of warfare, counterterrorism, and intelligence gathering
'imAe from the «1 frozen Arctic to the tropical jungles of play a crucial role in modern conflicts. Modern armies
the Pacific Ocean area. The armies involved ranged from rely heavily on information networks and
those which subscribed to the normal restraints upon communication systems to share data, coordinate
warfare, such as the Geneva Convention, to those who operations, and maintain situational awareness.
waged tactical war without regard-to the rules.

At the entrance of the United States Army into World

War ff, the unit organization, at all levels, was based
upon formal, published tables of organization and
equipment. There were tables for peacetime and tables
for wartime. At the regimental level, the wartime
infantry regiment comprised battalions, each consisting
of five companies.
MILITARY CUSTOMS AND TRADITIONS Salute
- Men of arms execute salute as an exchange of
TRADITIONS greeting, courtesy and respect among themselves.
- Inherited principles
- Standards Flag Raising Ceremony
- Practices - The Filipino soldier honors the flag by raising it
That serves as the established guides for an individual before the start of the official day’s work to pledge that all
or group his efforts for the day are dedicated to God, country and
people.

MILITARY TRADITIONS The Retreat Ceremony

- The sounds of the evening gun during a combined
❖ Tradition of Valor ceremonial parade and retreat ceremony constitute one of
- Gallant defense of Bataan and Corregidor against the inspiring customs of the service. Military personnel in
the Japanese Imperial Army camps or garrisons pause for a moment either to salute the
- A tribute by Gen. Douglas Mac Arthur when he Nation’s’ Flag or sing the National Anthem.
proclaimed: “GIVE ME 20,000 FILIPINO SOLDIERS
AND I’LL CONQUER THE WORLD.” The Three Volleys Over Graves
- This is a sign of respect and gesture tendered to a
❖ Tradition of Duty departed comrade-in-arms.
- As a dedicated public servant
- Deep sense of responsibility The White Flag of Truce
- Self sacrifice - A worldwide custom used to signal the temporary
cessation of hostilities between warring parties.
❖ Tradition of Honor
- Personal Dignity The Wearing of Decoration
- Self- Worth - military personnel, who honorably earned
- Supreme Sacrifice to win Freedom decorations in the performance of duty, display them as part
of the uniform during appropriate occasions.
❖ Tradition of Solidarity
- Unity The Raising of the Right Hand in Taking Oath
- Work together through thick and thin - From the earliest days, the taking of an oath for
- Work as a part of the team truth of statement or testimony has been a solemn and
- Partner of the people to attain national serious matter accompanied by ceremony.
objectives. -
Courtesy of the Post
❖ Tradition of Loyalty - An officer of any of the armed services visiting at a
Loyalty shown to military post or one who resides in its vicinity is often
- The nation extended the “Courtesy of the Post” by the commanding
- The constitution officer after the prescribed official call has been made.
- The Commander-in-Chief
- Seniors Presentation fo Recruit to Colors
- Peers - In most units, it is a ceremony in which recruits are
- Juniors presented to the color for the purpose of signifying
acceptance and welcome into the organization.
MILITARY CUSTOMS Call of Newly Promoted Generals/Flag Officers
Accepted practices realized through continued usage - Officers promoted to star ranks call on the Major
that take the force. Service Commander, Chief of Staff, AFP and the
Secretary of National Defence after taking their
Welcome/Farewell Tendered to a Newly oath of office before the Commander-in-Chief.
Assigned/Departing Officer - Calls on the Major Service Commanders are usually
accompanied by some form of arrival and departure
A newly assigned officer is tendered a welcome party honors.
while prior to the departure of an officer from his station
on a change of assignment, a farewell party is tendered. New Year’s Call on the Commanding Officer
- It has been an invariable custom throughout the AFP
Ceremony Tendered to a Retiree that officers make a formal call upon their
This is tendered to a military retiree in recognition of his Commander during New Year’s Day.
long, faithful and honorable service to the AFP.

Trumpet or Bugle Calls Happy Hour

Trumpet and Bugle Calls add more distinction and
- This is a special form of unit officer comradeship
excitement to the regimented life of military personnel. which has been developing and spreading in recent
As the day-to-day activities bore, the sounds of these calls years.
rejuvenated every system of his body to continue
performing the things as signaled by each call. Military Weddings
- These customs are generally the same for all faiths.
Courtesy Calls They vary only as chaplains of the different churches
The following are some of the significant courtesy calls in incorporate other procedures to add to their color and
the military: tone.
- An officer who has been detailed outside of an
organization and rejoining his major service or has Patronage of the Officer’s Club and EP’s Club Houses
been reassigned to a unit outside his Major Service - This custom enables officers and EP to spend their
customarily calls on his Major Service off-duty social and recreational life in said centers.
Commander.
- Upon arrival or prior to departure, officers from Ceremonies at Holiday Dinners
overseas missions or foreign schooling pay a call to
- This is the practice on Christmas and New Year’s Day,
their respective Major Service Commanders. It is in which Commanding Officers visit troops during
also appropriate for officers assuming foreign posts meal time or prior to the serving of the meal. The
or coming back from such assignments to call on the method varies rather widely.
Chief of Staff and the Secretary of National
Defence. Christmas Holiday Entertainment
- Officers assuming command positions or similar key - This is another practice on Christmas in which
positions call on their immediate commanders, children of the organization are given gifts and
including Major Service Commanders. They do the entertained. The Chaplain, Special Service Officer or
Ladies Club with the band present jointly organizes
same prior to a transfer or relief from duty. this.
- Newly promoted officers customarily call on their
Major Service Commanders. This is usually done in
groups of the same rank.
- In some cases, senior officers who are the subject of
all these calls may be extremely busy to attend or
receive calls. It is always a sign of courtesy and
goodwill to have manifested an intention to pay
such a call.
Rank Has Its Privileges “I Wish” and “I Desire” Statement
- Whenever a choice is to be made, such as selection of - When the commanding officer states, “I wish,” or
billets or quarters or electing means of transportation, the option “I desire” rather than “I order that you do such and such,
of section follows rank, with seniors given the privilege to select this wish or desire has all the force of a direct order.
first.

Visiting the Sick

Use the Word “Sir”
- A military personnel who is sick in the hospital is
- The word “Sir” is used in military conversation by the
visited by available officers and enlisted personnel of the unit in
junior officer in addressing a senior, and by all soldiers in
such numbers as may be permitted by the doctor or surgeon in
addressing officers. It precedes a report, a query, and follows
charge.
the answer of a question.

Surviving Assistance to Bereaved Family

Place of Honor
- When any member of a unit dies, an officer is
- The place of honor is on one’s right. When a junior
immediately designated by the commanding officer to render
walks, rides, or sits with a senior, he takes position abreast to the
every possible assistance to the bereaved family. A similar
left of the senior.
courtesy may be tendered, if desired, in the case of a death of a
member of any personnel’s family.
 DISASTER MANAGEMENT OPERATIONS
A disaster is an event, natural or man-made, sudden or
progressive, which impacts with such severity that the affected ➢ Volcanic Eruption - Is the process wherein molten
community has to respond by taking exceptional measures. rock materials (magma) are emitted or ejected in the form of
flowing masses and stream from a crater vent fissure. Volcanic
The Philippines is considered one of the most disaster prone eruption usually results in the displacement and evacuation of
countries in the world. As such, the country is annually plagued people living within the danger areas around the erupting
by disasters and this has become a major obstruction in the volcano. It also causes disruption in economic and social
sustainable development of the country. Response to cope with activities of the people and the loss of lives and destruction of
the effects of disasters is a primary concern of the government. properties. Significant volcanic eruption also permanently
In line with this, the government maximizes the utilization of its changes the local agricultural landscape. The Philippines has
agencies, peoples’ organizations, non-government organizations more than 200 volcanoes, of which at least 17 are considered
and other institutions including the Armed Forces of the active. The Mount Pinatubo eruption was among the biggest
Philippines in responding to disasters volcanic eruptions in recent times.

❖ Types of Hazards and Effects ➢ Earthquakes - are ground vibrations caused by

volcanic activity. These occur without notice. Earthquakes
usually trigger landslides. Strong earthquakes may result in
● Natural. The Philippines is exposed to almost all severe destruction of properties, infrastructures, economic
natural hazards. The following is a brief account of the main facilities and vital utilities. It may even result in loss of lives
hazards to which the country is exposed. and injuries. Earthquakes originating from the sea may trigger
tsunamis which pose extreme hazards in coastal areas.

➢ Typhoon - A severe tropical hurricane which usually

occurs in western Pacific or the China [Link] are annual ➢ Tsunami - are very large ocean waves caused by
occurrences and the most frequent cause of disaster in the underwater earthquakes or volcanic eruptions and are
Philippines and have a severe impact on large parts of the sometimes loosely called “tidal waves”. Tsunamis have
country. Typhoons occur mainly from July to December. affected Philippine coastal areas up to four meters above sea
Typhoons accompanied by heavy rains are the cause of flooding. level. The coastal areas of southwest Mindanao are most
vulnerable. Tsunamis may result in the destruction of
properties and infrastructures, injuries and even loss of lives in
➢ Storm Surge - An atmospheric disturbance
coastal areas. from ignorance or carelessness.
manifested in strong winds accompanied by rain and often by
thunder and lightning. Storm surges often accompanied by
typhoons sometimes cause severe damage to coastal areas. It ➢ Oil Spill - Fallout of oil or similar substance from a
may cause heavy flooding especially in low-lying areas and container resulting in environmental hazards. Oil spill usually
vicinities with inadequate drainage systems. occurs at the sea and is caused by the mishandling of vessels
containing the substance or from sea mishaps or accidents as
what had happened in Guimaras on 11 August 2006.
➢ Flood - Is the overflowing by excessive water onto an area
which is normally dry. It is estimated that 47 % of the average
annual rainfall is due to typhoons. There are strong indications ➢ Landslide - It is the dislodging and falling of a mass of land and
that the flood risk has increased significantly due to rocks. Landslides are mostly triggered by excessive rainfall as in
deforestation. Flooding severely disrupts the economic and the Southern Leyte tragedy in February 2006 or by earthquakes
social activities of the people. Sometimes it is swift and it often as what happened in Baguio City in July 1990. Severe landslides
results to loss of lives, destruction or loss of properties, may isolate a locality with the obstruction of major economic
destruction of infrastructures and other valuable assets essential and communication links. In some cases, landslides may cause
for the well being of the people. injuries or even loss of lives.
 ❖ Man-Made Disasters - are events triggered by hazards
initiated by human activities and undertakings either
➢ Industrial Accidents - Accidents that occur in
deliberately or by accident, causing massive destruction,
industrial facilities caused by unsafe practices or malfunction of
economic losses, injuries or loss of lives.
equipment and machineries. It could be very minimal or
extensive in magnitude. Based on the Calamities and Disaster
Preparedness Plan, the Armed Forces of the Philippines is tasked
➢ Fire - Rapid and persistent chemical reaction involving the
to establish communication linkages and make these available
combination of combustible material and oxygen that
for disaster operations; assist the PNP in providing security
releases heat and light. Uncontrolled fire results in
coverage in disaster areas; assist in the reconstruction of
destruction of properties and severe physical and
damaged national and local roads, bridges, structures and
psychological injuries or even resulting in loss of lives. It is
facilities; assist in providing transportation facilities for the rapid
caused by various origins ranging from faulty electrical
movement of rescue relief supplies and personnel; evacuation of
wirings, overloading of electrical equipment, negligent and
victims; and to organize reaction teams in all military
irresponsible use of heat emitting devices, to arson.
installations.

➢ Conflagration - It is a large disastrous fire involving

In line with the tasks specified in the Calamities and
numerous buildings/houses or structures.
Preparedness Plan, the AFP formulated Standing Operating
Procedure (SOP) Nr 15 also known as the AFP Calamities and
Disaster Prepared Plan. This SOP prescribes the tasks of
➢ Maritime Disasters - These are ill-fated events that occur at
different AFP units during calamities and disasters.
high seas causing excessive damages, injuries and loss of
lives. ● Development - . During the development stage, Army units
participate in capability building and organizational
development activities. Army units in the field of engineering,
➢ Land and Air Accidents - These are unplanned or medical services, communication and information technology
unforeseen events or circumstances that may occur either on may be tapped to provide inputs in policy making and long term
air or on land development planning.

➢ Civil Strife - Social unrest with violent activities, ● Prevention - In the prevention stage, the Philippine Army
destruction of properties, and chaos resulting in injuries. supports the efforts of the government for disaster prevention.
Army units may participate in identifying and implementing
engineering interventions. Engineering units may be tapped to
➢ Pollution - The contamination of water, soil, or conduct mapping and related studies as well as the construction
atmosphere by the discharge of noxious substances of protective facilities depending on the capacity of the
especially gaseous, chemical or organic wastes. Pollution concerned
causes hazards to the environment and health.

➢ Red Tide - Presence of toxic chemicals or

pollutants in coastal waters that extremely affects natural
resources resulting in food poisoning and deaths.
 ❖ Other Emergency Environments
(Terrorism)
The terrorist threat that emerged in the last few decades
also poses hazards that can trigger disasters. Acts of
terrorism such as bombing, sabotage, arson, gas attack and
● Armed Groups - The presence of armed groups
other forms can set off natural and manmade hazards that
within the proximity of the disaster areas shall always be
may lead to disasters of large magnitude and extent.
evaluated and assessed in order to ensure the safety of the
Bombing a tall building may cause it to collapse and trap
members of the disaster response units. Armed groups, such
hundreds of people inside while falling debris can cause
as the local terrorists and lawless elements may take
injuries and kill a number of people around. The sabotage or
advantage of the situation and inflict injuries and casualties
destruction of the dam of a hydro-electric plant can cause
to the members of disaster response units.
excessive floods in low lying areas.

● Mob - Amidst a situation where confusion and

Threats in the Conduct of Disaster Management
chaos prevail, the possibility of the members of a disaster
Operations
response unit being crowded around or violently attacked by
A situation or an external factor that tends to impede the a mass of people should always be considered. The
orderly and smooth conduct of a disaster management perceived inability of disaster response units to contain or
operation is considered as a security threat. More cope with the effects of disaster may drive a mob in anger
specifically, armed groups as well as mobs can hamper and attack the responding members of the disaster response
disaster response units in carrying out their tasks. units.
Army’s Role in the Disaster Management Cycle
C. Precaution - Utilizing available capabilities, Army units shall
The Armed Forces of the Philippines particularly the assist the local disaster communities and reconstruct vital
Philippine Army is considered as a major player in infrastructures. Army units may be tapped by the local disaster
disaster management. The military is regarded as an coordinating council to conduct immediate restoration of
important and capable entity for disaster management due utilities. Army engineers, with their current capabilities may
to its training, equipment, and organizational structure. It conduct road clearing, particularly the fallen trees, debris or
is viewed as a capable force that can perform a wide array landslides, restoration of water systems, and power supply.
of emergency actions and operate under adverse Army units can also provide communication facilities with the
conditions. Much more, the majority of the standard and available communication equipment while signal units may
day-to-day operations of the military organization parallel provide assistance in the restoration of other communication
public emergency measures facilities. For hygiene and sanitation, medical services may
also be provided in coordination with the local health
Mitigation - During the mitigation stage, Army units play
department. During the rehabilitation and reconstruction, Army
an important role in supporting the government's efforts in
engineers may undertake civil work projects.
disaster mitigation. The Army engineers in support roles
may be tapped by disaster coordinating councils to assist
D. Disaster Impact - At the impact of disaster, and when
in the structural disaster mitigation activities such as
situation permits, Army units shall initiate immediate
de-silting of river systems or repair of public structures
response during the critical moments to those affected
that pose hazards to citizens. It should be emphasized that
primarily to save lives. In instances where no preparation
LGU resources shall be utilized for such activities. Other
or very little preparation time is possible, such as road
Army units can also participate in clean up drives as part
mishaps or earthquakes, Army units shall initiate the
of civic action activities.
most immediate and appropriate response. However,
subsequent actions shall be in accordance with the local
Preparedness - In the same manner as in mitigation, the
disaster coordinating council once coordination and
Army plays a vital role for disaster preparedness. Army
control have been established.
units participate in joint disaster preparedness planning
together with the member agencies and the disaster
E. Response - During the response stage, the primary role
coordinating council to come up with a sound plan to
of the Army is to ensure security and stability in order to
cope with the effects of disasters. Moreover, Army units
facilitate appropriate response from other agencies and
shall maintain the readiness of their respective disaster
organizations especially during the most critical periods
response units, particularly the trained personnel
within the emergency situation. The Army response
organized as a team or unit, and their equipment.
units, independently or in conjunction with other
response units, support the conduct of search and rescue,
The following stages in preparedness segment are
assistance in relief operation and evacuation, in the
elucidated to identify actions that the Army shall
distribution of emergency food, and in providing shelter
undertake:
and medical assistance.
A. Threat - As part of preparedness, Army units shall
identify hazards, critical areas, and effects of these
hazards. These should be discussed and presented F. Recovery - The recovery segment may take three stages –
with the disaster coordinating council and come up restoration, rehabilitation and reconstruction. At all stages, the
with measures to prevent or mitigate the effects. Army’s role is to support the government’s efforts to restore
public utilities, rehabilitate affected
B. Warning - During the warning stage, Army units
shall closely monitor warnings or signals announced
by appropriate government agencies and be ready to
execute measures relative to the warning. Moreover,
Army units shall disseminate the warning to those
who do not have equipment to monitor such
warnings.
Disaster Operations Group Components and ❖ Medical Services - The Army has medical units
spread throughout the archipelago. However, most of these are
their Capabilities
in the Infantry Divisions and other major units only. A typical
The following are the generic functional components for the responding ambulance has complete medical supplies and
Army disaster operations unit and its capabilities: medical staff who are capable of administering medical services
to victims.
❖ Fire Services - The Philippine Army has a very
➢ HPA level - FBGH
limited fire fighting capability especially on its lower unit levels.
➢ Inf Div Level - ASH, Medical Coy
Only HPA and the Inf Div thru their PEDs have fire trucks.
➢ Other PA Major Units - Medical Platoon
➢ Bde/Regiment Level - Medical Platoon
❖ Engineering - The PA Engineer units can construct ➢ Bn Level - Medical Section
and rehabilitate roads and bridges, buildings and related
facilities. They could also be utilized to assist in the relief,
❖ Communications - The Philippine Army
rescue and rehabilitation operations during calamities. Normally,
communications capabilities can establish communication
they can participate in training, awareness programs and
linkages and make these available for disaster operations. The
mitigation preparation.
communication component can provide and maintain continuous
and reliable communications and adequate warning systems
Following engineer units can be found in the present Army throughout the impending and existing disaster and calamities.
organization. These units can best serve as the nucleus of a All units of the Philippine Army have their own signal
disaster response unit because of their equipment and training. equipment per TOE. For emergency purposes, the group may
➢ HPA level - Eng Bn (S) and PED request augmentation from any of the following units below or
➢ Inf Div Level - PED may be integrated with other agencies with communication
➢ Engr Bde Level- 3 Egnr Construction Bns & 1 Engr capabilities:
Spt Bn
➢ Other PA Major Units- respective PEDs
➢ HPA level - Signal Group
➢ Inf Div Level - Signal Battalion
❖ Waterborne Rescue - These are units of the Army ➢ Other PA Major Units - Signal Platoon
which have limited water rescue capability. Mentioned below ➢ Bde/Bn Level - Signal Pltn
are the units which have the watercraft and underwater
equipment:
❖ Transport - The Philippine Army provides transport
➢ DEAR Coy
services utilizing organic vehicles of its units. Vehicles of other
➢ RCDGs
units may be pooled into one to expand capabilities and
maximize results.
❖ Nuclear, Biological, Chemical - At present, the This can be obtained from any of the following units:
Philippine Army has no NBC capability in all its units.
➢ HPA level - ASCOM, SEB, HHSG
➢ Inf Div Level - FSSU, SSBn
❖ Canine - On a limited scale, the Army is capable of ➢ Other PA Major Units - SS Coy/Trans Pltn
tracking victims of disaster with the use of the Army Canine ➢ Bde/Reg/Bn Level - Transportation Pltn
Coy.
❖ Public Information - PA PI component is to provide information ❖ Security - The Philippine Army in all its unit levels has the
updates on disaster situations and actions being undertaken. It is capability to provide for its own security. Security assistance
necessary in order to synchronize actions, avoid confusion and may be provided to the local police unit as necessary.
prevent further damage. Reservists may be utilized to provide additional security in
➢ HPA level - OACPA, CAG any occasion that there would be a lack of disaster
➢ Other Major Units - OG7s management groups. The size of the security element shall
➢ Inf Div Level - Div OG7/CMOU be dependent on the threat situation.
➢ Bde/Reg/Bn Level - Bde S7 Sec
Survival Techniques 02 Jungle Types

Introduction ● Tropical Rain Forests - The climate

Most people think of the tropics as a huge and varies little in rainforests. You find
forbidding tropical rain forest through which these forests across the equator in the
every step taken must be hacked out, and where Amazon and Congo basins, parts of
every inch of the way is crawling with danger. Indonesia, and several Pacific
Actually, over half of the land in the tropics is islands. There are five layers of
cultivated in some way. A knowledge of field vegetation in this jungle (Figure
skills, the ability to improvise, and the 14-1). Where untouched by man,
application of the principles of survival will jungle trees rise from buttress roots
increase the prospects of survival. Do not be to heights of 60 meters. Below them,
afraid of being alone in the jungle; fear will lead smaller trees produce a canopy so
to panic. Panic will lead to exhaustion and thick that little light reaches the
decrease your chance of survival. Everything in jungle floor. Because of the lack of
the jungle thrives, including disease germs and light on the jungle floor, there is little
parasites that breed at an alarming rate. Nature undergrowth to hamper movement,
will provide water, food, and plenty of materials but dense growth limits visibility to
to build shelters. about 50 meters. You can easily lose
your sense of direction in this jungle,
and it is extremely hard for aircraft
Tropical Survival to see you.
● Secondary Jungles - Secondary
Tropical Weather - High temperatures, jungle is very similar to rainforest.
heavy rainfall, and oppressive humidity Prolific growth, where sunlight
characterize equatorial and subtropical penetrates to the jungle floor, typifies
regions, except at high altitudes. Rainfall is this type of forest. Such growth
heavy, often with thunder and lightning. happens mainly along riverbanks, on
Sudden rain beats on the tree canopy, jungle fringes, and where man has
turning trickles into raging torrents and cleared rainforest. When abandoned,
causing rivers to rise. Hurricanes, cyclones, tangled masses of vegetation quickly
and typhoons develop over the sea and rush reclaim these cultivated areas. You
inland, causing tidal waves and devastation can often find cultivated food plants
ashore. In choosing campsites, make sure among this vegetation.
you are above any potential flooding.
 ● Tropical scrub and Thorn Forests -
The chief characteristics of tropical Travel Through Jungle Areas
scrub and thorn forests are
1) There is a definite dry season. ● With practice, movement through
2) Trees are leafless during the dry season. thick undergrowth and jungle can be
3) The ground is bare except for a few tufted done efficiently. Always wear long
plants in bunches; grasses are uncommon. sleeves to avoid cuts and scratches.
4) Plants with thorns predominate. ● To move easily, you must develop a
5) Fires occur frequently. “jungle eye,” that is, you should not
● Tropical Savannas - General concentrate on the pattern of bushes
characteristics of the savanna are and trees to your immediate front.
1) It is found within the tropical zones in You must focus on the jungle further
South America and Africa. out and find natural breaks in the
2) It looks like a broad, grassy meadow, with foliage.
trees spaced at wide intervals. ● Look through the jungle, not at it.
3) It frequently has red soil. Stop and stoop down occasionally to
4) It grows scattered trees that usually look along the jungle floor. This
appear action may reveal game trails that
● Saltwater Swamps - Saltwater you can follow.
swamps are common in coastal areas ● Stay alert and move slowly and
subject to tidal flooding. Mangrove steadily through dense forest or
trees thrive in these swamps. jungle. Stop periodically to listen and
Mangrove trees can reach heights of take your bearings. Use a machete to
12 meters, and their tangled roots are cut through dense vegetation, but do
an obstacle to movement. Visibility not cut unnecessarily or you will
in this type of swamp is poor, and quickly wear yourself out.
movement is extremely difficult. ● Use a stick to part the vegetation.
Sometimes, streams that you can raft Using a stick will also help dislodge
from channels, but you usually must biting ants, spiders, or snakes. Do
travel on foot through this swamp. not grasp at brush or vines when
● Freshwater Swamps - You find climbing slopes; they may have
freshwater swamps in low-lying irritating spines or sharp thorns
inland areas. Their characteristics are
masses of thorny undergrowth, reeds,
grasses, and occasional short palms
that reduce visibility and make travel
difficult. There are often islands that
dot these swamps, allowing you to
get out of the water. Wildlife is
abundant in these swamps
Water Procurement ● Plants for signs of Water
- Vines. Vines with rough bark and shoots
Even though water is abundant in most about 5 centimeters thick can be a useful
tropical environments, you may, as a source of water. You must learn by
survivor, have trouble finding it. If you do experience, which are the water-bearing
find water, it may not be safe to drink. Some vines, because not all have drinkable water.
of the many sources are vines, roots, palm Some may even have a poisonous sap.
trees, and condensation. You can sometimes - Roots. The water tree, desert oak, and
follow animals to water. blood wood have roots near the surface. Pry
these roots out of the ground and cut them
Often you can get nearly clear water from into 30- centimeter lengths. Remove the
muddy streams or lakes by digging a hole in bark and suck out the moisture, or shave the
sandy soil about 1 meter from the bank. root to a pulp and squeeze it over your
Water will seep into the hole. You must mouth.
purify any water obtained in this manner. - Palm Trees. The buri, coconut, and nipa
palms all contain a sugary fluid that is very
● Animals for signs of Water good to drink. To obtain the liquid, bend a
- Animals as Signs of Water. Animals can flowering stalk of one of these palms
often lead you to water. Most animals downward, and cut off its tip. If you cut a
require water regularly. Grazing animals thin slice off the stalk every 12 hours, the
such as deer, are usually never far from flow will renew, making it possible to collect
water and usually drink at dawn and dusk. up to a liter per day.
- Carnivores (meat eaters)
are not reliable indicators of water. They get Food
moisture from the animals they eat and can
go without water for long periods.
- Birds can sometimes also lead you to
water. Grain eaters, such as finches and
pigeons, are never far from water. They
drink at dawn and [Link] not rely on water
birds to lead you to water. They fly long
distances without stopping. Hawks, eagles, Food is usually abundant in a tropical
and other birds of prey get liquids from their survival [Link] addition to animal food,
victims; you will have to supplement your diet with
edible plants. The best places to forage are
the banks of streams and rivers. Wherever
the sun penetrates the jungle, there will be a
mass of vegetation, but riverbanks may be
the most accessible areas. Do not pick more
food than you need. Food spoils rapidly in further you are from the equator, the more
tropical conditions. accurate this method will be. If you only
have a digital watch, you can overcome this
Poisonous Plants. The proportion of obstacle. Quickly draw a watch on a circle
poisonous plants in tropical regions is no of paper with the correct time on it and use it
greater than in any other area of the world. to determine your direction at that time.
However, it may appear that most plants in
the tropics are poisonous because of the - In the northern hemisphere, hold the watch
great density of plant growth in some horizontal and point the hour hand at the
tropical areas. sun.
Bisect the angle between the hour hand and
Field-Expedient Direction Finding the 12 o’clock mark to get the north-south
line
In a survival situation, you will be extremely - In the southern hemisphere, point the
fortunate if you happen to have a map and watch’s 12 o’clock mark toward the sun and
compass. If you do have these two pieces of a midpoint halfway between 12 and the hour
equipment, you will most likely be able to hand will give you the north-south line
move toward help. If you are not proficient
in using a map and compass, you must take
the steps to gain this skill. There are several - Using the Stars. Your location in the
methods by which you can determine Northern or Southern Hemisphere
direction by using the sun and the stars. determines which constellation you use to
These methods, however, will give you only determine your north or south direction.
a general direction. You can come up with a - The Northern Sky. The main constellations
more nearly true direction if you know the to learn are the Ursa Major, also known as
terrain of the territory or country. the Big Dipper or the Plow, and Cassiopeia
(Figure 16.3). Neither of these constellations
- Using the Sun and Shadows. The earth’s ever sets. They are always visible on a clear
relationship to the sun can help you to night. Use them to locate Polaris, also
determine direction on earth. The sun known as the polestar or the North Star.
always rises in the east and sets in the west, After locating the North Star, locate the
but not exactly due east or due west. There North Pole or true north by drawing an
is also some seasonal variation. imaginary line directly to the earth.

- The Watch Method. You can also - Southern Sky. Because there is no star
determine direction using a common or bright enough to be easily recognized near
analog watch one that has hands. The the south celestial pole, a constellation
direction will be accurate if you are using known as the Southern Cross is used as a
true local time, without any changes for signpost to the South (Figure 16.4). The
daylight savings time. Remember, the Southern Cross or Crux has five stars. Its
four brightest stars form a cross that tilts to - Other Means of Determining Direction.
one side. The old saying about using moss on a tree to
indicate north is not accurate because moss
To determine south, imagine a distance five grows completely around some trees.
times the distance between. These stars and Actually, growth is more lush on the side of
the point where this imaginary line ends is in the tree facing the south in the Northern
the general direction of the south. Look Hemisphere and vice versa in the Southern
down to the horizon from this imaginary Hemisphere.
point and select a landmark to steer by. In a
static survival situation, you can fix this Wind direction may be helpful in some
location in daylight if you drive stakes in the instances where there are prevailing
ground at night to point the way. directions and you know what they are.
- Making Improvised Compasses. You can
construct improvised compasses using a Recognizing the differences between
piece of ferrous metal that can be needle vegetation and moisture patterns on north-
shaped or a flat double-edged razor blade and south-facing slopes can aid in
and a piece of nonmetallic string or long hair determining direction. In the northern
from which to suspend it. You can hemisphere, north-facing slopes receive less
magnetize or polarize the metal by slowly sun than south-facing slopes and are
stroking it in one direction on a piece of silk therefore cooler and damper. In the summer,
or carefully through your hair using north-facing slopes retain patches of snow.
deliberate strokes. In the winter, the trees and open areas on
You can also polarize metal by stroking it south-facing slopes are the first to lose their
repeatedly at one end with a magnet. Always snow, and the ground snow pack is
rub in one direction only. shallower.
If you have a battery and some electric wire,
you can polarize the metal electrically. The
wire should be insulated. If not insulated,
wrap the metal object in a single, thin strip
of paper to prevent contact. The battery must
be a minimum of 2 volts. Form a coil with
the electric wire and touch its ends to the
battery’s terminals. Repeatedly insert one
end of the metal object in and out of the coil.
The needle will become an electromagnet.
When suspended from a piece of
nonmetallic string, or floated on a small
piece of wood in water, it will align itself
with a north-south line.
Basic Life Support 02

EMERGENCY RESCUE AND

TRANSFER

ONE-MAN CARRY
l Assist to walk
l Carry in arms/Sweetheart carry
l Pack strap carry
l Piggy back carry
l Fireman’s carry
TWO-MAN CARRY
l Assist to walk
l Four-hand seat
l Arm as a litter
l Chair as a litter
l Fireman’s carry with assistance
DRAGGING TECHNIQUES
l Blanket drag
l Shoulder drag
l Clothes drag
l Foot drag
l Inclined drag
THREE-MAN CARRY
l Bearers alongside (for narrow alleys)
l 3 men hammock carry
Four/six/eight men carry
Blanket carry
Improvised stretchers